DEVICE FOR TENSIONING A PREFORM

Abstract

An apparatus for tensioning a preform may include a mandrel to receive a preform. The mandrel may have a first mandrel end and a second mandrel end. The preform may have a first preform end and a second preform end. The apparatus may include an anchoring groove disposed at the first mandrel end, and an anchoring device being configured and located to urge the first preform end towards the anchoring groove to secure the first preform end therebetween. The apparatus may include a tensioning groove disposed between the first mandrel end and the second mandrel end, and a tensioning device being configured and located to urge at least a portion of the preform into the tensioning groove.

Description

FIELD

The disclosure relates generally to a tensioning device for composite material component formation and more particularly to a tensioning system and device for forming tensioned reinforcement material components.

BACKGROUND

Generally, in composite frame fabrication, a fiber preform or layup is prepared. A selected plurality of tackified cloth, dry cloth or prepreg laminae may be superimposed or stacked together to provide a preform of a member, part, or component. The preform is then debulked and impregnated, if dry or tackified cloth, prior to final curing under pressure. This can be accomplished by using a pressure bag in which the preform is encased, typically in a vacuum bag. In order to maintain the preform in a desired shape, the preform can be secured to a rigid, appropriately shaped mandrel, sometimes called a preform tool, frame, or a fixture. This can occur prior to enclosure in a vacuum bag or other enclosure. The impregnated preform may be cured at room temperature or may be placed in an oven or autoclave which applies pressure to the preform through the bag under curing temperature.

During fabrication of these composite parts, it is often the case that excess axial fiber length develops into an aberration or wrinkle in the composite material layup or preform during compaction or debulking of the layup or preform. This is especially true when using braided or woven materials like two-dimensional (“2D”) and/or three-dimensional (“3D”) 5-harness and/or 8-harness fabrics or braids in plain or diamond patterns Aberrations can include, at least, warping, wrinkling, undulations, slippage, bends, or the like in the layup that may adversely affect the appearance of the resulting components.

Many of the previously known methods for anchoring preforms use anchoring portions that are raised or provided as separate parts of a more elaborate, multi-part tool. The clamping mechanism in these devices typically remains with the tool during the cure cycle. Additionally, these multi-part tools often fail to evenly compress the preform along the length of the mandrel. For example, caul plates are often utilized to compress the preform on to the mandrel. Unfortunately, near the edges or interface between the caul plates, pressure inconsistencies or misalignments may occur. This results in dimensional inaccuracies, added defects and aberrations, additional resin bleed, increased tool maintenance and higher operating costs.

Additionally, in most instances only the outermost layers of the laminate may be extended and gripped by the anchor and the resulting outer layer tensioning may be done by the vacuum bag itself, when the vacuum may be applied. This results essentially in tensioning only on the outer layer. With these methods tensioning may be applied by ply bridging when the vacuum bag forces outer plies which may be cut longer into a void created by the inner plies being cut shorter and the area between the longer plies and the tool is thus “bridged” to apply the tension on the lower plies. Thus, tension may not be applied throughout the layers. Moreover, in addition to the added complexities of the multi-part tools noted above, the likelihood of failures due to bag ruptures may be increased and the resulting part can be dangerously flawed.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a layup tensioning device and method that is capable of overcoming the disadvantages described herein at least to some extent.

SUMMARY

The foregoing needs are met, to a great extent, by at least one embodiment of disclosure, wherein one aspect of the apparatus includes a frame braid tensioning device providing support along the entirety of a braided composite preform and necessary tension to remove excess braid length through the layers of the preform. An embodiment is provided that has, for example, a tensioning groove and tensioning mechanism to tension the layers of the preform layup and, thus, remove aberrations that may occur, essentially to “pull out” aberrations.

An embodiment relates to an apparatus for preparing a preform. The apparatus includes a mandrel, anchoring groove, anchoring device, tensioning groove, and tensioning device. The mandrel receives the preform. The mandrel has a first mandrel end and a second mandrel end. The preform has a first preform end and a second preform end. The anchoring groove is disposed at the first mandrel end. The anchoring device is configured and located to urge the first preform end towards the anchoring groove to secure the first preform end therebetween. The tensioning groove is disposed between the first mandrel end and the second mandrel end. The tensioning device is configured and located to urge at least a portion of the preform into the tensioning groove.

Another embodiment pertains to a composite curing mandrel. The composite curing mandrel includes a surface, a plurality of anchors, a corresponding plurality of anchor clamps, a tensioning groove, and a tensioning device. The surface receives a layered preform. The surface has a first surface end, a second surface end, and a surface width. The layered preform has a first preform end, a second preform end, and a preform width. The plurality of anchoring grooves spans the surface width. A first anchoring groove of the plurality of anchoring grooves is disposed at the first surface end. A second anchoring groove of the plurality of anchoring grooves is disposed at the second surface end. The corresponding plurality of anchor clamps are configured and located to secure the first preform end and the second preform end respectively to the first surface end and the second surface end. The tensioning groove is disposed between the first surface end and the second surface end and spans the surface width. The tensioning device is configured and located to urge a portion of the preform into the tensioning groove to increase an amount of tension in the layered preform between the plurality of anchoring grooves.

Yet another embodiment relates to a composite tensioning device. The device includes a mandrel, wire, and tensioning device. The mandrel receives a preform. The wire is coupled to an end of the preform. The tensioning device is coupled to the wire. The tensioning device is configured to draw the wire from the preform to increase an amount of tension in the preform.

Yet another embodiment pertains to a method of fabricating a composite item. In this method, a preform is positioned on a mandrel, the preform is anchored to the mandrel, and the preform is urged into a tensioning groove with a tensioning device to increase an amount of tension in the preform.

Yet another embodiment relates to a method of fabricating a composite item. In this method, a plurality of composite layers is laid on a mandrel. The composite layers have a first end and a second end. In addition, the first end is fastened to the mandrel, a tensioning device is coupled to the second end, and tension is applied to the composite layers.

There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain embodiments in order that the detailed description thereof herein may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional embodiments that will be described below and which will form the subject matter of the Claims appended hereto.

In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment in detail, it is to be understood that the embodiments are not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosure may have embodiments in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the disclosure. It is important, therefore, that the Claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective illustration of a tensioning mandrel illustrating steps in a method of tensioning a preform of an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a detailed cross-sectional illustration of a tensioning mandrel and layup.

FIG. 3 is a perspective illustration of a tensioning mandrel of another embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a perspective illustration of a tensioning mandrel of another embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a side illustration of a tensioning mandrel of another embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a perspective illustration of a tensioning mandrel of another embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a detailed cross-sectional illustration of a tensioning mandrel and layup of FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. An embodiment in provides an apparatus that includes a mandrel, an anchoring groove and an anchoring device cooperatively coupled to the anchoring groove, and a tensioning groove and a tensioning device cooperatively coupled to the tensioning groove. The anchoring groove and anchoring device anchors a layered preform to the mandrel and the tensioning groove and tensioning device applies tension throughout all the layers in the layered preform.

It is an advantage of various embodiments that sufficient tension may be applied in a preform to remove wrinkles or similar aberrations from the layup. It is an additional advantage that tension may be applied to internal or underlying layers and/or external layers of the preform or layup. Furthermore, embodiments may be performed economically during the fabrication process. It is another advantage that a single mandrel may be configured to provide support for the preform. It is yet another advantage of an embodiment that bulk or similar aberrations may be removed from the composite. These and other attributes of various embodiments may be especially beneficial in developing curved shapes. In addition, anchoring and tensioning devices of the various embodiments may be used to hold and support the preform and to provide tension in the outer layer and/or underlying layers before and/or during a vacuum debulking process. In some embodiments, the anchor and/or tension devices may be applied over, and hence through the pressure or vacuum bag. This may facilitate removal of the anchor and/or tension devices prior to curing, so as to reduce resin bleed and tool maintenance costs. The apparatus may include a one part tool, resulting in less complicated tooling, less resin bleed, and improved dimensional accuracy. These embodiments may reduce costs associated with tool maintenance and composite item fabrication. The tensioning device of various embodiments may be equally effective for autoclave and atmospheric pressure cures.

An embodiment of the apparatus and method is illustrated in FIG. 1. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, a mandrel 10 (e.g., layup tool, frame, mold, or the like), includes a preform 100 applied thereon. The mandrel 10 may be a single piece mandrel 10 providing support through the entirety of the preform 100. The preform 100 may include any suitable material. Suitable examples of materials include fibers, foils, film, any combination thereof, and/or the like. The fibers may be dry and/or pre-impregnated with resin and may be arranged in any suitable manner such as, for example, unidirectional tape, woven fabrics, 2D and 3D braids, and the like. More particularly, suitable braids include, for example, 5-harness and 8-harness fabric or diamond and/or regular braids. In this instance, for example, the preform 100 is shown as a braided or near net form layer placed on the mandrel 10 prior to impregnation with resin. Suitable examples of composite materials include dry and pre-impregnated layers of foils, fibers, films, and the like. In another example, FIG. 2 shows the preform with several layers 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 in place prior to impregnation with a resin.

As shown in step 1 of FIG. 1, the preform 100 may be positioned on the mandrel 10 and, optionally, enclosed within a pressure or vacuum bag 60. For example, the preform 100 may be placed upon the mandrel 10 and may extend substantially from one end of the mandrel 10 to the other end.

As shown in step 2 of FIG. 1, the ends of the preform 100 may be secured to respective ends of the mandrel 10. For example, to secure the preform 100 to the mandrel 10, the mandrel 10 may include an anchoring groove 50 which accommodates an anchoring device 30, a tapered block and clamp for example. Optionally, the mandrel 10 may include another anchoring groove 52 and another anchoring device 32 and/or a block 54 and clamp 34 (shown in FIG. 2) to secure a distal end of the preform 100 to the mandrel 10. The preform 100 and/or vacuum bag 60 may be disposed between the anchoring device 30 and the anchoring groove 50 and the anchoring device 30 may be urged by a clamp or actuator towards the anchoring groove 50 to secure the preform 100 and/or vacuum bag 60 therebetween.

As shown in step 3 of FIG. 1, aberrations may, optionally, be identified. For example, the preform 100 may be compressed by drawing a vacuum within the vacuum bag 60 to identify a visible aberration “A.” Following identification, the vacuum may be released to facilitate tensioning at step 4. Of note, the aberration “A” may be formed and/or identified at essentially any point in the fabrication process. Specific examples of steps that may be prone to aberration formation include during layup of the preform 100 and during debulking or compaction via the vacuum bag 60 for example.

As shown in step 4 of FIG. 1, the preform 100 may be tensioned or drawn taut to remove wrinkles or other such aberrations. To draw the preform 100 taut, the mandrel 10 may include a tensioning groove 40 and tensioning device 20. The tensioning device 20 may include, for example, a tapered block that essentially spans the width of the preform 100 and/or tensioning groove 40. The tensioning device 20 may further include a clamp or actuator 28 to urge the tensioning device 20 towards the tensioning groove 40. To tension the preform 100, the preform 100 and/or vacuum bag 60 may be disposed between the tensioning groove 40 and tensioning device 20 and the tensioning device 20 may be urged by the actuator 28 towards the tensioning groove 40 to draw at least a portion of the preform 100 and/or vacuum bag 60 into the tensioning groove 40. As shown in step 4 of FIG. 1, excess material of the preform 100 that formed the aberration A in step 3 is drawn towards the tensioning groove 40 when some portion of the preform 100 is drawn into the tensioning groove 40. In this manner, movement of the tensioning device 20 towards the tensioning groove 40 stretches out, draws taut, or otherwise may aid in removing the observed and/or unobserved aberrations, voids, wrinkles, and the like from the preform 100. Alternatively, the vacuum bag 60 may be extended inclusively over the top of the anchoring device 30 and/or tensioning device 20 without departing from the spirit of this disclosure.

An example embodiment of a cross-sectional detailed view of the mandrel 10 and preform 100 is shown in FIG. 2. The preform 100 may be laid up on the mandrel 10, or other suitable layup tool, for instance. FIG. 2 shows the mandrel 10 as being generally curved. However, in other examples, the mandrel 10 need not be curved or may be curved or twisted in any suitable manner. In a particular example, the mandrel 10 may be curved at a radius of about 75 inches to about 360 inches. In other examples, the mandrel 10 may include any curve suitable to fabricate a framing member of an aircraft fuselage. The preform 100 is shown inside the vacuum bag 60. At a first or proximal end, the preform layers 101-105 may be anchored by the anchoring device 30 and anchoring groove 50. In addition, a distal end of the preform 100 may be secured to the mandrel 10 by the block 54 and clamp 34. In this regard, the block 54 and clamp 34 and the anchoring device 30 and 32 and anchoring groove 50 and 52 may be generally described as fasteners. That is, for example, the block 54 and clamp 34 function together to fasten or secure the preform 100 to the mandrel 10 in a similar manner as the anchoring device 30 and anchoring groove 50. Additionally, the embodiments are not limited to the block 54 and clamp 34 and the anchoring device 30 and 32 and anchoring groove 50 and 52, but rather, any suitable fastener may be included in various embodiments. Suitable fasteners include, at least, clamps, presses, and the like. Furthermore, suitable fasteners may include affixing, chemical or heat welding, and the like.

The preform layers 101-105 may include any suitable composite material such as braided preforms, layers of prepreg, foil, film, fabric, unidirectional tape, and the like or any combination thereof. FIG. 2 shows a single tensioning device 20 and tensioning groove 40 which does not limit the number of tensioning devices 20 or grooves 40 that may be utilized nor does the incorporation of either element in the mandrel 10 limit the respective tensioning device or groove from being incorporated in a multi-part mandrel 10.

The tensioning groove 40 and the preform layers 101-105 may be engaged by the tensioning device 20, here shown as a tapered block and clamp. Clamping layers 101-105 into the tensioning grooves applies tension forces substantially across the cross section of the preform 100 and the preform layers 101-105. This effectively “pulls” excess material out of the preform 100 and stretches out or draws taut wrinkles or other aberrations.

It is an advantage of this and other embodiments of the disclosure that the tension generated by the tensioning device 20 and tensioning groove 40 may be essentially spread through the preform 100. As a result, the preform 100 may be drawn down onto the mandrel 10. Furthermore, in layered preforms 100, each layer 100-105 of the preform 100 may be subjected to essentially the same tension which may reduce internal aberrations.

Also shown in FIG. 2, a net trim line 70 and 72 indicate net ends of a composite item 80. That is, following resin infusion and/or resin curing, the composite item 80 may be generated by cutting or trimming at the net trim lines 70 and 72.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the tensioning mandrel 10 of another embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, the mandrel 10 includes the tensioning device 20 and tensioning groove 40 and another tensioning device 22 and tensioning groove 42. In this regard, the mandrel 10 may include any suitable number of tensioning devices and tensioning grooves. In addition, these tensioning devices and tensioning grooves may be located anywhere between the fastened ends of the preform 100.

The mandrel 10 shown in FIG. 3 is essentially flat or straight. However, in other examples, the mandrel 10 need not be flat, but rather, may bend or curve in one or more axis. In this regard, the mandrel 10 of FIG. 2 is shown to curve along one axis. In other examples, the mandrel 10 may curve in two axes, such as an arc or segment of a cone. In yet other examples, the mandrel 10 may curve, bend, and/or twist in one, two, or three axes. Furthermore, the curves may be irregular, compound, and the like.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the tensioning mandrel 10 of another embodiment of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the mandrel 10 includes the tensioning device 20 and tensioning groove 40 adjacent to the anchoring device 30 and anchoring groove 50 and the tensioning device 22 and tensioning groove 42 adjacent to the anchoring device 32 and anchoring groove 52. In this regard, the mandrel 10 may include any suitable number of tensioning devices and tensioning grooves and these tensioning devices and tensioning grooves may be located at any suitable location. Suitable locations include those locations disposed between the fastened ends of the preform 100. In particular, suitable locations may be disposed relatively close to the anchoring grooves and devices 50, 52, 30, and 32 to minimize scrap production.

FIG. 5. shows a cross-section of another embodiment of the disclosure. The mandrel 10 may be provided, as with the example shown in FIG. 1, with a preform 100 laid thereon. The preform 100 may include any suitable composite material, for instance a bi-axial braided composite weave and the like. In this instance, again for example, a braided or near net form layer is shown placed prior to impregnation with a resin.

Extending from an end of the preform 100 may be a wire 200. The wire 200 may be coupled to a tensioning device 20, herein shown as a wire tensioning device. An optional clamping device 250 may clamp the preform 100 and provide a means of attaching the wire 200 to the preform 100. The tensioning device 20 draws the wire 200 and thereby translates tension through the clamping device 250 and to the preform 100. The tensioning device 20 draws tension on the wire 200 and thus stretches or draws taut the layers of the preform 100. The mandrel 10 may include an anchoring groove 50 which accommodates an anchoring device 30, a tapered block and clamp for example. Alternatively, both ends of the preform 100 may be coupled through respective clamping devices 250 and wires 200 to respective tensioning devices 20, and thus tensioned through both ends of the preform 100.

The tensioning device 20 may be incorporated as part of the mandrel 10, within the mandrel 10, or as a separate device from the mandrel 10. The anchoring device 30 and the tensioning device 20 may be applied to hold the preform 100 on the mandrel 10 using the vacuum bag 60. The tensioning device 20 may stretch out, draw taut or otherwise aids in removing both the observed and unobserved aberrations, voids, wrinkles, and the like through the tensioning of the wire 200. Alternatively, the tensioning device 20 can be applied to hold the preform 100 without departing from the spirit of the disclosure.

Although an example of the device is shown using a braided preform, it will be appreciated that other preforms can be used. Also, although the device may be useful to draw tension in preforms of braided material it can also be used to draw tension in any suitable preform.

An example embodiment of a mandrel 610 is shown in FIG. 6. Preform 700, anchoring device 630 and 632, block 654, clamp 634 and vacuum bag 660 are not shown for clarity. The preform 700 may be laid up on the mandrel 610. Mandrel 610 may be shaped to form at least a part of a fuselage section preform 700 or a wing section preform 700. Mandrel 610 may have at least on edge. Mandrel 610 may have at least one anchoring groove 650 near each edge. Mandrel 610 may have at least one tensioning groove 640 near each anchoring groove 650. FIG. 6 shows the mandrel 610 as being generally curved. However, in other examples, the mandrel 610 need not be curved or may be curved and/or twisted in any suitable manner. In a particular example, the mandrel 610 may be curved at a radius of about 75 inches to about 360 inches. In other examples, the mandrel 610 may include a configuration suitable to fabricate a tapering fuselage or wing section.

FIG. 7 show a cross-section illustration of mandrel 610 with preform 700, anchoring device 630 and 632, block 654, clamp 634 and vacuum bag 660 added. The preform 700 is shown inside the vacuum bag 660. At a first or proximal end, the preform layers 701-705 may be anchored by the anchoring device 630 and anchoring groove 650. In addition, a distal end of the preform 700 may be secured to the mandrel 610 by the block 654 and clamp 634. In this regard, the block 654 and clamp 634 and the anchoring device 630 and 632 and anchoring groove 650 and 652 may be generally described as fasteners. That is, for example, the block 654 and clamp 634 function together to fasten or secure the preform 700 to the mandrel 610 in a similar manner as the anchoring device 630 and anchoring groove 650.

Additionally, embodiments of the disclosure are not limited to the block 654 and clamp 634 and the anchoring device 630 and 632 and anchoring groove 650 and 652, but rather, any suitable fastener may be included in various embodiments of the disclosure. Suitable fasteners include, at least, clamps, presses, and the like. Furthermore, suitable fasteners may include affixing, chemical or heat welding, and the like.

The preform layers 701-705 may include any suitable composite material such as braided preforms, layers of prepreg, foil, film, fabric, unidirectional tape, and the like or any combination thereof. FIG. 7 show a single tensioning device 620 and tensioning groove 640 which does not limit the number of tensioning devices 620 or grooves 640 that may be utilized nor does the incorporation of either element in the mandrel 610 limit the respective tensioning device or groove from being incorporated in a multi-part mandrel 610. The tensioning device 620 may further include a clamp or actuator 628 to urge the tensioning device 620 towards the tensioning groove 640.

The tensioning groove 640 and the preform layers 701-705 may be engaged by the tensioning device 620, here shown as a tapered block and clamp. Clamping layers 701-705 into the tensioning grooves applies tension forces substantially across the cross section of the preform 700 and the preform layers 701-705. This effectively “pulls” excess material out of the preform 700 and stretches out or draws taut wrinkles or other aberrations.

It is an advantage of this and other embodiments of the disclosure that the tension generated by the tensioning device 620 and tensioning groove 640 is essentially spread through the preform 700. As a result, the preform 700 may be drawn down onto the mandrel 610. Furthermore, in layered preforms 700, each layer 701-705 of the preform 700 may be subjected to essentially the same tension which may reduce internal aberrations.

Also shown in FIG. 7, a net trim line 670 and 672 indicate net ends of a composite item 680. That is, following resin infusion and/or resin curing, the composite item 680 may be generated by cutting or trimming at the net trim lines 670 and 672.

The many features and advantages of the embodiments are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended Claims to cover all such features and advantages of the embodiments which fall within the true spirit and scope of the disclosure. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the disclosure to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the embodiments.

Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising: a mandrel to receive a preform, the mandrel having a first mandrel end and a second mandrel end, the preform having a first preform end and a second preform end;an anchoring groove disposed at the first mandrel end;an anchoring device being configured and located to urge the first preform end towards the anchoring groove to secure the first preform end therebetween;a tensioning groove disposed between the first mandrel end and the second mandrel end; anda tensioning device being configured and located to urge at least a portion of the preform into the tensioning groove.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a vacuum bag enclosing at least the preform on the mandrel.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the mandrel is twisted along an axis.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the mandrel is a curved mandrel.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the mandrel has a channel shaped cross section.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a second tensioning groove disposed between the first mandrel end and the second mandrel end; anda second tensioning device cooperatively coupled to the second tensioning groove, the second tensioning device being configured to urge a portion of the preform into the second tensioning groove to further increase an amount of tension in the preform.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tensioning device is a tapered block.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a second anchoring groove disposed at the second mandrel end; anda second anchoring device cooperatively coupled to the second anchoring groove, the second anchoring device being configured to urge the second preform end towards the second anchoring groove to secure the second preform end therebetween.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a clamp disposed at the second mandrel end, the clamp being configured to urge the second preform end towards the second mandrel end to secure the second preform end therebetween.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the anchoring device is a tapered block.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the anchoring groove extends perpendicularly across a width of the mandrel.

12. An apparatus for tensioning a preform, comprising: a mandrel to receive a preform, the mandrel having a first mandrel edge and a second mandrel edge, the preform having a first preform edge and a second preform edge;an anchoring groove disposed at the first mandrel edge;an anchoring device being configured and located to urge the first preform edge towards the anchoring groove to secure the first preform edge therebetween;a tensioning groove disposed between the first mandrel edge and the second mandrel edge; anda tensioning device being configured and located to urge at least a portion of the preform into the tensioning groove.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a vacuum bag enclosing at least the preform on to the mandrel.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the mandrel is twisted along an axis.

15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the mandrel is a curved mandrel.

16. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a second tensioning groove disposed between the first mandrel edge and the second mandrel edge; anda second tensioning device cooperatively coupled to the second tensioning groove, the second tensioning device being configured to urge a portion of the preform into the second tensioning groove to further increase an amount of tension in the preform.

17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the tensioning device is a tapered block.

18. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a second anchoring groove disposed at the second mandrel edge; anda second anchoring device cooperatively coupled to the second anchoring groove, the second anchoring device being configured to urge the second preform edge towards the second anchoring groove to secure the second preform edge therebetween.

19. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising: a clamp disposed at the second mandrel edge, the clamp being configured to urge the second preform edge towards the second mandrel edge to secure the second preform edge therebetween.

20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the anchoring device is a tapered block.