Patent Application
20190086350
The present invention relates to the field of exploration and exploitation of a fulid contained in an underground formation.
In particular, the present invention may relate to the exploration and exploitation of oil reservoirs, or of geological sites for the storage of gas, such as carbon dioxide (denoted CO2 hereinafter) or methane.
The exploration and exploitation of oil deposits require acquiring as accurate as possible knowledge of the underground geology, and, in order to effectively provide an evaluation of the reserves, modelling of the production or management of the exploitation. For example, the determination of the location of a production well or of an injection well within a deposit of hydrocarbons, the composition of the drilling mud, the completion characteristics, the choice of a process for recovering the hydrocarbons (such as injection of water for example) and parameters necessary for the implementation of this process (such as the injection pressure, the production rate, etc.) call for a good knowledge of the deposit. A good knowledge of a deposit is understood to mean a precise as possible description of the structure of the deposit studied, of its petrophysical properties, or else of the properties of the fluids present in the deposit studied.
In order to acquire this knowledge, the oil industry combines the measurements carried out in situ (during seismic surveys, measurements in wells, core drillings, etc.), the measurements carried out in a laboratory (study of thin sections, permeability measurements etc), and also numerical simulations (performed using software, that aims to reproduce as accurately as possible the physical and/or chemical phenomena occurring in situ or on the laboratory scale). This knowledge is generally formalized in the form of a mesh, known under the term “geological model”, each grid cell comprising one or more petrophysical parameters (such as porosity, permeability, lithology). In order to reproduce or predict (i.e. “simulate”) the actual production of hydrocarbons, a specialist in reservoir engineering implements calculation software, referred to as a “reservoir simulator”. The reservoir simulator is a flow simulator which calculates the flows and the change in pressures within the reservoir represented by a “reservoir model”. The results of these calculations make it possible in particular to predict and optimize exploitation schemes (definition of the number of wells to be inserted, of the position thereof, of the enhanced recovery mode, etc.) of the deposit studied in order to improve the flow rates and/or the amounts of hydrocarbons recovered.
Thus, the exploitation of the fluid present in an underground formation requires in particular a good knowledge of the underground formation in which the fluid of interest is trapped. The present invention relates to the determination of petrophysical parameters relating to the underground formation studied, at a given stage of the exploitation thereof or throughout the exploitation thereof, from electrical measurements, preferentially carried out on various scales (in the laboratory scale and on the scale of the well).
The following documents will be cited in the remainder of the description:
Binley, A., Later D. L., Fukes, M., Cassiani, G. I., 2005. Relationship between spectral induced polarization and hydraulic properties of saturated and unsaturated sandstone, Water Resources Research, vol. 41, W12417, 2005.
Chilingar, G. V., Haroun, M., 2014. Electrokinetics for Petroleum and Environmental Engineers, book, ed. Wiley, ISBN: 978-1-118-84269-0, 264 pages, January 2015.
Cuevas, N., Rector, J. W., Moore, J. R., Glaser, S. D., 2009. Electrokinetic Coupling in Hydraulic Fracture Propagation, SEG International Exposition and Annual Meeting, 2009, p 1721-1725.
Daily, W., Ramirez, A., Binley, A., 2004, Remote Monitoring of Leaks in Storage Tanks using Electrical Resistance Tomography: Application at the Hanford Site, Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, March-April 2004, Vol. 9, No. 1: pp. 11-24.
Olhoeft, G. R. (1985), Low-frequency electrical properties; Geophysics, v. 50, no. 12, pp. 2492-2503.
Onizawa, S., Matsushima, N., Ishido, T., Hase, H., Takakura, S., Nish., Y., 2009. Self-potential distribution on active volcano controlled by three-dimensional resistivity structure in Izu-Oshima,
Japan, Geophys. J. Int. (2009) 178, 1164-1181.
Saunders, J., Jackson, M., and Pain, C., 2008. Fluid flow monitoring in oil fields using downhole measurements of electrokinetic potential, Geophysics, vol. 73, no. 5 September-October 2008, 10.1190/1.2959139.
Scott, J. B. D. and Barker, R. D., 2003. Determining pore-throat size in Permo-Triassic sandstones from low-frequency electrical spectroscopy, Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 30, Issue 9, May 2003.
The electrical measurements of materials from an underground formation are generally well known in the field of geosciences. These measurements include the Spontaneous Potential measurements and the Induced Spectral Polarization measurements.
The Spontaneous Potential (denoted SP hereinafter) measurements are used for the purpose of improving vision of the structure of the objects that are found at the near surface (from several hundreds of meters to several thousands of meters deep) or else the knowledge of the volumes of fluids present within an underground formation and the circulation of these fluids. For example, in the field of volcanology, the SP measurement is used for the purpose of highlighting the presence of an upwelling of electrically charged hot fluids, inducing an electrical signal by electrofiltration, and producing a negative SP anomaly.
In the oil field, the use of SP measurements is known within the context of the storage of gas (natural gas and/or CO2), or of the production of conventional and nonconventional hydrocarbons, by primary production (determination of the water/oil/gas saturation), secondary production (impact of the injection of seawater for example) or else tertiary production (enhanced oil recovery (EOR), by injection of chemicals such as polymers/surfactants). For example, in the field of oil production, the document (Saunders et al., 2008) is known that models the behavior of the SP signal in a borehole during pumping of hydrocarbons in an oil reservoir. These authors highlight in particular the relevance of SP measurements for monitoring the propagation of the water/hydrocarbon interface with water injected during the pumping. Still in the field of hydrocarbon production, the use of electrokinetic current injection techniques to improve the enhanced recovery process in reservoirs by injection of CO2 is known from the document (Chilingar and Haroun, 2014).
The use of the electrokinetic coupling coefficient in geomechanics is also known from the document (Cuevas et al., 2009), in particular for monitoring hydraulic fracturing processes.
Indeed, in the oil field, the technique of fracturing the reservoir rock under the effect of the high hydraulic pressure exerted on the rock is widely used to improve the properties of a reservoir (in particular its permeability, thus making it possible to improve the recovery of the oil in the reservoir. This hydraulic fracturing is accompanied by gradual openings of fractures and gives rise to an increase in the density of the electrokinetic field and of the spontaneous potential.
Thus, the measurement and monitoring of this spontaneous potential SP enables “real-time monitoring” of the opening of these fractures and makes it possible to quantify the improvement in the permeability of the reservoir.
It can also be noted that there are, in the oil field, devices for well-scale Spontaneous Potential measurements (referred to as logging measurements). For example, the patents U.S. Pat. No. 2,713,146 and EP 0426563 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,625) are known that make it possible to perform
Spontaneous Potential measurements in a well passing through a geological formation. Such devices are in particular used to evaluate the amount of clay in the sedimentary formations.
Spectral Induced Polarization (denoted SIP hereinafter) measures a complex resistivity spectrum (that can be represented by a real part R and an imaginary part X, or else by an amplitude and a phase) in a given range of frequencies. This technique was in particular used in mine prospecting by Conrad Schlumberger who observed in 1912 a polarization effect on iron ore deposits. Next, its application was extended to water table, freshwater/saltwater interface and clay lens research. It was only around the 1980s that research focused on the sensitivity of the polarization to contaminants.
In particular, various rock polarization effects (redox reactions, ion exchanges and interaction between the organic solvent and the clay) are catalogued by the document (Olhoeft, 1985) from complex electrical resistivity measurements in the laboratory. These measurements were carried out on unconsolidated samples (i.e. taken from the near surface) and under surface measurement conditions (atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in particular). It then establishes a range of effective frequencies (i.e. that make it possible to observe the desired effects for the samples considered under the conditions considered) between 1 mHz and 10 kHz. This range of frequencies is then taken up by various authors to carry out ground measurements, in particular with a view to detecting contaminants. Thus, by following the protocol established in Olhoeft (1985), Daily et al. (2004) showed that zones contaminated by hydrocarbons could be identified by low phase values (less than 350 mrad) and by amplitude and phase anomalies at frequencies between 0.01 and 100 Hz. The studies by Binley et al. (2005) show the contribution of the SIP measurement for estimating transport properties (i.e. the permeability) and determining the degree of water saturation of aquifers in an unsaturated and saturated zone. These authors in particular established a 2D-3D SIP image of the near surface and transcribed this image into an image of the permeability and water saturation of the medium. In particular, Scott and Barker (2003) have shown that the analysis of SIPs at low frequencies (less than 100 Hz) makes it possible to directly determine the pore throat size in a given reservoir. Thus, these SIP measurements were in the past performed on the ground in the range of low frequencies (at most 10 kHz), only under surface conditions, and targeted measurements on unconsolidated portions of underground formations, i.e. near-surface portions of underground formations.
It should be noted that there are “resistivity” logging tools (for example patent EP 0384823 A1) which make it possible to measure the resistivity of an underground formation in a region around the well. However, the existing resistivity logging tools measure the resistivity in single-frequency mode, the emission frequency being for example equal to 500 Hz, or to 1 kHz or to 100 MHz depending on the tools used.
Thus, measurements of spontaneous potential and of spectral induced polarization have already been carried out in the past. However, to date, no device or process that integrates these two types of measurements is known, either on the laboratory scale or on the well scale. Furthermore, to date, no process that includes a step of measurements of the complex resistivity in a broad frequency band is known, either during laboratory measurements or during well measurements.
One of the subjects of the present invention is a device that integrates both a means for measuring the spontaneous potential and a means for measuring the complex electrical resistivity in a broad frequency band (for example between 10 mHz and 30 MHz). Such an integrated device makes it possible to guarantee that the two types of measurement are performed strictly under the same conditions, which increases the reliability of the measurement. This device may be available both on the laboratory scale and on the well scale (in this case it is a logging tool). Furthermore, the measurements performed using the device according to the invention may be entirely automated and/or collected and/or analyzed without human intervention.
One of the subjects of the invention consists of a process that uses both the laboratory device and the well device thus described. In particular, this process may, by a calibration between the well measurements and the laboratory measurements, make it possible to quantify petrophysical parameters relating to the formation studied, such as the relative permeability and the water saturation. These petrophysical parameters are then useful for determining a plan for optimal exploitation of the formation.
The device according to the invention
Generally, the subject of the invention relates to a device for determining petrophysical parameters of a portion of an underground formation comprising a fluid, said device comprising:
According to one embodiment of the invention, said frequencies may be within a range of frequencies having a lower limit between 1 and 20 mHz, and an upper limit between 28 and 32 MHz.
Advantageously, said electrodes may be made of nonpolarizable metal material.
Preferentially, the number of said electrodes may be between 4 and 8, preferably 6.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a number of the electrodes may be distributed over a length of a support formed of an insulating material.
According to one embodiment of the invention, said device may be intended for laboratory measurements, said portion of said formation being a sample of said formation, for example removed by core drilling, and:
According to one embodiment of said device that may be intended for laboratory measurements, said sleeve may be a heat-shrinkable sheath and at least two of said electrodes may be pierced through said sheath, so as to pass through said sheath.
According to one embodiment of said device that may be intended for laboratory measurements, said device may further comprise means for injecting a working fluid into said sample and for regulating the flow rate of said working fluid, and a means for measuring the fluid pressure in at least two locations of said sample.
According to one embodiment of said device that may be intended for laboratory measurements, said device may further comprise a hydraulic containment cell and/or temperature-regulating means.
According to one embodiment of said device that may be intended for laboratory measurements, said device may further comprise geochemical measuring means such as means for measuring the alkalinity, conductivity, contents of major cations-anions, contents of trace elements, and content of dissolved gas after sampling.
According to one embodiment of the invention, said device may be intended for measurements within at least one well drilled into said formation such as logging measurements, said portion of said formation being a zone surrounding said well wherein said device is inserted, said device possibly being of substantially cylindrical shape, said electrodes possibly being rings with a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of said support and possibly being distributed along the axis of revolution of said cylinder.
According to one embodiment of said device that may be intended for measurements within at least one well drilled into said formation, said resistivity measuring means, said electric potential difference measuring means, and said electric current emitting means may be intended to be placed at the surface of said formation and may cooperate with said electrodes via connection means that are resistant to the pressure and temperature conditions inherent to measurements in wells.
The invention also relates to a process for exploiting an underground formation comprising a fluid, starting from at least one sample of said formation, said formation being passed through by at least one well, said process possibly comprising at least the following steps:
According to one embodiment of the process according to the invention, during step i):
According to one embodiment of the process according to the invention, said measurements a), b) and c) may be repeated for various containment pressures and/or various temperatures.
According to one embodiment of the process according to the invention, said petrophysical parameters representative of said formation and/or of said sample may be the relative permeability and/or the saturation.
According to one embodiment of the process according to the invention, step ii) may be repeated throughout the exploitation of said formation.
Other features and advantages of the process according to the invention will become apparent on reading the description below of nonlimiting examples of embodiments, with reference to the appended figures that are described below.
One of the subjects of the invention relates to a device for an integrated measurement of the complex electrical resistivity and of the spontaneous potential, with a view to determining petrophysical parameters relating to a portion of an underground formation comprising a fluid. These petrophysical parameters are in particular useful for determining a plan for the optimal exploitation of the underground formation studied.
A portion of the underground formation studied may be for example:
The device according to the invention comprises:
Thus, the device according to the invention makes it possible to perform, in an integrated manner and in a single experiment, at least two types of measurements: a spontaneous potential measurement (by means of at least two of the electrodes and of the means for measuring an electric potential difference) and a spectral induced polarization measurement (by means of at least two of the electrodes, of the means for emitting a variable-frequency electric current, and of the means for measuring the electrical resistivity in terms of amplitude and phase).
Consequently, the device according to the invention makes it possible to guarantee that two types of measurements, namely Spontaneous Potential measurements and Spectral Induced Polarization measurements, are performed under the same experimental conditions (identical portion of the formation that is not degraded by successive measurements, strictly identical positions of the electrodes for the two types of measurement, strictly identical pressure and temperature conditions, etc), which increases the reliability of the measurement.
Furthermore, having one and the same device for integrated measurements makes it possible, for a producer, to reduce the overall operating costs of the device (reduced purchase and maintenance costs with a single device, reduction in the number of handling operations by the technician in charge of the experiments).
Moreover, the combination of the Spontaneous Potential measurements and of the Spectral Induced Polarization measurements makes it possible to attain petrophysical parameters essential for the characterization of the portion of the formation studied, and thereby for the definition of a plan for the optimal exploitation of the formation studied. This point will be expanded upon more fully hereinbelow in the description of the process according to the invention.
According to one implementation of the invention, the means for measuring the electrical resistivity in terms of amplitude and phase comprises a means for measuring the electric potential difference and a means for processing the electric potential difference measurement. The means for processing the electric potential difference measurement makes it possible to determine the amplitude and the phase of the electric potential difference measurement performed for an electric current emitted at a given frequency with the means for emitting a variable-frequency electric current.
Furthermore, the device according to the invention comprises a means for automating the measurements performed by the device according to the invention, and/or a means for collecting and/or analyzing said measurements. In this way, by the automating means, the measurements to be performed by the device according to the invention may be preprogrammed and do not require human intervention in order to manually modify the measurement parameters (intensity of the current injected, frequencies sampled, etc.) and/or the measurement conditions (surrounding pressure, temperature, fluid saturation, etc.). The means for collecting the measurements further makes it possible to gather, centralize and store all of the measurements performed by the device according to the invention, automatically by the automating means, or with human intervention. Finally, the means for analyzing the measurements, performed in an automated manner or manually by a technician, collected by a collection means or manually by a technician, may be analyzed automatically and systematically by an analysis means. This analysis means may comprise a computer on which software is implemented that makes it possible to analyze the measurements resulting from the device according to the invention. For example, this software may make it possible to plot a plurality of curves, representing the values measured as a function of various measurement parameters and/or measurement conditions, which parameters and conditions have for example been preprogrammed in advance by the specialist.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the frequencies emitted by the means for emitting a variable-frequency electric current are between 1 μHz and 1 GHz. In this way, and with the aid of the means for measuring the electrical resistivity in terms of amplitude and phase according to the invention, an estimation of the spectral induced polarization (denoted SIP hereinafter) in a wide range of frequencies is attained.
Preferentially, the device according to the invention makes it possible to emit an electrical signal in a range of frequencies having a lower limit between 1 and 20 mHz (and preferentially equal to 10 mHz), and an upper limit between 28 and 32 MHz (and preferentially equal to 30 MHz), which makes it possible to limit the times devoted to the measurement, while making it possible to attain the aforementioned quantities. Indeed, as shown in
According to one embodiment of the invention, the Spectral Induced Polarization measurements are performed for around fifty separate frequency values regularly sampling, on a logarithmic scale, the chosen frequency range.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the electrodes of the device according to the invention consist of a conductive material (such as metal) that is nonpolarizable (for example composed of silver or silver chloride). This embodiment makes it possible to perform successive electrical measurements, without having to wait for the electrodes to return to a neutral electrical state. A time saving over all of the experiments to be performed, for a series of frequencies within a given range and according to a given sampling interval, is thus obtained.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the device comprises between four and eight electrodes, preferably six. The plurality of electrodes makes it possible to perform electric potential difference measurements and/or electrical resistivity measurements at various locations of the portion of formation studied and also to better characterize the portion of formation.
Preferentially, the device further comprises a support, formed of an insulating material, at least a number of the electrodes being distributed over a length of the support in question. The dimensions and the shape of the support are a function of the dimensions and the shape of the portion of the formation considered, so that the number of the electrodes of the device distributed over a length of the support are in contact with the portion of the formation studied.
According to one embodiment of the invention, in which the portion of the formation studied is a sample of the formation, removed by core drilling for example, the support may be a flexible sleeve, along which a number of the electrodes are distributed, the dimensions of the support enabling the electrodes in question to be in contact with the sample studied when the latter is inserted in the sleeve. A sample removed from an underground formation generally being of substantially cylindrical shape, the sleeve is preferably also of substantially cylindrical shape; the circumference thereof may be slightly greater than that of the sample, so that the sample can be inserted into the sleeve at the same time as being held.
According to one embodiment of the invention in which the portion of the formation is a zone surrounding a well drilled in the formation studied, the support is of substantially cylindrical shape (a well having a very generally cylindrical shape). The electrodes are distributed along the axis of revolution of the support, and the circumference of the support is related to the circumference of said well so that the support can be inserted into the well and so that the electrodes are in contact with the portion of the formation to be studied. Advantageously, the electrodes are rings with a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of the support and are fastened to said support. Current receiving and emission is then possible radially in the formation studied.
According to one embodiment of the invention in which the device according to the invention is intended for laboratory measurements on a sample of the formation studied (referred to as the first embodiment of the invention hereinafter or else device for laboratory measurements according to the invention), two electrodes are evenly positioned along the axis of revolution of the sleeve and two other electrodes are free and could be placed so as to establish an electrical contact on each of the free cross sections of the sample of formation inserted in the sleeve. The electrodes placed on the free cross sections are connected to the means for emitting the variable-frequency electric current, and the at least two other electrodes distributed on the sleeve are connected to the means for measuring the electrical resistivity in terms of amplitude and phase. Advantageously, the set of the electrodes is also connected to the means for measuring the electric potential difference, for example via a multiplexer.
In a variant of this first main embodiment of the invention, the sleeve in question may comprise a heat-shrinkable sheath. This type of sheath withstands in particular high temperatures and high pressures while preserving the leaktightness of the sheath. This type of sheath is furthermore inert from the physicochemical point of view. Advantageously, two electrodes are pierced through the sheath (so as to pass through this sheath) and to thus enable contact with the sample inserted into the sheath. These electrodes are electrically connected to the means for measuring the complex electrical resistivity, and preferentially also to the means for measuring the electric potential. At least two other electrodes are in direct contact with the sample and are electrically connected to the means for emitting a variable-frequency electric current, and preferably also to the means for measuring the electric potential.
In another variant of this first main embodiment of the invention, the device further comprises means for injecting a working fluid into the sample and for regulating the flow rate of said working fluid.
The means for injecting a working fluid into said sample and for regulating the flow rate of said working fluid may make it possible to perform complex electrical resistivity measurements and spontaneous potential measurements for various types of fluid (water, oil, gas in particular) and for various respective saturation values of these fluids. This makes it possible to evaluate petrophysical parameters relating to a sample of an underground formation for various fluid saturation conditions (various fluids and for various saturations). These various measurements may in particular make it possible to plot nomograms for informing the specialist of the petrophysical parameters expected for the formation considered, as a function of the various possible saturation conditions.
A means of measuring the fluid pressure in at least two locations of the sample will advantageously be combined with means for injecting a working fluid into the sample and for regulating the flow rate of said working fluid. This measurement configuration makes it possible in particular to perform measurements of the electrokinetic coupling coefficient in a saturated medium.
Advantageously, the first main embodiment of the invention may further comprise a hydraulic containment cell, intended to receive a sample. The containment cell may make it possible to subject the sample of the formation considered to high pressures (for example of the order of 5 MPa). This makes it possible to simulate, within the context of a laboratory measurement, the existing pressure conditions in the underground formation, which may be of the order of 8 to 40 MPa. The spontaneous potential and electrical resistivity measurements performed under conditions that approach the conditions in situ (i.e. under the pressure conditions of the fluid reservoir studied), the petrophysical parameters that can be deduced from these measurements are representative of the actual petrophysical parameters, in situ, unlike measurements which are carried out under surface conditions (pressure of around 1 MPa).
Advantageously, the first main embodiment of the invention may further comprise a means for regulating the temperature, within said containment cell, so as to simulate the temperature conditions within the formation studied (and which may reach 60° C. to 150° C.).
Moreover, the first main embodiment of the invention may comprise geochemical measuring means such as means for measuring the alkalinity, conductivity, contents of major cations-anions, contents of trace elements and also the content of dissolved gas after sampling.
The specialist in the field of petroleum geochemistry has perfect knowledge of means for carrying out such measurements. These measurements make it possible to give the specialist information regarding the precise characteristics of the fluids and gases involved, which may help to refine the optimal exploitation plan targeted by the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention in which the device according to the invention is intended for measurements within at least one well drilled in the formation studied such as logging measurements (referred to as the second main embodiment of the device according to the invention, or else device for well measurements hereinafter), the complex resistivity measuring means, the electric potential difference measuring means, and the electric current emitting means are intended to be placed at the surface of said formation and are connected to said electrodes by connection means that are resistant to the pressure and temperature conditions inherent to measurements in wells.
This main embodiment of the device according to the invention makes it possible to perform, with a single logging tool, two types of measurement (electrical in this case), which is very advantageous from an operational point of view since the implementation of logging measurements is well known for being highly technical and expensive. Furthermore, it is ensured in this way that the two measurements are perfectly performed at the same depth in the well and are representative of the same portion.
According to one embodiment of this second main embodiment of the invention, the electrodes are placed in direct contact with the wall of the well and therefore with the geological formation. According to one embodiment of this second main embodiment of the invention, the dimensions of the device for well measurements are of the order of 2500 mm long and 45 mm in diameter. Advantageously, the electrodes are uniformly distributed over a length of the support of 2100 mm, the distance between two consecutive electrodes being 30 mm.
Process for Exploiting an Underground Formation:
Moreover, the invention relates to a process for exploiting an underground formation comprising a fluid. This process requires at least one sample removed from the formation studied, the formation being passed through by at least one well, and comprises at least the following steps:
Thus, the process according to the invention comprises the implementation of measurements of different types (SP and SIP at least) and on different scales (well scale and laboratory scale). The various steps of the process according to the invention will be described in detail below.
Step 1
During this step, the process according to the invention is carried out by means of a variant of the first main embodiment of the device according to the invention, comprising means for injecting a working fluid into said sample and for regulating the flow rate of said working fluid, and also a means for measuring the fluid pressure in at least two locations of said sample.
The measurements carried out with the aid of this device (referred to as “laboratory measurements” hereinafter) are performed for at least one measurement condition. The expression “measurement condition” is understood to mean the set of the parameters according to which the measurement is carried out, such as for example the pressure, the temperature, the fluid(s) present in the sample, or the saturation of each the fluid present in the sample. Very preferentially, the laboratory measurements are carried out under measurement conditions representative of the conditions (of pressure, of temperature, of saturations of the fluids involved) to which the formation studied is subjected, that will be referred to as “in situ conditions” hereinafter. It should be noted that the in situ conditions are not generally precisely known but the specialist may deal with orders of magnitude or ranges of the in situ conditions (ranges relating to the pressures and/or temperatures and/or saturations of the fluids involved). The laboratory measurements are advantageously performed for a plurality of measurement conditions, in particular sampling the ranges of the presumed values of the in situ conditions.
From said laboratory measurements, petrophysical parameters relating to the sample considered are determined for the measurement condition(s) considered (pressure and/or temperature and/or fluid saturation conditions). The specialist has perfect knowledge of methods for determining petrophysical parameters from SIP and SP measurements. According to one embodiment of the invention, the petrophysical parameters representative of the sample are the relative permeability and/or the fluid saturation. When measurements were performed for a plurality of measurement conditions, the specialist may draw up a nomogram representing the values of the measurements performed, the petrophysical parameters deduced from these measurements, and this being for each measurement condition.
According to one embodiment of the process according to the invention, for at least one predefined containment pressure, one temperature, one predefined fluid saturation, one predefined fluid flow rate, and one injection of given working fluid into said sample:
The spontaneous potential measurements make it possible to measure an electric potential difference (that will be denoted dV hereinafter). Combined with the pressure gradient measurements (that will be denoted dP hereinafter), an electrokinetic coupling coefficient C is obtained according to a formula of the type:
C=dV/dP,
According to the embodiment described above, since the measurements are carried out for various fluid saturation conditions, it is possible to define an electrokinetic coupling coefficient in a saturated medium Csat and an electrokinetic coupling coefficient in an unsaturated medium C(Sw≤1). A relative electrokinetic coupling coefficient Cr is then defined, corresponding to the ratio between the electrokinetic coefficient in a saturated medium Csat and the electrokinetic coefficient in an unsaturated medium C(Sw≤1). It is also possible to estimate an electroosmosis coefficient Celectro which quantifies the variation in fluid pressure induced by an electric potential difference.
Furthermore, the SIP measurements performed according to the embodiment described above make it possible to measure the complex resistivity, in a saturated medium and in an unsaturated medium. From these measurements, it is possible to deduce for example the following parameters:
where Rt and R0 are respectively the real part of the resistivity in an unsaturated medium and in a saturated medium;
where R0 is the resistivity of the medium 100% saturated with brine, Rw is the resistivity of the brine R.
From the phase angle Θ, the formation factor F, the relaxation time τ, and the critical frequency Fc, a specialist can deduce therefrom the fluid saturation Sw. A specialist is in particular familiar with the formula:
which makes it possible to deduce the saturation Sw from the formation factor F, the permeability K (which may be known moreover, from petrophysical laboratory measurements, such measurements being well known to a specialist), D(+)S is the diffusion coefficient (which may be known moreover, from petrophysical laboratory measurements, such measurements being well known to a specialist or else determined by a formula).
Then, from the fluid saturation Sw and knowing moreover that the resistivity index can also be written IR=Sw−n, n is deduced therefrom, which is the saturation exponent of Archie's law.
The relative permeability can then be obtained according to a formula of the type:
K
r
=C
r
·S
w
n+1
Advantageously, the measurements described above can in addition be repeated for various containment pressures and/or various temperatures. In order to do this, the device according to the first main embodiment of the device according to the invention may comprise a hydraulic containment cell and/or temperature-regulating means. Thus, the invention makes it possible to perform laboratory measurements for various measurement conditions (of pressure, of temperature, of fluid, of respective saturation of the fluids). In this way, a specialist can for example establish a nomogram of the petrophysical parameters determined as a function of these measurement conditions.
Step 2
According to the process according to the invention, measurements of spontaneous potential and of spectral induced polarization are additionally performed in the well considered by means of the device according to any one of the variants of the second main embodiment of the device according to the invention. These measurements will be referred to as “well measurements” hereinafter.
By comparing the values of the measurements performed in the well with those performed in the laboratory, the petrophysical parameters of the formation studied are determined as a function of the petrophysical parameters obtained by the laboratory measurements. This determination may assume various forms: a direct attribution of the parameters obtained by laboratory measurements (in particular if there is perfect correspondence between laboratory measurements and logging measurements), or else by interpolation of several parameters, by extrapolation, or else by application of any ad hoc function. According to one embodiment of the invention, a scaling function of the measurements performed in the laboratory relative to the measurements performed in the well is applied, so as to take into account different scale factors between these two types of measurement.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a scaling of the measurements performed in laboratory relative to the measurements performed in the well is applied first, in order to take into account the different measurement conditions.
An example of an embodiment variant of the process according to the invention is presented in
Step 3
From the petrophysical parameters thus determined for the formation studied, it is possible to define a plan for optimal exploitation of the fluid contained in the formation studied, i.e. an exploitation plan that enables optimal exploitation of a fluid considered according to technical-economic criteria predefined by a specialist. It may be a scenario that offers a high degree of recovery of the fluid, over a long exploitation time, and that requires a limited number of wells. According to one embodiment of the invention, the optimal exploitation plan may be defined by determining a fluid recovery process (primary, secondary or tertiary recovery process), and also a number, a positioning and a geometry of injection and/or producing wells that make it possible to satisfy predefined technical-economic criteria. Various scenarios may be envisaged and the respective profitability thereof may be approached with the aid of a reservoir simulation. The scenario offering the highest predicted profitability could for example be used.
Step 4
Next, according to the invention, the fluid from the formation studied is exploited as a function of the exploitation plan determined in step 3, that best satisfies the technical-economic criteria predefined by a specialist.
The exploitation of the fluid from the formation studied may then consist of the creation of boreholes according to the number and the positioning determined in step 3, some of these wells being intended to be injection wells and others producing wells, for injecting into the injection wells possible fluids that aim to improve the recovery of the fluids in place.
According to one embodiment of the invention in which the well measurements described in step 2 are repeated at various moments of the exploitation of the fluid from the formation studied, the laboratory measurements having been performed first for various measurement conditions, the petrophysical parameters such as the relative permeability and the fluid saturation will be able to be monitored in real time, throughout the production of the fluid. The exploitation plan determined in step 3 could then be revised throughout the exploitation of the fluid from the formation, and the recovery of fluid in step 4 improved.
The features and advantages of the process according to the invention will become more clearly apparent on reading the exemplary embodiment below.
The exemplary embodiment in question was carried out with a device according to the first main embodiment of the invention (laboratory device) comprising the following elements:
Labview acquisition system.
The porous medium is derived from a block from a referenced quarry. It is cored with a diameter of 40 mm and sawn with a parallel-sided saw, in water. The samples are dried in an oven at 60° C. The sample is weighed when dry. The geometrical characteristics of the experimental sample are determined using vernier calipers: diameter and length. The sample is photographed and referenced.
The sample is mounted in the Viton sheath, the electrodes are connected and the contacts are verified using a multimeter. The sample and its sheath are mounted in the cell and placed under hydraulic containment with Marcol, at the chosen containment pressure (30 bar). The containment pressure is at least 15 bar higher relative to the pore pressure chosen for the experiment.
The sample is then placed under rough vacuum. A brine of chosen concentration is produced (here 10 g/l of NaCl), and its conductivity is measured. The sample is saturated with the brine, at the pore pressure chosen for the experiment, with the aid of a pressure-regulating Isco pump.
The following measurements are performed:
The first 4 steps above were carried out for various fluid saturations (draining/soaking steps).
The set of measurements performed according to the experimental protocol defined below make it possible to plot curves of variations of the measurements performed as a function of the measurement conditions. Examples of such curves, also referred to as nonograms, are presented in
Thus,
Thus such curves, obtained in particular by both SP and SIP measurements, for various samples representative of the formation studied and for various measurement conditions, form nonograms, which enable a specialist, having in addition at his/her disposal, according to the process according to the invention, electrical measurements of the same type (i.e. of SP and SIP type) performed in the well, to make connections between the values of the well measurements and the values of the laboratory measurements, and to deduce therefrom the in situ petrophysical parameters, such as the relative permeability and the fluid saturation. These petrophysical parameters are particularly useful to a specialist for defining a plan for the optimal exploitation of the formation studied.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1652871 | Apr 2016 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2017/055695 | 3/10/2017 | WO | 00 |
