Patent Grant
10555411
This application is the United States national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2016/079719 filed Dec. 5, 2016, and claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2015 121 252.8 filed Dec. 7, 2015, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a device for generating an atmospheric plasma beam for treating the surface of a workpiece having a plasma beam which rotates about an axis and produces a wide treatment path when moving over the surface. The invention also relates to an apparatus having at least one plasma device which rotates about an axis and in this process generates at least one plasma beam in a circular movement over the surface. A wide treatment path is also produced when the at least one plasma beam moves over the surface. In addition, the invention relates to a method for treating the surface of a workpiece using such a device or such an arrangement.
Description of Related Art
Within the scope of this description, a treatment of a surface with a plasma beam is in particular understood to encompass a surface pretreatment, by means of which the surface tension is altered and a better wettability of the surface with fluids is obtained. A treatment of the surface can also be understood as a surface coating, in which by adding at least one precursor to the plasma beam a surface coating is obtained by a chemical reaction which takes place in the plasma beam and/or on the surface of the workpiece, wherein at least a part of the chemical products is deposited. In addition, a surface treatment can also mean cleaning, disinfection or sterilisation of the surface.
A device for generating an atmospheric plasma beam for treating the surface of a workpiece having a plasma beam rotating about an axis is known from EP 1 067 829 B1. This device has on a tubular housing, which has an axis A, an inner electrode which is arranged within the housing and which preferably runs parallel to the axis A or which in particular is arranged in the axis A. During operation of the device, an electric voltage is applied to the inner electrode by means of which voltage an electric discharge occurs which by interaction with the working gas flowing within the housing generates a plasma. The plasma together with the working gas is transported further.
In addition, the device has a nozzle arrangement having a nozzle opening for discharging a plasma beam to be generated in the housing, wherein the nozzle arrangement is preferably arranged at the end of the discharge path, is earthed and channels the emanating gas and plasma beam. The direction of the nozzle opening runs at an angle relative to the axis A, wherein the direction of the nozzle opening can be assumed parallel to the central direction of the emanating plasma beam and can be defined, for example, parallel to the normal of the opening. For this purpose, a channel runs in the shape of an arc within the nozzle arrangement, in order to divert the gas and plasma beam starting from inside the housing. Finally, the nozzle arrangement is rotatable relatively about the axis A, wherein the nozzle arrangement is either rotatable with respect to the housing and the inner electrode or is connected to the housing in a torque proof manner while the housing rotates relative to the inner electrode. The nozzle arrangement or the nozzle arrangement and the housing are driven by a motor for the rotational movement.
An apparatus for treating a surface with atmospheric plasma is known from EP 0 986 939 B1 and has two devices for generating an atmospheric plasma beam, wherein each of the two devices has a tubular housing, which has an axis A or A′, respectively, an inner electrode arranged within the housing and a nozzle arrangement having a nozzle opening for discharging a plasma beam to be generated in the housing, wherein the two devices are connected together rotatable about a common axis B, and wherein a drive is provided for generating a rotational movement of the devices about the axis (B).
Using the two previously described devices or apparatuses, it is possible to produce a relatively wide treatment path by moving the rotating plasma beams along the surface of the workpiece to be processed. Therefore, these techniques are used a great deal.
Even if a plurality of paths of plasma treatment of the surface parallel and partly overlapping result in larger areas being able to be plasma treated, differences in the intensity of the plasma treatment on the surface occur transverse to the direction of movement of the device or apparatus. This effect is explained in more detail with the aid of
The treatment path of a plasma beam of an above described device is illustrated in
This results in the intensity distribution illustrated in
For this reason, the surface is but inadequately plasma treated and moreover insufficiently plasma treated in regular strips. Therefore, the speed of movement of the device relative to the surface has to be regularly slowed down, so that saturation of the plasma treatment is also achieved in the middle areas of the treatment path. The application of the device is as a consequence constrained.
Therefore, the invention is based on the technical problem of further developing the device and apparatus mentioned at the outset as well as the method for treating the surface of a workpiece such that the disadvantages mentioned are at least partly eliminated and such that a more uniform treatment of the surface is obtained.
The previously disclosed technical problem is firstly solved according to the invention with a device for generating an atmospheric plasma beam for treating the surface of a workpiece of the type mentioned at the outset in that a shield surrounds the nozzle arrangement and in that the shield is provided for changing the intensity of the interaction of the plasma beam to be generated with the surface of the workpiece depending on the angle of rotation of the nozzle relative to the axis A.
The function of the described shield is to influence the rotating plasma beam depending on the angular position such that the intensity of the plasma beam on the surface of the workpiece has an azimuthally varying distribution. The intensity of the plasma treatment generally depends, with otherwise constant conditions, on the duration of the application, on the distance of the surface from the nozzle opening and/or on the angle of impact of the plasma beam on the surface. If the shield now influences one or more of these parameters in an azimuthally varying way, then the intensity of the plasma treatment of the surface can have an azimuthal distribution.
In a first preferred embodiment, the device is characterised in that the shield is only formed over a partial section in the azimuthal direction. By the shield only being partially present, the plasma beam is only shielded, i.e. influenced, over a part of a rotation and not or only slightly influenced over a wider part of the rotation. In this way, an azimuthal intensity distribution can be set by the design of the shield itself.
Preferably, the previously explained shield is formed over two partial sections in the azimuthal direction symmetrically to the axis A. In this way, a symmetrical intensity distribution of a plasma treatment can be obtained which can be advantageously set in particular by moving the device relative to the surface.
In a further embodiment of the outlined shield, the axial length of the shield varies in the azimuthal direction. Thus, the shield protrudes at different lengths in the axial direction and influences the plasma beam varyingly strongly depending on the length. In the sections in which the length is maximum, the obliquely striking plasma beam is at least partly reflected by the inside of the shield and therefore deflected inwards. Thus, the intensity of the plasma treatment is changed there by the deflection of the plasma beam and the plasma treatment is intensified in the inner area of the shield or in the inner area of the spatial area surrounded by the rotating plasma beam, respectively.
In addition, the length of the shield can vary in steps. In this case, the shield has an effect on the striking plasma beam over a first section with the full length and does not have or only slightly has an effect over a second section because in the second section the shield is formed shorter. In a symmetrical design, for example two identically long first sections and two identically short second sections of the shield are then provided.
An embodiment in steps results in an abrupt change in the plasma intensity in the azimuthal direction which is particularly suitable with static applications for producing a specific pattern on the surface.
In addition, the length of the shield can vary constantly, in particular in the form of a sine function. This embodiment has the advantage that the shield and hence the change in the intensity of the plasma treatment in the azimuthal direction can be varied not abruptly in steps, but rather in the form of a constantly changing function. The distribution of the plasma intensity which arises as a consequence then results in a more uniform treatment of the surface of the workpiece during a movement of the device relative to a surface.
A further embodiment of the device according to the invention consists in the inner surface of the shield adopting azimuthally varying angles relative to the axis A. In this way, the degree of deflection of the plasma beam can be azimuthally altered by the shield. Thus, the inner surface of the shield can, for example, at one place adopt an angle of 90° in relation to the surface to be treated, while at another place, possibly offset by a rotation of 90° to that, the inner surface is inclined outwardly at an angle of 70°. The change in the angle of the inner surface can also be varied in steps or constantly here.
Therefore, a shield design which is symmetrical in the azimuthal direction can also be obtained, in which for example at 0° and 180° in the direction of movement of the device over the surface the inner surface of the shield has an angle of 90°, while at 90° and 270° there is an angle of the inner surface of 70°.
In principle, the angle of the inner surface can be directed both inwardly and outwardly. Thus, a stronger or less strong deflection of the plasma beam can be chosen depending on the application.
The azimuthal change in the angle of the inner surface of the shield can incidentally also be combined with a previously described azimuthal variation in the length of the shield in the axial direction.
A further preferred embodiment of the described device for generating an atmospheric plasma beam for treating the surface of a workpiece has a shield which is designed to be adjustable in its position relative to the nozzle arrangement, in particular in the direction of the axis A and/or in the radial direction.
Therefore, for example, the entire shield can be designed to be moveable in the axial direction. The strength and also the azimuthal range of effect of the shield can be set in this way. The further the lower edge of the shield is positioned away from the nozzle arrangement, the more strongly the emanating plasma beam is deflected and influenced. Equally, with a constantly varying length of the shield, the section of the shield influencing the plasma beam has an effect over a greater azimuthal range. If, on the other hand, the lower edge of the shield is arranged less far away from the nozzle arrangement, then the strength of the interaction and as appropriate the azimuthal range of effect of the shield is lower.
In addition, the shield can have at least two, preferably several, shield elements which are designed to be adjustable independently of one another. The shield elements can be adjusted in the radial direction and/or in the axial direction. A greater variability in setting the azimuthal intensity distribution of the plasma beam is possible by means of this embodiment. If each shield element can be set individually in its position, then the azimuthal distribution can also be set individually. The device can therefore be set more variably, in particular in the case of special applications.
In addition—independent of the azimuthal variation of the previously described shield—a heating device can be provided for heating the shield. This heating has the advantage that the plasma beam striking the shield transfers thermal energy to the shield to a lesser extent and hence functions more free of loss. Where required, the shield can be heated to a temperature which is higher than the temperature of the plasma beam, so that the plasma beam can be further supplied with thermal energy by the shield.
A heating device can be formed as a thermal radiator in the form of an outer heating jacket or by electric heating integrated into the shield.
In any case, the heating device can also be used in rotationally symmetrical shields.
The above disclosed technical problem is also solved by a method for treating the surface of a workpiece, in which a plasma beam rotating about the axis A is generated by means of a device generating an atmospheric plasma beam, the device having an axis A and having a nozzle arrangement rotating relatively about the axis A, in which the device with the rotating plasma beam is moved along the surface to be treated, and in which the intensity of the interaction of the plasma beam with the surface of the workpiece is changed depending on the angle of rotation of the nozzle relative to the axis A by means of a shield.
By azimuthally changing the intensity of the plasma beam, the uniformity of the effect of the plasma beam relative to the direction of movement over the surface can be improved when the device generates a treatment path.
In particular if the rotating plasma beam is shielded more strongly by the shield longitudinally to the direction of movement than transverse to the direction of movement, in particular is reflected or deflected inwards, respectively, a more uniform plasma treatment is obtained along the treatment path. This is illustrated by the intensity profile in
The shield can be designed according to the different embodiments previously described for the device when carrying out the method without them having to be explained again here. The same described advantages result.
The above disclosed technical problem is also solved by an apparatus for treating a surface with atmospheric plasma having at least one device for generating an atmospheric plasma beam, wherein the at least one device has a tubular housing which has an axis A or A′, respectively, an inner electrode arranged within the housing and a nozzle arrangement which has a nozzle opening for discharging a plasma beam to be generated in the housing, wherein the at least one device is rotatable about a, possibly common, axis B, and wherein a drive is provided for generating a rotational movement of the at least one device about the axis B. The apparatus is characterised in that the direction of the nozzle opening of the at least one device runs at an angle relative to the axis A or A′, respectively, in that the nozzle arrangement of the at least one device can be rotated relatively about the axis A or A′, respectively, in that in each case a drive is provided for generating a rotational movement of the nozzle arrangement of the at least one device about the respective axis A or A′, respectively, in that the at least one device is aligned at an angle relative to the axis B, and in that the drive for generating a rotational movement of the at least one device and the drive for generating a rotational movement of the nozzle arrangement of the at least one device are synchronised together in such a way that during one rotation of the at least one device about the common axis B the nozzle arrangement of the at least one device performs two rotations about the respective axis A or A′, respectively.
Previously, the apparatus in general was described with at least one device. An apparatus with two devices is preferred, wherein apparatuses with three or more devices are also possible. Below, the invention is preferentially described by means of an apparatus having two devices, but that is not to limit the invention to two devices.
According to the preferred embodiment of the apparatus with two devices, during a rotation of the two devices about the common axis B each of the two plasma beams has a first angle twice, in particular a steep angle, preferably an angle of 90° relative to the surface of the workpiece, and a second angle twice, in particular a maximally flat angle of, for example, 70° relative to the surface. In the angles adopted in between of the two devices relative to the axis B the plasma beam angle lies between the two extreme values. Hence, due to the different plasma beam angles and additionally as a result of the associated greater distance of the nozzle arrangements from the surface of the workpiece, the intensity of the plasma treatment on the surface varies in the azimuthal direction.
In a preferred embodiment, the angle of the nozzle openings relative to the respective axis A or A′, respectively, essentially coincides with the angle of the devices relative to the axis B. Thus, in two angular positions of the devices relative to the axis B a perpendicular alignment of the respective plasma beam is obtained.
In a further preferred manner, the rotational movement of the nozzle arrangements is transferred via a planetary gear by the rotational movement of the devices about the axis B. A synchronous movement is thereby achieved in a purely mechanical manner. Equally, a synchronous electronic control of individual motors is possible without then requiring a planetary gear.
In addition, the above disclosed technical problem is solved by a method for treating the surface of a workpiece, in which at least one rotating plasma beam is generated by means of a previously described apparatus, in which the apparatus with the at least one rotating plasma beam is moved along the surface to be treated, and in which the at least one plasma beam is directed in two first angular positions of 0° or 180°, respectively, of the rotational movement about the axis B at a steep, preferably perpendicular, angle onto the surface of the workpiece, and in which the at least one plasma beam is directed in two second angular positions of 90° or 270°, respectively of the rotational movement about the axis B at a flat angle, preferably at an angle which is double the angle of the nozzle openings relative to the axes A or A′, respectively, onto the surface of the workpiece.
Preferably, the apparatus is essentially moved in the direction of one of the two first angular positions 0° or 180°, respectively, of the rotational movement about the axis B along the surface.
Thus, the plasma treatment is weakened in the angle positions 90° or 270°, respectively, by the oblique position of the at least one plasma beam, preferably of the two plasma beams, and the associated greater distance of the nozzle openings from the surface, while the plasma treatment is maximally set in the direction of movement at 0° or 180°, respectively, since the at least one plasma beam strikes the surface at a steep angle here and there is also a shorter distance between the nozzle opening and the surface to be treated.
Preferably, the method is carried out using an apparatus having two devices.
A distinctly more uniform treatment of the surface is also obtained with this method, as has already been explained above with the aid of
The invention is explained in more detail below by means of exemplary embodiments with reference to the figures.
In the following description of the different exemplary embodiments according to the invention, the same components are provided with the same reference symbols, even though the components in the different exemplary embodiments can have differences in size and shape.
Before examining a first exemplary embodiment, a plasma nozzle arrangement forming the basis of the present invention should be explained with the aid of
The device 2 shown in
An electrically insulating ceramic tube 20 is inserted into the supporting tube 14. A working gas, for example air, is fed through the supporting tube 14 and the ceramic tube 20 into the nozzle channel 16. The working gas is swirled by a swirl device 22, which is inserted into the ceramic tube 20, such that it flows in a vortex-like manner through the nozzle channel 16 to the nozzle opening 18, as is symbolised in the figure by a screw-like arrow. Thus, a vortex core is formed in the nozzle channel 16 and runs longitudinally to the axis A of the housing 10.
A pin-shaped inner electrode 24 is mounted on the swirl device 22, which protrudes coaxially into the nozzle channel 16 and to which a high-frequency high voltage is applied by means of a high-voltage generator 26. A high-frequency high voltage is typically understood as a voltage of 1 to 100 kV, in particular 1 to 50 kV, preferably 5 to 50 kV, at a frequency of 1 to 100 kHz, in particular 10 to 100 kHz, preferably 10 to 50 kHz. The high-frequency high voltage can be a high-frequency alternating voltage, but it can also be a pulsed direct voltage or an overlay of both voltage forms.
The housing 10 consisting of metal is earthed via the bearing 12 and the supporting tube 14 and serves a counter electrode, so that an electric discharge can be produced between the inner electrode 24 and the housing 10.
The inner electrode 24 arranged inside the housing 10 is preferably aligned parallel to the axis A, in particular the inner electrode 24 is arranged in the axis A.
The nozzle opening 18 of the nozzle channel is formed by a nozzle arrangement 30 consisting of metal which is screwed into a threaded hole 32 of the housing 10 and in which a channel 34 is formed which is tapered and curved towards the nozzle opening 18 and runs obliquely in relation to the axis A. In this way, the plasma beam 28 emanating from the nozzle opening 18 forms an angle with the axis A of the housing, which in the example shown is approximately 45°. This angle can be varied as required by changing the nozzle arrangement 30.
The nozzle arrangement 30 is hence arranged at the end of the discharge path of the high-frequency arc discharge and is earthed via the metallic contact with the housing 10. The nozzle arrangement 30 thus channels the emanating gas and plasma beam, wherein the direction of the nozzle opening 18 runs at a prespecified angle relative to the axis A. The direction of the nozzle opening 18 can be defined parallel to the normal of the nozzle opening 18.
Since the nozzle arrangement 30 is connected to the housing 10 in a torque-proof manner and since the housing 10 is, on the other hand, rotatably attached with respect to the supporting tube 14 via the bearing 12, the nozzle arrangement 30 can rotate relatively about the axis A. A toothed wheel 36 is arranged on the widened upper part of the housing 10 and is in drive connection with a motor (not shown) via a toothed belt or a pinion.
During operation of the device 2 through the high-frequency high voltage an arc discharge is produced between the inner electrode 24 and the housing 10 due to the high frequency of the voltage. The electric arc of this high-frequency arc discharge is carried along by the swirled inflowing working gas and channelled in the core of the vortex-like gas flow, so that the electric arc then runs almost rectilinearly from the tip of the inner electrode 24 longitudinally to the axis A and only branches in the area of the lower end of the housing 10 or in the area of the channel 34 radially to the housing wall or to the wall of the nozzle arrangement 30. In this way, a plasma beam 28 is generated which discharges through the nozzle opening 18.
The terms “electric arc” or “arc discharge” are in the present case used as a phenomenological description of the discharge, since the discharge occurs in the form of an electric arc. The term “electric arc” is otherwise also used as a discharge form in direct voltage discharges with essentially constant voltage values. In the present case, however, it is a high-voltage discharge in the form of an electric arc, i.e. a high-frequency arc discharge.
In operation the housing 10 rotates with a high speed of rotation about the axis A, so that the plasma beam 28 describes a lateral surface of a cone which brushes over the surface of a workpiece (not shown) to be processed. If then the device 2 is moved along on the surface of the workpiece or inversely the workpiece is moved along on the device 2, then a relatively uniform treatment of the surface of the workpiece is obtained on a strip, the width of which corresponds to the diameter of the cone on the workpiece surface described by the plasma beam 28. By varying the distance between the mouthpiece 30 and the workpiece, the width of the area of the pre-treated area can be influenced. By means of the plasma beam 28, which for its part is swirled, striking the workpiece surface obliquely, an intensive effect on the workpiece surface is achieved by the plasma. The swirl direction of the plasma beam can be in the same direction or in the opposite direction to the rotational direction of the housing 10.
The intensity of the plasma treatment by the rotating plasma beam 28 is dependent on the distance of the nozzle opening 18 from the surface, on the one hand, and on the angle of impact of the plasma beam 28 on the surface to be treated, on the other hand.
As shown in
The design of the shield can also be recognised in
As illustrated in
The nozzle opening 18 functions as a rotary drive for the nozzle arrangement 30 and is not aligned in the exact radial direction, but has a tangential component, so that an aerodynamic drive is formed by the partly tangentially emanating air together with the plasma beam 28. Alternatively to this, the aerodynamic drive can also be effected by means of blades or fins (not illustrated) arranged inside the nozzle arrangement 30 which are impinged by the air flowing in a swirling manner through the channel 34.
This embodiment of the bearing arrangement and of the drive has the advantage that the rotary drive is simplified in terms of design and the moment of inertia of the rotating masses is limited to a minimum.
In contrast to
In addition, it can be recognised in
In
According to
Previously, exemplary embodiments were explained with shields 40 in which either sections 46 and 48 of different lengths or sections of the inner surface 42 are formed at different angles relative to the axis A. However, it is also possible, within the scope of the invention, to have exemplary embodiments, in which sections of different lengths are combined with inner surfaces at different angles relative to the axis A.
The previously explained exemplary embodiments of the devices 4, 6 and 8 according to the invention produce an intensity profile of the plasma treatment of a surface which is changed or is changeable in the azimuthal direction. This intensity profile can be applied in the stationary state, i.e. when the device 4, 6 or 8 is not being moved with respect to the surface to be treated, at certain positions on the surface depending on the application. If, for example, a limited, for example cross-shaped, surface section of the surface is to be treated with plasma, then it is possible within the scope of the invention to design the shield 40 in the previously described way such that there is a corresponding pattern of the plasma treatment below the shield 40 when the nozzle arrangement 30 rotates about the axis 40.
With each of the previously described embodiments of the device 4, 6 or 8 according to
Hence, a certain intensity profile can be set with the plasma treatment of the surface, so that, for example, either an intensity profile is obtained which is as homogeneous as possible or a profile which is known in the prior art, in particular a strip profile in which the intensity of the plasma treatment is increased.
Preferably, the previously described method is carried out in such a way that the rotating plasma beam 28 is shielded by the shield 40 more strongly longitudinally to the direction of movement than transverse to the direction of movement, in particular is reflected or deflected inwards, respectively. Relating to the above described exemplary embodiments, this means that the direction of movement in
In the areas in which otherwise an uninfluenced plasma beam 28 would strike the surface a less intensive treatment of the surface is obtained by means of this method. This is because the plasma beam 28 is reflected and deflected by the shield 40 and thereby distributed within the volume surrounded by the shield 40, whereby the intensity of the plasma beam 28 per surface unit is overall reduced. On the other hand, the plasma beam 28 strikes the surface almost unimpeded in the direction of movement in each case and can achieve a higher intensity of the pre-treatment per surface unit. In this way, an intensity distribution according to
In addition,
In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in
An apparatus 100 according to the invention for treating a surface with atmospheric plasma is illustrated in
Each of the two devices 2, 2′ has a tubular housing 10, 10′ with an axis A or A′, an inner electrode (not illustrated) arranged inside the housing 10, 10′ and a nozzle arrangement 30, 30′ having a nozzle opening 18, 18′ for discharging a plasma beam 28, 28′ to be generated in the housing 10, 10′. Both devices 2, 2′ are connected together rotatable about a common axis B by means of a frame 102, wherein in the frame a drive (not illustrated) is provided for generating a rotational movement of the devices 2, 2′ about the axis B. The compressed-air connections and voltage connections are arranged in the frame 102 and are not illustrated in detail.
The direction of the nozzle openings 18, 18′ in each case runs at an angle α, α′ relative to the axis A. A′, wherein the nozzle arrangement 30, 30′ can be rotated relatively about the axis A, A′. A drive (not illustrated), as was explained with the aid of
In addition, the two devices 2, 2′ are aligned at an angle β, β′ relative to the axis B, as
It is preferred and illustrated in
A possibility of synchronising the rotational movement of the apparatus together consists in transferring the rotational movement of the nozzle arrangements 30, 30′ via a planetary gear, which is arranged in the frame 102 and not illustrated in more detail, by the rotational movement of the devices 2, 2′ about the axis B. A further possibility consists in electronically synchronising the respective drives together. In this case, the mechanical effort of a planetary gear is avoided.
A further method for treating the surface of a workpiece can be carried out by a previously described apparatus, in which two rotating plasma beams are generated, in which the apparatus with the rotating plasma beams is moved along the surface to be treated, and in which the plasma beams are directed in two first angular positions 0°, 180° of the rotational movement about the axis B at a steep, preferably perpendicular, angle onto the surface of the workpiece (see
The previously explained method can be carried out statically in that only one partial area of the surface is treated with the plasma beams 28, 28′.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the apparatus is essentially moved in the direction of one of the two first angular positions 0°, 180° of the rotational movement about the axis B along the surface. Hence, seen in the direction of movement, when the two plasma beams 28, 28′ have an alignment which is essentially in the direction of movement, the surface is more intensively treated with plasma than in the angular positions which are adopted transverse to the direction of movement. Hence, an intensity distribution can be achieved according to
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2015 121 252 | Dec 2015 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2016/079719 | 12/5/2016 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017/097694 | 6/15/2017 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5728991 | Takada | Mar 1998 | A |
| 6262386 | Förnsel | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6265690 | Fornsel | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 8381678 | Tsai et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 20020179575 | Fornsel | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20040169018 | Brasseur | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20060172081 | Flinn et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20070181540 | Lindsay | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20100096086 | Minkow et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20130199540 | Buske | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20140034618 | Twarog | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20150079309 | Krueger et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150303034 | Hsu et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20160314938 | Park | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1777487 | May 2006 | CN |
| 101483968 | Jul 2009 | CN |
| 101631416 | Jan 2010 | CN |
| 102481657 | May 2012 | CN |
| 104704926 | Jun 2015 | CN |
| 105025647 | Nov 2015 | CN |
| 205160896 | Apr 2016 | CN |
| 105830540 | Aug 2016 | CN |
| 3612722 | Oct 1987 | DE |
| 202007018327 | Aug 2008 | DE |
| 102010011643 | Sep 2011 | DE |
| 102012206081 | Oct 2013 | DE |
| 1067829 | May 2006 | EP |
| S62166080 | Jul 1987 | JP |
| 2010097931 | Apr 2010 | JP |
| 9952333 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| 2006136467 | Dec 2006 | WO |
| 2015088069 | Jun 2015 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180359842 A1 | Dec 2018 | US |
