Patent Application
20180002204
The present invention pertains generally to water treatment devices. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a water treatment device for: 1) in-line installation within the plumbing of landscape and agricultural irrigation systems, residential, whole-house systems and pools, fountains and other decorative water feature systems and; 2) attachment to faucets and garden hoses for additional residential uses; 3) Commercial uses within the water supply systems of retail, office, industrial, healthcare leisure or multifamily buildings and: 4) Improving the efficiency, enhancing the durability of system components and reducing the amounts of waste by-products generated by reverse osmosis water treatment systems.
Municipal water systems adhere to minimum federal and state standards for allowed levels of chemical, mineral and biological contaminates. But only a small fraction of potentially harmful contaminants is subject to these standards. In addition, these systems often add chemicals to water like chlorine and fluoride to help meet federal and state standards. These processes, as well as the high-pressure distribution systems used to deliver the water, have the effect of creating an “artificial” state not found in the best, natural water sources.
Depending on its source, typical tap water may contain harmful organic or inorganic contaminant minerals such as lead, copper, and strontium and microbiological contaminants such as coliform bacteria. In addition, tap water may have inadequate levels of beneficial minerals such as calcium and magnesium which are essential for cardiovascular health as well as strong teeth and bones.
In many parts of the world, the only available sources of water for drinking, irrigation, recreational and other residential uses contain high levels of “salts”. High salt levels in the water can be damaging to some types of plants requiring significantly higher levels of irrigation and leading to poor soil conditions, unhealthy plants and reduced agricultural yields. Hard water also results in the deposition of layers of calcium carbonate crystal or “scale” on the surfaces of pools and water features and in the various surfaces (metal, plastic, etc.) of the equipment involved in providing water to pools and water features. This scale buildup can lead to the premature deterioration of these systems and inefficiencies in their operation. Pools and water features are often sanitized using chlorine or other chemicals which can irritate the eyes and skin of bathers, damage pool and water feature equipment and can be toxic in large quantities. This scale can also build up on other residential water using devices and surfaces such as showers, sinks and appliances and even on the surfaces of products cleaned using this water such as glassware and automobile finishes.
Reverse osmosis (RO) water purification systems are used widely to provide additional treatment of water from municipal or other sources for residential and agricultural use. Often, bottled water, used exclusively by many for drinking, is also treated using RO. Unfortunately, RO is a very energy intense, wasteful and damaging process stripping the water of all minerals (including beneficial minerals) and antioxidants, changing the molecular structure and pH balance of water and producing harmful byproducts. Significant amounts of electricity are needed to generate the pressure needed to force water through the extremely fine semi-permeable reverse osmosis membranes that are used to remove undesirable contaminants and minerals from the water under treatment. Also, to produce treated water, significant quantities of water are wasted in the process and expelled, along with other contaminants in a harmful byproduct known as “brine”
Our bodies function best when they are neither too acidic nor too alkaline. Unfortunately, almost all of us have become acidic due to poor diets, lack of regular exercise and stress. The degree of acidity or alkalinity is measured in terms of a value known as pH which ranges from 0 on the acidic side to 14 on the alkaline. Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35-7.45. To counteract the acidic effect of diet, lack of exercise and stress, it is widely held that the most beneficial drinking water should be slightly alkaline, above 7.5. Agricultural applications may require a different pH target based on the crops involved. In addition, in many parts of the world local geological conditions, groundwater sources, pollution or other factors may create conditions which produce water supplies that are either too acidic or too alkaline. Long-term consumption of these pH imbalanced sources of water may be harmful to humans, animals and plants.
In addition to having proper amounts of water, sunlight and nutrients, plants also rely on the action of beneficial microorganisms. Generally, these organisms benefit plants in three different ways: synthesizing particular compounds for the plants, facilitating the uptake of certain nutrients from the soil, and lessening or preventing disease.
Generally speaking, achieving the proper mineral balance, eliminating harmful contaminants and improving soil quality are helpful in growing healthy fruits and vegetables. In addition, by breaking up large clusters of dissolved solids and dissolving salts, better soil permeability is achieved. This allows water to penetrate through layers of calcium carbonate “crust” and reach deeper into the soil to provide more effective delivery of water and essential nutrients. The resultant plants are lush and more productive while using less water.
Considering the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide the desired features described herein as well as additional advantages of providing a water treatment device that uses no chemicals or energy, produces no waste, requires very little ongoing maintenance and is customizable to treat the specific qualities of the water profile in the area of installation.
The present invention is a device directed to: 1) in-line installation within the plumbing of landscape and agricultural irrigation systems, residential, whole-house systems and pools, fountains and other decorative water feature systems and; 2) attachment to faucets and garden hoses for additional residential uses; 3) Commercial uses within the water supply systems of retail, office, industrial, healthcare leisure or multifamily buildings and: 4) Improving the efficiency, enhancing the durability of system components and reducing the amounts of waste by-products generated by reverse osmosis water treatment systems.
It is an object of the present invention to treat water originating from natural sources such as wells, streams and rivers as well as municipal water prior to end use.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a water treatment device that is customized for treatment of the water profile in the geographical area of installation.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a water treatment device which alters the characteristics of water passing through the system by altering both the physical and chemical properties of the treated water.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a water treatment device which utilizes at least four treatment modalities: 1) rare-earth magnets configured in a unique arrangement; 2) active-ceramic beads; 3) vortex generators and; 4) design features which create a low pressure/flow rate and high water-volume environment, in a single system.
It is still another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device which can be custom configured to achieve desirable pH ranges.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that, when used with appropriate filtration technology, is designed to remove harmful contaminants and enhance beneficial minerals.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a water treatment device that improves the ability of plants to uptake water resulting in reduced use of water in irrigation and agricultural applications.
In still another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that improves the ability of plants to uptake beneficial nutrients resulting in reduced use of fertilizer in irrigation and agricultural applications.
It is yet another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that dissolves and flushes away harmful salts resulting in improved agricultural production.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that improves the permeability of water through soil, membranes and biological systems.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that demonstrates its greatest effect on the poorest quality soil and water
In still another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that reduces the rate of hard water scale formation in systems handling water with high calcium carbonate concentrations.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that dissolves previously deposited hard water scale formations in systems handling water with high calcium carbonate concentrations.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that stabilizes the rate of hydrogen peroxide decay in outdoor conditions in water undergoing ultraviolet light treatment.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that reduces electricity consumption, extends the useful life of semi-permeable membranes and reduces the amount of harmful by-products generated by reverse osmosis water treatment systems.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device that creates soil conditions that promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a modular water treatment device having interchangeable magnet flanges, vortex generators and bead canisters which can be configured for various water conditions.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device which is modular to allow for the adjustment of magnet strength and the number and type of beads utilized.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device having interchangeable vortex generators wherein changing the vortex generators alters the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device wherein changing the flange orientation or angle changes the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device wherein changing the magnet orientation or angles changes the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device wherein use of various magnet coatings or surface alterations changes the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, both as to its structure and its operation, will be best understood from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description, in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts, and in which:
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The water treatment system is designed to scale up in size depending on the application. The basic configuration of magnets, active-ceramic beads, flanges and chambers remains essentially the same regardless of size. Units range in size as follows: 2 inches, 3 inches, 6 inches, 8 inches and 12 inches depending on the pipe size they are installed in and the application. The two-inch model includes faucet and hose attachment pieces.
Experiments were conducted with Arrowhead® water with the addition of microorganisms from sewage to determine biological oxygen demand (BOD). BOD is parameter used to determine the amount of oxygen microorganisms consume during their life cycle. The more oxygen was consumed, the more organic matter was present in the pre-treatment water. Water was passed through the unit one time and BOD was measured in the pre-treatment water and after-treatment water. Results showed that pre-treatment water had BOD=3.22±0.29 mg/l and after treatment BOD increased up to 6.56±0.59 mg/l. The results indicated that microbiological activity increased more than 100%.
Water of relatively high alkalinity was passed through the unit and pH was measured in bulk solution and close to the magnets with a micro pH probe. Results indicated that pH in the bulk solution was higher compared to pH close to the magnets (8.07 and 7.82, respectively). Thus, magnetic treatment reduced pH by loosening and distracting hydrate layers and films in moving liquid, thus facilitating coagulation and coalescence. An increase in the number of crystallization centers in the liquid shifts the carbonic acid balance toward formation of insoluble carbonate and H+ ions, and carbonic acid, i.e. acidification of alkaline hydrocarbonate took place. Therefore, the treatment stabilized pH. Treatment not only reduces the addition of acid in pools but also controls breakdown of hydrogen peroxide which is very sensitive to pH. It is known that the stability of hydrogen peroxide (HP) solutions is influenced primarily by the temperature, the pH value, UV light and above all by the presence of impurities with a decomposing effect. The higher the pH, the faster the process of HP decomposition will occur. Reducing pH below 7.5 dramatically reduces the decomposition. UV light is used to disinfect pool water. The addition of HP increases the efficiency of the disinfection process. The rate of disinfection also depends on pH and reducing pH from 8 to 7.0-7.5 reduces the decomposition. Experiments with pools showed that HP could remain in water 3-4 times longer if water passed thought the water treatment device.
The membrane permeability test was conducted under laboratory conditions. Well water was passed through a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane (Toray TMG 20-400) before and after treatment at constant pressure and two different flow rates. Water had relatively high salt content (2 g/L) and was passed at 50 psi at room temperature. The amount of passed water was recorded at 5 min. increment for 1 hour. Each experiment was repeated three times. All experimental data were normalized according to the standard procedure for RO membranes. The results show that treated water had higher permeability as seen in Table 1. Water permeability was presented as a ratio of a normalized amount of water (ml) passed through the membrane per one minute to applied pressure.
Initial water chemistry experiments were conducted in a closed loop system that included a pump, 10-gal tank, the treatment device (WWTS) and control valves (bypassing or passing through WWTS). Four different water sources (three from wells in and around San Diego, Ca, and a fourth from Escondido, Calif.'s municipal water source) were used. Salt content, measured by electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 1.0 mS/cm to 5.4 mS/cm. Water was circulated for 30 min bypassing WWTS after which an initial sample was taken. Three samples were then taken after one, three and nine passes through the system including WWTS. Samples were analyzed in the laboratory one to two hours after the samples were taken.
Subsequent water chemistry experiments were conducted with modified WWTS units that contained either only magnets, or only active-ceramic beads. Experiments were conducted with three different types of Biocera Ceramic Balls: CA, TO and SP in separate modified WWTS units. According to Biocera's website, their active-ceramic beads use different combinations of natural minerals to create products with varying properties, dependent on the application. In water treatment applications, the active-ceramic beads assist in the removal of impurities from the water and supply a wide range of beneficial minerals and energy.
The experimental goal was to determine the chemical properties of water after bead treatment by measuring ionic concentrations (cations and anions) and pH.
Three (3.0) gallons of water were passed through beads at a flow rate of 150 ml/min. The volume of beads in the modified WWTS units was 53 cm3 and retention time was 21.2 sec. Three types of water were investigated—distilled, municipal and well water. During the experiments water samples were taken to analyze anion/cation concentrations, pH, and EC. Experiments were immediately conducted in the laboratory due to concerns regarding the time gap between experiment and analysis. Treated water could quickly lose changed property characteristics if the analysis delayed.
Subsequent water chemistry experimental results from the modified WWTS unit containing only magnets showed no effect on either water chemistry or PH. Distilled water, as expected, had the lowest EC (2.5-3.0 uS/cm) and pH 5.5-6.5. Water chemistry results from the modified WWTS unit containing only CA active-ceramic beads (mainly composed of calcium and magnesium oxides) showed the most significant changes. EC significantly increased from 2.8 to 31.6 uS/cm and pH reached 9.5 as CA beads released calcium and bicarbonate which are typical alkalizing compounds.
Fluoride level increases were also noted in treated water. TO and SP beads partly reduced pH but did not change cation/anion content (Table 3). The ceramic beads had less impact on municipal and well waters. Again, CA beads increased pH, but changes to salt concentrations decreased insignificantly compared to distilled water. TO and SP beads did not show any meaningful impact on the chemistry of water.
Experiments confirmed that the beads reduced the concentration of dissolved oxygen (Table 4). Importantly, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was unchanged in water treated with the modified WWTS unit containing only magnets suggesting this effect was due to the beads and that the action of the beads together with the magnets may have been synergistic.
Results showed that the active-ceramic beads did not impact water surface tension. However, water treated with WWTS demonstrated a significant change in surface tension. Before treatment, the surface tension of the sample water was 71.96±0.09 dynes/cm. After treatment, surface tension decreased to 69.56±0.07 dynes/cm. Thus, the complete WWTS unit changed the physicochemical properties of water. Therefore, the changes observed in chemical properties were the result of the ceramic beads while the physical properties changes were due to the magnets. Treatment reduced dissolved gases, increased pH, and decreased surface tension while reducing the salt content in water with high EC and increasing salt content of water having no chemical buffer (distilled water). Ultimately, the water became more stable after treatment.
We have demonstrated that a magnetic field has a significant effect on water properties. Passing water through WWTS subsequently favors the stabilization of water parameters. MT changed the physical parameters of water while ceramic beads altered its chemical parameters. Water with improved physical properties is beneficial for a variety of potential applications including irrigation, pools, heat exchangers, and spotless water or RO systems.
The stabilization effect noted above could be explained by ion exchange properties of CA beads. Additional investigation has shown that slightly acidic water which it typical for South of Asia (Vietnam, Malesia etc.) changes chemical properties if it was passed through CA beads.
Experiments were conducted at a flow rate 7.6 gpm. The treatment device included the Wellspring Water unit with five magnets, 5 lb. of CA beads and UV unit for disinfection. Experimental water had low pH (5.6) and low salt content (EC 130-140 uS/cm). After treatment, water pH increased (6.8) by addition of alkalinity (bicarbonate). At the same time, concentrations of chloride and sulfate were decreased. The following table presents anion exchange balance. Results could be explained by ion exchange of bicarbonate on chloride and sulfate. Roughly 50% of bicarbonate was released and half of it was exchanged on Cl and SO4.
The first column experiment was conducted with sandy loam soil having a high concentration of sodium chloride. Columns were 6 inches diameter and 3 ft. long. A half-liter of water, either treated or raw well water (EC=2 mS/cm), was poured into the columns. Each column had a 1 gal reservoir to collect passed water. Soil properties were determined before and after the experiment which lasted one month. Water was collected and analyzed three times during the experiment as represented by columns 1, 2, and 3 of
Although there was only a small difference in the passage of water through the columns for treated and untreated water (6.45 L and 6.36 L respectively), treated water had higher ability to dissolve and flush out salts.
The second column experiment was conducted using three types of soil to determine the effect of treated water on soil parameters. Soils are classified by the Natural Resource Conservation Service into four Hydrologic Soil Groups based on their respective runoff potentials. The four soil groups are designated A, B, C, and D; group A generally has the smallest runoff potential and group D has the greatest. The representative of group A used was “sandy loam”. Sandy loam has low runoff potential and high infiltration rates even when thoroughly wetted. It consists of deep, well to excessively drained sands with a high rate of water transmission. Group B was represented by “silty loam.” Silty loam has moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consists chiefly of moderately well to well-drained soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures. “Silty Clay”, representing group D, has very low infiltration rates and consists chiefly of clay soils with a high swelling potential.
Three columns (control) were watered with well water (Table 5) and three other columns were irrigated by treated well water. Experiments were conducted in PVC columns with a diameter of 6 inches and length of 3 ft.
Sandy loam was spiked by a sodium chloride solution to increase its sodium concentration to check the effect of the treated water on this cation. Every day, half a liter of water was poured into each column. One gallon reservoirs were placed under each column to collect passed water. Initial soil parameters were measured (Table 6).
Experiments were conducted over a period of one month. Soil was analyzed before and after the start of the experiment. Soil samples were taken from 1, 2, and 3 ft. depths. Water passed through the columns was also analyzed. During the experiment, 3-4 samples of water were taken depending on the type of soil. The volume of each sample was measured and the major parameters were determined (Table 7).
Soil that received treated water exhibited a lower salt content in the first few feet of depth (the root zone). All three types of soil had a similar signature of salt distribution (
SAR indicates the degree of infiltration of a soil. SAR is ideal when below 3 and acceptable when in the range 3-7. Sodium and chloride washed out faster for the first drain when soil had a high concentration of salts. Comparison of summarized data is presented in Table 8.
The impact of treated water on salt distribution depended on the soil type. Treated water had a lower effect in soil with high infiltration rates and a higher effect in soil with low infiltration. For example, sandy loam had the lowest difference in sodium concentrations (in the drain) between the control group and the treated group (4.7%). At the same time, the sodium concentration in sandy loam was dramatically reduced in the root zone (26%) and SAR dropped from 6.46 to 2.78 which is ideal for agriculture. Silty loam had more sodium (as compared to the control group) in the drain but sodium in the root zone dropped by only 4.1%; i.e. sodium was mostly removed from the depth below the root zone. The best result was obtained for the soil with worst infiltration—silty clay. Sodium and chloride concentrations in the root zone were reduced by 40% and 38% respectively and sodium concentration in the drain was 11.6% higher when compared to control. Thus, the results support the claim that WWTS removes excess soluble salts.
Similar results were obtained regarding water absorption in soil. Soil with high infiltration did not show a positive increase in soil moisture. Opposite results were obtained for soils with moderate (Silt loam) and low (Silty clay) infiltration showing a significant increase of the moisture content in the soil (9.1 and 29.8% respectively).
Treatment did not lower pH values of soil layers. Table 9 presents the pH of soils at different depths. It can be seen that pH was lower only for sandy loam. Silt loam and silt clay had higher pH at all three depths.
A three column experiment was conducted using sandy-loam soil. Three columns (control) were irrigated with well water and three additional columns were irrigated by treated well water. Leaching solution was introduced into the system using a peristaltic pump to percolate through the packed soil column at a flow rate of 25 ml/min. Leaching solution was added daily at the same time for 10 min. The water that passed through the columns (leachate) was collected in reservoirs under the columns. The duration of experiment was two months with two replications.
A comparison of concentrations of different ions between the MTW leaching solution and control columns showed that sodium concentrations were 15% higher in the control column at depths of 0-30 cm and 21% higher at depths of 60 cm, respectively. The same comparison for chloride and sulfate showed that both were also higher for the control column (18% higher at 0-30 cm and 30% higher at 60 cm depth for chloride and 18% higher at 0-30 cm and 23% higher at 60 cm for sulfate, respectively). At the same time, concentrations of calcium and magnesium were practically the same for the control and MTW leaching solution columns.
An important additional finding was that soil watered by MTW had a 25% greater water holding capacity compared to the control column. These findings indicate that MTW may assist in saving water by improving water holding capacity, by reducing the need for additional water-wasting leeching and by reducing salt accumulation in soil when saline water is applied.
The Wellspring facility experiment was conducted with lettuce, Lolla Rossa. Lettuce seedlings (two weeks of age) were purchased from a supplier in San Marcos, Calif. Thirty-two (32) plants were grown for one month in one gallon pots to determine the impact of WWTS treated water on plant and soil parameters. Plants were grown in four (4) different types of soil (Table 10) that are classified based on their respective runoff potentials (A, B, C, and D) where A's generally have the smallest runoff potential and D's the greatest. The representative of group A was “sandy loam”. Group B was represented by “silty loam”. Group C was represented by “sandy clay” with low infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and consisting chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of water and soils with moderately fine to fine structure. “Silty Clay”, representing group D, has very low infiltration rates and consists chiefly of clay soils with a high swelling potential.
Plants were grown in eight lines with each line having four pots with plants. Four lines contained control groups for each type of soil and were irrigated with untreated well water. Four remaining lines contained treatment groups for each type of soil and were irrigated by the same treated well water. Before irrigation, well water was pumped through WWTS for 30 min in a recirculation loop. Two hundred milliliters of water were added to each pot daily, the amount of water considered optimal for the plants. After one month, the plants were removed from the pots and basic yield parameters (mass of leaves (in grams), number of leaves, plant height and length of roots) were evaluated, as were the levels of key macro nutrient concentrations in plant tissue and soil. The water parameters are presented in Table 11.
Results showed that the basic yield parameters of plants irrigated with WWTS water were higher than the control group in three of four soils (silty loam, sandy clay and silty clay). Sandy Loam, the soil type that is most porous and has the lowest runoff potential, was essentially unchanged between control and treatment groups. Basic yield parameters are presented in Table 12.
A leaf analysis of macro nutrient concentrations of all plants grown in the four different soils is presented in Table 13. Notably, the concentration of zinc was higher in all four groups. Zinc plays an important role in many biological processes. It is essential for the normal growth and reproduction of all higher plants. In addition, it plays a key role during physiological growth and fulfills an immune function. It is vital for the functionality of more than 300 enzymes, for the stabilization of DNA and for gene expression. In general, zinc is believed to play a main role in the synthesis of proteins, enzyme activating, oxidation and revival reactions and metabolism of carbohydrates.
Soil analysis (Table 14) revealed important differences between the treatment and control groups. First, pH increased in all four types of soil. The comparison of the total amount of salts in the soil of the two groups (control and treated water) showed that the control group had lower salt concentrations than the treatment group. Prior studies have shown that WWTS treatment is most effective when soil has a high sodium content and low permeability. When WWTS is used in relatively good soil with low salt levels the impact of WWTS treatment is reduced.
Additional experiments were conducted to determine water productivity. Five (5) plants of each group, control and treatment, were irrigated by 75% of the volume of water applied in the earlier experiment (150 ml/plant) and five (5) other lettuce plants of each group were irrigated by 50% of the volume of water applied in the earlier experiment (100 ml/plant) for one month. Plants were grown in sandy clay soil. These groups were then compared to the results obtained in the earlier experiment in the group irrigated at 100% of the optimal water amount (treatment and control) in the same soil type over one month. It is important to note that 200 ml/plant/day is considered the optimal amount of irrigation for the plants. After one month, the plants were removed and basic yield parameters were again evaluated and chemical analysis of plant tissues and soil were conducted (Table 15, 16, 17). A comparison of basic yield parameters showed that plants irrigated with treated water exhibited greater yields at all irrigation levels.
Chemical analysis revealed that concentrations of microelements were higher in the treatment group of plants. Zinc concentrations in the treatment group increased from 46 ppm to 70 ppm, manganese increased from 53 ppm to 185 ppm and iron increased from 124 ppm to 198 ppm when the volume of irrigation water was reduced from 100% to 50%. Increases were also noted in the control group, although not as significant. Lack of irrigation creates a strong stress factor on plants and they try to compensate for lack of water by taking up more solutes from the soil. As a result, they also uptake more nutrients. Treated water demonstrated significantly higher levels of permeability and consequently, plants expended less energy to uptake solutes leading to a larger yield and stronger plants.
Soil analysis showed a higher concentration of ions in the treatment group. Although less significant when dealing with relatively good soil (SAR<7) where salt increases cannot impact the final yield, it could be of great significance when dealing with soil containing high, yield impacting, SAR levels. The fact that the treatment group had higher ion concentrations suggests soil from the treatment group retains more water (such that fewer ions were flushed out) and soil becomes moister than in the control group. In turn, these changes create conditions in which plants can more readily uptake nutrients.
Additional water saving experiments were conducted. Three groups of plants (control and treated) were irrigated using municipal water for two months at three different irrigation levels (100%; 70% and 50%). Data revealed that soil irrigated by municipal water after MWT had a higher moisture content compared to the control group. The soil moisture differential for all plant groups irrigated with MWT was statistically significant compared with plants groups irrigated with non-MWT. The calculated value of F was 14.66 for the 100% group, 34.16 for the 70% group, and 25.63 for the 50% group, while the table value of F was 6.90 (P<0.01). The difference between soil moisture for the 100% group was 6.74±0.54 KPa, 16.65±1.68 KPa for the 70% group, and 11.11±0.54 KPa for the 50% group. The results also revealed that MWT influenced yield and chlorophyll concentration in leaves. The lettuce yield difference at the 100% rate of irrigation was not statistically significant for the control and treated groups, the yields from the MWT groups were all higher than the control groups and statistically significant results were obtained for the 70% and 50% rate groups. The most significant effect was obtained for the plants that received the least amount of water (C50/T50). The calculated value of F for this group was 9.11, while the table value of F was 4.41 (p<0.05). Results showed that magnetic treatment of irrigation water can reduce the volume of irrigation water required without negatively impacting yield, photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. In fact, it was shown that statistically significant increases in yield, total chlorophyll and concentrations of some macro and micro-nutrients in plants treated by MWT could be achieved while using significantly less water compared to non-MWT irrigation water.
An experimental field, approximately 450 ft. by 40 ft., covered by a green house, was split into two parts. One part was irrigated by treated well water and the second part was irrigated by untreated well water (control group, NT). The experiment began when the squash plants were about two weeks old. Parameters of the irrigation (well) water are presented in Table 18.
Soil and plant tissue samples were collected on the 1st, 7th, and 30th day of the experiment. Soil and leaves were collected randomly throughout the field from both sections of the growing area (WWTS and NT). A total of 20 soil cores and 20 leaves from each half of the field were collected. During the first thirty days both sides (WWTS and NT) of the field were irrigated 7 times per day for 4 min. at 10 gpm. The total amount of applied water was 280 gal. Fertilizer was added to water applied to the NT (control) side of the field. Fertilizers included different salts of nitrate, phosphoric acid, mono ammonium phosphate, and micronutrients. The N:P:K ratio was approximately 2:1:2. No fertilizer was added to the treatment side of the field.
Soil analysis showed (Table 19) that the NT part of the field initially had a higher concentration of salts. However, the concentration was insignificant for squash which has a high salt tolerance and is not impacted by an EC below 4.7 dS/cm.
Soil analysis showed that by day 30 the accumulation (increase from baseline) of sodium and chloride in the root zone was twice as high in the field where untreated water was applied. Soluble sodium accumulation was 297/164=1.8 times higher and soluble chloride accumulation was 713/349=2.0 times higher in soil in the untreated area (Table 20) suggesting treated water flushed out sodium chloride from the plant's root zone and created more beneficial conditions for plants.
Plant tissue (leaf) analysis (Table 22) did not show significant differences in macro nutrient concentrations between control and treatment fields. However, a comparison of major nutrients (N,P,K) in the soil showed that the treated part of the field initially contained much lower levels of macro elements and amounts generally declined during the field test (Table 21). In contrast, the concentration of macro elements increased in the part of the field not treated, presumably due to the added fertilizer.
Despite the low N—P—K concentrations in the soil of the treated area, leaves on the plants irrigated with treated water did not show any deficit of macro or microelements. This suggests that plants more readily uptake required nutrients from relatively poor soil when irrigated with treated water. In other words, treated water increased the efficiency of the uptake process. The water content of fruit given treated water was also compared to fruit given control water. It was found that fruit from the treated part of the field contained 4.8±0.9% more water than plants from the untreated area. Finally, at the end of the experiment the yield of fruit in the control group at the end of the experiment was 41 boxes compared to 58 boxes in the group irrigated by WWTS (each box held 50 squash), a greater than 41% increase.
Experiment 3—Stone Residence. Orange Trees (May 2015)
Prior to the experiment, all orange trees were irrigated with municipal water. During the experiment, trees were split into two groups. The first group was irrigated by treated well water and the second group was irrigated by untreated, municipal water. The major parameters of the water types are presented in Table 23 below:
Soil and plant tissue samples were collected after two weeks. Results of the analyses are presented in Table 24 and 25. Data showed that soil pH in the treatment group was dramatically reduced, from 5.56 to 4.42 and at the same time, some salts were dissolved. Concentrations of soluble ions increased and extractable ions decreased such that the ratios of extractable/soluble ions changed from 8.7 to 1.7 for calcium, from 14 to 2 for magnesium, and from 2 to 1.3 for potassium.
The increase of soluble calcium and magnesium decreased the Sodium Adsorption Ration (SAR). After treatment, SAR dropped reaching the “Ideal” value of 1.65. This optimal SAR provides for a higher rate of soil permeability and infiltration. Even though the EC of the well water was much higher than municipal water, concentrations of sodium and chloride in soil remained at similar levels in both treatment and control groups. This suggests that treated water flushed out sodium and chloride. Zinc and manganese concentrations were again higher in plants irrigated with treated water. Visual observation of plants showed rapid leaf color changes where they became more visibly green and saturated. Manganese is the microelement responsible for photosynthesis and along with zinc has a direct impact on leaf color and saturation.
The following important conclusions can be drawn from these experiments:
The formation of calcium carbonate is a common ionic reaction that takes place in natural environments and creates a problem known as scaling, which is present in our everyday life and in various industrial processes and technologies. Despite the simplicity of the reaction there is considerable variability in the properties of the solid product, such as: crystal form, particle size distribution, electro-kinetic potential, etc. One of the most important applications of WWTS treated water is scale prevention and elimination.
Although the exact mechanics of the interaction between magnetic treatments and calcium carbonate in solution is still unknown the following hypothesis is most probable. In solution, high concentrations of calcium carbonate tend to precipitate out of solution in the form of calcium carbonate crystals (calcite). Crystal formation normally occurs via a “seeding” effect on the surfaces of naturally-occurring, foreign carbonate particles. Crystal formation in water with high concentrations of calcium carbonate tends to occur on hard surfaces such as tile, plaster, metal and plastic. Magnetically treated water directly affects the equilibrium of carbonate in water and breaks up the large, water molecule/carbonate complexes. Thus, after treatment, calcium carbonate precipitates on particles in solution, not on hard surfaces, and is removed by filtration.
In addition to inhibiting precipitation on hard surfaces, magnetic treatment also breaks down and removes previously deposited crystal formations. As magnetically treated water has a lower surface density, it tends to weaken the bond between the wall and the calcium carbonate so that deposits break off in large pieces from walls and other surfaces. The dissolving process may take several days or even weeks. Detached crystals can be caught by filtration and/or slowly dissolved in magnetized water producing a higher water calcium concentration and a more alkaline pH level.
The experimental was conducted in two similar, water-circulating units, one containing treated water, the other without treated water. Submersible pumps were installed on the bottom of two water tanks (20 gal). Recirculation loops were made from PVC pipes. Seven gallons of municipal were added to each tank and pumped through at a flow rate 3 gpm. A five-micron filter was installed in the loop of both systems to measure calcium carbonate scale levels in each unit at the end of the experiment. Muriatic acid and chlorinating solution were added to the tanks every day to keep pH within a range 7.0-7.5 and chlorine concentrations between 0.8-1.5 ppm (average ranges for most swimming pools and water features). Water was recirculated continuously for 500 Hours. Water samples were taken every day to check EC, pH and chlorine concentrations. Concentrations of anions and cations were checked at the beginning and end of the experiment. Five different pieces of older swimming pool surfaces with differing areas, sizes, surfaces and scale concentrations were placed on the bottom of each tank: 1) glazed tile; 2) green plaster; 3) white plaster; 4) blue plaster and; 5) pebble (Table 26).
Visual inspection of the pieces was conducted before and after the experiment. The following was observed:
Generally speaking, visual observation supported the hypothesis that treated water reduced scale formation and removed existing crystal deposits
Water chemical parameters were measured before and after the experiment. Concentrations of calcium were 42% higher in the treatment group, compared to control supporting the hypothesis that calcium carbonate scaling on surfaces was inhibited and prior surface deposits were dissolved. To determine the comparative levels of calcium concentration on the surfaces of both the treatment and control pieces, small sections of each (16 cm2) were cleaned by 1 ml of HCl (1:1) and then diluted to 50 ml by distilled water. Calcium concentrations in the distilled water solution was determined by ionic chromatography (Table 27).
Calcium levels on all surfaces from the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group. Reductions ranged from 10% to 300% with the largest reductions occurring on the least porous surfaces.
The five-micron filter was placed in an ultrasonic bath (in 1 L of distilled water) for 20 minutes to remove solid particles from the surface. Most removed particles were organic in nature and no calcium carbonate crystals were found on the surface or in the water. The filter used in the treatment group had a greater concentration of calcium compared to the control group (14.1 mg and 12.0 mg, respectively).
The data demonstrated that treated water is a stronger solvent than untreated water. The reduction of calcium concentrations on the various surfaces and the simultaneous increase of calcium concentrations in the water of the treatment unit demonstrated that treated water inhibits the precipitation of scale deposits on hard surfaces and removes previously deposited crystal formations. The rate of removal of prior deposits was dependent on the porosity of the surface.
The Wellpure Water Treatment System has been installed and operating in numerous pool environments in the San Diego area for several years. Recent periodic clean outs of pool cartridge filters on certain installs yielded large quantities of a white, powdery substance, an unusual result not normally seen in these types of filter clean outs. When analyzed, the material was found to be mostly comprised of calcium carbonate crystal. The findings are consistent with prior experiment results which showed that treated pool water was dissolving prior surface crystal deposits and keeping any new crystal formations in solution until they grew to a size that would enable the pools filtration system to remove them from the water circulation system. Thus, in a constantly recirculating system the Wellpure Water Treatment System not only dissolves crystal deposits, it allows them, along with the pool filtration equipment, to be removed.
Dialysis tubing (16 mm diameter and 25 mm flat) from Science First was used to measure permeability through membranes. An EC-meter (sensION+EC7, HACH) equipped with a magnetic stirrer was used to measure electro conductivity of solutions. The EC-meter was checked and calibrated (if needed) before each experiment according to the recommended procedure. A small piece of dialysis tubing (10 cm long) was cut and filled out by 0.1 N NaCl solution (7.0 ml). This tubing was placed in a glass beaker with 500 ml of tap water for 30 min. The top of the tubing was open to the air. After 30 minutes, the tubing was removed from the beaker and the solution was transferred by a plastic 10 ml syringe into a 10 ml glass vial to measure the final EC. The vial was placed on the magnetic stirrer of the EC-meter and the electro conductivity of the solution was determined. These experiments were conducted with tap water at a temperature of 23±1° C. Before the measurement, the tap water was passed through a magnetic field at different flow rates. Each experiment was repeated at least six times.
The experiment with the control group (no magnetic treatment) was repeated 15 times.
The MWT was applied using the Wellpure Water Treatment System™ physical water treatment device. This system (https://www.wellspringwatertechnologies.com) treats water many ways, including magnetically (
Only the magnetic component of the device was investigated in this study. A modified magnetic device was used with 2 polycarbonate flanges with 18 ring-shaped permanent magnets. The magnetic field strength was measured by a Gaussmeter Model GM-2 (AlphaLab Inc.) and it ranged from 3,600 G (close to the edges) to 700 G (in the middle of the hole) for each magnet. Two experimental apparatus were assembled to pass water at different flow rates through the modified device. The first apparatus passed water from a 100 L tank through the modified device at flow rates up to 5 gpm. A 1 L cylinder and stopwatch timer were used to measure flow rates. A second apparatus was assembled for larger flow rates up to 20 gpm. In this case, a 2,000 L tank and a flow meter with a measurement range from 0-25 gpm (King Instruments) were used. Water was passed only one time through the modified magnetic device. Samples of treated water were collected and water permeability through the semi-permeable membrane was immediately measured.
Our experimental results indicated that flow rates had a direct impact on water penetration through the semi-permeable, dialysis membrane. At low flow rates, which corresponds to high retention times of water in the magnetic field, the electro conductivity of MWT and the control group were statistically different at p≦0.01. However, at higher flow rates, the difference between MWT and the control group was smaller and a statistically sufficient level was reached only at p≦0.05 and even p≦0.10. This result was somewhat expected as high flow rates reduce the retention time of water in the treatment area and thus reduces the efficiency of magnetic treatment. Table 2 presents our experimental data, statistical data, computed velocity and Reynolds number.
The relationship between permeability differential and flow velocity was presented as Reynolds number (
Where ECc—electroconductivity of control group; ECmtw—electroconductivity of MWT group; n—number of measurements in control group (15); m—number of measurements in MWT group.
Results indicate that the permeability differential in the treatment group decreased by almost 9% at the low flow velocity (laminar regime; Re<1000) to 2.3% at the high flow velocity, compared to control (turbulent regime; Re>4000). These results reflect an opposite outcome to that suggested by the theory of calcite/aragonite formation described above where velocity increased the rate of aragonite formation by the addition of the kinetic energy of higher velocity water flow and may indicate that the mechanism of permeability increase through a semi-permeable membrane is different than that which is apparently associated with the relative number and type of crystals formed in hard water under MWT. A more likely explanation for the membrane permeability effect is related to the mechanisms that favor lower, or no water flow or that are not impacted by water flow variables at all, but rather favor variables such as volume of exposed water, time of exposure and volume and type of dissolved gases. As previously cited, these mechanisms include surface tension decreases and diffusion velocity increases.
Our experimental results indicated that the permeability of water through a semi-permeable membrane was changed after it passed through a magnetic device. This change depended on the water flow velocity and it was higher at lower flow rates. The increase in permeability observed could be related to a change in the water's surface tension, diffusion velocity, degassing and a more fundamental change in its hydrate clusters' chemical states. These results also provide a clear indication that: water has been impacted by MWT and demonstrate the degree that water has been impacted by MWT under various flow rates. These results help demonstrate why MWT is a technique that allows soil to hold greater moisture and increased fertilizer and water uptake by plants.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a device directed to: 1) in-line installation within the plumbing of landscape and agricultural irrigation systems, residential, whole-house systems and pools, fountains and other decorative water feature systems and; 2) attachment to faucets and garden hoses for additional residential uses.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device for the in-line treatment of water, the water treatment device comprised of:
a housing;
at least a first flange unit and a second flange unit;
at least a large screen;
at least a small screen; and
an active-ceramic bead media.
In a preferred embodiment, the housing is make from a durable plastic material.
In a further preferred embodiment, the flange units, the screens and the active-ceramic beads are enclosed in a separate, removable “active cell” unit which itself fits into the housing. A proprietary tool is required to remove the active cell for maintenance or replacement.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the housing is further comprised of:
an upper housing;
a lower housing;
and a coupler disposed between the upper housing and the lower housing.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the upper housing and the lower housing are further comprised of chambers. In a preferred embodiment, the chambers of the upper housing are configured to contain various elements of the water treatment device, including the first and second flange units. In another preferred embodiment, the chambers of the lower housing are configured to contain the larger screen, the smaller screen and the active-ceramic bead media, the active-ceramic bead media disposed in a chamber located between the larger screen and the smaller screen.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, the first flange and the second flange are further comprised of a plurality of openings and baffles, the openings configured to receive “donut-style” rare-earth magnets in a precise design and the baffles configured to allow for the flow of water through the first flange and the second flange. In a preferred embodiment, the magnet placement within the first flange is in opposition to the magnet placement within the second flange. In a more preferred embodiment, the flanges may contain a plurality of openings, each opening receiving a rare-earth magnet. The flanges are typically created from ½ inch thick, clear polycarbonate plastic. Although other suitable materials may be utilized, i.e. epoxy resin, polycarbonate plastic is the preferred material due to its ability to withstand the forces created within the water treatment system.
In yet a further embodiment of the present invention, the active-ceramic bead media may be comprised from any appropriate ceramic filtration media from an FDA approved, commercial supplier. In a preferred embodiment, the ceramic bead media may be comprised from an optimized mixture of beads capable of exerting the desired improvements on the water passing through the water treatment system. In a further preferred embodiment, the optimized mixture may be determined by experimental results from test treatments of local water profiles. In a most preferred embodiment, the optimized media may be chosen based on the end use of the water to be treated, i.e. irrigation, household or agriculture.
In another embodiment the present invention, the water treatment device may treat water originating from natural sources such as wells, streams and rivers as well as municipal water prior to end use.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, the water treatment device may be customized for treatment of the water profile in the geographical area of installation.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, the water treatment device alters the characteristics of water passing through the system by altering both the physical and chemical properties of the treated water.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device which utilizes at least four treatment modalities: 1) rare-earth magnets configured in a unique arrangement; 2) active-ceramic beads; 3) vortex generators and; 4) design features which create a low pressure/flow rate and high water-volume environment, in a single system.
In a further still embodiment of the present invention, the water treatment device may be custom configured to achieve desirable pH ranges.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that when used with appropriate filtration technology, is designed to remove harmful contaminants and enhance beneficial minerals.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that improves the ability of plants to uptake water resulting in reduced use of water in irrigation and agricultural applications.
Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that improves the ability of plants to uptake beneficial nutrients resulting in reduced use of fertilizer in irrigation and agricultural applications.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that dissolves and flushes away harmful salts resulting in improved agricultural production.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that improves the permeability of water through soil, membranes and biological systems.
Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that demonstrates its greatest effect on the poorest quality soil and water.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that reduces the rate of hard water scale formation in systems handling water with high calcium carbonate concentrations.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that dissolves previously deposited hard water scale formations in systems handling water with high calcium carbonate concentrations.
A further embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus for filtering water comprising at least two halves separated by at least one coupler, comprising:
(a) a first half comprising a first screen and a second screen, wherein an array of ceramic beads rests in between the first screen and the second screen;
(b) a second half further comprising at least one layer comprising at least one membrane further comprising an arrangement of magnets set within the membrane, wherein the arrangement of magnets is interspersed with a series of water flow passages allowing for the passage of water from one side of the at least one layer to the other side of the at least one layer.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that stabilizes the rate of hydrogen peroxide decay in outdoor conditions in water undergoing ultraviolet light treatment.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that reduces electricity consumption, extends the useful life of semi-permeable membranes and reduces the amount of harmful by-products generated by reverse osmosis water treatment systems.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device that creates soil conditions that promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a modular water treatment device having interchangeable magnet flanges, vortex generators and bead canisters which can be configured for various water conditions.
Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a water treatment device which is modular to allow for the adjustment of magnet strength and the number and type of beads utilized.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device having interchangeable vortex generators wherein changing the vortex generators alters the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device wherein changing the flange orientation or angle changes the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device wherein changing the magnet orientation or angles changes the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a water treatment device wherein use of various magnet coatings or surface alterations changes the water spin, turbulence and water movement through the device.
It will be appreciated that details of the foregoing embodiments, given for purposes of illustration, are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Although several embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention, which is further defined in the converted utility application and appended claims. Further, it is recognized that many embodiments may be conceived that do not achieve all the advantages of some embodiments, particularly preferred embodiments, yet the absence of an advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean that such an embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention.
This application is a Continuation-In-Part claiming priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/926,620 filed on Nov. 29, 2015, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/075,474, filed on Nov. 5, 2014, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62075474 | Nov 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14926620 | Oct 2015 | US |
| Child | 15613627 | US |
