Patent Application
20200145265
Data transmitted as radio frequency signals over the air is susceptible to interception. Data encryption is commonly employed to protect the data in the case of an interception. While encrypting the data protects the contents, the signal externals of the radio frequency signal are still exposed. Much information can be gleaned from the signal externals, such as the frequency, the symbol rate, the data framing, and the modulation type. These parameters can be used by an interceptor to identify the class of transmitter or perhaps even uniquely identify a transmitter. Even just observing the schedule on which transmitters transmit can provide valuable information to an interceptor.
Information like data framing may be obscured by encryption, but the symbol rate and modulation type are still exposed to an interceptor. Additionally, encryption can be costly to implement and may be unnecessary for some situations.
Using highly directional transmitter antennas can help mitigate the interception problem. However, even highly directional transmissions are at a risk of being intercepted if an interceptor is positioned such that it is able to receive the transmission between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.
For example, although microwave towers use very narrow beams for their point-to-point links, an interceptor receiver merely has to be placed between the two links to intercept the transmission. Moreover, highly directional systems make it important to maintain precise pointing. This is expensive and can be difficult for mobile devices that transmit radio frequency signals.
Typically, users simply accept that the signal externals of a transmitted radio frequency signal can be exploited, thinking that interception of the signal externals is unavoidable.
In view of the above, it would be desirable to have a technique for obscuring a transmitted radio frequency to avoid interception of the radio frequency signal.
The present disclosure pertains generally to transmission of radio frequency signals. More particularly, the present disclosure pertains to obscuring a transmitted radio frequency signal using polarization modulation to avoid interception.
According to an illustrative embodiment, an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator is configured to modulate a radio frequency signal to produce an IQ-modulated radio frequency signal. A polarization modulator is configured to modulate the IQ-modulated radio frequency signal to produce a polarization-modulated radio frequency signal. The polarization modulator is further configured to output the polarization-modulated radio frequency signal to an antenna for transmission.
These, as well as other objects, features and benefits will now become clear from a review of the following detailed description, the illustrative embodiments, and the accompanying drawings.
The novel features of the present disclosure will be best understood from the accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description, in which similarly-referenced characters refer to similarly-referenced parts, and in which:
According to illustrative embodiments, interception of a transmitted radio frequency signal is avoided by obscuring the transmitted radio frequency signal. The transmitted radio frequency signal is obscured by using a polarization modulation approach hidden on top of an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulation approach. For added robustness, a differential polarization modulation approach may be used. The embodiments described below can be applied to new systems or retrofitted onto existing systems.
The modulation device 110 includes an in-phase quadrature (IQ) modulator 115 that is configured to modulate a radio frequency signal with in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) data to produce an IQ-modulated radio frequency signal. The IQ modulator 115 includes a local oscillator 120 that generates the radio frequency signal. The IQ modulator 115 also includes a phase shifter 130 that shifts the phase of the radio frequency signal by a number of degrees (e.g., ninety degrees (90°)). The IQ modulator 115 also includes a multiplier 140A that modulates the radio frequency signal generated by the local oscillator 120 with I data to produce an in-phase modulated signal and a multiplier 140B that modulates the phase-shifted radio frequency signal output by the phase shifter 130 with Q data to produce a phase-shifted modulated signal. The outputs of the multipliers 140A and 140B are fed to a subtraction circuit 150. The subtraction circuit 150 is configured to compute a difference between the in-phase modulated radio frequency signal and the phase-shifted modulated radio frequency signal and output the difference as an IQ-modulated radio frequency signal. Although not shown, a power amplifier may be used to amplify the IQ-modulated radio frequency signal.
The modulation device 110 also includes a polarization modulator 155 that is configured to modulate the IQ-modulated radio frequency signal output by the IQ modulator 115 to produce a polarization-modulated signal. Polarization modulation is achieved by generating a weighted horizontal component and a weighted vertical component of the IQ-modulated signal with horizontal (H) data and vertical (V) data, respectively. The polarization-modulated signal is output to an antenna 170 for transmission.
The polarization modulator 155 includes multipliers 160A and 160B that modulate the weighted horizontal component and the weighted vertical component, respectively. An output from the multiplier 160A is fed to a horizontal feed of the antenna 170, and an output from the multiplier 160B is fed to a vertical feed of the antenna 170.
The polarization modulator 155 weights the horizontal and vertical components of the IQ-modulated radio frequency signal by controlling the respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component and the relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component. The respective magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components and the relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component may be selected by a controller (not shown) based on the polarization of a presumed interceptor as described in more detail below. The controller may be manually or computer-controlled.
The respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component and the relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component may also be adjusted by the controller as needed, e.g., to accommodate for changes in the polarization of the presumed interceptor. This may be useful, for example, for transmissions from a mobile device, such as a plane, which is likely to encounter interceptors having different polarizations as it moves through the air.
The IQ modulator 115 can be fed by real data or even “dummy” data. That is, the I data and Q data do not need to carry useful information. Primarily, the IQ modulation serves as a “cover” for the useful data being modulated in polarization by the polarization modulator 155. Just as the I data and the Q data modulate the amplitude, phase, and/or frequency of the locally generated radio frequency signal, the H data and the V data modulate the polarization of the IQ-modulated radio frequency signal output by the IQ modulator 115.
The shape of the polarization-modulated signal is governed by the respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component and the relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component. This may be understood with reference to
In
As those skilled in the art will appreciate, if either the magnitude of the horizontal component or the vertical component is zero, the signal is linearly polarized. If the magnitude of the vertical component is 0, the signal is horizontally polarized and ψ is 0°. If the magnitude of the horizontal component is 0, the signal is vertically polarized, and ψ is 90°.
As those skilled in the art will further appreciate, if the relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component is 90°, and the respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component are equal, the signal is circularly polarized. A circularly polarized signal has no tilt parameter.
The SIAR for a linearly polarized signal is zero (0). The SIAR for a right-hand circularly polarized signal is one (1), and the SIAR for a left-hand circularly polarized signal is negative one (−1). Elliptical polarizations have a tilt ψ between 0° and 180° and SIAR between −1 and 1.
Communications systems are typically circularly polarized or linearly polarized for convenience. Thus, interceptors are typically circularly or linearly polarized to detect transmitted radio frequency signals. An interceptor with a circularly polarized antenna can receive linearly polarized signals (though at a loss) and linearly polarized antennas can receive circularly polarized signals (though at a loss).
However, an interceptor with a circularly polarized antenna is insensitive to the tilt of an incoming radio frequency signal. Likewise, an interceptor with a linearly polarized antenna is insensitive to the SIAR of the incoming radio frequency signal if the power along the primary axis (horizontal or vertical) does not change. Therefore, with some knowledge of the interceptor, the system shown in
For example, if a presumed interceptor has a linearly polarized receiver, then system 100 may be operated in a SIAR mode, and the polarization modulation will be transparent to the interceptor. The polarization modulation may adjust the SIAR from 0 to positive one (+1) or negative one (−1), so the polarization-modulated radio frequency signal will diverge from a linear polarization and become elliptical. The signal strength along the vertical axis can be kept constant while the SIAR is varied, such that a vertically polarized interceptor will not be able to detect the transmitted polarization-modulated radio frequency signal. Similarly, the signal strength along the horizontal axis can be kept constant while the SIAR is varied, such that a horizontally polarized interceptor will not be able to detect the transmitted polarization-modulated radio frequency signal.
As another example, if a presumed interceptor has a circularly polarized receiver, then the system 100 may be operated in the tilt mode, and the polarization will be transparent to the interceptor. The polarization modulation may adjust the tilt from 0° to 180°. Since the circularly polarized receiver will not recognize tilt, the circularly polarized interceptor will not detect any difference in signal strength.
According to an illustrative embodiment, a manual or computer-controlled switch may be used, as part of or in addition to the controller described above, to select between a SIAR and a tilt polarization modulation mode of the polarization modulator 155, depending on whether a known or anticipated interceptor is linearly polarized or circularly polarized. That is, if the known or anticipated interceptor is linearly polarized, the polarization modulator 155 shown in
For an interceptor presumed to have a vertically polarized antenna, the magnitude of the horizontal component may be adjusted, and the magnitude of the vertical component may be kept constant. That is, a vertically polarized antenna is insensitive to changes in the horizontal component of the signal. For an interceptor presumed to have a horizontally polarized antenna, the magnitude of the vertical component may be adjusted, while the magnitude of the horizontal component is kept constant. In either case, the relative phase between the horizontal and vertical components is controlled to be either zero (0) or one hundred eighty (180).
Similarly, if the known or anticipated interceptor is presumed to have a circularly polarized antenna, the polarization modulator 155 shown in
The embodiment described above uses an absolute polarization modulation approach and is most effective for those scenarios in which the transmitter geometry and the receiver geometry is fixed or known, as variations in geometry may affect tilt measurements. For example, if a horizontally polarized transmit antenna is rotated 90° with respect to the receiver, the transmitter will appear to be a vertically polarized transmitter to the receiver. Similarly, if the transmitter remains stationary and the receiver rotates, the perceived polarization will change for a linearly polarized signal. In addition, polarization modulation is sensitive to various atmospheric effects.
To account for atmospheric effects and for those cases in which the transmitter and receiver geometry is not fixed or known, according to another embodiment, a differential polarization modulation approach may be used. According to this embodiment, the respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component and the relative phase between the horizontal component and vertical component may be controlled based on the polarization state difference between a current polarization state and a previous polarization state. As may be understood from the discussion above, the current polarization state is defined by selected respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component and the selected relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component. Similarly, the previous polarization state is defined by previously selected respective magnitudes of the horizontal component and the vertical component and a previously selected relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component.
As noted above, the respective magnitudes between the horizontal component and the vertical component and the relative phase between the horizontal component and the vertical component define the SIAR and tilt of a polarization-modulated signal. Thus, the differential values between the current polarization state and the previous polarization state also correspond to differences in SIAR and tilt. As interceptors are typically either linearly polarized or circularly polarized, the differential values between the current polarization state and the previous polarization state would either correspond to SIAR differences (to avoid interception by a linearly polarized interceptor) or a tilt difference (to avoid interception by a circularly polarized interceptor).
The polarization state difference may be determined by a computer-controlled subtraction circuit that stores a previous polarization state and subtracts the previous polarization state from the current polarization state before providing the inputs to the multipliers 160A and 160B. Alternatively, the polarization state difference may be computed by subtraction circuits inserted between the outputs of the multipliers 160A and 160B and the inputs of the multipliers 160A and 160B.
The differential polarization modulation technique is advantageous in that it does not require the transmitter and receiver to be geometrically synchronized. This is analogous to differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) modulation, which obviates the need to perform phase synchronization since the absolute phase is not necessary. As with DBPSK, there is some loss (i.e. higher bit error ratio (BER) for a given energy per bit to noise power spectral density radio (Eb/No)) associated with differential polarization modulation compared to absolute polarization modulation. However, differential polarization modulation overcomes some of the geometry and environmental issues that may be associated with absolute polarization and may be more practical to implement.
According to illustrative embodiments, the magnitude of polarization modulation (i.e., the adjustment of the tilt or SIAR) applied can be quite low and even on the order of the environmental effects. By modulating a pseudo-random noise (PN) polarization sequence of appropriate length onto the signal and transmitting the polarization-modulated signal below the noise floor, it may be possible to integrate the polarization-modulated signal with an operation analogous to a matched filter to find the transmitted signal at a receiver. By using small adjustments in the tilt or SIAR to match the level of variations caused by environmental conditions, the polarization modulation will appear to be simply environmental or system noise to an interceptor. In this way, the transmitted radio frequency signal could be further obscured by spreading the polarization-modulated signal into the polarization noise.
At step 310, a radio frequency signal is modulated to produce an in-phase modulated radio frequency signal. At step 320, a phase of the radio frequency signal is shifted to produce a phase-shifted radio frequency signal. At step 330, the phase-shifted radio frequency signal is modulated to produce a phase-shifted modulated radio frequency signal. At step 340, the phase-shifted modulated radio frequency signal is subtracted from the in-phase modulated radio frequency signal to produce an IQ-modulated radio frequency signal.
Next, at step 350, the IQ-modulated radio frequency signal is modulated by, e.g., the polarization modulator 155 shown in
It should be appreciated that fewer, additional, or alternative steps may also be involved in the method and/or some steps may occur in a different order. For example, although not shown in
It will be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which have been herein described and illustrated to explain the nature of the subject matter of the present disclosure, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the present disclosure as expressed in the appended claims.
The United States Government has ownership rights in this invention. Licensing inquiries may be directed to Office of Research and Technical Applications, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Pacific, Code 72120, San Diego, Calif. 92152; telephone: (619) 553-5118; email: ssc_pac_t2@navy.mil, referencing Navy Case 103762.
