Patent Grant
8888843
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally provides improved medical devices, systems, and methods, typically for treatment of heart valve disease and/or for altering characteristics of one or more valves of the body. Embodiments of the invention include implants for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation.
The human heart receives blood from the organs and tissues via the veins, pumps that blood through the lungs where the blood becomes enriched with oxygen, and propels the oxygenated blood out of the heart to the arteries so that the organ systems of the body can extract the oxygen for proper function. Deoxygenated blood flows back to the heart where it is once again pumped to the lungs.
The heart includes four chambers: the right atrium (RA), the right ventricle (RV), the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). The pumping action of the left and right sides of the heart occurs generally in synchrony during the overall cardiac cycle.
The heart has four valves generally configured to selectively transmit blood flow in the correct direction during the cardiac cycle. The valves that separate the atria from the ventricles are referred to as the atrioventricular (or AV) valves. The AV valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the mitral valve. The AV valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the tricuspid valve. The pulmonary valve directs blood flow to the pulmonary artery and thence to the lungs; blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. The aortic valve directs flow through the aorta and thence to the periphery. There are normally no direct connections between the ventricles or between the atria.
The mechanical heartbeat is triggered by an electrical impulse which spreads throughout the cardiac tissue. Opening and closing of heart valves may occur primarily as a result of pressure differences between chambers, those pressures resulting from either passive filling or chamber contraction. For example, the opening and closing of the mitral valve may occur as a result of the pressure differences between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
At the beginning of ventricular filling (diastole) the aortic and pulmonary valves are closed to prevent back flow from the arteries into the ventricles. Shortly thereafter, the AV valves open to allow unimpeded flow from the atria into the corresponding ventricles. Shortly after ventricular systole (i.e., ventricular emptying) begins, the tricuspid and mitral valves normally shut, forming a seal which prevents flow from the ventricles back into the corresponding atria.
Unfortunately, the AV valves may become damaged or may otherwise fail to function properly, resulting in improper closing. The AV valves are complex structures that generally include an annulus, leaflets, chordae and a support structure. Each atrium interfaces with its valve via an atrial vestibule. The mitral valve has two leaflets; the analogous structure of the tricuspid valve has three leaflets, and apposition or engagement of corresponding surfaces of leaflets against each other helps provide closure or sealing of the valve to prevent blood flowing in the wrong direction. Failure of the leaflets to seal during ventricular systole is known as malcoaptation, and may allow blood to flow backward through the valve (regurgitation). Heart valve regurgitation can have serious consequences to a patient, often resulting in cardiac failure, decreased blood flow, lower blood pressure, and/or a diminished flow of oxygen to the tissues of the body. Mitral regurgitation can also cause blood to flow back from the left atrium to the pulmonary veins, causing congestion. Severe valvular regurgitation, if untreated, can result in permanent disability or death.
2. Description of the Related Art
A variety of therapies have been applied for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation, and still other therapies may have been proposed but not yet actually used to treat patients. While several of the known therapies have been found to provide benefits for at least some patients, still further options would be desirable. For example, pharmacologic agents (such as diuretics and vasodilators) can be used with patients having mild mitral valve regurgitation to help reduce the amount of blood flowing back into the left atrium. However, medications can suffer from lack of patient compliance. A significant number of patients may occasionally (or even regularly) fail to take medications, despite the potential seriousness of chronic and/or progressively deteriorating mitral valve regurgitation. Pharmacological therapies of mitral valve regurgitation may also be inconvenient, are often ineffective (especially as the condition worsens), and can be associated with significant side effects (such as low blood pressure).
A variety of surgical options have also been proposed and/or employed for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation. For example, open-heart surgery can replace or repair a dysfunctional mitral valve. In annuloplasty ring repair, the posterior mitral annulus can be reduced in size along its circumference, optionally using sutures passed through a mechanical surgical annuloplasty sewing ring to provide coaptation. Open surgery might also seek to reshape the leaflets and/or otherwise modify the support structure. Regardless, open mitral valve surgery is generally a very invasive treatment carried out with the patient under general anesthesia while on a heart-lung machine and with the chest cut open. Complications can be common, and in light of the morbidity (and potentially mortality) of open-heart surgery, the timing becomes a challenge—sicker patients may be in greater need of the surgery, but less able to withstand the surgery. Successful open mitral valve surgical outcomes can also be quite dependent on surgical skill and experience.
Given the morbidity and mortality of open-heart surgery, innovators have sought less invasive surgical therapies. Procedures that are done with robots or through endoscopes are often still quite invasive, and can also be time consuming, expensive, and in at least some cases, quite dependent on the surgeon's skill. Imposing even less trauma on these sometimes frail patients would be desirable, as would be providing therapies that could be successfully implemented by a significant number of physicians using widely distributed skills. Toward that end, a number of purportedly less invasive technologies and approaches have been proposed. These include devices which seek to re-shape the mitral annulus from within the coronary sinus; devices that attempt to reshape the annulus by cinching either above to below the native annulus; devices to fuse the leaflets (imitating the Alfieri stitch); devices to re-shape the left ventricle, and the like.
Perhaps most widely known, a variety of mitral valve replacement implants have been developed, with these implants generally replacing (or displacing) the native leaflets and relying on surgically implanted structures to control the blood flow paths between the chambers of the heart. While these various approaches and tools have met with differing levels of acceptance, none has yet gained widespread recognition as an ideal therapy for most or all patients suffering from mitral valve regurgitation.
Because of the challenges and disadvantages of known minimally invasive mitral valve regurgitation therapies and implants, still further alternative treatments have been proposed. Some of the alternative proposals have called for an implanted structure to remain within the valve annulus throughout the heart beat cycle. One group of these proposals includes a cylindrical balloon or the like to remain implanted on a tether or rigid rod extending between the atrium and the ventricle through the valve opening. Another group relies on an arcuate ring structure or the like, often in combination with a buttress or structural cross-member extending across the valve so as to anchor the implant. Unfortunately, sealing between the native leaflets and the full perimeter of a balloon or other coaxial body may prove challenging, while the significant contraction around the native valve annulus during each heart beat may result in significant fatigue failure issues during long-term implantation if a buttress or anchor interconnecting cross member is allowed to flex. Moreover, the significant movement of the tissues of the valve may make accurate positioning of the implant challenging regardless of whether the implant is rigid or flexible.
In light of the above, it would be desirable to provide improved medical devices, systems, and methods. It would be particularly desirable to provide new techniques for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation and other heart valve diseases, and/or for altering characteristics of one or more of the other valves of the body. The need remains for a device which can directly enhance leaflet coaptation (rather than indirectly via annular or ventricular re-shaping) and which does not disrupt leaflet anatomy via fusion or otherwise, but which can be deployed simply and reliably, and without excessive cost or surgical time. It would be particularly beneficial if these new techniques could be implemented using a less-invasive approach, without stopping the heart or relying on a heart-lung machine for deployment, and without relying on exceptional skills of the surgeon to provide improved valve and/or heart function.
The invention generally provides improved medical devices, systems, and methods. In some embodiments, the invention provides new implants, implant systems, and methods for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation and other valve diseases. The implants will generally include a coaptation assist body which remains within the blood flow path as the valve moves back and forth between an open-valve configuration and a closed valve configuration. The coaptation assist bodies or valve bodies may be relatively thin, elongate (along the blood flow path), and/or conformable structures which extend laterally across some, most, or all of the width of the valve opening, allowing coaptation between at least one of the native leaflets and the implant body.
In some embodiments, an implant for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and first and second leaflets with an open configuration and a closed configuration, is provided, the implant comprising a coaptation assist body having an first coaptation surface, an opposed second surface, each surface bounded by a first lateral edge, a second lateral edge, an inferior edge, wherein the inferior edge has a length less than 10 mm, and a superior edge, the superior edge further comprising an annular curve radius, wherein the annular curve radius is concave toward the first coaptation surface and has a length in the range of 25-35 mm, and wherein the element arc length along the coaptation surface of the coaptation assist body between the superior edge and the inferior edge is in the range of 50-60 mm, a first anchor selectively deployable at a first target location of the heart near the midpoint position of the second leaflet on the annulus and coupleable to the coaptation assist body near the midpoint of the superior edge curve, and a second anchor selectively deployable, independently of the deployment of the first anchor, at a second location of the heart in the ventricle such that the coaptation assist body, when coupled to both the first anchor and the second anchor, extends from the first target location across the valve to the second target location.
In some embodiments, the first coaptation surface of the implant coapts with the first leaflet of the valve in its closed configuration. In some embodiments, coaptation between the first coaptation surface and the first leaflet of the valve occurs around the level of the valve.
In some embodiments, the first anchor of the implant is deployable superior to the annulus. In some embodiments, the first anchor is deployable into a wall of an atrium. In other embodiments, the first anchor is deployable into a wall of an auricle.
In some embodiments, a coaptation assist body for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus which defines a valve plane, and at least a first and a second leaflet, is provided, the coaptation assist body comprising a first coaptation surface and an opposed second surface, a first lateral edge, a second lateral edge, an inferior edge, and a superior edge, a coaptation zone on the first coaptation surface extending transversely between the inferior edge and the superior edge configured such that a leaflet of the valve may coapt against the coaptation zone, wherein the first coaptation surface has an overall element arc length from the superior edge to the inferior edge in the range of 50-60 mm, and wherein the first coaptation surface generally conforms to a portion of a surface of a cone between the inferior edge and the coaptation zone, and wherein the first coaptation surface comprises a radially outward flare beginning at an inflection point within a range of 30-40 mm from the inferior edge of the coaptation assist body along a longitudinal axis of the cone, wherein the radially outward flare has a radius in the range of 5-12 mm.
Some embodiments provide a coaptation assist body for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve, the heart valve having an annulus and first and second leaflets with a first commissure at a first junction of the first and second leaflets and a second commissure at a second junction of the first and second leaflets, the coaptation assist body comprising a first coaptation surface and an opposed second surface, a first lateral edge, a second lateral edge, an inferior edge, and a superior edge, wherein the superior edge comprises a curve with a length in the range of 25-35 mm, such that the distance between the lateral margins of the superior curve is equivalent to the distance between the first commissure and the second commissure, a coaptation element length measured perpendicular to a valve plane defined by the annulus of the valve between a most proximal extent of the coaptation assist body and the inferior edge of the coaptation assist body, wherein the coaptation element length is in the range of 35-45 mm, a ventricular element length measured perpendicular to the valve plane between the level of the annulus and the inferior edge of the coaptation assist body, wherein the ventricular element length is in the range of 25-35 mm, and a coaptation zone between the superior edge and inferior edge, wherein the coaptation zone has a coaptation zone curve radius measured between the lateral edges of the coaptation assist body generally parallel to the valve plane at the general level of the heart valve, wherein the coaptation zone curve radius is in the range of 35-45 mm.
In some embodiments, the coaptation assist body further comprises a first connection element near the midpoint of the superior edge coupleable with a first anchor for deployment in a heart structure. Some embodiments further comprise a second connection element at the inferior edge coupleable with a second anchor for deployment in a heart structure of the ventricle.
In some embodiments, the anterior surface and posterior surface of the coaptation assist body further comprise a covering comprised of ePTFE, polyurethane foam, polycarbonate foam, biologic tissue such as porcine pericardium, or silicone.
In some embodiments, at least one strut is disposed within the covering material for maintenance of a shape of the coaptation assist body. In some embodiments, at least one strut is connected to the second connection element and extends toward the superior edge of the implant. In some embodiments, the strut is composed of Nitinol, polypropylene, stainless steel, or any other suitable material. In some embodiments, a first strut extends from the second connection near one lateral edge to the superior edge and a second strut extends from the second connection near the second lateral edge to the superior edge of the implant such that the struts assist in maintaining the distance between the lateral margins of the superior edge
Methods are provided for treating mal-coaptation of a heart valve in a patient, the heart valve having an annulus and first and second leaflets, the first and second leaflets each comprising a proximal surface, a distal surface, a coaptation edge and an annular edge; the annulus further defining a valve plane, the valve plane separating an atrium proximally and a ventricle distally. Some methods comprise selectively deploying a first anchor into heart tissue distal to the annulus, selectively deploying a second anchor proximal to the annulus near a mid-point of the annular edge of the second leaflet, and coupling the first anchor and the second anchor to a coaptation assist body comprising a coaptation surface and a leaflet surface such that the coaptation assist body is suspended across the valve plane from the atrium proximally to the ventricle distally.
In some methods, the coaptation assist body is suspended such that the coaptation surface coapts with the first leaflet and the leaflet surface of the coaptation assist body overlays the second leaflet such that mal-coaptation is mitigated.
The present invention generally provides improved medical devices, systems, and methods, often for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation and other valve diseases including tricuspid regurgitation. While the description that follows includes reference to the anterior leaflet in a valve with two leaflets such as the mitral valve, it is understand that “anterior leaflet” could refer to one or more leaflets in valve with multiple leaflets. For example, the tricuspid valve has 3 leaflets so the “anterior” could refer to one or two of the medial, lateral, and posterior leaflets. The implants described herein will generally include a coaptation assist body (sometimes referred to herein as a valve body) which is generally along the blood flow path as the leaflets of the valve move back and forth between an open-valve configuration (with the anterior leaflet separated from valve body) and a closed-valve configuration (with the anterior leaflet engaging opposed surfaces of the valve body). The valve body will be disposed between the native leaflets to close the gap caused by mal-coaptation of the native leaflets by providing a surface for at least one of the native leaflets to coapt against, while effectively replacing second native leaflet in the area of the valve which it would occlude during systole, were it functioning normally. The gaps may be lateral (such as may be caused by a dilated left ventricle and/or mitral valve annulus) and/or axial (such as where one leaflet prolapses or is pushed by fluid pressure beyond the annulus when the valve should close).
Among other uses, the coaptation assistance devices, implants, and methods described herein may be configured for treating functional and/or degenerative mitral valve regurgitation (MR) by creating an artificial coaptation zone within which at least one of the native mitral valve leaflets can seal. The structures and methods herein will largely be tailored to this application, though alternative embodiments might be configured for use in other valves of the heart and/or body, including the tricuspid valve, valves of the peripheral vasculature, the inferior vena cava, or the like.
Referring to
The fibrous annulus 120, part of the cardiac skeleton, provides attachment for the two leaflets of the mitral valve, referred to as the anterior leaflet 12 and the posterior leaflet 14. The leaflets are axially supported by attachment to the chordae tendinae 32. The chordae, in turn, attach to one or both of the papillary muscles 34, 36 of the left ventricle. In a healthy heart, the chordae support structures tether the mitral valve leaflets, allowing the leaflets to open easily during diastole but to resist the high pressure developed during ventricular systole. In addition to the tethering effect of the support structure, the shape and tissue consistency of the leaflets helps promote an effective seal or coaptation. The leading edges of the anterior and posterior leaflet come together along a funnel-shaped zone of coaptation 16, with a lateral cross-section 160 of the three-dimensional coaptation zone (CZ) being shown schematically in
The anterior and posterior mitral leaflets are dissimilarly shaped. The anterior leaflet is more firmly attached to the annulus overlying the central fibrous body (cardiac skeleton), and is somewhat stiffer than the posterior leaflet, which is attached to the more mobile posterior mitral annulus. Approximately 80 percent of the closing area is the anterior leaflet. Adjacent to the commissures 110, 114, on or anterior to the annulus 120, lie the left (lateral) 124 and right (septal) 126 fibrous trigones which are formed where the mitral annulus is fused with the base of the non-coronary cusp of the aorta (
Referring now to
Referring to
Generally, mal-coaptation can result from either excessive tethering by the support structures of one or both leaflets, or from excessive stretching or tearing of the support structures. Other, less common causes include infection of the heart valve, congenital abnormalities, and trauma. Valve malfunction can result from the chordae tendinae becoming stretched, known as mitral valve prolapse, and in some cases tearing of the chordae 215 or papillary muscle, known as a flail leaflet 220, as shown in
In excessive tethering, as shown in
Referring now to
The deployed coaptation assist implant described herein may exhibit a number of desirable characteristics. Some embodiments need not rely on reshaping of the mitral annulus (such as by thermal shrinking of annular tissue, implantation of an annular ring prosthesis, and/or placement of a cinching mechanism either above or beneath the valve plane, or in the coronary sinus or related blood vessels). Advantageously, they also need not disrupt the leaflet structure or rely on locking together or fusing of the mitral leaflets. Many embodiments can avoid reliance on ventricular reshaping, and after implantation represent passive implanted devices with limited excursion which may result in very long fatigue life. Thus, the implant can be secured across a posterior leaflet while otherwise leaving native heart (e.g., ventricular, mitral annulus, etc) anatomy intact.
Mitigation of mitral valve mal-coaptation may be effective irrespective of which leaflet segment(s) exhibit mal-coaptation. The treatments described herein will make use of implants that are repositionable during the procedure and even removable after complete deployment and/or tissue response begins or is completed, often without damaging the valve structure. Nonetheless, the implants described herein may be combined with one or more therapies that do rely on one or more of the attributes described above as being obviated. The implants themselves can exhibit benign tissue healing and rapid endothelialization which inhibits migration, thromboembolism, infection, and/or erosion. In some cases, the coaptation assist body will exhibit no endothelialization but its surface will remain inert, which can also inhibit migration, thromboembolism, infection and/or erosion.
The coaptation assistance element has a geometry which permits it to traverse the valve between attachment sites in the atrium and ventricle, to provide a coaptation surface for the anterior leaflet to coapt against, and attach to the atrium or annulus such that it effectively seals off the posterior leaflet, or in the instance that the leaflet is or has been removed, that it replaces the posterior leaflet.
Further illustrated is measurement D2, which measures the distance from posterior to anterior between the most posterior point of R2 and center line CL connecting the medial and lateral edges of the coaptation element at the level of the valve. D2 may range between about 3 and about 10 mm. In one embodiment D2 may be about 6 mm. In another embodiment, D2 is about one-third of the distance between the midpoint of the posterior annulus and the midpoint of the anterior annulus. In some embodiments, D2 may be one-sixth to one half of the distance between the midpoint of the posterior annulus and the midpoint of the anterior annulus.
The coaptation zone curve radius (or short axis) R2 of the coaptation element is illustrated in
The annular curve radius R1 of the coaptation element is the measurement of the proximal or superior edge of the coaptation element. In some embodiments, the annular curve radius may be in the range of 15-50 mm. In other embodiments, R1 may be between 25-35 mm.
Also illustrated in
The coaptation element length L1 and the ventricular element length L2 can be further described by an element length ratio L2: L1. In embodiments, the element length ratio may be about, at least about, or no more than about 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, or 0.9.
The overall element arc length L3 is the measurement from the superior edge to the inferior edge of the coaptation element measured along the implant. The overall element length may range between 25-100 mm. In some embodiments, L3 will range between about 50-60 mm.
Table 1, below, illustrates dimensional measurements for some embodiments in column 2, and specific dimensions for one contemplated embodiment in column 3.
In some embodiments, as shown in
In other embodiments, as shown in
In a Gabriel's horn type embodiment, as shown in
These embodiments, as illustrated by
In another type of embodiment, the implant may have the configuration shown in
In this embodiment the coaptation element takes an approximately hexagonal shape with a tether connection 864 running from the inferior surface 764 of the coaptation element to the ventricular anchor 866 and ventricular anchor hub 864. The lateral edges 572, 574 travel from the superior edge 578 essentially perpendicular to superior edge 578 through the coaptation zone 920. This provides a broad surface for a native leaflet to coapt against. At around the level of or inferior to the level of the coaptation zone, lateral edges 572, 574 converge toward inferior edge 576 such that the distance between lateral edges 572, 574 diminishes from proximal to distal toward the inferior edge 576. Therefore, the implant presents a relatively small profile distal to the coaptation zone such that the element has a low profile in the ventricle. In this configuration, the coaptation element is configured to avoid interference with the ventricular papillary muscles which could cause the implant to be undesirably distorted in systole. Furthermore, the element is less likely to cause distortion of blood flow in the ventricle. The ventricular anchor 866 is designed to be placed on the posterior wall, between the papillary muscles.
In some embodiments, the tether 782 has length L5 between the inferior edge of the coaptation element 576 in the range of 2-30 mm, in some embodiments with a tether length L5 between about 10 and 20 mm. The proximal attachment at 764 may be to a hub, an eyelet, or any other tether site. In some embodiments, the tether 782 may comprise extensions of one or more of the longitudinal struts 830. Distal attachment of the tether 782 to the ventricular anchor hub 764 may be, as shown, through an aperture. The tether 782 may be attached to the ventricular anchor hub 864 or through any suitable means. The tether length L5 may be adjustable either before or after implantation, such that the tension across the element is customizable either based on patient anatomy, ventricular anchor placement, or both. Alternatively, the tether may be directly attached to a ventricular anchor or anchoring element. The tether may be comprised of any suitable material, such as suture, flexible material, Nitinol, metal, or plastic. The tether may be comprised of a material with sufficient elasticity to allow it to lengthen during ventricular systole, assisting the coaptation enhancement element in ballooning upward, which allows the coaptation zone 920 to more closely mimic a native leaflet and may enhance coaptation between the remaining native leaflet and the coaptation enhancement element.
The coaptation zone length L4, measured between the superior edge and the point where the lateral edges begin to converge, is configured to provide an adequate coaptation zone between the anterior leaflet and the leaflet facing surface of the implant, and has length L4 of between 5 and 30 mm, preferably about 15-25 mm. As discussed above, the lateral edges, 562, 564 may extend substantially perpendicularly with respect to the superior edge 568 for distance L4 to provide a broad surface for the native leaflet to coapt against. The proximal, coaptation portion of the coaptation enhancement element, as described by the superior edge, with a height corresponding to L4 and an inferior boundary basically parallel to the superior edge, may extend substantially downward in a direction basically perpendicular to the valve plane during at least its relaxed position in diastole or may describe a convex anterior (on the coaptation surface) curve. As described in relation to other embodiments, this proximal, coaptation portion of the element may also travel substantially parallel to the valve plane before curving distally or may actually curve superiorly and inward before curving distally.
The implant width D1 may in some embodiments correspond to the distance between the first and second lateral commissures of the native valve 110 or the intracommissural distance (ICD). D1 may range, in various sizes of implants, between 20-60 mm with a preferred length between 35-45 mm, as corresponding most closely to the widest range of human mitral ICD.
In some embodiments, as shown in
Alternatively, as in
As may be seen in
In some embodiments, the coaptation element support structure includes a flattened metal mesh such as found in stents, covered by a valve body covering such as ePTFE, Dacron, porcine pericardium, etc. The mesh collapses for introduction through a catheter.
An alternative embodiment of the coaptation assistance device is shown in
The coaptation assistance device or implant may include one or a plurality of atrial anchors to stabilize the device and/or a ventricular anchor, with the anchors optionally providing redundant fixation. The atrial anchor or anchors may attach to or adjacent the annulus. The annular anchor, if it is included, may be covered with biocompatible materials such as ePTFE or Dacron to promote endothelialization and, optionally, chronic tissue in-growth or encapsulation of the annular anchor for additional stability.
The annular anchor may include a plurality of barbs for acute fixation to the surrounding tissue. In other embodiments, the atrial anchors may comprise a plurality of helixes, clips, harpoon or barb-shaped anchors, or the like, appropriate for screwing or engaging into the annulus of the mitral valve, tissues of the ventricle, and/or other tissues of the atrium, or the atrial or ventricular anchors may attach to the tissue by welding using RF or other energy delivered via the elongate anchor coupling body.
The ventricular anchor may comprise a helix rotatable with respect to the leaflet apposing element and connected to the hub of the leaflet apposing element by a suture or ePTFE tube. In some embodiments, a ventricular anchor may be included in the form of a tether or other attachment means extending from the valve body thru the ventricle septum to the right ventricle, or thru the apex into the epicardium or pericardium, which may be secured from outside the heart in and combined endo/epi procedure. When helical anchors are used, they may comprise bio-inert materials such as Platinum/Ir, a Nitinol alloy, and/or stainless steel.
As noted above, in some embodiments, an atrial anchor in the form of an expandable structure for placement in the left atrial appendage may be included. In still further embodiments, an atrial anchor and support interface may be included in the form of a flexible line or tether attached to an atrial septal anchor. The atrial septal anchor may be configured like a transseptal closure device, optionally using structures that are well known. Any left atrial appendage anchor or atrial septal anchor may be covered with a biocompatible material such as ePTFE, silicone, Dacron, or biologic tissue, or fixed in place using RF welding. A left atrial appendage anchor or atrial septal anchor may be connected to the leaflet apposing valve body element with suture, or ePTFE tube, or may comprise a pre-shaped and rigid or resilient material such as a Nitinol alloy.
Referring now to
Alternatively, there may be a coupling mechanism on one or both commissural aspects of the atrial portion of the device which may be configured to engage active anchors 886 via eyelet 884 or hub, as shown in
In
Turning now to
It may be desirable to cover the posterior leaflet from the level of the valve and proximally so coaptation of the anterior leaflet against the element seals off communication between the atrium and ventricle and thus mitigates the mal-coaptation, reducing to a minimum or entirely eliminating mitral regurgitation, without involving the posterior leaflet in the seal. The coaptation element may be designed to permit relatively normal circulation of blood in the ventricular chamber, as it may be elongate and narrow between the anterior and posterior surfaces, taking up minimal space and allowing movement of blood from one side to another and past both lateral aspects of the element. As can be seen in
Turning now to
Another embodiment of the coaptation assist element may be seen in
In some embodiments, there may be transverse struts connecting two or more of the longitudinally oriented struts to provide additional reinforcement, for example, near the coaptation zone. An additional annular reinforcement strut 730 may be provided at or near the superior edge of the element 578. This may terminate at or near the lateral edges 572, 574, or may continue past as part of one or more commissural anchors.
The annular reinforcement strut 730 may connect with one or more longitudinal struts 830, or as shown, may be placed superiorly within the covering material, such that it is more easily compacted for delivery via catheter. This may also provide increased durability for the implant if the annular reinforcement strut 730 reinforces the tethering to the annulus or atrium, while the longitudinal struts, which provide support during upward ballooning or stretching of the body of the coaptation element during ventricular systole, may have increased ability to move slightly away from each other laterally during systole and towards each other during diastole. Maintaining a separation between the transverse annular reinforcement strut 730 and the longitudinal struts 830 may also improve function of the coaptation enhancement implant by allowing the upward rotation between the superior edge of the longitudinal struts and the annular reinforcement strut, such that the superior portion of the implant through the coaptation zone may more closely replicate the motion of a native leaflet during systole. With a relatively rigid construct wherein the superior rim connects directly to the longitudinal struts to form a frame, the implant longevity may be lessened as the supporting annular reinforcement strut must move each time the surface of the implant moves, and the coaptation between native leaflet and coaptation element may not be optimized by the element having some movement during the cardiac cycle. Furthermore, use of the annular anchor eyelet or eyelets 732 which originate near the superior edge of the longitudinal struts 830 may be accomplished in addition to or in lieu of one or more commissural anchors which may or may not be connected to the annular reinforcement strut.
The annular reinforcement strut is shown in
The implant of
Geometry of the implant allows a limited number of implant sizes to cover a wide range of patient measurements. Furthermore, surgeon measurement can be done preoperatively or even intraoperatively with relative ease. Two measurements taken via echocardiogram can be used to determine the appropriate implant size. As shown in
The coaptation assistance devices described herein are often configured for transvascular delivery and/or deployment via minimally invasive surgery (e.g., thoracotomy, transapically, via the left atrial appendage (LAA), via the right pulmonary vein, other left atriotomy or the like), with delivery and placement preferably being in between or adjacent to the cardiac valve's native leaflets. In particular, the valve can be one of the AV valves such as the tricuspid valve and/or the mitral valve. The drawings and some embodiments largely relate to the mitral valve, but analogous methods and devices can be applied to the tricuspid valve. The coaptation assistance body of the implant can often be delivered by a delivery catheter and may be capable of expanding from a smaller profile to a larger profile to dimensions appropriate for placement in between the valve's native leaflets. In some embodiments, the implants may also find applications for treatment of normative valve leaflets (for example, after valve replacement) or for treatment after the native leaflets have previously been surgically modified.
Turning now toward implantation, the coaptation assist element may be implanted through a minimally invasive or transcatheter technique utilizing a delivery system. As illustrated in
The delivery system may also include at least one torque shaft or other elongate anchor coupling body for manipulating the device anchors, initially deploying and recapturing of the anchors to and from the delivery catheter, and guiding the valve body distally to one or more of the initially deployed anchors. The coupling body may be a driver shaft 870, controlled by the active anchor control knob 940. Further, the anchor(s) and/or coaptation body may be connected to the delivery system via tethers 950, which allow the connection to be maintained after deployment of the anchor or device while testing the position and function of the implant. The tethers allow the implant to be re-secured to the delivery system in the event that placement may be initially sub-optimal, permitting readjustment. Tether control knob 942 may be provided on the control handle in order to maintain and manipulate a tether.
The delivery system may also include an outer sheath or introducer, typically to allow the introduction of the delivery catheter through a lumen of the outer sheath and into the left atrium, so that the outer sheath functions as a transseptal sheath 944. The transseptal sheath may include a variable stiffness outer shaft with at least one lumen, the lumen sized to allow insertion of the delivery catheter 930 and/or coaptation assistance body 500 through the sheath lumen. A deflectable distal section of the transseptal sheath 946 may facilitate alignment of the coaptation assistance device with the valve leaflets.
A transseptal method for treatment of MR will often include gaining access to the left atrium LA via a transseptal sheath. Access to the femoral vein may be obtained using the Seldinger technique. From the femoral vein, access can then be obtained via the right atrium 20 to the left atrium 10 by a transseptal procedure. A variety of conventional transseptal access techniques and structures may be employed, so that the various imaging, guidewire advancement, septal penetration, and contrast injection or other positioning verification steps need not be detailed herein. Steerable transseptal sheaths can have an elongate outer sheath body extending between a proximal handle to a distal end, with the handle having an actuator for steering a distal segment of the sheath body similar to that described above regarding deployment catheter. A distal electrode and/or marker near the distal end of sheath body can help position the sheath within the left atrium. In some embodiments, an appropriately sized deflectable transseptal sheath without steering capability may be guided into position in the left atrium by transseptal sheath or may be advanced into the left atrium without use of a steerable transseptal sheath. Alternatively, deployment may proceed through a lumen of the steerable sheath. Regardless, in some embodiments an outer access sheath will preferably be positioned so as to provide access to the left atrium LA via a sheath lumen.
Referring now to
Electrode at the distal end of deployment catheter optionally senses electrogram signals and transmits them to an electrogram system EG so as to help determine if the candidate site is suitable, such as by determining that the electrogram signals include a mix of atrial and ventricular components within a desired range (such as within an acceptable threshold of 1:2). Contrast agent or saline may be introduced through the deployment catheter.
As demonstrated in
After the transseptal sheath is placed and delivery catheter advanced through the transseptal lumen, an atrial anchor may be preferably deployed into the mitral valve annulus by axially advancing the anchor and rotating the helical anchor body through the positioned deployment catheter, screwing the helical body penetratingly into the heart tissue using elongate anchor driver 870 and delivery catheter 930. Delivery catheter 930 can then be retracted proximally from deployed anchor 863, leaving the anchor affixed to the tissue and associated elongate anchor driver 870 extending proximally from the anchor and out of the body. Note that anchor 863 may remain only initially deployed at this stage, as it can be recaptured, removed, and/or repositioned by torquing the elongate anchor coupling body so as to unscrew the helical anchor body.
As can be understood with reference to
The delivery catheter 930 may be manipulated and/or articulated so as to advance valve body distally out of septal sheath 944 and within the left atrium as so that ventricular anchor 866 and distal portion of valve body cross the mitral valve. Catheter, guidewire, anchor deployment shaft or another torque-transmission shaft may rotationally engage ventricular anchor, and a hub between the ventricular anchor and valve body may allow relative rotation about the helical axis as described above. Tension applied by pulling the proximal ends of anchor drivers while advancing deployment catheter 930 brings the anchors into engagement with the remaining components of the structural interface between valve body and the tissues (such as loops or apertures and atrial member). The position of the annular anchor 863 helps orient valve body within the valve so that edges are each oriented toward an associated commissure, and so that the anterior leaflet coapts with the anterior surface of the coaptation assist element. A desired amount of axial tension can be applied to coaptation assist element by applying a distal load on deployment catheter, and the deployment catheter can be manipulated and/or articulated into engagement with a candidate location of the ventricle, optionally between the papillary muscles. The candidate location can be verified as generally described above, and catheter or another torque-transmitting anchor driving shaft can be rotated while maintaining the distal end of ventricle anchor 866 in contact with the target location so that the helical anchor body penetrates into tissue of the ventricle, thereby deploying the valve body.
In alternative embodiments, an atraumatic ventricular anchor can be deployed by advancing the anchor and/or withdrawing a surrounding sheath from over the anchor) so that the arms of anchor engage with the highly uneven surface of the ventricular trabeculae, and so that the arms of the anchor are entangled therein sufficiently to restrain the position of the anchor within the ventricle. Note that embodiments of such an anchor need not be configured to penetrate significantly into the ventricular wall (although alternative barbed anchor embodiments can).
Advantageously, hemodynamic performance of the valve with the valve body therein can be evaluated before decoupling one or more of the anchors from the delivery catheter system (and in some embodiments, even before the ventricle anchor is deployed in ventricle tissue). If results are less than optimal, one or more of the anchors can be detached from the tissue and retracted back into the transseptal sheath, allowing the physician to reposition the anchor and coaptation assistance body. The valve body can be withdrawn proximally via sheath and an alternative valve body selected, loaded into the sheath, and deployed if appropriate. The atrial and/or ventricular anchors can be redeployed and the surgical staff can again perform a hemodynamic evaluation.
In some embodiments, one or more of guidewire and/or elongate anchor deployment bodies may remain coupled to an associated anchor for hours or even days. Once the implant is in the desired deployed configuration, the device may be locked to the elongate anchor deployment bodies or tethers. Evaluation of placement can be facilitated by radiopaque strut or backbone 948 of the coaptation assist device, which allows evaluation of the position of the implant with relation to the cardiac structures (as seen in
A full hemodynamic evaluation; e.g., intra cardiac echocardiogram (ICE), transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) or transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) may be performed on the patient after deployment is complete. Similarly, as in
One of the advantages of some embodiments of the delivery system as contemplated is the ability to easily remove and redeploy one or both anchors during the procedure if intraoperative evaluation shows the initial placement to be suboptimal. Generally, anchor placement will comprise the following steps. First an anchor with attached tether may be coupled to an anchor driver and maneuvered through the delivery catheter and/or the transseptal sheath. Once the desired intracardiac position is determined, the anchor may be placed while coupled to the anchor driver. The anchor driver may then be uncoupled from the anchor and pulled back, leaving the anchor attached to the cardiac structure and with tether in place. This places the anchor under minimal tension, and the attachment and location are then tested.
If the anchor is in a suboptimal position or the attachment is undesirably tenuous, the driver may be readvanced over the tether and the anchor re-engaged. The anchor may then be withdrawn using the driver and placed at a second site. The driver may again be uncoupled and pulled back and the anchor position tested. If either the first or second position is acceptable, the driver can be completely removed and the tether detached without disrupting the anchor. If a new anchor is needed to replace the first anchor, the original anchor may be withdrawn through the delivery catheter via its attachment to the tether.
Other embodiments are contemplated in which the tether, rather than being removed after verification of anchor placement, may be permanently implanted under the skin, allowing easy removal of the anchor at a later time. The tether can be comprised of any one of a variety of materials, and could be a suture, stainless steel wire, or any other flexible material. The steps disclosed above are intended to be non-limiting examples, not necessarily exact. As will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the steps may be performed in a different order and additional or fewer steps may be performed.
Referring now to
While some embodiments have been described in some detail for clarity of understanding, a variety of adaptations and modification will be clear to those of skill in the art. For example, access to the left atrium can be provided at least in part via a minimally invasive entry in the left atrial appendage or pulmonary vein, or through the left ventricular apex. Additionally, as the devices and methods described herein may be faster, less skill dependent, and/or suitable for sicker patients than alternative valve treatments (that often involve larger access systems or are otherwise more traumatic), and as the implants described herein may be temporarily deployed, these techniques may be used as a short or intermediate-term therapy, giving patients time and allowing recovery so as to be better able to tolerate an alternative treatment. These techniques may also be suitable for re-treatment of patients that have previously had valve therapies. These techniques may also be appropriate for placement in positions at the mitral valve in a patient undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or other cardiac surgery, such as aortic valve replacement.
Although certain embodiments of the disclosure have been described in detail, certain variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art, including embodiments that do not provide all the features and benefits described herein. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative or additional embodiments and/or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while a number of variations have been shown and described in varying detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of the present disclosure, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, while the features and embodiments shown herein have been described in the context of applications specific to the treatment of mitral valve insufficiency, the various features described can be used individually, or in combination, to produce valve assist for use in multiple and varied cardiac and vascular applications. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the present disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present disclosure herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above. For all of the embodiments described above, the steps of any methods need not be performed sequentially. Hence, the scope of the present invention is limited solely by the claims.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/099,532 filed on May 3, 2011, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/437,397, filed on Jan. 28, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and made a part of the present specification.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3491376 | Shiley | Jan 1970 | A |
| 3503079 | Smith | Mar 1970 | A |
| 3656185 | Carpentier | Apr 1972 | A |
| 3898701 | La Russa | Aug 1975 | A |
| 3938197 | Milo | Feb 1976 | A |
| 4011601 | Clune et al. | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4042979 | Angell | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4078268 | Possis | Mar 1978 | A |
| 4204283 | Bellhouse et al. | May 1980 | A |
| 4218783 | Reul et al. | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4261342 | Aranguren Duo | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4263680 | Reul et al. | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4275469 | Gabbay | Jun 1981 | A |
| RE31040 | Possis | Sep 1982 | E |
| 4488318 | Kaster | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4490859 | Black et al. | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4491986 | Gabbay | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4561129 | Arpesella | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4687483 | Fisher et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4705516 | Barone et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4759758 | Gabbay | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4790843 | Carpentier et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4960424 | Grooters | Oct 1990 | A |
| 5002567 | Bona et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5078737 | Bona et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5131905 | Grooters | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5197980 | Gorshkov et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5258023 | Reger | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5332402 | Teitelbaum | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5344442 | Deac | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5397347 | Cuilleron et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5397348 | Campbell et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5487760 | Villafana | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5500015 | Deac | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5522886 | Milo | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5554186 | Guo et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5593435 | Carpentier et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5662704 | Gross | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5716370 | Williamson, IV et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5733331 | Peredo | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5824065 | Gross | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5824066 | Gross | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5824067 | Gross | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5888240 | Carpentier et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 6007577 | Vanney et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6024096 | Buckberg | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6042607 | Williamson, IV et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6045497 | Schweich et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6086612 | Jansen | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6113631 | Jansen | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6162233 | Williamson, IV et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6217610 | Carpentier et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6221104 | Buckberg et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6250308 | Cox | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6264602 | Mortier et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6287339 | Vazquez et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6312447 | Grimes | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6312464 | Navia | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6332893 | Mortier et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6358277 | Duran | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6383147 | Stobie | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6391053 | Brendzel et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6391054 | Carpentier et al. | May 2002 | B2 |
| 6402679 | Mortier et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6402780 | Williamson, IV et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6409758 | Stobie et al. | Jun 2002 | B2 |
| 6419695 | Gabbay | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6439237 | Buckberg et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6450171 | Buckberg et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6458153 | Bailey et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6540782 | Snyders | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6544167 | Buckberg et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6565603 | Cox | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6569198 | Wilson | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6602288 | Cosgrove et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6602289 | Colvin et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6626930 | Allen et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6629534 | St. Goar et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6652578 | Bailey et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6682559 | Myers et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6702852 | Stobie et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6719790 | Brendzel et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6752813 | Goldfarb et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6764510 | Vidlund et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6780200 | Jansen | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6797002 | Spence et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6800090 | Alferness et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6805710 | Bolling et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6821297 | Snyders | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6837247 | Buckberg et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6840246 | Downing | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6846324 | Stobie | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6869444 | Gabbay | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6908478 | Alferness et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6911043 | Myers et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6926730 | Nguyen et al. | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6966925 | Stobie | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6991649 | Sievers | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6997950 | Chawla | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7018408 | Bailey et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7037333 | Myers et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7048754 | Martin et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7056280 | Buckberg et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7070618 | Streeter | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077861 | Spence | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077862 | Vidlund et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7083628 | Bachman | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7112207 | Allen et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7122043 | Greenhalgh et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7160322 | Gabbay | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7166126 | Spence et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7175656 | Khairkhahan | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7195641 | Palmaz et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7217284 | Houser et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7226467 | Lucatero et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7275546 | Buckberg et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7291168 | Macoviak et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7294148 | McCarthy | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7296577 | Taylor et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7316706 | Bloom et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7320704 | Lashinski et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7335213 | Hyde et al. | Feb 2008 | B1 |
| 7338520 | Bailey et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7341584 | Starkey | Mar 2008 | B1 |
| 7357814 | Gabbay | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7374572 | Gabbay | May 2008 | B2 |
| RE40377 | Williamson, IV et al. | Jun 2008 | E |
| 7381220 | Macoviak et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7396364 | Moaddeb et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7435257 | Lashinski et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7445630 | Lashinski et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7455689 | Johnson | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7485143 | Webler et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7510573 | Gabbay | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7510576 | Langberg et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7527646 | Rahdert et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7527647 | Spence | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7530998 | Starkey | May 2009 | B1 |
| 7534259 | Lashinski et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7556645 | Lashinski et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7559936 | Levine | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7563267 | Goldfarb et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7563273 | Goldfarb et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7591847 | Navia et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7608091 | Goldfarb et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7611534 | Kapadia et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7621948 | Herrmann et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7648532 | Greenhalgh et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7655015 | Goldfarb et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7658762 | Lashinski et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7658763 | Stobie | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7666224 | Vidlund et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7674286 | Alfieri et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7678145 | Vidlund et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7682391 | Johnson | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7691144 | Chang et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7704269 | St. Goar et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7704277 | Zakay et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7736388 | Goldfarb et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7740638 | Hyde | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7744609 | Allen et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7753923 | St. Goar et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7758491 | Buckner et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7758595 | Allen et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7776084 | Johnson | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7785366 | Maurer et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7799038 | Sogard et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7803187 | Hauser | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7819915 | Stobie et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7846203 | Cribier | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7887552 | Bachman | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7901454 | Kapadia et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7909866 | Stobie | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7914576 | Navia et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7927370 | Webler et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7935144 | Robin et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7935145 | Alfieri et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7938827 | Hauck et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7942928 | Webler et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7951195 | Antonsson et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7951196 | McCarthy | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7955385 | Crittenden | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7959673 | Carpentier et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7981139 | Martin et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7988725 | Gross et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7993396 | McCarthy | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 7998151 | St. Goar et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8012201 | Lashinski et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8012202 | Alameddine | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8016882 | Macoviak et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8029518 | Goldfarb et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8052751 | Aklog et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8057493 | Goldfarb et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8062355 | Figulla et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8070804 | Hyde et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8070805 | Vidlund et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8092525 | Eliasen et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8118866 | Herrmann et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8128691 | Keranen | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8133272 | Hyde | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8142494 | Rahdert et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8142495 | Hasenkam et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8147542 | Maisano et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8152844 | Rao et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8163013 | Machold et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8187207 | Machold et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8187299 | Goldfarb et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8187323 | Mortier et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8204605 | Hastings et al. | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8206439 | Gomez Duran | Jun 2012 | B2 |
| 8216230 | Hauck et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8216256 | Raschdorf, Jr. et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8216302 | Wilson et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8216303 | Navia | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8221493 | Boyle et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8226711 | Mortier et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8241304 | Bachman | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8241351 | Cabiri | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8252050 | Maisano et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8252051 | Chau et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8262725 | Subramanian | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8277502 | Miller et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8287591 | Keidar et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8292884 | Levine et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8308796 | Lashinski et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8323336 | Hill et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8337390 | Ferrazzi | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8361086 | Allen et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8377118 | Lashinski et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8382828 | Roberts | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8382829 | Call et al. | Feb 2013 | B1 |
| RE44075 | Williamson, IV et al. | Mar 2013 | E |
| 8398708 | Meiri et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8408214 | Spenser | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8414644 | Quadri et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 20020029080 | Mortier et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20030135263 | Rourke et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20040088047 | Spence et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040143323 | Chawla | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20050004665 | Aklog | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050004668 | Aklog et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050096740 | Langberg et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20060252984 | Rahdert et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070112425 | Schaller et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070129758 | Saadat | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070233239 | Navia et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070239272 | Navia et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255399 | Eliasen et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070265700 | Eliasen et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070265702 | Lattouf | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080109075 | Keramen | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080319541 | Filsoufi | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090012354 | Wood | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090088836 | Bishop et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090177277 | Milo | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090234404 | Fitzgerald et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090259304 | O'Beirne et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090326648 | Machold et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100121435 | Subramanian et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100249947 | Lesh et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100262233 | He | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298929 | Thornton et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100312333 | Navia et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110004299 | Navia et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110106247 | Miller et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20120197388 | Khairkhahan et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 796 597 | Jan 2013 | EP |
| WO 2006032051 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| WO 2007135101 | Nov 2007 | WO |
| WO 2011037891 | Mar 2011 | WO |
| WO 2011047168 | Apr 2011 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| PCT/US2013/046173 International Search Report mailed Oct. 4, 2013. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US2012/021744 mailed Aug. 8, 2013 in 15 pages. |
| Rumel et al, The Correction of Mitral Insufficiency with a Trans-Valvular Polyvinyl Formalinized Plastic (Ivalon) Sponge Prosthesis: A Preliminary Report, American College of Chest Physicians, 1958;33;401-413, Dec. 2, 2010. |
| Jassar et al., Posterior Leaflet Augmentation in Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Increases Leaflet Coaptation and Mobility, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:1438-45. |
| Chiam et al., Percutaneous Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair, The American College of Cardiology Foundation, JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 4 No. 1, Jan. 2011:1-13. |
| Piemonte et al., Cardiovascular™: The Mitral Valve Spacer, Presented at Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics Conference—TCT Conference, Oct. 2008. |
| Langer et al., Posterior mitral leaflet extension: An adjunctive repair option for ischemic mitral regurgitation?, Surgery for Acquired Cardiovascular Disease, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Apr. 2006, downloaded Jun. 18, 2011. |
| Biocina et al., Mitral Valve Repair With the New Mitrofast® Repair System, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Crotia, Mitrofast Abstract European Soc CVS 55th Congress—May 11-14, 2006 Suppl 1 to vol. 5. |
| Biocina, The arteficial coaptation surface concept in mitral valve repair, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Savudrija Mitrofast 2010. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130023985 A1 | Jan 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61437397 | Jan 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13099532 | May 2011 | US |
| Child | 13531407 | US |
