Patent Grant
8181842
The present invention relates to a device for assembly by brazing an end cap or cover onto a cylindrical body, said end cover presenting a circular peripheral rim via which said cover is brazed onto a part of one of the end surfaces of the cylindrical body, and to a vacuum cartridge assembled by means of such an assembly device.
One of the problems relating to assembly by brazing parts of different nature in a furnace, such as a ceramic part with a metal part for example, is linked to the appearance of residual stresses in this assembly mainly due to the difference of the coefficients of expansion of the materials to be assembled. These residual stresses can lead to cracking of the assembly in the short or long term.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,241 describing a vacuum cartridge is known, said vacuum cartridge comprising a cylindrical body made from ceramic closed at its opposite two ends by an end cap made from stainless steel. These two end caps each present the form of a bowl comprising a free circular rim via which rims said covers are both brazed at the end onto an end surface of the cylindrical body.
Reactive brazing procures a strength that is 20% lower than conventional brazing. This type of brazing is therefore more difficult to perform on a cartridge design as described in the above-mentioned patent.
The present invention solves these problems and proposes an assembly device by brazing a cover onto a cylindrical body achieving an improved strength between the two parts, in particular enabling brazing of reactive type to be performed between the two parts, and also proposes a vacuum cartridge assembled according to this device.
For this purpose, the object of the present invention is to provide a device for assembly by brazing of the above-mentioned kind, this device being characterized in that said cover comprises, after the part thereof that is brazed onto the cylindrical body and in the direction of the central axis of the cylindrical body, a first part that is offset with respect to the above-mentioned end surface of the cylindrical body, in the direction of the outside of the cylindrical body, this first part being followed by a second part extending inside the cylindrical body, said first and second parts extending all around the axis of the cover, the above-mentioned cover being shaped in such a way that the circular peripheral part of the above-mentioned cover exerts a compressive stress on at least one third of the above-mentioned end surface of the cylindrical body after brazing.
According to a particular feature, said cover comprises, after its part that is brazed onto the cylindrical body and in the direction of the central axis of the cylindrical body, a first part that is offset with respect to the above-mentioned end surface of the cylindrical body, in the direction of the outside of the cylindrical body, this first part being followed by a second part extending inside the cylindrical body.
According to a particular feature, the first part comprises a portion extending substantially perpendicularly to the axis of the cylindrical body and forming the outer wall of the cover, and the second part comprises a portion extending substantially perpendicularly to the axis of the cartridge and forming the inner wall of the cover.
According to a particular embodiment, the depth of the second part of the cover, measured between the plane of the end surface of the cover and the plane of the outer surface of the portion constituting the inner wall of the above-mentioned cover, is greater than 6 mm, and the height of the first part of the cover, measured between the plane of the end surface of the cover and the plane of the inner surface of the above-mentioned portion called first portion constituting the outer wall of the cover, is smaller than 2 mm.
Advantageously this height is greater than 0.5 mm.
According to another embodiment, the depth of the second part of the cover, measured between the plane of the end surface of the cover and the plane of the outer surface of the portion constituting the inner wall of the above-mentioned cover is of any dimension, and the height of the first part of the cover, measured between the plane of the end surface of the cover and the plane of the inner surface of the above-mentioned portion called first portion constituting the outer wall of the cover, is greater than 2 mm.
According to another feature, the thickness E of the cover is smaller than 2.5 mm.
According to another feature, the cover is brazed flat onto the end surface of the cylindrical body.
According to a particular feature, the cover comprises, starting from the outer peripheral rim, an end portion called first portion brazed flat onto the end surface of the body of the cartridge, extending in a plane substantially perpendicular to the axis of the cartridge, followed by a portion called second portion, inclined with respect to this first portion by an angle β, which inclined portion is followed by a portion called third portion extending parallel to the first portion, which third portion is followed by another portion called fourth portion that is inclined with respect to the previous portion by an angle α comprised between 90° and 180°, which portion is followed by a last portion called fifth portion extending substantially perpendicularly to the axis of the cartridge.
According to another feature, the angle β is comprised between 55° and 125°.
According to another feature, the area called first area of the end surface of the cylindrical body, which area being situated between each peripheral edge of said surface and the edge situated on the same side with respect to the end of the cover, of the brazing surface situated on said end surface, has a length of more than 1 mm.
According to another feature, this device comprises a means for preventing the brazing from creating bonds in an area of the end surface of the cover, called the second area, situated facing the above-mentioned area called first area of the end surface of the cylindrical body.
According to a particular embodiment, the area called first area is covered by an anti-wetting agent or the area called second area is covered by a localized oxidation to prevent the brazing from creating bonds in the latter area.
According to another feature, the braze is placed retracted with respect to the area where the brazing fillet is to be situated, the length of this retract being a function of the brazing diffusion rate at the brazing temperature and of the brazing time so that, at the end of brazing, said braze does not extend beyond the contact surface between the end surface of the cover and the end surface of the cylindrical body.
According to a particular feature, the brazing performed is of reactive type.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a vacuum cartridge comprising a device for assembly by brazing comprising the above-mentioned features taken alone or in combination.
But other advantages and features of the invention will become more clearly apparent from the following description which refers to the accompanying drawings given for non-restrictive example purposes only and in which:
In
According to this device of the invention, each end cover 2,3 is brazed onto the corresponding end surface 9, 10 of the body and is shaped such that said cover exerts a compression on the cylindrical body over the largest contact surface (or brazing surface 11) between said cover and said end surface.
According to a particular embodiment of the invention illustrated in
Starting from the outer peripheral rim 12 to the centre 13, this cover 3 comprises an end portion called first portion 14, flat brazed onto end surface 10 of body 1 of the cartridge, said portion extending in a plane substantially perpendicular to the axis X of the cartridge, followed by a portion called second portion 15 inclined with respect to this first portion 14 by an angle β, which inclined portion 15 is followed by a portion called third portion 16 extending parallel to the first portion and forming the outer surface of cover 3, which portion 16 is followed by another portion 17 called fourth portion inclined with respect to the previous portion by an angle α comprised between 90° and 180°, which portion is followed by a last portion 18 called fifth portion, extending substantially perpendicularly to the axis of the cartridge constituting the inner wall of the cover and also the central part of the cover, angle β being advantageously comprised between 55° and 125°.
Depth H1 of second part D of cover 3, measured between the plane of brazing surface 11 situated on end surface 19 of the cover or on that 10 of the cylindrical body, and the plane of outer surface 18a of portion 18 called fifth portion of the cover, is greater than 6 mm.
Height H2 of first part C of cover 3, measured between brazing surface 11 and surface 16a directed towards the inside of cartridge A, of the above-mentioned third portion 16, is smaller than 2 mm. However, the braze must not rise up onto the cover, which imposes a minimum clearance height H2 min of 0.5 mm.
These values of H1 and H2 enable the maximum stresses to be absorbed by plastic deformation to induce the least stress possible in the ceramic.
These depth and height values are necessary to obtain a compressive effect on the body of the cartridge over the largest possible area of the brazing surface.
According to another advantageous solution enabling the same results to be obtained, H2>2 mm and H1 can be any value.
Thickness E of the cover is advantageously less than 2.5 mm.
The wetting angle on the ceramic is advantageously <90°. This results in the clearance angle β of the cover advantageously being comprised between 55° and 125°, which prevents the braze from rising up along the cover.
The cover has to be centered on the ceramic and be located at a sufficient distance from the rims of the ceramic body so that brazing fillets 11a,11b, which correspond to the ends of the brazed joints being situated in areas where the assembly is subjected to reduced residual stresses.
Advantageously, as illustrated in
According to a first embodiment, when assembly is performed, the braze is placed retracted with respect to the area where the brazing fillet will have to be situated, the length of this retract being dependent on the brazing diffusion rate at the brazing temperature.
In the case of brazing at 850° C.±30° C., the brazing diffusion rate is about one micron/second. Thus, for a brazing of about ten minutes, the braze will be offset by about 1 mm with respect to each end of the brazing surface.
Other solutions can be used such as the use of an anti-wetting solution deposited on area A of end surface 10 of cylindrical body 1 or performing localized oxidation on an area B (
Providing a clearance of height H2 comprised between 0.5 and 2 mm and an angle β comprised between 55° and 125° for the embodiment described in
Thus, according to the invention, the cover has been designed in such a way that the brazing surface is situated in an area subjected mainly to compressive stresses so that, should any cracks start to occur, the latter cannot propagate into the fragile material, i.e. the ceramic. Should a crack in fact start to appear in an area of the assembly subjected to tensile stresses, it can propagate, whereas if it starts to appear in an area subjected to compressive stresses, it does not propagate.
Furthermore, brazing fillets 11a,11b (ends of brazed joints) are points of the assembly from which cracks can begin to appear. It is therefore important to design the assembly for these brazing fillets to be situated in areas subjected to stresses that are as weak as possible and preferably compressive stresses, so that any cracks that may start to appear cannot propagate in the fragile material, i.e. the ceramic. If a crack does in fact start to appear in an area of the assembly that is “in tensile stress”, it can propagate and lead to breaking, whereas if it occurs in an area in compressive stress, it does not propagate. This problem has been solved according to the invention either by offsetting the braze with respect to the location where it is to be situated, according to the brazing diffusion rate and the brazing time, or by depositing an anti-wetting agent on the cylindrical body, or by localized oxidation on an area of the cover, or a combination of these three solutions.
The present invention therefore proposes an assembly design which minimizes stresses and localizes the latter in areas where any cracks that may be initiated cannot propagate.
The present invention therefore enables the strength of an assembly by brazing, such as assembly of a metal with an oxide ceramic, to be improved so as to reduce the scrap rate and to provide an improvement in cases where the requirements for use are the most stringent (in particular in the case of molding from a casting, etc). This enables brazing of reactive type to be used which, in known manner, procures a lower strength than conventional brazing.
The invention applies to assembly of vacuum cartridges and, in general manner, to all assemblies that require a good tightness throughout their service lifetime.
The invention is naturally in no way limited to the embodiments described and illustrated which have been given for example purposes only.
On the contrary, the invention extends to encompass all the technical equivalents of the means described as well as combinations thereof if the latter are achieved according to the spirit of the invention.
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