The present application claims priority of Italian Patent Application No. T02006A000515 filed Jul. 14, 2006, and entitled DEVICE FOR DETECTING THE PEAK VALUE OF A SIGNAL, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
The present invention relates to peak-detector devices and regards in particular a device for detecting the peak value of a signal the crest factor of which is not known a priori. The invention has been developed with particular attention paid to its possible use in the field of telecommunications.
The measurement of the peak value of a repetitive signal plays an important role in different applications, above all in the field of telecommunications. Said task is entrusted to circuits that assume the name of peak detectors. They are used, for example, in gain-control feedback systems in radio receivers and in optical-fibre connections, or else in power amplifiers with “envelope elimination and restoration”.
Peak detectors can be effectively used also for protection of power transistors from the high overvoltages that arise in the case of high output mismatch. A circuit of this sort must be integrated together with the power transistor, since it has the task of monitoring the effective maximum voltage at the output terminal (drain/collector) of the transistor and producing a control signal for activating the protection circuitry readily and in a precise way.
However, traditional solutions suffer from various problems, such as the ones listed below:
The above phenomena lead to the need for overprotection of the power transistor, causing a sensible drop in the nominal performance. In addition, the same phenomena are more accentuated in the case of MOSFET (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) implementations having the topologies traditionally adopted. In addition to this, the design of said circuits is rendered particularly critical in the case of high-frequency signals and/or in the presence of constraints of power dissipation.
The solutions proposed in the literature for peak detection normally comprise an element for rectifying the input voltage and a capacitor for holding the peak value.
Described in J. Millman, et al., “Microelettronica”, McGrawHill (1994), p. 60, is a first peak-detector circuit, reproduced in
In order to solve this problem, described in R. G. Meyer, “Low-Power Monolithic RF Peak Detector Analysis”, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 30, pp. 65-67, (1995), is a second type of peak detector, reproduced in
Both of the circuits are used with a weak discharge current; consequently, it is justifiable to neglect the residual ripple of the output voltage and to make vO(t) to coincide with its mean value VO. On said hypothesis, it is possible to obtain an implicit and general relation between the input waveform and the output voltage. In fact, in periodic conditions, the temporal average of the charge current must coincide with the discharge current:
Eq. (1) is an implicit relation that defines the mean value VO of the output voltage.
The effective input waveform markedly affects proper operation of the circuit, in so far as vI appears in the integrand and affects the value of α1 and α2, which are the initial conduction angle and final conduction angle, respectively. In other words, given the same peak value, the output VO is affected in an undesirable way by the effective waveform of vI.
The dependence of VO upon the waveform applied at input is all the smaller, the closer the rectifying characteristic of the diode or of the transistor approaches the ideal situation. For this reason bipolar devices are better than FETs (Field-Effect Transistors), given their exponential transconductance.
As will be shown hereinafter, the error committed in the detection is greater if the input voltage has a higher crest factor.
In order to improve the accuracy of peak detection, described in J. Millman, A. Grabel, “Microelettronica”, McGrawHill (1994), p. 834, is a detector belonging to the class of feedback detectors. The circuit of the feedback detector is shown in
It should be pointed out that in the circuits of
From the foregoing description of the current situation, it may be readily understood that there exists the need to define peak detectors with a reduced sensitivity to the crest factor of the input voltage.
The purpose of the present invention is to meet the aforesaid need.
In accordance with the present invention, the above purpose is achieved by means of a device having the characteristics recalled in the ensuing claims.
The claims form an integral part of the description of the invention provided herein.
In the currently preferred embodiment, the solution described herein regards a device for detecting the peak value of a signal with crest factor not known a priori. The device comprises a pair of peak detectors, each in turn comprising a rectifier element and a discharge element, in which the ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the intensity of discharge current produced by the discharge element is different for the two detectors of the pair. Each of the detectors generates a respective output signal that is a function of the aforesaid ratio between a physical dimension and the current intensity. The device further comprises a combination network for combining with one another the respective output signals and producing a combined signal indicating the peak value.
The invention will now be described, purely by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the annexed plate of drawings, in which:
a and 1b illustrate two peak-detector circuits according to the known art, with
With reference to the diagram of
The two blocks R1 and R2 are located on two circuit branches in parallel to which the voltage vI is applied. Flowing out of the two blocks are two currents iO1 and iO2, which supply, respectively, two branches comprising the two capacitors C1 and C2, and the two discharge elements IDIS1 and IDIS2, generating the voltages vO1 and vO2, respectively.
The two peak detectors R1 and R2 have a different ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the respective discharge current, and in particular it will be assumed in what follows that said ratio is higher for R2. In addition, it is not essential for the values of capacitance of C1 and C2 to be equal; the important thing is that they should be large enough.
The output voltages vO1 and vO2 of the two detectors R1 and R2 are processed by a combiner block F, which generates at output a combined signal vO.
As will emerge more clearly from what follows, by combining the two outputs it is possible to correct the error committed by each of the two detectors R1 and R2, causing the result of the combination, vO, to be an estimation of the peak value of vI that is more accurate (i.e., more linear and less sensitive to the crest factor). Said combined signal vO is compared with a reference voltage VREF by a comparator block COMP, the output of which VCOMP is at a high potential if the mean value of vO exceeds VREF.
In particular, the function of the combiner block F can be simply obtained as represented in
Following for simplicity the diagram of
By way of example, in what follows it is assumed that M1 and M2 are equal, and hence IDIS1>IDIS2.
In order to understand the reasons for the better accuracy of the voltage vO, it is possible to estimate the behaviour of the two detectors R1 and R2 when the input voltages vI have the same peak value but considerably different crest factors. In particular, as representative cases, a square wave and a triangular wave will be chosen.
In general, added to the voltage vI is a d.c. component VDC and a zero-mean periodic component vAC.
Without this implying any loss in generality and in order to simplify the analysis, all the voltages that appear in
On the hypothesis of short channel (and neglecting for simplicity the body effect), the current iO1,2 supplied by the transistors R1 and R2 can be expressed, as a function of the voltages vI and vO in the figure, approximately as:
where W1,2 is the channel width of the transistors, and L1,2 is the channel length.
If the input voltage is a square wave with maximum amplitude VAC, by applying Eq. (1) it is found that the mean output voltage of the two detectors VO1,2(square) is
If, instead, the input voltage is a triangular wave of the same amplitude VAC, it is found that
Eqs. (3) and (4) show that the output signal of each of the detectors depends, amongst other things (in general according to an inverse law), upon the ratio between the width W1,2 and the current intensity IDIS1,2 (or, rather, upon the ratio between the width W1,2 divided by the length L1,2 and the current intensity IDIS1,2).
This is precisely the ratio between a physical dimension of the rectifier element and the intensity of discharge current produced by the generator, which, according to the solution described herein, is chosen different for the two detector blocks R1 and R2. In the specific case of the example illustrated herein, it is assumed that W1,2/L1,2 is equal for the two detectors R1 and R2, whilst the current intensity IDIS1,2 is different in the two cases. It will be appreciated that what has been said here continues to be valid in the case where the quantity W1,2/L1,2 is different for the two detectors R1 and R2, whilst the current intensity IDIS1,2 is identical in the two cases.
From Eqs. (3) and (4) it is likewise found that:
There now follows a calculation of the difference between the outputs of the two detectors R1 and R2, in the two cases considered:
In effect, it is possible to show that the quantity expressed in Eq. (6) is greater than the quantity in Eq. (5). In fact, said statement is equivalent to stating that
√{square root over (VACkW1,2/L1,2)}(√{square root over (IDIS1)}−√{square root over (IDIS2)})>(IDIS1−IDIS2) (7)
whence
√{square root over (VACkW1,2/L1,2)}>(√{square root over (IDIS1)}+√{square root over (IDIS2)}) (8)
Eq. (8) is true since the discharge currents are certainly smaller than the peak charge current, which is
and moreover VAC>(VAC−VO1,2−Vt) since certainly VO1,2>−Vt.
It is hence justifiable to generalize and state that the difference between the outputs of the two detectors R1 and R2 is greater the higher the crest factor of the input voltage.
On the basis of this, in the solution proposed, said difference is read, amplified, and summed to the output of the first detector, obtaining as result:
In particular, the two peak detectors R1 and R2 are obtained using as rectifier elements two MOSFETs M1 and M2. The two MOSFETs M1 and M2 are supplied with the input signal vI on their respective gate terminals and have their drain terminals connected to a voltage VDD. Furthermore, in the example considered herein, the ratios between the channel width and the channel length of the transistors M1 and M2 are equal: (W/L)1=(W/L)2.
The two outputs vO1 and vO2 are connected to two differential-amplifier stages, which comprise, respectively, four MOSFETs.
The first of the two differential-amplifier stages comprises the transistors M3, M4, M5 and M6. The first non-inverting input (gate of the transistor M5) is supplied with the signal vO1, whilst the inverting input (gate of the transistor M6) is supplied with the reference voltage VREF. The second differential-amplifier stage comprises the transistors M7, M8, M9 and M10. In order to implement the function of the gain stage Gain in
The two source terminals of the aforesaid transistors M5 and M6 of the first amplifier stage are connected to ground via two current generators ISS, and connected to one another by a resistance RS. Instead, in order to implement the function of the gain stage Gain in
In this way, the two differential stages implement the functions of subtraction (S1), addition (S2), gain (Gain), and comparison (COMP).
In order to test the actual effectiveness of the solution proposed, presented hereinafter are some results obtained with a harmonic-balance experiment.
Two detectors were implemented in CMOS technology made available by the present applicant. The input voltage was a square wave or triangular wave with d.c. value of 1.5 V and an a.c. voltage VAC that varied from 0 to 1 V. The supply voltage was fixed at 2.5 V. The capacitors C1 and C2 had a value of 5 pF. In addition, it was possible to estimate kW1,2/L1,2=4.2 mA/V. The amplification factor N was fixed and equal to 5. The currents had the value IDIS1=100 μA and IDIS2=25 μA. The frequency was fixed at 1 GHz.
It may be noted that:
Since the residual error of approximately 400 mV is constant as VAC varies and has a low dependence upon the waveform, it can be readily corrected by altering the value of VREF accordingly.
Given in
It may be noted that:
In particular, in
Use of the solution described herein enables detection of the effective peak value of the input voltage with a greater precision, hence facilitating design of robust and efficient power amplifiers. In addition, in the embodiment that uses MOSFETs, the peak value at input is detected better and, at the same time, there is a comparison with a reference voltage.
The solution described herein can be used effectively not only for implementing protection circuits for power amplifiers, but also in all the situations in which it is necessary to compare the peak value of a voltage the crest factor of which is not known a priori with a reference voltage.
Consequently, without prejudice to the principle of the invention, the details of construction and the embodiments may vary, even significantly, with respect to what is described and illustrated herein, purely by way of non-limiting example, without thereby departing from the scope of the invention, as defined in the ensuing claims.
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