The invention relates to a device for measuring at least one parameter p depending on the real part ε′ and/or imaginary part ε″ of the dielectric permittivity of tissue, in particular skin, of a mammal, in particular a human. The method also relates to a method for operating such a device.
Various important parameters of mammal tissue, in particular mammal skin, can be determined by measuring the response of the tissue to an applied electric field.
For example, WO 02/069791 describes a device for measuring blood glucose in living tissue. It comprises an electrode arrangement with a ground electrode and a signal electrode. A signal generator applies an electrical AC-signal of known voltage or current through a resistor to the electrodes, and a detector determines the voltage over or current through the electrodes. This voltage or current depends on the dielectric properties of the tissue, measured as an impedance or admittance which, as it has been found, is indicative of the glucose level within the tissue.
WO 2005/120332 describes another embodiment of such a device where a plurality of electrical fields is generated by applying voltages to different configurations of the electrode arrangement. This allows, for example, a reduction of the influence of surface effects on the measured signal.
A method for measuring water content of skin (skin hydration) with an applied electrical field is described in JP 56118654.
These techniques allow to measure a parameter p of living tissue, in particular the glucose level or water content, where this parameter is a function p(ε′, ε″) of the permittivity ε=ε′-i-ε″ of the tissue, with ε′(ω) and ε″(ω) being the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity. They rely on applying an electrode arrangement to a skin region of the tissue and generating an alternating electric field in the tissue. A signal depending on the bulk dielectric properties as seen by the electrode arrangement is measured. The measured signal is then processed, e.g. using pre-recorded calibration data, in order to obtain the characterizing parameter, such as the glucose level.
According to [3], various sources of erroneous measurements have been recognized for this type of experiments:
It is a general object of the invention to provide a method and device of this type that has increased measurement accuracy.
This object is achieved by the device and method according to the independent claims. Accordingly the frequency f of the electric field is chosen such that
for a temperature T=34° C., a temperature deviation ΔT=4° C. and a threshold value B not larger than 0.05, wherein ε′H20 (T, f) and ε″H20(T, f) are functions describing real and imaginary parts of the permittivity of water as a function of temperature T and frequency f.
This is based on the understanding that the real and imaginary parts ε′ and ε″ of the permittivity of the tissue are predominantly influenced by the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity εH2O of water. This is because water is one of the major components of the tissue and it has a high permittivity. The permittivity of water strongly depends on temperature T as well as frequency f. While the frequency f is controlled by the measurement device and therefore well known, the temperature T within the tissue can vary and is, often, not well known. Prior art approaches therefore concentrate on measuring the temperature T in order to subsequently correct the measured parameter p. The present approach, on the other hand, is based on the idea that the frequency f should be chosen such that, in linear approximation, the derivative of the function p in respect to temperature is zero. This frequency can be calculated from the knowledge of the function p(ε′, ε″) as well as from the known dispersion and temperature dependence of ε′H20(T, f) and ε″H20(T, f).
The frequency range can be formulated explicitly if the parameter p depends on the real part ε′ of the permittivity of the body tissue, but is substantially independent of the imaginary part ε″ of said permittivity. In that case, as shown below, the frequency f should be in a range between 6.2 and 10.1 GHz.
Similarly, if the parameter p depends on the imaginary part ε″ of the permittivity of the body tissue, but is substantially independent of the real part ε′ of the permittivity, the frequency f should be in a range between 25.5 and 36 GHz.
The present invention is particularly suited for the measurement of skin hydration, but may also be applied for other measurements based on the response of the tissue to an applied electrical field.
The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings, wherein:
In the following, the invention is described in view of a device measuring skin properties. It must be understood, though, that this technique can also be applied to measurements deeper within a mammal's body, e.g. using embedded electrodes.
In an advantageous embodiment, the present invention relies on using a sensor device having at least one coplanar waveguide as described under section 1.2. It must be noted, though, that the present invention can also be carried out with other electrode geometries, such as with the device disclosed in WO 2005/120332.
The sensor device is applied to the skin region under test with the electrode arrangement being close to the topmost layer of the skin. The electrode arrangement is then used to generate alternating electrical fields within the skin region. Advantageously, the device comprises electrodes with different gap widths in order to generate electrical fields with differing penetration into the tissue, which allows to record a depth profile of the skin properties.
Each field will see an average effective permittivity εeff, depending on how far it penetrates into the skin/tissue. This effective permittivity describes the combination of the linear response (polarization) of the tissue and the linear response of the electrode substrate to the field. It is composed of the permittivity of the electrode substrate and the average permittivity ε the tissue.
In a next step, a value m is measured for each electrode pair. This value may e.g. be the electrical impedance Z or capacitance C of the electrodes, or a phase shift or damping coefficient for a signal passing through the electrodes, and it will depend on the effective permittivity experienced by the electrodes. A specific example is described in sections 1.2 and 1.3 below.
Using e.g. the techniques as described below, the measured value m can be converted, by means of suitable calculations, into the desired parameter p. The parameter p may e.g. be equal to the average tissue permittivity e (or to the real or imaginary part ε′ or ε″ of the same) or to an estimate of the water concentration of the tissue. This is described in more detail in section 1.4 below.
As mentioned, the present invention is advantageously carried out by means of an electrode arrangement comprising a coplanar waveguide transmission line. Such transmission lines are especially suited for the high frequencies f used in the present invention. Details of coplanar waveguide transmission lines are described in the following sections.
The term “coplanar waveguide” (CPW) as used in this text and the claims is to be interpreted as an arrangement of an elongate center strip electrode (signal electrode) between and at a distance from two ground electrodes. The signal electrode is much longer than it is wide. The signal and ground electrodes are mounted to the same surface of a non-conducting support. Optionally, a further ground electrode may be located on the opposite side of the support (an arrangement called “conductor-backed coplanar waveguide”, CBCPW). The electrodes may extend along a straight line, or they may be curved (e.g. in the form of a spiral) or polygonal (e.g. in the form of an L or a U).
Advantageously, the ground electrodes are much wider than the signal electrode as this design provides better field localization and is easier to model.
Furthermore, also advantageously, the width of the electrodes are constant along their longitudinal extension, and also the ground geometry does not change along the CPW, as this design is easiest to model. However, it may also be possible to vary these parameters along the CPW, e.g. by periodically changing the width of the signal electrode.
As shown in
The quasi-TEM mode of propagation on a CPW 5 has low dispersion and, hence, offers the potential to construct wide band circuits and components.
In an alternative embodiment, a conductor-backed CPW, as shown in
In the following, the CBCPW 5 of
First, the forward problem of the transmission line has to be solved, i.e. the calculation of the effective permittivity εeff of the system depicted in
In order to be able to analytically state some simple relationships for the CPWs, a number assumptions and approximations have to be made. The main assumption is that the quasi-TEM (transversal electro-magnetic) wave propagation is dominant on the transmission line. This assumption implies that the losses in the metal strips and dielectric materials are low. Often, this is not the case for human tissues. However, the analytic expressions allow to quickly analyze the sensor functionality before proceeding to the rigorous computer-aided full-wave analysis.
Based on this approximation, the analysis of Wen [1] can be expanded to the structure under consideration employing the procedure proposed by Gevorgian [2].
The effective permittivity as seen by the transmission line in
εeff=1+q1(εr−1)+q2(εx−1) (1.1)
with εr being the permittivity of support 3 and wherein
The functions K(x) in Eqs. 1.2 and 1.3 are the complete elliptic integrals of the first kind. Re-arranging the Eqs.1.2 and 1.3, the effective permittivity of the system can be stated as:
The parameters ki depend on the structure geometry and are defined as follows:
The characteristic impedance of the transmission line can then be calculated to:
Due to several boundary conditions, such as size, form (planarity), bandwidth of operations, simplicity, non-invasiveness, the transmission-line technique is employed here. This technique is based on the fact that the wave propagation along the line is strongly affected by the permittivity of the dielectric material supporting the line. There are numerous publications which describe various aspects of the utilisation of this method for material characterisation from theoretical considerations of the inverse problem [7, 8] to practical sensor implementations [9-11].
Using Eq. (1.4), the inverse problem of the determination of the permittivity εr1=εx can be solved using the following equation:
where q1 and q2 are defined by Eqs. (1.2) and (1.3), respectively.
The unknown effective permittivity εeff of the measurement system has to be determined experimentally. As described in the preface to this subsection, there are various methods to do so.
V(z)=Vp(z)·e−γ·z+Vr(z)·hu y·z (1.12)
where Vp(z) and Vr(z) are the amplitudes of the signals propagating forth and back along the line. In case of the line termination with the specific impedance (usually 50Ω), the amplitude Vr(z) of the reflected wave vanishes. Then, the voltage at the termination can be stated as
V(l)=Vα·e−γ·l (1.13)
The transfer function of the transmission line is then
Comparing the transfer function with the forward transmission coefficient S21=|S21|·e−jφ, the following relationships for the attenuation and the phase of the measured signal at the CPW output can be defined:
It has to be noted at this point that the measured phase delay φm is usually higher than the value calculated in Eq. (1.17) due to the non-ideal matching of the measurement transmission line.
Combining Eqs. (1.11 and (1.17), the unknown permittivity εx of the material under test can be defined as
where φm is the measured phase delay by the sensor hardware in degrees, which differs from the phase delay over the transmission line. The base phase shift φα is a constant stant defined by the sensor hardware. It has to be determined by a calibration procedure as described later.
The voltage at the second end (output end) of center strip electrode 1 of coupling structure 5 is fed to a magnitude/phase detector 7. In the present embodiment, this circuit compares the input and output signals of center strip electrode 1 and generates one or two DC signals, whose voltage is proportional to the magnitude ratio and/or phase difference between them. A microcontroller 8 digitizes and stores the measured data, which then can be used as the basis for calculations of the measure of interest. This sensor system is basically a simplified VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) on a board measuring the magnitude and phase of the forward transmission coefficient S21.
It must be noted that the device is structured to carry out a measurement at a well defined, optionally tunable, frequency f. For example, signal generator 6 generates a pure sine signal and/or narrow bandpass filters are provided in magnitude/phase detector 7.
Further, a control unit 10 is provided for processing the measured parameters mi and for calculating the parameter p therefrom. Control unit 10 may be implemented as part of microcontroller 8 or it may be a separate unit, such as an external computer. Detector 7, microcontroller 8 and control unit 10 together form a measuring unit connected to the electrode arrangement for measuring the parameter p.
When several CPWs are part of the sensor device, a single signal generator 6 as shown in
As will be explained below, advantageous frequencies f will be in the order of 8 or even 30 GHz. Frequency mixing techniques can e.g. be used to carry out measurements at such high frequencies. A block diagram of a frequency mixer for operating at 7.2 or 8.2 GHz is shown in
A unit called “2 GHz Unit” generates an RF signal with a frequency of 1 or 2 GHz at a terminal Tx. At the same time, another RF signal as an intermediate frequency (IF) with frequency of some 6.2 GHz is generated by a local oscillator (LO). Via a power splitter it is fed to the mixer. The two signals (IF and LO) are mixed by a double-balanced mixer to generate an RF signal of 7.2 or 8.2 GHz, which is then amplified by a buffer amplifier and fed to the DUT (device under test, i.e. the electrode arrangement) via another single pole double throw (SPDT) switch. Before the buffer amplifier, a band-pass filter is placed to filter out unwanted harmonics.
The received signal is first amplified and then downconverted to the IF frequency using the LO signal. Both the transmitted IF and the received IF signals are compared employing an AD8302 magnitude/phase detector within the “2 GHz” electronics. Its output DC signal is transformed into the digital domain and transferred to the microcontroller for the evaluation. The phase difference between the reference and the measurement IF signals contains information about the phase delay in the device under test. A calibration with a known system (e.g. air- or water-loaded line) can help to determine the absolute value of the phase delay of interest.
The above calculations are made under the assumption that losses are low, i.e. the imaginary part of the permittivity εx of the tissue is negligible. If this assumption is not made, the complex permittivity ε of the tissue as a function of the measured phase delay φm and signal attenuation through the transmission line can e.g. be obtained using rigorous computer-aided full-wave analysis.
Depending on the application, the measured parameter p can e.g. be the average permittivity ε(=εx) of the tissue, which can be obtained from the method described above. Alternatively, it may e.g. be any value derived from the average permittivity ε.
For example, when the device comprises several CPWs with differing gap widths W, the average permittivities ε measured by the differing CPWs can be combined in order to estimate the average permittivity at a certain depth below the skin.
Also, the measured average permittivity may be further processed by control unit 10, e.g. in order to calculate a glucose value of the tissue using the techniques described in WO 02/069791 and WO 2005/120332. In that case, the measured parameter p would be a glucose level.
Also, instead of calculating the average permittivity ε explicitly, the measured signal p could also be the phase delay φm and/or the signal attenuation through the transmission line, or any value derived therefrom.
In any of these cases, the measured signal p will be a function p(ε′, ε″) of the permittivity ε=ε′-i·ε″, with function p depending on the real part ε′ and/or the imaginary part ε″ of the permittivity of the tissue.
Function p introduced in section 1.6 above depends on the frequency f of the applied electric field as well as on the temperature T of the tissue.
As it has been found, one primary reason for this dependence is the temperature and frequency dependence of the permittivity εH2O of (free) water because the tissue permittivity e depends strongly on the permittivity of the water within the tissue.
The graphs in
As can been seen from
This allows to select a suitable frequency f at which the influence of temperature on the permittivity of water is small. In the following, this is first illustrated for the example of a measured parameter p depending on the real part of the tissue permittivity only, then for the example of a measured parameter p depending on the imaginary part of the tissue permittivity only. Finally, this mechanism is generalized to cases where the measured parameter p significantly depends on both the real and imaginary part of the tissue permittivity.
If parameter p depends on the real part e′ of the tissue permittivity only, in particular if p=ε′, or, at least, if the dependence of parameter p on the imaginary part ε″ can be neglected, the frequency f should be set to a value where ε′H2O=Re(εH2O) varies only slightly with temperature.
This is illustrated in
The permittivity only changes between 67.7 and 67.8 within the temperature range of 30-38° C. and for frequency f=8.2 GHz. The permittivity variation is well below 0.1 and probably even below the accuracy of the system.
Its can be concluded from the above consideration that the measurement frequency should be around f=8.2 GHz if the bulk water is the material of interest.
However, the bulk water (or solutions of it) is only a part (even if a major one) of the water body compositions. Depending on the type of body tissue, the bound water amounts to some 0-40% of the total water content. The bound water itself can exhibit permittivity higher or lower than that of the bulk water depending on the type of the bond. It is in the nature of bound water that its permittivity cannot be directly measured. Measurements and modeling of saline solutions showed that the permittivity of the isotonic solutions does not significantly differ from the value of the bulk water as shown in
In order to assess a suitable range of frequencies f to be used, the value of ε′H2O was calculated, as well as the difference between the real part of the permittivities at 38° C. and 30° C. The result of these calculations is shown in
Depending on the value of the tolerable deviation of the real part permittivity over the temperature range of 30° C. to 38° C., the range of allowable frequencies can be obtained from columns 1 and 2 of the table of
Since, in many applications, an acceptable variation of ε′H2O is in the order of +/−1, the range of frequencies is therefore 6.2-10.1 GHz. Advantageously, though, the range is 7.2-9.2 GHz, in particular 7.7-8.7 GHz.
Similarly, if the dependence of parameter p on the real part ε′ can be neglected, in particular if p=ε″, the frequency f should be set to a value where ε″H2O=Im(εH2O) varies only slightly with temperature.
This is illustrated in
The allowable frequency range for a given acceptable deviation of ε″H2O over the range of 30° C. to 38° C. is listed in columns 1 and 3 of the table of
Since, in many applications, an acceptable variation of ε″H2O is in the order of +/−1, the range of frequencies is therefore 25.5-36 GHz. Advantageously, though, the range is 27.5-32.5 GHz, in particular 29-31.3 GHz.
In sections 1.1 and 1.2, it was assumed that parameter p depends on ε′ or ε″ only. However, parameter p may depend on both, the real and imaginary parts of the tissue permittivity, i.e. it is a function p(ε′, ε″).
In linear approximation, a temperature induced change in the permittivity will give rise to a variation Δp in the parameter p as follows:
Under the assumption that the temperature dependence of the tissue permittivity ε is substantially equal to the temperature dependence of free water, we can write
The relative error Δp/p is therefore given by
Assuming that the relative error should be below a threshold B, we have
Advantageously, the threshold B should be less than 0.05, in particular less than 0.01, such that the errors in parameter p would be in an order below 5% or 1%, respectively.
For mammals, the temperature will typically range between 30 and 38° C., in particular close to the body surface, and therefore T can be set to 34° C. and ΔT to 4° C. Using these assumptions as well as the known dependence of the permittivity εH20(T, f) from [4], it is now possible to calculate, for a given function p(ε′, ε″) the range of the frequency f at which the condition of Eq. (3.3) is fulfilled. In most cases, the value p(ε′, ε″) in Eq. (3.3.) can be a “typical value” or “average value” of parameter p.
As mentioned, the present application is especially suited to quantify the levels of skin moisture and/or the level of body hydration, i.e. for cosmetics, industry, medical and military use.
The following list is by no means complete and only describes potential application areas:
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCT/CH2009/000100 | 3/20/2009 | WO | 00 | 10/25/2011 |