Patent Grant
9081001
The present disclosure relates to a clinical diagnostic system. In particular, a clinical diagnostic instrument with a disposable cartridge useful for diagnostic tests in a clinical setting is disclosed.
Clinical laboratory testing requires instruments and tests with high accuracy and precision. Containing costs for lab tests is also important. Some clinical lab tests are conducted in high volume because of the large number of patients undergoing tests. There are drawbacks associated with present procedures that require sequential and additional steps and transfers of multiple reagents to produce the assay. Each additional step for a detection assay increases the degree of difficulty for execution and may even increase chances of contamination or error by the operator and is prone to misuse, thereby, resulting in a higher margin for error. Thus, it is desirable to have a clinical diagnostic instrument that can reduce the undesirable processing steps of transferring samples to labs and instead complete a diagnostic test in a physician's office or at a patient's bedside. Such an instrument would inevitably reduce processing costs and cut down on opportunity for error and contamination.
The disclosure relates generally to a clinical diagnostic system. In particular, a clinical diagnostic instrument with a disposable cartridge useful for diagnostic tests in a clinical setting is disclosed.
In one embodiment, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway comprising a diagnostic instrument comprising at least two probes; a fluidic pathway; a non-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system; an ECL detection system; and a pump; and a cartridge comprising at least one needle, at least one reservoir; at least one fluidic seal; and at least one fluidic channel; and a blood collection tube, the closed fluidic pathway, wherein the pathway begins and ends in the cartridge and has a substantially single direction of flow in a pathway fluidically connecting the diagnostic instrument and the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the at least one probe comprises a first probe and a waste probe, and wherein the closed fluidic pathway includes a first probe engagement with the cartridge and a waste probe engagement with the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the at least one reservoir comprises a first reservoir and a waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir and the waste reservoir are the same reservoir.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir and the waste reservoir are not the same reservoir.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein after the first reservoir is emptied, the first reservoir is used as the waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein after the first reservoir is emptied it becomes the waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first probe fluidically connects to a first reservoir of the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir contains diagnostic reagents.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the waste probe fluidically connects to a waste reservoir of the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the waste reservoir receives waste materials.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein waste materials include at least one of a processed reagent, a blood filtrate, and a processed plasma.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the fluidic pathway has a diameter that is the same as a diameter of the at least one probe.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the substantially single direction of flow reduces the potential for carryover between diagnostic tests such that there is substantially no detectable carryover between diagnostic tests.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the substantially single direction of flow prevents carryover between different cartridges used with the diagnostic system such that there is substantially no detectable carryover between diagnostic tests.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein a fluid flows, in order, from a first reservoir to a first probe, to the non-ECL detection system, to the ECL detection system, through the pump, to a waste probe, and to a waste reservoir, each fluidically connected by the fluidic pathway.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein at least one reagent and at least one waste material are stored on the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein at least one reagent and at least one waste material are stored on the cartridge and not in the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, further comprising a motion assembly.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the motion assembly has two axes mechanically connected to the first probe and the waste probe.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein no sample is stored on the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein no fluids are stored on the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein no dry reagents are stored on the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein all fluids are stored on the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein all dry reagents are stored on the cartridge.
In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway comprising a diagnostic instrument having a set of fluidic control elements comprising a non-electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system; a first probe fluidically connected to the non-ECL detection system by at least one fluidic tube; an ECL detection system fluidically connected to the non-ECL detection system by at least one fluidic tube; a pump fluidically connected to the ECL detection system by at least one fluidic tube and fluidically connected to a waste probe by at least one fluidic tube; and a motion assembly having two axes mechanically connected to the first and waste probes; and a cartridge having at least one needle, at least one reservoir; at least one fluidic seal; and at least one fluidic channel, wherein the closed fluidic pathway has a substantially single direction of flow in a pathway fluidically connecting the diagnostic instrument and the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the at least one reservoir comprises a first reservoir and a waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir and the waste reservoir are the same reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir and the waste reservoir are not the same reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein after the first reservoir is emptied, the first reservoir is used as the waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein after the first reservoir is emptied it becomes the waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first probe fluidically connects to a first reservoir of the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir contains diagnostic reagents.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the waste probe fluidically connects to a waste reservoir of the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the waste reservoir receives waste materials.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein waste materials include at least one of a processed reagent, a blood filtrate, and a processed plasma.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the fluidic pathway has a diameter that is the same as a diameter of at least one probe.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the substantially single direction of flow reduces the potential for carryover between diagnostic tests such that there is substantially no detectable carryover between diagnostic tests.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the substantially single direction of flow prevents carryover between different cartridges used with the diagnostic system such that there is substantially no detectable carryover between diagnostic tests.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein a fluid flows, in order, from a first reservoir to a first probe, to the non-ECL detection system, to the ECL detection system, through the pump, to a waste probe, and to a waste reservoir, each fluidically connected by the fluidic pathway.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein at least one reagent and at least one waste material are stored on the cartridge and not in the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, further comprising a motion assembly.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the motion assembly has two axes mechanically connected to the first probe and the waste probe.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein no sample is stored on the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein no fluids are stored on the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein no dry reagents are stored on the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein all fluids are stored on the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein all dry reagents are stored on the cartridge.
In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway comprising a diagnostic instrument having a set of fluidic control elements comprising a non-ECL detection system; a first probe fluidically connected to the non-ECL detection system by at least one fluidic tube; a pump fluidically connected to the ECL detection system by at least one fluidic tube and fluidically connected to a waste probe by at least one fluidic tube; and a cartridge having at least one needle, at least one reservoir; at least one fluidic seal; and at least one fluidic channel, wherein the closed fluidic pathway has a substantially single direction of flow in a pathway fluidically connecting the diagnostic instrument and the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the non-ECL detection system is fluidically connected to the first probe by at least one fluidic tube and fluidically connected to the ECL detection system by at least one fluidic tube.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the at least one reservoir comprises a first reservoir and a waste reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir and the waste reservoir are the same reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir and the waste reservoir are not the same reservoir.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first probe fluidically connects to a first reservoir of the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the first reservoir contains diagnostic reagents.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the waste probe fluidically connects to a waste reservoir of the disposable cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the waste reservoir receives waste materials.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein waste materials include at least one of a processed reagent, a blood filtrate, and a processed plasma.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the fluidic pathway has a diameter that is the same as a diameter of the at least one probe.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the substantially single direction of flow reduces the potential for carryover between diagnostic tests such that there is substantially no detectable carryover between diagnostic tests.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the substantially single direction of flow prevents carryover between different cartridges used with the diagnostic system such that there is substantially no detectable carryover between diagnostic tests.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein a fluid flows, in order, from a first reservoir to a first probe, to the non-ECL detection system, to the ECL detection system, through the pump, to a waste probe, and to a waste reservoir, each fluidically connected by the fluidic pathway.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein at least one reagent and at least one waste material are stored on the cartridge and not in the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, further comprising a motion assembly.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein the motion assembly has two axes mechanically connected to the first probe and the waste probe.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein all fluids are stored on the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a diagnostic system having a closed fluidic pathway, wherein all dry reagents are stored on the cartridge.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system comprising measuring with a sensor a starting temperature of a cartridge containing a biological sample and at least one reagent; comparing the starting temperature of the cartridge to a target temperature; heating with a heater the cartridge to the target temperature; and maintaining the target temperature using a closed loop control for a period of time.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein measuring the starting temperature comprises measuring with a sensor the rate of an incubator's temperature loss after the cartridge is placed on the incubator.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein measuring the starting temperature comprises measuring with a sensor the rate of an incubator plate's temperature loss after the cartridge is placed on the incubator plate.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the same sensor is used to measure the starting temperature and in the closed loop control to maintain the target temperature.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the rate of temperature loss is related to the rate that heat transfers from the incubator plate to the cartridge, and the starting temperature of the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the sensor is integral with the incubator plate.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the heater is integral with the incubator plate.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the temperature control is a closed-loop feedback control.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein maintaining the target temperature using a closed loop control comprises intermittently measuring with the sensor the temperature of the cartridge during operation of the diagnostic system; comparing the cartridge temperature to the target temperature; and heating with the heater the cartridge to the target temperature.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the period of time is equal to or less than the time it takes for the diagnostic system to complete a full diagnostic test.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the same sensor is used to measure the starting temperature and in the closed loop control to maintain the target temperature.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the rate of temperature loss is related to the rate that heat transfers from the incubator plate to the cartridge, and the starting temperature of the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the sensor is integral with the incubator plate.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system, wherein the heater is integral with the incubator plate.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, comprising in a first zone of an incubator (or on an incubator plate), measuring with a first sensor a starting temperature of a portion of a cartridge containing a biological sample and at least one reagent, wherein the cartridge is shorter in length than the length of the incubator and the portion of the cartridge only contacts the first zone of the incubator; comparing the starting temperature of the portion of the cartridge to a first target temperature; heating with a first heater the portion of the cartridge to the first target temperature; maintaining the first target temperature of a portion of the cartridge using a closed loop control for a period of time; and in a second zone of the incubator (or on the incubator plate), measuring with a second sensor a starting temperature of a second portion of a cartridge containing a biological sample and at least one reagent, wherein the second portion of the cartridge only contacts the second zone of the incubator; comparing the starting temperature of the second portion of the cartridge to a second target temperature; heating with a second heater the second portion of the cartridge to the second target temperature; and maintaining the target temperature of the second portion of the cartridge using a second closed loop control for a period of time.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the first and second zones of the multi-zone incubator operate independently of one another.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the measurements in the first and second zones occur simultaneously during operation of the diagnostic system.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the measurements in the first and second zones occur at different times during operation of the diagnostic system.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the first target temperature and the second target temperature are different.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the first target temperature and the second target temperature are the same.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are different.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the first heater and the second heater are different.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of temperature control within a diagnostic system having a multi-zone incubator, wherein the period of time is equal to or less than the time it takes for the diagnostic system to complete a full diagnostic test.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to an apparatus for measuring bead recovery, comprising a housing; a tubing assembly in fluidic communication with an ECL detection system a fluorescence excitation source; a light detector for fluorescence, wherein the fluorescence excitation source transmits light that reflects off of fluorescent beads in the sample flowing through the tubing assembly and the light detector measures the amount of light reflected.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a non-ECL, non-contact method of detecting and measuring bead recovery, if any, during the processing of a cartridge, comprising illuminating with a light source a processed sample flowing through a fluidic pathway; wherein the sample contains fluorescent and non-fluorescent beads and the laser light source is a laser with a specific wavelength; detecting with a first photodiode a transmitted laser light originating from the tubing assembly carrying the fluorescent beads; detecting with a second photodiode a reflected laser-induced fluorescent light emitted by the fluorescent beads travelling through the tubing assembly; converting the transmitted laser light and the reflected laser-induced fluorescent light into measurable electrical signals; processing the electrical signals to calculate an internal standard which is directly related to the amount of fluorescent beads traveling through the tubing assembly; and comparing a magnitude of signal to a predicted magnitude based on a known amount of fluorescent and non-fluorescent beads within the sample.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a fluorescence based, non-interfering method of measuring ECL bead recovery, if any, after assay construction on a clinical diagnostic instrument, comprising illuminating with a light source a sample flowing through a tubing assembly, wherein the sample contains fluorescent beads and ECL beads; measuring fluorescence; and processing the fluorescence signal to calculate ECL bead recovery by comparing the fluorescence signal to a fluorescence signal from a standardized quantity of fluorescent beads.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to an assay composition comprising a mixture of at least one of a fluorescent labeled bead and at least one of an ECL labeled bead.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally an assay composition, wherein beads can be both fluorescently labeled and ECL labeled.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, comprising measuring the amount of backlash volume present in a pump through pressure changes; processing the pressure measurement data into a backlash amount; and adjusting the desired pump volume to compensate for the backlash amount measured.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the backlash measurement data is stored and saved by a diagnostic instrument of the diagnostic system to be used repeatedly through cartridge processing cycles of the diagnostic system, wherein the stored data increases efficiency of the diagnostic instrument for future uses.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the backlash is measured on a pump with a pressure sensor.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the pump is a piston and cylinder pump.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the pump is a motor driven piston and cylinder pump.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein where the pump is a motor driven piston and cylinder pump with a pressure sensor.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the pump is a motor driven piston and cylinder pump with a pressure sensor and with a small flat.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the pump is a close fitting ceramic piston and cylinder pump.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the pump is an IVEK pump.
In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to a method of measuring backlash of a pump in a diagnostic system, wherein the pump piston has a small flat.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, comprising measuring for an amount of backlash present in a pump; and compensating subsequent pump displacements by the backlash, by positioning a piston in a chamber of the pump such that the chamber is not connected to any inlet or outlet ports; moving the piston using a piston motor by a predetermined distance and rate so as to build up pressure or vacuum; reversing the piston motor direction using the same or different predetermined distance and rate while measuring pressure or vacuum; deriving backlash volume by measuring the time duration that the pressure or vacuum level did not respond to the reversed piston motor movement; and multiplying the time duration by piston motor rate to calculate backlash volume.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the chamber is isolated such that when the piston is moved by the piston motor the chamber can build up pressure or build up a vacuum.
In yet another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, comprising measuring for the amount of backlash present in a pump and then compensating subsequent pump displacements by the backlash by positioning a piston in the chamber of the pump such that the chamber is not connected to any inlet or outlet ports; moving the piston using a piston motor until a predetermined pressure level is reached; reversing the piston motor direction and measuring pressure or vacuum; deriving backlash volume by measuring the time duration that the pressure or vacuum level did not respond to the reversed piston motor movement, and multiplying the time duration by piston motor rate to calculate backlash volume.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump is a piston and cylinder pump.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump is a motor driven piston and cylinder pump.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein where the pump is a motor driven piston and cylinder pump with a pressure sensor.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump is a motor driven piston and cylinder pump with pressure sensor and with a small flat.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump is a close fitting ceramic piston and cylinder pump.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump is an IVEK pump.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump piston has a small flat.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method to improve pump accuracy, wherein the pump has a dual action with linear and rotational motion.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of increasing time efficiency of a pump used in a diagnostic system, comprising measuring the amount of backlash volume present in the pump through pressure changes; processing the pressure measurement data into a backlash amount; adjusting the desired pump volume to compensate for the backlash amount measured; and reducing processing time of the pump based on adjustments of pump volume.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system comprising glycol, the method comprising flushing the pump immediately after use with the composition such that during periods of non-use of the pump remains primed for operation.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the composition further comprises glycerine.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the glycol is diethylene glycol.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the glycol is at least one of ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and polyethylene.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the composition further comprises an anti-microbial agent.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the composition further comprises water.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the composition is a lubricant for the pump.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the composition is a non-volatile liquid.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of use of a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, wherein the composition inhibits solid formation between a piston and a cylinder of the pump.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, comprising glycol.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a composition useful for lubricating a fluidic pump system of a diagnostic system, comprising glycol and glycerine.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a composition useful for preventing freezing or seizing or stiction of a pump system during periods of non-use of a pump, comprising at least one of the following properties: liquid at the operating temperature; low vapor pressure; water soluble; solvent for residual salts or other solids within the pump dead volume; low surface tension; low viscosity; chemically stable when inside pump or stored in intermediate containers; does not react with fluids for decontamination; chemically compatible with exposed materials; and does not interfere with adjacent operations.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, comprising circulating a composition comprising glycol through a pump system.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, wherein the composition is stored until use on a cartridge that is fluidically connected to the pump system.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, wherein the composition is returned to the cartridge after it circulates through the pump system.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, wherein less than about 2.0 nL of the composition is required to protect pump during periods of non-use.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, wherein less than about 1.5 nL of the composition is required to protect pump during periods of non-use.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, wherein less than about 1.0 nL of the composition is required to protect pump during periods of non-use.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing freezing or seizing or stiction during periods of non-use of a pump, wherein about 1.0 nL of the composition is required to protect pump during periods of non-use.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, comprising an ECL detection module comprising an enclosure having a top and a base, wherein the surface of the base is flat and forms a working surface, and the top is attached to the base which acts as the bottom of the enclosure thereby forming a cavity of a height; a first electrode and a second electrode stacked and separated by a first gasket, wherein the base supports the first electrode and wherein the first gasket has a compressible thickness that creates a predetermined separation gap between the first and second electrodes; a transparent window formed out of the second electrode to facilitate ECL detection; and a printed circuit board, wherein the printed circuit board is positioned next to the base, electrically connecting components within the ECL detection system.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, comprising an ECL detection module comprising an enclosure having a top and a base, wherein the surface of the base is flat and forms a working surface, and the top is attached to the base which acts as the bottom of the enclosure thereby forming a cavity of a height; a first electrode and a second electrode stacked and separated by a first gasket, wherein the base supports the first electrode and wherein the first gasket has a thickness that creates a precise predetermined separation gap between the first and second electrodes; a transparent window formed out of the second electrode to facilitate ECL detection; a second gasket fluidically sealing the enclosure and having a differential compliance less than the first gasket to maintain the electrode separation gap; and a printed circuit board positioned next to the base, electrically connecting components within the ECL detection system.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, comprising an ECL detection module comprising an enclosure having a top and a base, wherein the surface of the base is flat and forms a working surface, and the top is attached to the base which acts as the bottom of the enclosure thereby forming a cavity of a precise height; a measurement containment area bounded by a first electrode surface, a second electrode surface and a first gasket cutout, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are stacked and separated by the first gasket, and wherein the base supports the first electrode, the first gasket has a compressible thickness, and the electrode/gasket stack resides in the cavity to create a precise predetermined separation gap between the first and second electrode surfaces; a transparent window in at least one cutout of the second electrode to facilitate ECL detection, wherein at least one inlet port and at least one outlet port in the at least one cutout of the second electrode transport fluids in and out of the measurement containment area; and an opaque enclosure surrounding the ECL module to exclude ambient light.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein the measurement containment area is sealed without using adhesives.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein the measurement containment area is sealed using two or more gaskets.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein using two or more gaskets more compliant than the first gasket maintains the first and second electrode spacing height.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein the measurement containment area is made precise and accurate by compensating for the clamped distortion of the gasket in the unclamped gasket cutouts.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein the measurement containment area is made precise and accurate by compensating for the gasket raw material thickness variation in the unclamped gasket cutouts.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein ambient light leakage is blocked with an opaque printed circuit board.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein ambient light leakage is blocked with a printed circuit board made opaque with one or more opaque coatings.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system, wherein ambient light leakage is blocked with a printed circuit board made opaque with one or more internal or external metal foil layers.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of identifying a cartridge for use in a diagnostic system, comprising scanning for a first time a scannable code on a cartridge, wherein the scannable code contains data on at least one of a test protocol for the cartridge, a patient information, a lot number for the cartridge contents, a serial number for the cartridge, an expiration date for the cartridge; inserting the cartridge into a diagnostic instrument; scanning for a second time the scannable code on the cartridge while inside the diagnostic instrument; comparing the data between the scans to ensure that the correct cartridge was inserted into the diagnostic instrument; providing feedback to a user on whether the correct cartridge was inserted into the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of identifying a cartridge for use in a diagnostic system, wherein the first scan of the scannable code is scanned by an external scannable code scanner.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of identifying a cartridge for use in a diagnostic system wherein the scannable code contains data on all of a test protocol for the cartridge, a patient information, a lot number for the cartridge contents, a serial number for the cartridge, and an expiration date for the cartridge.
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of identifying a cartridge for use in a diagnostic system, comprising scanning a scannable code on a cartridge, wherein the scannable code contains data on at least one of a test protocol for the cartridge, a patient information, a lot number for the cartridge contents, a serial number for the cartridge, an expiration date for the cartridge; inserting the cartridge into a diagnostic instrument; processing the data from the scanned scannable code to ensure that the correct cartridge was inserted into the diagnostic instrument; and providing feedback to a user on whether the correct cartridge was inserted into the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of identifying a cartridge for use in a diagnostic system, further comprising scanning the scannable code on the cartridge while inside the diagnostic instrument with an internal scanner; and comparing the data between the scans to ensure that the correct cartridge was inserted into the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of identifying a cartridge for use in a diagnostic system, wherein the first scan of the scannable code is scanned by an external scannable code scanner (on the exterior of the diagnostic instrument).
In still another embodiment, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing reuse of a cartridge in a diagnostic system, comprising scanning a scannable code on a cartridge with an external scanner, wherein the scannable code contains data on at least one of a record of use, a test protocol for the cartridge, a patient information, a lot number for the cartridge contents, a serial number for the cartridge, an expiration date for the cartridge; inserting the cartridge into a diagnostic instrument; scanning the scannable code on the cartridge with an internal scanner once inside the diagnostic instrument; comparing the data between the scans to identify whether an unused cartridge was inserted into the diagnostic instrument; providing feedback to a user on whether the cartridge was previously used by the diagnostic instrument.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing reuse of a cartridge in a diagnostic system, wherein the cartridge is removed from a protective package before scanning by the external scanner.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing reuse of a cartridge in a diagnostic system, wherein the diagnostic instrument will not allow processing the cartridge if the cartridge is a used cartridge.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing reuse of a cartridge in a diagnostic system, wherein the internal scanner scans the cartridge before processing of the cartridge.
In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates generally to a method of preventing improper use of a cartridge, comprising scanning a scannable code on a protective package containing a cartridge, wherein the first scan sets a first limit of an expiry time limit predetermined for proper use of the cartridge; introducing the cartridge into a diagnostic instrument with an internal scanner; scanning the scannable code on the cartridge with the internal scanner, wherein the internal scan sets a second limit of an expiry not to exceed a predetermined limit for proper use of the cartridge; calculating the difference between the first and the second time limits; comparing the difference in time to the predetermine time limit for proper cartridge use; and providing feedback to user if time limit was breached.
It is contemplated that any method or composition described herein can be implemented with respect to any other method or composition described herein. The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term/phrase “and/or” when used with a list means one or more of the listed items may be utilized, e.g., it is not limited to one or all of the elements.
This summary of the embodiments does not necessarily describe all features or necessary features of the embodiments. The embodiments may also reside in a sub-combination of the described features.
The accompanying tables and figures are incorporated in, and constitute a part of this specification.
The following are definitions of terms related to the diagnostic system in general.
The term “bead(s)” as used herein refers to many types of microscopic particles, such as superparamagnetic particles, magnetic microparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles. A bead may typically be spherical, though the shape is not limited to that of a sphere and may include other shapes like spheroid, irregular particles, cubes, irregular cubes, and disks. The size range may cover from 1 nanometer to 10 microns in diameter.
The term “standardized quantity” as used herein refers to a known amount of a substance, where the amount might be mass, concentration, volume, number, or other physical quantity. The known amount may have been determined or traceable to a reference method, golden standard, NIST traceable standard or other. A known amount of a substance may also be determined by comparing an analytical result to a calibrator.
The term “fluorescence” as used herein refers to the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
The term “fluorophore” as used herein refers to a substance that is fluorescent.
The term “fluorescent label” as used herein means a fluorophore used in the detection or measurement of fluorescence. A substance which is fluorescent yet detected by another detection method, such as ECL, is not a fluorescent label. A fluorescent label is only operative when measuring fluorescence. Fluorescent beads are the same as fluorescent labeled beads.
The term “assay construction” as used herein refers to the step by step process of conducting an assay whether manual or automated. Assay construction typically involves laboratory operations such as pipetting, dispensing, metering, washing, free-bound separations, dialyzing, filtering, collecting, fractionating, diluting, mixing, incubating, and the like.
The term “fluidic element” as used herein refers to a structure to hold, carry, or allow transport of a fluid. A fluidic element includes a pipe, channel, well, reservoir, conduit, valve, vent, flow path, disperser, pipette, funnel, filter, and passageway.
The term “fluidic communication” as used herein refers to fluidic elements that are in fluidic communication if connected a channel, passageway, pathway, conduit, flow path or other fluidic element. Further, fluidic elements are in fluidic communication if connectable or transferable by a pipette. Further, fluidic communication includes adjacent or nearby fluidic elements which liquid may be dispensed or transferred by pipette between or from one to the other. For example any two wells of a 96 well microtiter plate are in fluidic communication.
The term “assay composition” as used herein means the complete set or subset of the necessary reagents or substances required for an assay when combined. An assay composition may be the initial composition prior to assay construction, the composition immediately after initiating assay construction, the final mixture after assay construction, or the composition at any intermediate step of assay construction.
“Precise” throughout this document refers to the reproducibility and repeatability of a characteristic. “Highly precise” means the characteristic variation is small over many observations of the characteristic. For example, the precision of cavity height Z in
Presently disclosed is a diagnostic system that can measure immunoassays and perform bioanalytical functions in various environments, including in a point of care clinical setting. The diagnostic system generally includes a diagnostic instrument and a disposable vehicle, such as a cartridge, for carrying reagents, processed samples and other necessary materials used in diagnostic functions.
It is contemplated that the processing time for an individual cartridge may be longer, for example, up to 20 or 30 minutes, depending on the amount of different tests being run on the individual cartridge. If there are fewer tests to be run on a single cartridge then less time may be expected to complete the processing cycle. The number of tests that can be run on an individual cartridge can vary as well. For example, a single cartridge can run a single test during a processing cycle or three tests or five tests, or any number of tests up to ten on a single cartridge for a single processing cycle of the diagnostic system.
In certain embodiments, a diagnostic system includes a diagnostic instrument (See, e.g.,
In some embodiments, a diagnostic instrument can include a motion assembly for positioning and accessing the cartridge, at least one fluidic tube, a pump for liquid handling, and an ECL detection system. The diagnostic instrument can also include a platform for a user interface, such as a touch screen, and/or at least one internal and at least one external barcode scanner for data entry.
The diagnostic instrument also may provide safety and failsafe mechanisms throughout a workflow process. One such failsafe mechanism is an internal standard, which comprises both a module and a method for quantifying the bead recovery from the processing steps of a cartridge run independently of the ECL measurement. It is contemplated that the at least one internal and external barcode readers can also be used as a failsafe mechanism. In particular, barcodes read on the disposable cartridge externally must match those read internally, to verify that the cartridge was not switched after the initial scanning. In the event that the external and internal reads do not match, the diagnostic instrument may inform the user through the user interface by displaying an error message, for example.
As part of the diagnostic system, the diagnostic instrument has multiple aspects that are correlated to a disposable cartridge. Thus, in certain embodiments, a complementary and correlating cartridge (See, e.g.,
Some embodiments of a disposable cartridge, in order to prepare and process a sample, e.g., on an ECL detection system, have various components and use various methods as described herein. These methods include, but are not limited to, methods of blood filtration (e.g., using tangential flow), methods for liquid-air transition detection in the channels of the cartridge, methods for aliquoting a clinical sample via segmented metering, methods for mixing reagents, methods for incubating the assay and washing the sample matrix away. These methods are all covered herein.
Further embodiments and details are described in the co-pending U.S. patent application entitled “DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS AND CARTRIDGES;” the application filed on Mar. 15, 2013, with inventors R. Cook, C. Davis, J. Harley, J. Leland, R. Matikyan, J. Peterman, and assigned application Ser. No. 13/844,527, herein referred as the '527 application, and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Instrument Design.
The designs of certain embodiments of the diagnostic instrument are disclosed in co-pending U.S. Design application Nos. 29/420,956 and 29/420,965, both filed on May 15, 2012, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Images contained within those disclosures prescribe clinical instruments of the diagnostic system, and designs thereof, which relay both the function and form, and the connection between the product, the user, and the environment. Such images merely represent instruments and the present disclosure is not limited to these particular instruments or designs.
Closed Fluidic Pathway.
In certain embodiments, the diagnostic system employs a closed fluidic pathway between the diagnostic instrument and the disposable cartridge. The closed fluidic pathway provides a pathway where a biological sample and necessary reagents are withdrawn from the cartridge using a substantially single direction of flow which returns used reagents and other waste materials to the cartridge. The connection of the blood tube to the cartridge facilitates access to the majority of the blood contained within the blood collection tube while maintaining a low profile within both the instrument and cartridge. In some embodiments both a multi-layer film structure and a multi-layer heat sealable film are used for sealing the top and bottom of the disposable cartridge. In some embodiments, a multi-layer blood filtration assembly is used in a disposable cartridge, e.g., to remove red blood cells from the blood sample and/or to isolate blood plasma or serum. These aspects are discussed in further detail herein.
As illustrated in
Some embodiments provide the use of a closed fluidic pathway 10 that can communicate between a diagnostic instrument 12 and a disposable cartridge 14 (See, e.g.,
In some embodiments, a closed loop fluid system for use in processing in vitro diagnostic tests is provided. In some embodiments, the closed fluidic pathway 10 originates and ends with two separate probes where a first probe 16 facilitates the withdrawal of test materials from a disposable vehicle, such as a cartridge 14, and a waste probe 18 facilitates the return of waste materials to the cartridge. In some embodiments, fluid flow is substantially single directional in order to reduce the potential for carryover between diagnostic tests.
The closed fluidic pathway can have a substantially single directional flow which can reduce a potential for carryover between diagnostic tests. The motion assembly (not depicted) can have two axes of motion and can further comprise an incubator (not depicted), which can be a multi-zone incubator. The incubator can achieve uniform and precise incubation of a biological sample within the cartridge.
In some embodiments, the fluidic path of the closed fluidic pathway flows from a diagnostic disposable, such as a cartridge 14, which contains all materials necessary to process the diagnostic test, through a first probe 16. All the reagents and other test materials enter the fluidic path at the first probe 16 and flow to and through at least one detection instrument 22, 24 in which the diagnostic test is processed. The test data is obtained after the reagents pass through the fluidic path and into a pump 26. The processed sample and waste materials leave the pump 26 through a continuation of the fluidic path and return to the disposable cartridge 14 through the waste probe 18. The flow of fluid is substantially single directional from the cartridge 14, through the at least one detection instrument 22, 24, through the pump 26, and back to the disposable cartridge 14. The substantially single directional flow can reduce test to test carryover. The opportunity for carryover increases in the pump 26 as the pump likely represents a discontinuity in the geometry of the flow path, therefore maintaining a buffering length of fluidic path between the detection instruments and the pump, greater than the volume of any potential backflow is desirable to prevent carryover.
In certain embodiments, a fluidic pathway of a closed fluidic pathway can be defined by a first probe 16, which can be formed from a hollow needle, and which can begin a fluidic pathway for a diagnostic system. The fluidic pathway of the closed fluidic pathway 10 can have a first tube 20a establishing fluidic communication with and having the same inside diameter as the first probe 16. At least one detection instrument 22, 24 can encompass a fluidic pathway that is matched at its origin to the inside diameter of the tube and establishing fluidic communication therewith. A second tube 20b can establish fluidic communication between the at least one detection instrument 22, 24 and a pump 26, having the same inside diameter as the fluidic pathway at the exit of the detection system and at the entrance of the pump 26. The pump 26 can provide motive force for fluidic motion within the fluidic pathway, having a logical entrance and exit for fluidic flow. A fluidic pathway continues in the form of a third tube 20c establishing fluidic communication with and having the same inside diameter as the exit of the pump 26 and a waste probe 18. The waste probe 18, formed from a hollow needle, constitutes the end of a fluidic pathway.
In
The waste probe 18 can also establish fluidic communication with various containment areas within the disposable cartridge 14 in order to return waste materials to waste containment areas 34 within the disposable cartridge 14. The substantially single directional flow of the fluidic system is depicted in
For example, in some embodiments of the diagnostic system, a cartridge 14 can have an initially empty chamber is provided to receive waste materials from the initial diagnostic test. During the initial diagnostic test, reagent is removed from its designated reagent containment chamber for use in processing that test. In the course of the subsequent tests, waste material from that test is returned to the reagent chamber emptied during the prior test. By using previously emptied reagent chambers for waste containment the overall volume requirement of the disposable cartridge is reduced.
In some embodiments, a fluidic system is formed of one or more segments of fluidic pathway typically, but not necessarily, in the form of tubing. In
The next segment establishes a fluidic pathway to at least one detection system 22, 24. This fluidic pathway segment may be a part of or separate from the segment such as a tube 20a passing through the at least one detection instrument 22, 24. The at least one detection instrument 22, 24 comprises the next segment of the fluidic system, where detection is performed without the sample leaving the fluidic pathway. The next segment of the fluidic pathway may be a separate item such as a tube 20b, or may be incorporated into either the detection system or the pump 26, as long as it establishes fluidic communication between the at least one detection instrument 22, 24 and the pump 26. If necessary, additional pieces of tubing or other suitable fluidic pathway materials may be incorporated to connect multiple detection systems.
The next fluidic pathway establishes fluidic communication between the pump and the waste probe 18. The fluidic pathway terminates with a waste probe 18, preferably, but not necessarily with a non-coring tip profile such that it may pierce a foil or a multi-layer film structure, such as a septum 30, on a diagnostic disposable cartridge 14. The waste materials from the diagnostic test can be returned to otherwise empty chambers 34 of the disposable cartridge 14.
Various portions of the fluidic system may be comprised of separate pieces that make up the fluidic pathway or may be combined, for example, to further reduce potential for carryover between diagnostic tests. Examples include but are not limited to: (a) combining the first probe and the first tube; (b) combining the third tube and the waste probe; (c) having one continuous tube encompassing the first probe and the balance of the fluidic path terminating at the pump; and/or (d) combining the detection system(s) and the pump into a single manifold encompassing the fluid pathways between them. It is contemplated that the arrangement of the internal components within the diagnostic instrument can be configured to satisfy desired standards, including size, weight, shape, aesthetic appearance.
Method of Temperature Control of a Cartridge.
Certain embodiments provide a method for achieving a uniform and precise incubation of patient plasma with the selected reagents, in a disposable cartridge-based point of care system to facilitate the binding of the detection reagents to a particular antigen, for example, those that may be present in a biological sample such as a patient's plasma. By using an incubator (single or multi-zone) and by measuring the starting temperature of the cartridge, precise incubation with temperature uniformity can be achieved in such a manner that the effect of variations of the storage temperatures for the cartridge prior to use. Unwanted variations of the operating temperature of the instrument are also minimized, and do not affect the measured concentrations of analytes such as antigens in the biological sample.
In particular, some embodiments ensure that if the same biological sample or patient's blood is analyzed in a cartridge that was stored in different temperatures, the result will still show the same level of concentration of antigen or analyte activity. Likewise, other embodiments ensure that if the same patient's blood is analyzed in an instrument that is being operated in different temperatures, the result will still show the same level of concentration of antigen or analyte activity.
In some embodiments, using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology, the amount of binding that takes place (i.e., activity of reagents, sample and analytes) is directly related to the incubation temperature and duration of the incubation of the sample. The amount of measured antigen is directly related to the amount of binding that takes place. Thus, it is advantageous to receive accurate results that can be generated even if the cartridges and the instruments are stored and operated at different temperatures. It is another advantage of the diagnostic system, that users of the diagnostic system do not need to tightly control the temperature of their working environments within which they will operate the diagnostic system. In particular, a diagnostic system user does not need to dedicate temperature controlled storage location to store the disposable device (i.e., cartridges). This also provides for increased efficiency in the processing since the temperature control method compensates for variations in temperatures and quickly adjusts to a controlled uniform operating temperature.
In an embodiment, a method of temperature control of a cartridge 14 comprises measuring with a sensor 44 the starting temperature of the cartridge 14 containing a biological sample and at least one reagent; adjusting a set of predetermined pre-incubation parameters depending on the measured starting temperature; heating with a heater 42 the cartridge 14 to a target temperature; maintaining the target temperature for a period of time equal to or less than the time it takes to complete a diagnostic test; intermittently measuring the temperature of the disposable cartridge 14 throughout the segment of time of the diagnostic test to ensure temperature control; and heating at least a portion of the disposable cartridge 14 to the target temperature when the temperature of the disposable cartridge 14 is less than the target temperature. The term “starting temperature” as used herein refers to the initial temperature of the bottom of a cartridge 14 the instant the cartridge 14 is inserted into the instrument 12.
In certain embodiments, the at least one heater 42 and/or at least one temperature sensor 44 can detect the cartridge 14 temperature. The heater 42 and temperature sensor 44 can be on a printed circuit board, which is integrated into a motion assembly (not depicted) of the diagnostic instrument. The same temperature sensor 44 can be used to measure the cartridge 14 temperature and used in the closed loop control to maintain the temperature of the cartridge 14. Alternatively, different temperature sensors can be used to measure the cartridge 14 temperature and used in the closed loop control to maintain the temperature of the cartridge. The method of incubation can further comprise repeating the incubation method for the duration of the diagnostic test until completion. “Closed loop control” in this document refers to a control system with one or more sensors providing feedback signals to the control system that are used to modulate the system response. For example, the temperature control system shown in
In certain embodiments, the incubation also can be performed by a multi-zone temperature control incubator. The multi-zone temperature control incubator can operate under independent control loops (See, e.g.,
In certain embodiments, during operation of the diagnostic system, a biological sample, such as a patient's blood, can be filtered to generate plasma within the cartridge using a filtration module. An example of a suitable filtration module is described in the co-pending International PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/067041, filed on Nov. 29, 2012, and which is herein incorporated in its entirety.
The plasma sample can be metered and moved into individual fluidic test channels 50, such as those depicted in the embodiments of a disposable cartridge in
For each test channel, the metered plasma sample then can be moved and mixed with reagents, such as with lyophilized reagents. The mixture then can be moved to a location in the channel and parked. The bottom of the cartridge where the mixed plasma makes contact can be a thin film, such as a bottom seal that is transparent. The cartridge 14 can be positioned on a flat surface of an incubator which is comprised of various components including an incubator plate 40 that can be heated by a heater 42 usually positioned under the incubator plate 40.
A temperature sensor 44 can be located at several varying locations on the heater 42. It is contemplated that more than one sensor may be incorporated into the incubator. The sensors 44 can measure the temperature of the incubator plate 40 that is heated by heater 42. The sensor 44 measurements can be monitored by the Central Processing Unit (CPU) (not depicted), and a closed loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control can be used to maintain the temperature of the incubator 40 at the target temperature for a period of time. The period of time for incubation of the cartridge 14 can be equal to or less than the time it takes to run a complete diagnostic test on the cartridge. In general, the incubation occurs as an initial step in the diagnostic system processing and is used to prepare the sample before and during sample measurements take place within the diagnostic instrument. Thus, depending on how many tests are being run off of any given cartridge, the time period for incubating the cartridge will span at least the time of processing all the tests on a cartridge.
In some embodiments, measuring the starting temperature of the cartridge can be achieved when, after a cartridge 14 is inserted, the heater 42 is momentarily shut off. The rate of the incubator plate's 40 temperature loss is computed, for example, by monitoring the same sensor 44 that is being used to control the temperature. The rate of temperature loss is related to the rate that heat transfers from the incubator plate to the cartridge 14. The rate that heat transfers from the incubator plate 40 to the cartridge 14 is related to the temperature difference between the incubator plate 40 and cartridge 14. By computing the temperature difference between the incubator plate and cartridge, the temperature of the cartridge can be found. Finally, having determined the temperature of the cartridge 14, the duration of the Idle (Boost) Target Temperature is adjusted accordingly. The term “boost” as used herein refers to an initial application of temperature for a certain time and at a certain location on an incubator that can be used to heat up the cartridge. The incubator heats up the cartridge by applying a higher incubation temperature set point than a normal incubation temperature set point for a duration of time at a location on the incubator.
The diagnostic instrument 12 when there is no cartridge inserted, can maintain the temperature of the incubator plate 40 at an idle target temperature. When a cartridge 14 is inserted into the diagnostic instrument 12 and positioned on the incubator plate 40, the diagnostic instrument 12 can start detecting the temperature of the cartridge 14, by measuring with a sensor 44 the rate of the temperature drop of the incubator plate 40 due to the different temperature of the cartridge 14. The drop rate (calculated by the CPU) can be used to determine the starting temperature of the cartridge. The drop rate can then be used to select the duration (from a pre-constructed table or an equation) that the cartridge can be kept on the incubator plate 40 at the Idle (Boost) Target Temperature. This process ensures that the cartridges, regardless of storage temperatures, will have reached a similar temperature by the time the sample is ready to start a reaction with the reagent. Since the cartridge temperature can become the same prior to the beginning of incubation, all cartridges receive uniform incubation regardless of their individual storage temperatures.
The presently disclosed method of temperature control ensures, among other things, that all samples start incubation at the same temperature regardless of cartridge storage temperature and that all samples receive the same amount of incubation activity regardless of cartridge storage temperature.
A multi-zone incubator, such as that shown in
Internal Standard (IS) Module and Method.
In various embodiments of the diagnostic system several failsafe mechanisms and processes are incorporated to ensure the precise and accurate function of the diagnostic system. One such mechanism is the addition of an internal standard to the diagnostic system.
An IS is a substance that is added in a constant quantity to samples and calibration standards in an assay or analysis. An IS is a substance that is very similar, but not identical to the substance of interest in the sample. The effects of assay construction should be the same for the IS as the substance of interest.
One purpose of an IS is to identify failures that might occur during assay construction. As such, the method to implement the IS operates as a failsafe mechanism. Another purpose of an IS to correct for normal variability in assay construction. As such, the method to implement the IS operates as a means to improve precision and accuracy.
As part of the diagnostic system, there is a device such as a cartridge, which contains all reagents and materials needed to perform a diagnostic test, such as an assay. For diagnostic assays based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection, one reagent is beads. This substance is used in the method to construct a diagnostic assay. In particular, the bead surface is the bound phase for a binding assay. For ECL-based assays, the quantity of label bound to the bead is measured by ECL detection and the ECL signal to concentration. In this aspect, the quantity of beads present during assay construction is critical to the overall performance of the diagnostic instrument.
For ECL-based assays, assay construction involves various processing steps. These may include free-bound separations, which generally consist of magnetic collection of the beads and bead wash steps. Any variability in the quantity of beads after such processing is undesired, as this may in some cases reduce precision and accuracy, in other worse cases cause an error in the reported result of the diagnostic assay.
In certain embodiments, fluorescent labeled beads are employed as an IS to prevent errors, and/or improve precision and accuracy in the reported results for ECL-based diagnostic assays.
Further, in certain embodiments, fluorescent labeled beads process identically to ECL labeled beads. As such, any variability experienced by ECL labeled beads are also found within the quantity of fluorescent beads. For example, if during magnetic collection, 95% of the ECL labeled beads in the sample were captured onto a magnet surface, then 95% of the fluorescent beads were likewise captured onto the magnetic surface.
In other embodiments, fluorescent labeled beads are employed as an IS to measure bead recovery after assay construction for ECL-based diagnostic assays. Bead recovery is the relative quantity (or percentage) of beads measured compared to the quantity of beads intended to be used in assay construction. For example, if 100,000 beads were initially contained within the diagnostic instrument, and upon completion of assay construction, 95,000 beads were measured, then bead recovery would be 95%.
Bead recovery is derived by comparing the fluorescence signal from the IS to the fluorescence signal from a standardized quantity of fluorescent beads.
Fluorescent beads can be labeled by coating fluorophore onto the bead surface. Coating can involve many different chemical or physical methods. Any one skilled in the art of conjugation can readily coat beads with fluorophore. Further, fluorescent beads can be alternatively be labeled by incorporating fluorophore within the interior of the bead. Further the beads can be labeled by both of the above methods.
IS can be comprised of fluorescent labeled beads, or fluorescent labeled and ECL labeled beads. In the first case, the sample would contain a mixture of fluorescent labeled beads and ECL labeled beads. In the second case, the sample would contain beads with both fluorescent and ECL label on the same bead.
Fluorophore can be allophycocyanin (APC) with an absorption maximum of 652 nm and an emission maximum 658 nm. Alternatively, the fluorophore can be Sky Blue (Spherotech) with an absorption maximum of 660 nm and an emission maximum 705 nm.
The beads can be superparamagnetic beads such as Invitrogen™ Dynabeads® M-280 Streptavidin or SPHERO™ Magnetic Particles.
The ECL label can be ruthenium (II) tris(2,2′-bipyridine).
In further embodiments, the diagnostic instrument of the diagnostic system includes a measurement and detection module, called an internal standard (IS) module, that is independent and distinct from an ECL detection system. The ECL detection system measures an ECL signal obtained from ECL labeled beads. The IS module and IS do not interfere with the ECL measurement. The IS module is a flow cell that measures fluorescence. The IS module performs a non-contact measurement to quantify fluorescence, and hence bead recovery. It is contemplated that the IS module can be in a separate location from the location of the ECL measurement, i.e., separate from the ECL detection system.
The IS measurement also can occur at a different time during an individual cartridge processing cycle, for example, prior to or at the same time as the ECL measurement during an individual cartridge processing cycle.
No physical contact is made with the sample and inside the tubing assembly except for the application of the laser light as the sample flows through the fluidic pathway or tubing assembly. A fluidic pathway can include any part of the diagnostic system where fluids can flow and is not limited to a tube structure such as the tubing assembly.
In general, the IS module uses a light source, such as a laser, laser diode, or light emitting diode to excite fluorescent labeled beads present within the sample moving through the IS module. The fluorescent labeled beads emit fluorescent light that can be accurately measured using a light detector such as a photodiode or photomultiplier tube. The measured light fluorescence signal can be compared with the fluorescence signal obtained for a known number of fluorescent labeled beads, and a percentage bead recovery calculated.
With reference to
The IS module 60 can be formed from housing members including a housing 62, at least one panel 66 and at least one cap 61. The at least one cap 61 also is removable to aid in assembly of the IS module 60. The at least one panel 66 and the at least one cap 61 can be removable and therefore securable to the housing 62 with standard fasteners 65. Screw 78 secures laser 67 to laser mount 70.
When present the at least one cap 61 can be positioned over an uncovered portion of the housing 62 through which the tubing assembly 64 passes. The tubing assembly 64 can be made of a variety of suitable plastic materials. For example, in one embodiment, the tubing assembly 64 can be made from a clear FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) with an internal diameter of 0.020″. The tubing assembly can be held in place with vacu-tight fittings (not shown) on either side of the housing 62. To prevent light from entering the housing 62, black heat shrink (on the probe side) and black FEP tubing (on the ECL detection side) covers the clear FEP tubing. It is contemplated that other methods can be used to light seal the tubing assembly such as applying an opaque sleeve and coating, painting or tinting the tubing assembly in opaque light blocking materials. The sizing of the aperture 63 in housing 62 correlates to the size of the tubing. In particular, the opening 63 is big enough to allow the tubing assembly 64 to pass through, yet small enough that it can be easily light sealed with a fitting or gasket.
Alternatively, underneath the at least one cap 61, a gasket 64a can be positioned within a recess of the housing 62. The gasket 64a can be formed to fluidically seal the tubing assembly 64 as it passes through the at least one opening 63 in the housing 62. The gasket 64a also functions to form a light tight seal for the contents of the tubing assembly 64, particularly during the IS measurement.
The housing 62 can be comprised of an opaque material that is sturdy and supportive. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to, aluminum, steel, or brass. The inside surfaces of the housing can be painted black or coated with a seal or tint to absorb stray light that may find a way into the IS module. It is important to have a light tight surrounding to receive an accurate light reading within the IS module.
The light source can be derived from a laser 67. The laser 67 can fit inside a drilled out cylindrical hole of the laser-mount 70, which in turn is positioned in the housing 62, an example of which is shown in
The printed circuit board 71 can be mounted to the laser mount 70 and can hold the first and second photodiodes 74, 75 (see, e.g.,
Certain embodiments provide a fluorescence based, non-interfering method to detect and measure ECL bead recovery, if any, during the processing of a cartridge, comprising the steps of illuminating with a light source a processed sample flowing through a tubing assembly; wherein the sample contains fluorescent labeled beads and ECL labeled beads and the light source is of a specific wavelength to excite the fluorophore; detecting fluorescent light emitted by the fluorescent beads flowing through the tubing assembly; converting the fluorescent light into measurable electrical signals; processing the electrical signals to calculate ECL bead recovery by comparing the fluorescence signal to a fluorescence signal from a standardized quantity of fluorescent bead. When certain conditions exist where the bead recovery is below normal acceptable limits, the IS method provides a failsafe mechanism to prevent reporting erroneous results. When certain conditions exist where the bead recovery is within normal acceptable limits, the IS method provides an improvement is precision and accuracy results.
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Detection System Improvements.
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a quick and sensitive technique. It has been described in detail in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,089, 6,165,729, 6,316,607, 6,312,896, 6,808,939, 6,881,589, 6,881,536, and 7,553,448, all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety. It is contemplated that a label is an ECL label and the presence of the bound labeled molecule is detected by ECL. ECL signals are generated by a redox reaction between an ECL label with a substrate. In certain embodiments the ECL label is a ruthenium-containing reagent. One example of a suitable ECL label is Tris(bypyridine)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bipy)3]2+, also referred to as TAG. In certain other embodiments, the substrate is tripropylamine (TPA). One advantage of the method of using ECL is improved speed of the assay.
ECL technology is advantageous in that it is a regenerative process, in which a luminescent signal can be generated by a reaction involving a ruthenium (Ru) conjugate at the surface of an electrode (DEAVER, DR., “A New Non-Isotopic Detection System for Immunoassays,” Nature 377(6551):758-760 (1995)). A magnet usually below an electrode will attract the magnetic beads, pulling down the Ru-tagged complex near the electrode. The Ru can then be oxidized. Oxidized tripropylamine (TPA) reacts with the oxidized Ru, which then emits a photon. The redox reaction between Ru and the substrate tripropylamine (TPA) that occurs only in the electric field near the electrode is a regenerative process, which allows for an ECL signal that undergoes amplification over time. Because photons can only be generated near the electrode surface, electrochemiluminescence only occurs when the Ru is brought into proximity with the electrode by the magnet; thus, background is reduced.
Some embodiments provide a new and improved ECL detection system for diagnostic applications. The improvements include, but are not limited to: (I) improvements in the design and use of gasket materials by which a precisely sized measurement containment area is established in order to increase the accuracy and precision of sample measurements; (II) a novel use of differential compliance to enable mounting and precise spacing of two or more electrodes while also creating feature seals to prevent leaking; and (III) a new method to accomplish light sealing of an enclosure by means of a substantially opaque printed circuit board while at the same time permitting electrical connections and/or the introduction of other components between the inside and outside of the light enclosure; (IV) a new method to accomplish light sealing of an enclosure by using an opaque material beneath enclosure openings, such as, fluidic ports that connect fluidic pathways inside and outside of the light enclosure.
Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the diagnostic system includes an ECL detection system having an ECL detection module (also referred to as a flow cell) with fluidic and electrical connections to the closed fluidic pathway, such as that previously discussed (not depicted). For example, in some embodiments, and as depicted in
The ECL detection module 80 also can have a first electrode 86 and a second electrode 87 that are stacked upon each other and separated by a first gasket 88. The base 84 can support the first electrode 86 and the electrode/gasket stack. First gasket 88 is sufficiently thick and compliant to require forceful closure of top 82 onto base 84 and presses electrodes 86 and 87 firmly against the cavity walls, and thereby creates a precise predetermined separation gap H between the first and second electrodes 86, 87.
A change in compliance can be associated with a change in thickness or a change in hardness between two different materials, or a change in geometry of the compressed area between two different materials or two of the same materials. Thus, the term compliant can refer to the displacement of material for a given load and it can also refer to the softness of a material wherein a material can be more compliant due to the material being softer.
A cut out opening 87a in the second electrode 87 permits light to pass through the electrode during the ECL measurement. The cut out 87a in the second electrode 87 aligns with a transparent window in top 82, such that light from the ECL reaction can be measured by the photodetector 82a. Fluids must enter and exit the measurement containment area to setup the ECL reactions and flush the cell of prior reactants.
The first and the second electrodes 86, 87 can be made from a variety of conductive noble metals, including, but not limited to, platinum, gold, iridium, palladium, osmium, and alloys thereof. The first and second electrodes 86, 87 may also be made of conductive non-metals, such as carbon. The top 82 can be made from a variety of durable materials, including, but not limited to, acrylic, polyether ether ketone and acetal polymers. The base 84 can be made from a variety of durable materials, including, but not limited to aluminum, copper and stainless steel.
The gasket 88 has an elongated cutout 88a shown in
Consistent ECL reactions and measurements among instruments requires the measurement containment area geometry and electrode spacing to be uniform and precise from flow cell to flow cell. When the gasket 88 thickness T is compressed between the electrodes, the cut-out or gasket opening 88a distorts laterally and dimensions L and W are diminished from the uncompressed state. Thus it is necessary to control both the gasket thickness compression and the gasket opening distortion to achieve precise flow cell geometry and electrode spacing. The cavity pocket depth Z in
Compliant materials, when compressed across their thickness, spread laterally. Thus, cut-out or gasket opening 88a closes down as gasket 88 is clamped between the electrodes. Limiting the final clamped dimension of cut-out 88a requires tight control of the gasket thickness, and can minimize variations of the measurement containment area geometry. Compliant materials used to create gaskets are often fabricated from sheets or slabs that are molded, extruded, calendered or cut into appropriate thicknesses by slicing or skiving. However, the gasket thickness precision is generally inferior to the tolerances of other rigid components used in the system.
Gaskets of varying thicknesses cut to the same inside profile 88a will, when compressed, result in different-sized internal areas, which can in turn result in undesirable ECL signal variations when used in an ECL detection system. It is desirable to improve the measurement containment area geometry precision by sizing the gasket cutout 88a in proportion to the thickness of the gasket, such that when the first gasket is constrained to a fixed compression distance, the desired size measurement containment area is achieved. Sizing the inside profile 88a based on the thickness of the gasket raw material, while taking the compressive characteristics of the material into account, results in maintaining the compressed gasket cutout area to an acceptable tolerance.
Accordingly, the precise, predetermined separation gap H provides the desired accuracy of an ECL measurement. The compliant gasket provides expansive force to maintain a precise distance between the electrodes as is required in order to obtain precise ECL measurements. As ECL measurements depend on both the distance H between the electrodes and the area of the exposed portion of the electrodes, the cutout in the gasket that forms the measurement containment area must be precise. In order to establish a precise electrode exposure area after compression of the first gasket 88 (as shown in
For example, in
In
Accordingly, in certain embodiments, for example as shown in
The light levels generated by ECL are low and photodetector 82a is very sensitive to light.
For example, the fluidic openings A and B of opaque case 81 are depicted on top of the ECL detection module 80. The fluidic tubing and fittings that fit to these openings are designed to transport fluids, and often have limited ability to block ambient light. Ambient light travelling through the fluidic tubing and connections may enter the ECL detection module 80 through the fluidic openings A and B of opaque case 81, and pass through the inlet and outlet ports of the opaque top half of flow cell top 82 seen in
In still other embodiments, the opaque enclosure of the ECL detection system can further include at least one opening 94 to permit electrical connections to be introduced into the enclosure (as shown in
There are various configurations that can be used when constructing an ECL detection system and those described herein and depicted in the figures are merely for illustrative purposes and not meant to be limiting. It is contemplated that some of the configurations may be combinations of all or part of the embodiments described herein. Some of the various embodiments include an ECL detection system 80 comprising an enclosure having a top 82 and a base 84. A stack is formed within the enclosure with a first electrode 86, a second electrode 87 and a first gasket 88 sandwiched between the electrodes.
A cavity or gap formed by the pieces of the enclosure define the desired gap (Z) in which to house the electrode/gasket stack, thereby establishing the distance between the electrodes. The first gasket 88, made of compliant material, has a thickness greater than the desired distance between the first and second electrodes 86, 87. A measurement containment area of precise size is defined by a cut-out 88a once the first gasket 88 is compressed. The first gasket 88 is fabricated with a cut-out 88a that has been sized such that the known compression height (Z) of the electrode/gasket stack and gasket raw material thickness will produce a measurement containment area of the desired size when compressed. The size of the measurement containment area is determined by many factors including, but not limited to, the thickness of the raw material of the first gasket 88 and the compressive characteristics of that raw material; the cutout geometry, WE and CE thickness and body pocket depth Z. A transparent window for ECL detection may be provided through an opening in the second electrode 87.
Another embodiment provides an ECL detection system comprising an enclosure having a top 82 and a base 84. A first electrode 86 forms a stack with a second electrode 87 with a first gasket 88 sandwiched between them within the enclosure. A cavity or gap is formed by a pocket in the top 82, which defines in part the desired gap (Z) in which to house the electrode/gasket stack, thereby establishing the distance between the first and second electrodes 86, 87. The second electrode 87 has cutout openings for ECL detection and two fluidic ports. A second cavity in the top houses a second gasket 89, which has openings for two fluidic ports 82c, 82b and a transparent window 85 for ECL detection in top 82. The second gasket 89 fluidically seals the cut-out openings 88a in the second electrode 87. The compressive characteristics of the first and second gaskets 88, 89 along with the height of the gaps (Y) and (Z) are selected such that the compressive force of the second gasket 89 is adequate to create the desired fluidic seals without displacing the second electrode 87, and thereby maintains the desired gap between the first and second electrodes 86, 87 created by the first gasket 88.
Still another embodiment provides an ECL detection system comprising an enclosure having a top 82 and a base 84. A first electrode 86 forms a stack with a second electrode 87 with a first gasket 88 sandwiched between them within the enclosure. A cavity or gap is formed by a pocket in the top 82, which defines in part the desired gap (Z) in which to house the electrode/gasket stack, thereby establishing the distance between the first and second electrodes 86, 87. A second cavity in the top houses a second gasket 89 which forms fluidic seals to two fluidic passages. A transparent window 85 for ECL detection may be provided through an opening in the second electrode 87 and the second gasket 89. Additional gaskets (not shown) behind the second electrode 87 may be used to create additional fluidic seals under the same constraints as the second gasket 89. The compressive characteristics of the first and second gaskets 88, 89 along with the height of the gaps (Y) and (Z) are selected such that the compressive force of the second gasket and/or additional gaskets are adequate to create the desired fluidic seals without displacing the second electrode and thereby changing the desired gap between the first and second electrodes created by the first gasket.
Still another embodiment provides an ECL detection system comprising an enclosure having a top 82 and a base 84, and a first electrode 86 and a second electrode 87 stacked upon each other with a first gasket 88 sandwiched between the electrodes. The first gasket 88 provides a mechanism to maintain relative positions between the components within the enclosure. At least one opening 94 in the base provides for connections of electrical connectors 93 or other components between the exterior of the enclosure and components within the enclosure. At least one of the electrical connectors 93 can establish electrical contact with the first electrode 86. A printed circuit board 90 forms a portion of the light tight enclosure, specifically around the at least one opening 94. An inner conductor layer 92 within the printed circuit board 90 creates a substantial barrier to undesired light, as does screen printed layers 91 on the surfaces of the printed circuit board 90.
Still another embodiment provides an ECL detection system comprising an enclosure having a top 82 and a base 84, where it is a light tight enclosure and a portion of the enclosure is established by a printed circuit board 90 used to make electrical connections between components within and outside of the enclosure. A first electrode 86 and a second electrode 87 are stacked upon each other with a first gasket 88 sandwiched between the electrodes. The printed circuit board 90 can be made of material that is inherently opaque of have one or both of (a) a light shield in the form of either an internal or surface conductor layer, and (b) a light shield in the form of a polymeric layer on either or both of the printed circuit board faces where the polymeric layer is substantially opaque. The resulting enclosure is light sealed while allowing electrical connections through the openings in the enclosure.
The various embodiments described herein provide improvements in the accuracy and precision of an ECL detection system by any one or any combination of the following: (1) use of a compliant material used to define the measurement containment area; (2) sizing an uncompressed cutout of a compliant gasket which will define the measurement containment area to a desired size after compression; (3) varying the size of the cutout relative to the compliance characteristics and thickness of the raw gasket material; (4) the use of differential compliance of gaskets and/or other compliant mounting components; (5) the use of differential compliance of gaskets and/or other compliant mounting components in order to create a gap of a desired size between one or more electrodes; (6) the use of differential compliance of gaskets and/or other compliant mounting components in order to create a gap of a desired size between one or more electrodes where a compliant gasket defining a measurement containment area is made of a compliant material with a known stiffness and one or more additional gasket(s) is/are used to seal one or more of the electrodes while not changing the previously mentioned gap by having a lesser stiffness; (7) the use of a substantially opaque screen printed mask on a printed circuit board that comprises part of a light sealing system; (8) the use of a relative opaque screen printed mask on a printed circuit board that comprises part of a light sealing system thereby allowing the establishment of electrical communication between the inside and outside of the light sealing system; (9) the use of a substantially opaque screen printed mask on a printed circuit board in conjunction with internal conductor planes of the printed wiring board that comprises part of a light sealing system; (10) and/or the use of a substantially opaque screen printed mask on a printed circuit board in conjunction with internal conductor planes of the printed circuit board which comprise part of a light sealing system thereby allowing the establishment of electrical communication between the inside and outside of the light sealing system; (11) the use of a printed wiring board made of relatively opaque material that comprises part of a light sealing system, thereby allowing the establishment of electrical communication between the inside and outside of the light sealing system; (12) the use of a printed wiring board made of relatively opaque material in conjunction with internal conductor planes of the printed wiring board that comprises part of a light sealing system.
Pump Instrument Improvements.
The diagnostic system can also include a pump. The diagnostic system provides methods to minimize communication of gasses and liquids between the inlet and outlet ports of a dual-action piston pump (e.g., a pump in which the piston serves to move fluids into and out of the chamber and also serves as the means of establishing communication between the chamber and one of two or more ports by means of both linear and rotational action). Because of the properties of the updated design, improvements are realized in the precision and accuracy of aspiration and dispensing to and from the pump.
Some embodiments further provide a means to stop or at least reduce communication between the input and output ports of a pump. Also provided is a means to stop or at least reduce communication between the chamber of a pump and either or both of the pump's input and output ports. Additionally, a means to improve the aspiration and dispensing accuracy of a pump is provided where the aspiration and dispensing precision of a pump is also improved.
Certain embodiments provide an improved dual-action piston pump that can prevent or reduce undesired communication between (i) the input and output ports of a pump; (ii) the chamber and input port of a pump; and/or (iii) the chamber and output port of a pump. The improved dual-action piston pump can also improve aspiration and dispensing accuracy and also dispensing precision by preventing or reducing communication between any of the input port, output port, or chamber of a pump.
An embodiment of the diagnostic system provides a pump 100, for example, such as the cross-section of a pump shown in
The sealing distance 107 between the input port 104 or output port 105 on a commercially available pump 100 may be as small as 0.006 inches depending on the orientation of the flat 106. In one embodiment, reduction of the size of the flat 106 increases the sealing distance 107 to 0.044 inches improving sealing by a factor of about 7.33. In the some embodiments, rotational positioning of the flatted piston 102 is about ±0.002 inches allowing the sealing distance 107 to be as small as 0.004 inches, in which case the sealing improves by a factor of about 10.5 with the reduced width flat 106. It is contemplated that the sealing distance 107 can be up to about 0.090 inches with an improvement of about 22.25. It is further contemplated that the flat size could be further reduced, limited only by the requirement that the cross-section of the flat is not smaller than the cross-section of the port in order to not cause pressure restrictions within the pump chamber. A housing in the form of a cylinder 101 is constructed of a suitable material such as a plastic, ceramic or metal. A bore is created within the cylinder 101 to house a piston 102 made typically of the same material as the cylinder 101 or of a material with a close thermal expansion coefficient to prevent binding due to differential thermal expansion. The bore and piston 102 are sized to produce a clearance small enough to prevent liquid leakage but large enough to allow free movement of the piston 102 within the cylinder 101. The portion of the cylinder bore which is not occupied by the piston 102 creates a fluid containment chamber 103. At least one fluidic pathway, including input port(s) 104 or output port(s) 105, pierce the wall of the cylinder 101 to establish communication channels into and out of the cylinder 101. A flat 106 is sized and formed onto one side of the piston 102, so that when facing a fluidic pathway of choice, a fluidic communication is established between the fluid containment chamber 103 and the selected fluidic pathway while blocking communication to the other fluidic pathway(s).
The flat size is governed by several driving factors including (a) the flat 106 should be sized to create a path between the selected fluidic pathway and the fluid containment chamber 103 that has a cross-section that is greater than or equal to the cross-section of the fluidic pathway so as not to restrict fluid flow; and/or (b) the flat 106 should be sized to maximize the seal distance between the edges of the flat and the unselected fluidic pathway(s) so as to prevent undesired communication of fluids.
The stroke of the piston 102 can be limited so that the non-flatted portion opposite the flat 106 never reaches the unselected fluidic pathway, else unrestricted undesired communication between the fluidic pathways will occur. It is contemplated that there may be certain circumstances where this communication would be permitted or desired, for example, with a flush of the fluidic system during decontamination.
Due to the geometry of the parts described above, it can be possible to position the flat 106 of the piston 102 within the cylinder 101, such that is not in communication with any port. This arrangement permits creating a pressure differential between the fluid containment chamber 103 and a non-connected port, preferably while there is a compliant medium (such as air) in the chamber. Subsequent establishment of communication with a port will generate a burst of fluid motion into or out of the chamber depending on the polarity of the pressure. Such bursts can be used for manifold fluidic motion purposes such as dislodging debris or unclogging fluidic pathways.
Methods for Calculating and/or Compensating for Backlash in a Fluidic Pump.
Electromechanically driven fluidic pumps, and in particular, positive pressure piston pumps, have backlash. When a direction of the pump is changed from aspirate to dispense or dispense to aspirate, the electromechanical system that drives the piston will start driving the piston in the opposite direction, but the actual engagement of the mechanism where the piston will actually move in the opposite direction may be delayed for the backlash amount. Measuring the backlash amount and adding the backlash amount to the desired volume to compensate for the backlash is a common approach used to compensate for the backlash. However, systems have relied on indirect measurement of the motion of the piston, rather than the direct. Indirect measurements are likely to be less accurate than direct measurements.
Some embodiments provide methods for measuring and, optionally, then compensating for the amount of backlash from motor driven fluid pumps. These methods achieve a highly accurate backlash measurement, by monitoring the changes in pressure occurring in the pump chamber when changing directions, processing the data in firmware and calculating the amount of backlash, and then using the calculated backlash under regular operation when direction is changed. The pressure measurement system described herein is sensitive to detect a pressure change in the chamber for the smallest pump motion, therefore the backlash measurement is very accurate. Indeed, driving the backlash amount from pressure changes is highly accurate and superior to existing methods since it is a direct measure of the fluid that is pumped when the piston direction is changed. Also provided in the present disclosure is an integrated electronics housing a non-volatile memory packaged with the pump, eliminating the need to recalculate backlash when a pump assembly is replaced in an existing instrument.
Some embodiments provide a method to calculate accurate pump backlash. Pump backlash is the amount of volume that is not pumped (i.e., not moving) when a direction (from aspirate to dispense or dispense to aspirate) is changed, although the mechanism moving the pump provides the necessary electrical input to pump that volume. It is then a benefit of the diagnostic system disclosed herein that an accurately measured and compensated backlash will yield to accurate volumes pumped even after changing the direction of pumping. Some embodiments retain the calculated backlash with the pump in an electronic memory instrument, such that when a pump is replaced in the diagnostic instrument in the field, the measurement does not have to be repeated, which will save time and make it easier to do field repairs. Example 5 describes the effects of compensating for the amount of backlash in a pump and showing the improvements made after compensation.
With reference to
An embodiment provides a method of backlash calculation wherein the pump inlet and outlet can be closed such that the chamber is connected to neither the inlet nor the outlet (or if a syringed type piston, only the inlet). The piston can be moved in one direction, and since the chamber is closed, pressure (or vacuum) can build up in the chamber. Once this is established, the motion can be stopped, and a pressure measurement can then be stored by the system. The direction can be changed and the system can be driven to move the piston in the opposite direction while monitoring the pressure. This motion can be as resolute as possible. The pressure does not change direction until the backlash amount is moved and until the piston has actually started moving in the opposite direction. The amount of volume pumped until the pressure change in the other direction occurs is the backlash measured. The data to determine the backlash can be analyzed by the microprocessor that is generating the sequences to move the pump to enable the measurement. The microprocessor then will store the measured backlash onto a non-volatile memory being housed by the electronics that are packaged with the pump. Every subsequent request of the pump motion will compensate by moving the piston more than the requested amount by the backlash amount, only for the first pump motion after a direction change.
One detailed description of a possible procedure for automated implementation of the backlash measurement follows. It is assumed that (a) a valve or other means exists such that the pump chamber can be either vented to the ambient environment (open) or sealed (closed) under the control of firmware; (b) the pump piston can be moved within the chamber under the control of firmware; and (c) a pressure transducer exists such that the pressure in the chamber can be sampled periodically by firmware. The procedure consists of three phases: 1) setup, 2) data capture, and 3) analysis.
The setup phase moves the piston to a desired initial location and vents the chamber such that the initial pressure is ambient (zero). The procedure in one embodiment includes the following steps: (1) Set the valve to the “open” position; (2) Set the piston to the initial location (near the fully aspirated position); (3) Pause to allow the chamber reach ambient pressure; and (4) Set the valve to the “closed” position.
During the data capture phase, pressure samples are captured and stored into memory at a fixed rate while the piston is moved through a sequence of operations. This sequence in one embodiment is (1) Repeat the following for N iterations; (2) Move the piston x distance in the dispense direction; and (3) Move the piston x distance in the aspirate direction. Each operation in this sequence can commence immediately following the completion of the previous operation.
During the analysis phase, the captured pressure data is processed to produce the desired output: the pump backlash.
During normal operation, backlash compensation is performed by firmware in response to commands to move the pump piston. When the piston is commanded to move opposite the last direction, the backlash distance is added to the commanded distance and the motor is driven by this amount. This causes the piston to move the desired distance and displace the desired volume.
Commonly a pump will be commanded to aspirate a given volume at a given flow rate. For relatively low flow rates, the backlash compensation period may be large enough to cause the actual flow rate to be significantly lower than the commanded flow rate, even though the total volume is correct. In such a case, it is desirable (because it will be faster and save time) to compensate for the backlash using a higher velocity than the commanded flow rate and then switch to the commanded flow rate. Also in this case, the pump can be made to perform in the same way as a pump with no backlash at all flow rates.
The central processing unit (CPU) 110 of a microprocessor which performs the backlash measurement uses one sensor input and three control outputs. As shown in
Pump Storage Liquid.
Certain embodiments of the diagnostic system provide a pump storage liquid which prevents unwanted freezing, seizing, or stiction (static friction) of a piston and cylinder type pump (such as IVEK's rotary/reciprocating Metering Pumps) during periods of non-use. The pump storage liquid is also referred to as pump storage fluid and pump prime fluid. Pump designs based on close-fitting ceramic-on-ceramic piston and cylinder sets are highly susceptible to freezing, seizing or stiction. During periods of non-use, residual liquid inside the pump (dead volume) may evaporate if allowed to dry out (open to ambient) and leave behind solids. These solids, while possibly very low in concentration or mass, may increase significantly the friction between the piston and cylinder. Under such conditions, the piston motion becomes frozen. This may require complete disassembly and cleanup of the pump. Additionally, this may cause mechanical breakdown of the coupling mechanism between the piston and motor.
The pump storage liquid can be used to provide a clinical laboratory instrument which is free of normal user maintenance or free of or has reduced mechanical breakdown (related to the pump) is an improvement. Normal user maintenance that may be eliminated includes operations that service a pump such as requiring the instrument operator to flush liquids and/or empty waste containers. Eliminating user maintenance saves operator time, and therefore lower costs. Eliminating components from an instrument such as liquid loops from an instrument reduces costs.
IVEK Corp. produces and sells ceramic positive displacement pumps with adequate volume metering precision and accuracy. The pumps are valve-less with close-fitting ceramic-on-ceramic piston and cylinder set. IVEK Corp. states in its use instructions that ceramic piston/cylinder sets are sensitive to neglect and may freeze if allowed to dry. Further, IVEK Corp. recommends the pump to remain wet at all times by means of liquid loop. If allowed to dry out, disassembly and cleaning of the pump is usually necessary. These manufacturer's storage options/requirements render its pump unsuitable for a clinical instrument designed for no or little user maintenance.
Thus, the pump system provides a means to employ a pump on an instrument where there is no or little user maintenance. Possible maintenance that the invention eliminates may include disassembly and cleaning of a pump, priming liquid for a liquid loop, and emptying waste from liquid loop. After proper application of a pump storage liquid of the invention, the pump does not require a liquid loop, and can be allowed to dry out (e.g., pump internal volume open to ambient) without risk of freezing, seizing or stiction. Upon re-start, the pump rapidly returns to its original performance. (See Example 6).
A pump storage liquid prevents or inhibits the formation of solids between the piston and cylinder by, for example, not evaporating and/or by solubilizing any residual salt or solids present in the dead volume of the pump. This non-volatile liquid acts as a lubricant for the seal or tight fitting piston and cylinder set. Stiction is avoided because lubricant persistently fills the gap between the piston and cylinder. In this manor the pump storage liquid prevents the pump seals or tight fitting piston and cylinder set from drying out and therefore prevents freezing, seizing, or stiction. Additionally, the present disclosure provides a pump storage liquid which enables the pump to recover from storage without wetting the seals or tight fitting piston and cylinder set.
The minimum amount of pump storage liquid required to protect a pump can be very low, e.g. 1 nL. The pump storage liquid can be present in an amount ranging from about 1 nL to about 2 nL, from about 1 nL to about 1.5 nL, or from about 1.5 nL to about 2 nL. The minimum amount of pump storage liquid required to protect the pump depends on the gap volume between the piston and cylinder set. For example, a one inch diameter piston and one inch length chamber with a two micron gap between piston and cylinder has a gap volume of 4 μL. This is the minimum amount of pump storage liquid required to protect such pump.
In some embodiments, a pump storage liquid of the invention contains a non-volatile, water soluble, salt solubilizing liquid that lubricates close-fitting ceramic-on-ceramic piston and cylinder set pumps. In some embodiments, a pump storage liquid is comprised of 30% by weight of diethylene glycol, 69.99% by weight of water, and 0.0013% by weight of PROCLIN® 200 (anti-microbial agent).
In some embodiments, a pump storage liquid is comprised of a lubricant such as diethylene glycol. The lubricant can comprise an ethylene glycol, including, but not limited to, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or any combinations thereof. In some embodiment the lubricant can comprise a propylene glycol, including, but limited to propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a lubricant is comprised of glycerine. The lubricant can comprise both glycerine and glycols. In some embodiments, a pump storage liquid comprises between 5% and 95% by weight of lubricant. The pump storage liquid can contain water to reduce viscosity. The pump storage liquid can contain at least one anti-microbial agent or does not contain an anti-microbial agent.
In one embodiment, a pump storage liquid has at least one of the following properties: (1) Liquid at the operating temperature; (2) Low vapor pressure—does not evaporate; (3) Water soluble—readily flushed out of pump; (4) Solvent for residual salts or other solids within the pump dead volume; (5) Low surface tension—wets and fills gap between piston and cylinder; (6) Low viscosity—does not slow down fluid motions; (7) Chemically stable when inside pump or stored in intermediate containers; (8) Does not react with fluids for decontamination; (9) Chemically compatible with exposed materials; and (10) Does not interfere with adjacent operations. In some embodiments, a pump storage liquid has all of the above properties.
Some embodiments enable the use of a piston and cylinder type pump in a clinical instrument which has no installed liquids such as priming fluids, waste, wash liquids, cleaning liquids, or liquid loops. Some embodiments prevent unwanted freezing, seizing, or stiction of a piston and cylinder type pump, e.g., for up to six months, up to 9 months or up to 1 year periods of non-use. Some embodiments prevent unwanted freezing or seizing of a piston and cylinder type pump by the use of a pump storage liquid. Some embodiments provide a storage liquid for the pump which is chemically compatible with the parent instrument including the pump. Some embodiments provide a storage liquid which is chemically compatible with its intermediate storage container, e.g., a plastic clinical instrument. Some embodiments provide a storage liquid which also is suitable for priming a piston and cylinder type pump. Some embodiments provide a storage liquid which is operable at small volumes such as 1 nL.
Failsafe Mechanisms.
Some embodiments provide a failsafe mechanism for a cartridge-diagnostic instrument interaction, where the diagnostic instrument will detect whether the cartridge that the user inserted into the instrument was actually the identical cartridge that the user intended to run in the diagnostic instrument. For those cartridges that have an opened package expiry limit, the presented method will also detect whether the said time has expired or not, when the user inserts the cartridge into the instrument.
Certain embodiments of the diagnostic system make it impossible for the diagnostic instrument to process a cartridge that is different than the user indicated that he/she wanted to use. Other embodiments provide a mechanism to detect whether a cartridge has expired after it has been removed from its package, and scanned by the user. These mechanisms can provide easy and user transparent methods to assure fail-safe operation, where the possibility of producing wrong results is eliminated.
In certain embodiments, a failsafe mechanism is provided for a diagnostic instrument that processes cartridges with at least one patient sample on them. In some embodiments, cartridges are disposables. In some embodiments, the cartridges are labeled with computer scannable codes or machine readable codes, such as, a barcode 112, as shown in
The diagnostic instrument 12 can be equipped with a computer code scanner, such as a barcode scanner, or an external scanner 114, that can scan the cartridge(s) outside of the diagnostic instrument 12, and a computer system running software that interacts with the barcode system and with the user through a display (not shown). In some embodiments, a cartridge 14 is removed from a protective package, and scanned by the diagnostic instrument 12. The diagnostic instrument 12 upon scanning and decoding the bar coded information will direct the software appropriately to display the cartridge information read from the barcode.
In some embodiments, the diagnostic system includes the use of a secondary barcode reader, or an internal scanner 116, that is housed inside the diagnostic instrument 12, that is aligned to read the barcode on the disposable cartridge 14, e.g., to compare via software with the previously read barcode (from outside) before starting the processing of the cartridge 14. This operation can be done totally transparent to the user, except when an inconsistency is detected with the cartridge that is scanned outside and with the one scanned inside, at which time the user is alerted.
Some embodiments can also include the start of a software timer when the user scans the cartridge outside the diagnostic instrument, and then when the cartridge is inserted into the diagnostic instrument and verified with the second bar code reader that the cartridge is the same as the one scanned outside. The software timer can be checked to ensure that the cartridge has been used within a recommended time limit after the first scan. Such a system is depicted in
Instrument Software Steps.
Various embodiments of the diagnostic system include software programs that control the electrical functions of the diagnostic system. Simple software guided workflows can be used, such as a simple start-up sequence set forth in
The operational specification describes the sequence of events that must occur in the course of a test cycle. For assaying an enzyme in a sample of blood or blood derivative, this specification discloses the following method: introducing the sample into a cartridge, metering of a portion of the sample, moving the metered sample with reagent at the analysis location, positioning the reacted sample at a sensor, and detecting the product of the reaction using a sensor.
The performance specification sets the criteria for parameters such as the range of results that will be reported, the necessary accuracy and precision of the test, and the acceptable operating conditions. The test results must match the sensitivity and range of the commonly accepted coagulation tests and must do so with comparable or better precision. Furthermore, as a point-of-care instrument may be operated by non-technically trained personnel, the instrument software must detect any cartridge errors that do occur.
Additional steps for testing venous whole blood patient samples are shown in
All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this disclosure are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety into the specification to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. Also incorporated by reference is any supplemental information that was published along with any of the aforementioned publications, patents and patent applications. For example, some journal articles are published with supplemental information that is typically available online.
Citation or discussion of a reference herein shall not be construed as an admission that such is prior art to the present invention.
As used herein the transitional term “comprising” is open-ended. A claim utilizing this term can contain elements in addition to those recited in such claim. Thus, for example, the claims can read on methods that also include other steps not specifically recited therein, as long as the recited elements or their equivalent are present.
For the purpose of illustrating the subject matter, there are depicted in the drawings certain embodiments of the subject matter. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities of embodiments depicted in the drawings.
The following examples are merely illustrative and intended to be non-limiting.
A standardized quantity of 24,038 fluorescent beads yielded a fluorescent signal of 189,395. These fluorescent beads were processed as an IS in two test trials, with the following results in Table 1:
In a test where the predetermined cutoff point for Failsafe mechanism is 85%, the run from test #2 did result in a PASS condition, when run from test #12 resulted in a FAIL condition.
A standardized quantity of fluorescent labeled beads was added to assay reagents for a 5-fluorouracil assay. The reagents were incorporated onto a cartridge as part of a diagnostic system. Replicate measurements were made on a sample, where the sample was a 5-fluorouracil standard at 2000 ng/mL. The fluorescence signal and ECL signal results for four replicates are given in Table 2.
With the exception of test number 2, the ECL signal demonstrated consistent results, i.e. the precision was 10% CV for the three replicates. The fluorescent signal also demonstrated very consistent results, i.e. the precision was 2% CV for the three replicates.
The fluorescence signal for test number 2 was low, i.e. 49400 or 36% decreased from the fluorescent mean. The corresponding ECL signal for test number 2 was falsely low, i.e. 58521 or 38% decreased from the ECL mean. This indicated that the IS was able to detect as false negative ECL reading.
Cartridges stored at two different temperatures were differentiated by monitoring the temperature at a temperature sensor and evaluating the temperature loss over the first 30 seconds of cartridge processing.
Table 3 below shows a scenario when different incubation set temperatures were applied for the cartridges stored at two different storage temperatures. Table 3 below shows the set temperatures used for this example.
For Case A, both cartridges stored at 15° C. and 32° C. were incubated at the same incubator temperature set point. For Case B, cartridges stored at 15° C. and 32° C. were incubated at different incubator temperature set points. The chart below shows the differences in the incubation quality (average temperature during the incubation) between the cartridge stored at 15° C. and the cartridge stored at 32° C. for each sample for CASE A and CASE B. Note that this particular cartridge in this example had 7 samples available. The difference in the incubation quality shown in the chart below is the difference in average temperatures during incubation between the cartridge stored at 15° C. and the cartridge stored at 32° C. The lower difference in the incubation quality was desirable; the sample should be incubated identically independent from the cartridge's storage temperature.
The example below shows a scenario when cartridges stored at different temperatures were initially heated up for different durations. The initial heating up process was defined as boost in this example. Table 4 below shows different boost durations used for this example. The boost used in this example uses a 4° C. higher incubation temperature set point (44.5° C.) than the normal incubation temperature set point (40.5° C.) for 30 seconds or 330 seconds at the cartridge location during the blood filtration operation.
Notice that, for Case A, both cartridges stored at 15° C. and 32° C. had the same boost duration. For Case B, cartridges stored at 15° C. and 32° C. had different boost durations. The chart below shows the differences in the incubation quality (average temperature during incubation) between the cartridge stored at 15° C. and the cartridge stored at 32° C. for each sample for CASE A and CASE B. Note that this particular cartridge in this example had 7 samples available. The difference in the incubation quality shown in the chart below is the difference in average temperatures during incubation between the cartridge stored at 15° C. and the cartridge stored at 32° C. The lower difference in the incubation quality was desirable; the sample should be incubated identically independent from the cartridge's storage temperature.
Currently pump backlash is measured by isolating the chamber and moving the piston back and forth at a constant velocity which capturing pressure data. The amount of time that the motor is in motion while the pressure is not changing directly translates to the pump backlash at that location.
Firmware compensates for this backlash by moving the pump linear motor an additional distance (equal to the backlash) when the piston is commanded to move in the opposite direction as its last displacement. The correct operation of this compensation mechanism can be verified by confirming using the same pressure method that the backlash is near zero once compensation is enabled. It is desirable however to have an independent verification of this functionality. For this reason, a test was devised to verify proper operation by measuring the mass of the displaced liquid.
An analytical balance was used to weigh the liquid. Pump storage liquid was used because its evaporation rate is lower than water. A container partially filled with Pump storage liquid was placed on the balance, and tubing which connects to the pump waste port was suspended in the liquid such that the tube was not in contact with any wall of the container.
The pump was thoroughly flushed to remove all air from the system. The piston flat was positioned toward the waste port. The piston was moved to the position 100 μL from home, with the last direction being dispense and the last velocity being 10 μL/s. Subsequent motion was at 10 μL/s, which was the velocity at which the backlash was measured using the pressure method.
The balance was tared, the piston was dispensed 10 μL, and the change in weight was recorded. The balance was tared again, the piston was aspirated by 10 μL, and the change in weight was again recorded. This procedure was executed with backlash compensation disabled and enabled.
Since the last piston direction before the test was dispense, the change in volume measured after the dispense stroke was expected to be 10 μL regardless of the backlash. For the aspirate direction, the change in volume was expected to be (10 μL—backlash) with backlash compensation disabled and 10 μL with it enabled.
The density of the pump storage liquid sample was measured to be 1.039 g/mL. This value was used to convert the measured weight into volume. The pump under test was 1—350194—008. Before running the verification, the backlash was measured using the pressure method in 4 trials. The results were [3.3 μL, 3.2 μL, 3.1 μL, 3.1 μL]. Based on these four measurements, backlash was determined to be 3.2 μL.
Table 5 below provides the change in volume (in μL) as measured by the analytical balance for both dispense and aspirate strokes of the test. Since the backlash was 3.2 μL, it was expected that the change in volume for the aspirate stroke would be 6.8 μL with backlash compensation disabled. 6.6 μL was actually measured, which is within the allowed measurement error. For the aspirate stroke with backlash compensation enabled, it was expected that the change in volume would be 10 μL and it was actually 9.9 μL, which was also within the allowed measurement error.
Based on this test run, the displacement error in the aspirate direction improved from −34% to −1%. Thus, when applying the backlash correction, accuracy was improved. Without backlash correction the pump aspirated 6.6 μl when it was desired to aspirate 10 μl. With the backlash correction applied the pump aspirated 9.9 μl, which is an improvement.
To prepare a pump for storage it is flushed with a pump storage liquid. The following example demonstrates how flushing is accomplished. An example of a routine procedure for preparing a pump (IVEK Linear B size pump module mfg. part #032106-7007) for storage is to first draw air into the pump to remove working fluid (such as aqueous solution with surfactant, amines, salts, and buffer components). Significant working fluid remains in the pump as dead volume is approximately 75 μL in this example. Pump storage liquid, composed of 30% diethylene glycol in water, is then drawn into pump so as to exchange with the residual working fluid. Significant quantities of salts from the working fluid remain inside the pump due to its dead volume. The operation must draw (1 mL) in sufficient pump storage liquid to get enough lubricant into the gap between the piston and cylinder. Lastly, the pump is flushed with air to remove the pump storage liquid. A significant amount of pump storage liquid, and specifically diethylene glycol lubricant remains inside the pump's piston cylinder gap. The preparation for storage operation takes 45 seconds. The quantity of lubricant is sufficient to protect the pump for at least six months at 30° C.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/647,272, filed May 15, 2012, and International PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/067041, filed on Nov. 29, 2012, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3705100 | Blatt et al. | Dec 1972 | A |
| 4212742 | Solomon et al. | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4225410 | Pace | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4228015 | De Vries et al. | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4301412 | Hill et al. | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4301414 | Hill et al. | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4336121 | Enzer et al. | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4381775 | Nose' et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4397725 | Enzer et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4436610 | Enzer et al. | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4540492 | Kessler | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4548498 | Folestad et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4631130 | Watanabe | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4675300 | Zare et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4735718 | Peters | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4735776 | Yamamoto et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4762594 | Guruswamy | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4786394 | Enzer et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4799393 | Uffenheimer | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4820129 | Magnussen, Jr. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4833087 | Hinckley | May 1989 | A |
| 4835477 | Polaschegg et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4887458 | Baker et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4929426 | Bodai et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4965049 | Lillig et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 5023054 | Sato et al. | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5061445 | Zoski et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5068088 | Hall et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5074977 | Cheung et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5093268 | Leventis et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5096582 | Lombardi et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5130254 | Collier et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5139328 | Baker et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5139685 | de Castro et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5143084 | Macemon et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5147806 | Kamin et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5155039 | Chrisope et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5208163 | Charlton et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5223219 | Subramanian et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5223718 | Taboada | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5238808 | Bard et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5247243 | Hall et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5279797 | Burns et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5288646 | Lundsgaard et al. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5296191 | Hall et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5298224 | Plum | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5302348 | Cusack et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5310687 | Bard et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5316730 | Blake et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5372946 | Cusak et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5399486 | Cathey et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5405510 | Betts et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5416026 | Davis | May 1995 | A |
| 5453356 | Bard et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5466416 | Ghaed et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5487870 | McKinney et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5500187 | Deoms et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5504011 | Gavin et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5506142 | Mahaffey et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5522255 | Neel et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5525518 | Lundsgaard et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5527710 | Nacamulli et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5534226 | Gavin et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5543112 | Ghead et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5558838 | Uffenheimer | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5567869 | Hauch et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5575977 | McKinney et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5591403 | Gavin et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5591581 | Massey et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5593638 | Davis | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5597910 | Gudibande et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5599447 | Pearl et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5601727 | Bormann et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602037 | Ostgaard et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5610075 | Stahl-Rees | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5624637 | Ghaed et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5627041 | Shartle | May 1997 | A |
| 5629209 | Braun, Sr. et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5635347 | Link et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5641623 | Martin | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5643713 | Liang et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5653243 | Lauks et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5660993 | Cathey et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5665238 | Whitson et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5665315 | Robert et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5666967 | Lauks et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5679519 | Oprandy et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5686244 | Gudibande et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5698406 | Cathey et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5700427 | Ghaed et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5705402 | Leland et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5714089 | Bard et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5716781 | Massey et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5720922 | Ghaed et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5731147 | Bard et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5736404 | Yassinzadeh et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5743861 | Columbus et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5744367 | Talley et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5746974 | Massey et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5747666 | Willis | May 1998 | A |
| 5770459 | Massey et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5779650 | Lauks et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5779976 | Leland et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5795543 | Poto et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5798083 | Massey et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5800781 | Gavin et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5804400 | Martin et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5821399 | Zelin | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5827481 | Bente et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5846485 | Leland et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851488 | Saul et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| RE36054 | Blake et al. | Jan 1999 | E |
| 5858676 | Yang et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5882602 | Savage et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5885533 | Savage et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5888826 | Ostgaard et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5912134 | Shartle | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914042 | Ball et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5919711 | Boyd et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5922210 | Brody et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5935779 | Massey et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5945344 | Hayes et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5962218 | Leland et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5968329 | Anderson et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5980830 | Savage et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5981294 | Blatt et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5983734 | Mathur et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6016712 | Warden et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6048687 | Kenten et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6057151 | Greenwood et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6069014 | Schrier et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6078782 | Leland et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6082185 | Saaski | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6087476 | Kenten et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6096500 | Oprandy et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6099760 | Jameison et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6112888 | Sauro et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6120986 | Martin | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6132648 | Zhang et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6132955 | Talley et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6140138 | Bard et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6146838 | Williams et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6165708 | Liang et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6165729 | Leland et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6174709 | Kenten et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6187267 | Taylor et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6193864 | Leader et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6200531 | Liljestrand et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6214552 | Heroux et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6217744 | Crosby | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6271041 | Leland et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6274087 | Preston et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6312591 | Vassarotti et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6312896 | Heroux et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6316180 | Martin | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6316607 | Massey et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6319670 | Sigal et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6319719 | Bhullar et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6325973 | Leland et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6379969 | Mauze et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6387290 | Brody et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6391541 | Petersen et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6398956 | Coville et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6403384 | Lea | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6406672 | Buhllar et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6432720 | Chow | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6438498 | Opalsky et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6440725 | Pourahmadi et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6448091 | Massey et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6451225 | Leland et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6468741 | Massey et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6475372 | Ohara et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6479233 | Bard et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6488896 | Weigl et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6495104 | Unno et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6517777 | Liljestrand et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6524513 | Pearl et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6524865 | Martin et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6534137 | Vadhar | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6537501 | Holl et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6554788 | Hunley et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6559096 | Smith et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6613280 | Myrick et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6613286 | Braun, Sr. et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6613583 | Richter et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6635418 | Heroux et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6656428 | Clark et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6664104 | Pourahmadi et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6676902 | Baugh et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6699718 | Bruegger | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6702986 | Leland et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6740240 | Coville et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6748332 | Chen | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6750053 | Widrig Opalsky et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| D494589 | Liljestrand et al. | Aug 2004 | S |
| 6776965 | Wyzgol et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6783736 | Taylor et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6794877 | Blomberg et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6808939 | Sigal et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| D499035 | Cook et al. | Nov 2004 | S |
| 6818185 | Petersen et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6824663 | Boone | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6831733 | Pettersson et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6846629 | Sigal et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6852284 | Holl et al. | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6852502 | Martin | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6861259 | Columbus | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6866823 | Wardlaw | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6869570 | Wardlaw | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6878540 | Pourahmadi et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6880384 | Hvidtfeldt et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6881536 | Shah et al. | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6881541 | Petersen et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6881589 | Leland et al. | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6887693 | McMillan et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6893879 | Petersen et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6919173 | Tsionsky et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6926834 | Coville et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6929953 | Wardlaw | Aug 2005 | B1 |
| 6949377 | Ho | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6969450 | Taniike et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6977722 | Wohlstadter et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| D515220 | Miller et al. | Feb 2006 | S |
| 7004184 | Handique et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7008796 | Wohlstadter et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7011794 | Kagan et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7018353 | Hunley et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7036917 | Müller-Chorus et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7041206 | Gephart et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7061595 | Cabuz et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7111503 | Brumboiu et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7115421 | Grzeda et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7135547 | Gengrinovitch | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7205116 | Salamone et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7235213 | Mpock et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7238246 | Peters et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7247488 | Ghai et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7277166 | Padmanabhan et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7282179 | Iwaki et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7285425 | Shareef et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7288195 | Coville et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7299081 | Mace et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7306727 | Perreault | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7314711 | Richter et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7329538 | Waieright et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7335339 | Berndtsson | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7378270 | Azarnia et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7384409 | Fischer et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7399637 | Wright et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7419821 | Davis et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7422903 | Conlon et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7422905 | Clague et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7438853 | Zen et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7439017 | Heroux et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7439069 | Nippoldt et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7471394 | Padmanabhan et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7481787 | Gable et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7485153 | Padmanabhan et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7494819 | Bahatt et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7497997 | Glezer et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7521247 | De Haan | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7523649 | Corey et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7547384 | Keenan | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7553448 | Kumar et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7553453 | Gu et al. | Jun 2009 | B2 |
| 7569346 | Petersen et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7569393 | Sin | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7595169 | Swaim et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7604777 | Columbus | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7608042 | Goldberger et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7630063 | Padmanabhan et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7641856 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7666355 | Alavie et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7682511 | de Los Reyes et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7682788 | Sigal et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7723099 | Miller et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
| 7736901 | Opalsky et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7767794 | Salamone et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7771658 | Larsen | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7776583 | Billadeau et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7781226 | McDevitt et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7816124 | Samsoondar | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7820102 | Myrick et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7822510 | Paik et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| RE41946 | Anderson et al. | Nov 2010 | E |
| 7824925 | Wohlstadter et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7833746 | Berndtsson et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7838631 | Yamashita et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7859670 | Kim et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7887750 | Blatt et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7888125 | Gibbons et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7901629 | Calatzis et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7911617 | Padmanabhan et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7914994 | Petersen et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7923256 | Widrig Opalsky et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7928718 | Larsen | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7932098 | Childers et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7939021 | Smith et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7952069 | Shiokawa et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7977106 | Widrig Opalsky et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7978329 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7981362 | Glezer et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 7985589 | Garner et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8003060 | Cracauer et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8007670 | Connors, Jr. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8008034 | Gibbons et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8012744 | Gibbons et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8012745 | Glezer et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8017382 | Davis et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8021873 | Johnson et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8028566 | Larsen | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8034296 | Cox et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8046175 | Kuo et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8071051 | Padmanabhan et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8101404 | Samsoondar | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8101431 | McDevitt et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8105783 | Handique | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8105849 | McDevitt et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8137626 | Maltezos et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8236555 | Stromgren et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8273566 | Billadeau et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8343526 | Billadeau et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8394595 | Jung et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8394608 | Ririe et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8481901 | Bedingham et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8585279 | Rida | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8623638 | Solomon | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8747779 | Sprague et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8772017 | Battrell et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8778665 | Gibbons et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8846310 | Johnson et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8870446 | Rida | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8895295 | Ririe et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 20020019060 | Petersen et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020098116 | Sugaya et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020143297 | Francavilla et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020155033 | Strand et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030029254 | Hvidtfeldt et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030035758 | Buechler et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030052054 | Pearl et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030073089 | Mauze et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030185707 | Iwaki et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030224523 | Thornberg et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040035792 | Rauch et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040086872 | Childers et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040096368 | Davis et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040176704 | Stevens et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040228765 | Witty et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040228766 | Witty et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040248284 | Van Beuningen | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040259268 | Jacobs et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050014279 | Nguyen et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050042137 | Petersen et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050074900 | Morgan et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050181443 | Sun et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050220668 | Coville | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050227370 | Ramel et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050245844 | Mace et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050250173 | Davis et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060094028 | Danna et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060165558 | Witty et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060177347 | Larsen et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060218010 | Michon et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060228259 | Samsoondar | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060257854 | McDevitt et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060257941 | McDevitt et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060257991 | McDevitt et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060263818 | Scherer et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060275841 | Blankfard et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070003434 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070009386 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070031283 | Davis et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070036026 | Laibinis et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070116600 | Kochar et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070166195 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070166196 | Bardell et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070166725 | McBride et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070172388 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070178514 | Van Beuningen | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070178521 | Sakaino et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070248497 | Robillot | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070292941 | Handique et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080021296 | Creaven | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080025872 | Dykes et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080057572 | Petersen et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080131322 | Kheiri et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080149840 | Handique et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080153078 | Braman et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080188732 | Mace et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080227219 | Gamez | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080311002 | Kirby et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090018411 | Mace et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090047713 | Handique | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090065357 | Glezer et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090081078 | Caramuta | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090098541 | Southern et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090130658 | Barlag et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090130719 | Handique | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090148882 | Goldstein | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090151792 | Noda | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090181864 | Nguyen et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090215072 | McDevitt et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090221059 | Williams et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090246076 | Kumar et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090253130 | Yoo | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090311736 | Ciotti et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090325276 | Battrell et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100029011 | Sin | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100081144 | Holmes et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100112723 | Battrell et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100117666 | Wada et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100158756 | Taylor et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100159556 | Rida | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100173394 | Colston, Jr. et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100197522 | Liu et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100203521 | Klapperich et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100203550 | Miller et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100227412 | Cerda | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100240022 | McNeely | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100261292 | Glezer et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100262304 | Gonnella et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100282609 | Pollack et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100285578 | Selden et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100290952 | Koike et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100291588 | McDevitt et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100303722 | Jin et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110008908 | Biesbrouck | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110016691 | Alden et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110039298 | Berndtsson et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110067489 | Haberstroh et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110091357 | Blatt et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110100101 | Zenhausern et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110143378 | Putnam | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110171754 | Redmond et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110192218 | Miyamura et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110192219 | Miyamura et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110194977 | Miyamura et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110195490 | Kang et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110195495 | Selden et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110201909 | Emery et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110203924 | Wohlstadter et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110259091 | Laubscher et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110269159 | Campbell et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110269222 | Miller et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110290669 | Davis et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110294224 | Liu | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110312553 | Silverbrook et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110312661 | Silverbrook et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110312742 | Silverbrook et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110318774 | Larsen | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120003730 | Padmanabhan et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120009667 | Peterson et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120034624 | Miller et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120034645 | Billadeau et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120043202 | Miyamura et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120045375 | Miyamura et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120051972 | Joseph | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120053335 | Liu et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120115213 | Hofstadler et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120141337 | Maltezos et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120177537 | Aota et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120190128 | Nikbakht et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120252138 | Sasso, Jr. et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20130137172 | Ririe et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20140017709 | Lowe et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140186935 | Yoo | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140329301 | Handique | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 486059 | Jan 1997 | EP |
| 1489303 | Dec 2004 | EP |
| 2007905 | Dec 2008 | EP |
| 2281631 | Feb 2011 | EP |
| 2419217 | Feb 2012 | EP |
| 2112293 | Jul 1983 | GB |
| 2010-237050 | Oct 2010 | JP |
| 8706706 | Nov 1987 | WO |
| 9005302 | May 1990 | WO |
| 9419683 | Sep 1994 | WO |
| 9419684 | Sep 1994 | WO |
| 9508644 | Mar 1995 | WO |
| 9621154 | Jul 1996 | WO |
| 9635697 | Nov 1996 | WO |
| 9635812 | Nov 1996 | WO |
| 9641177 | Dec 1996 | WO |
| 9915694 | Apr 1999 | WO |
| 2005095954 | Oct 2005 | WO |
| 2007002579 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| 2007005626 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| 2011027092 | Mar 2011 | WO |
| 2011113569 | Sep 2011 | WO |
| 2012024543 | Feb 2012 | WO |
| 2012058632 | May 2012 | WO |
| 2012136695 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| 2013082273 | Jun 2013 | WO |
| 2013136115 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| 2013173524 | Nov 2013 | WO |
| 2013173525 | Nov 2013 | WO |
| 2014043388 | Mar 2014 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Ascoli, et al., “Drug Binding to Human Serum Albumin: Abridged Review of Results Obtained with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Circular Dichroism”, Chirality, vol. 18:667-679 (2006). |
| Bertino, et al., “5-Fluorouracil Drug Management: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics Workshop Meeting Summary; Orlando, Florida; Jan. 2007”, Clinical Colorectal Cancer, vol. 6(6):407-422 (2007). |
| Bertucci, et al., “The Binding of 5-fluorouracil to Native and Modified Human Serum Albumin: UV, CD, and 1H and 19F NMR Investigation”, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 13:1087-1093 (1995). |
| Beumer, et al., “A Rapid Nanoparticle Immunoassay to Quantitate 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in Plasma”, ASCO GI 2008 Meeting (Poster). |
| Crowley, et al., “Isolation of Plasma from Whole Blood Using Planar Microfilters for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications”, Lab Chip, vol. 5(9):922-929 (2005). |
| Jaffrin, M.Y. (1995). Biological Flows. M.Y. Jaffrin and Colin Caro (Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 199-226. |
| Joseph, et al., “Evaluation of Alternatives to Warfarin as Probes for Sudlow Site I of Human Serum Albumin Characterization by High-Performance Affinity Chromatography”, J. Chromatogr. A., vol. 1216(16):3492-3500 (2009). |
| Lukas, et al. , “Binding of Digitoxin and Some Related Cardenolides to Human Plasma Proteins”, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 48:1041-1053 (1969). |
| Madsen, et al., “Cooperative Interaction of Warfarin and Phenylbutazone with Human Serum Albumin”, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 30(11):1169-1173 (1981). |
| Means, et al. (1982). Modification of Proteins: Food, Nutritional, and Pharmacological Aspects. Robert E. Feeny and John R. Whitaker (Eds.). American Chemical Society. pp. 325-346. |
| Olympus UK Ltd—Diagnostics Laboratory News Directory, http://www.labnewsdirectory.co.uk/company/Olympus-UK-Ltd-Diagnostics/2232, (Oct. 1, 2009). |
| Peters, T., Jr., “Serum Albumin”, Adv. Protein Chem., vol. 37:161-246 (1985). |
| Peyrin, et al., “Characterization of Solute Binding at Human Serum Albumin Site II and its Geometry Using a Biochromatographic Approach”, Biophysical Journal, vol. 77:1206-1212 (1999). |
| Saif, et al. “Pharmacokinetically Guided Doe Adjustment of 5-Fluorouracil: A Rational Approach to Improving Therapeutic Outcomes”, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 101:1543-1552 (2009). |
| Salamone, et al., “Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for Measuring 5-Fluorouracil Concentrations in Biological Fluids”, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition); vol. 24(18S):2055 (2006). |
| Salamone, et al., “A Multi-Center Evaluation of a Rapid Immunoassay to Quantitate 5-Fluorouracil in Plasma”, 2008 HOPA Conference—Anaheim, California (Poster). |
| Sulkowska, et al., “Competitive Binding of Phenylbutazone and Colchicine to Serum Albumin in Multidrug Therapy: A Spectroscopic Study”, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 881:97-106 (2008). |
| Vandelinder, V. and A. Groisman, “Separation of Plasma from Whole Human Blood in a Continuous Cross-Flow in a Molded Microfluidic Device”, Anal. Chem., vol. 78:3765-3771 (2006). |
| Villamor, J. and A. Zatón, “Data Plotting of Warfarin Binding to Human Serum Albumin”, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, vol. 48:33-41 (2001). |
| Vos, et al., “Use of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in Immunotoxicity Testing”, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 43:115-121 (1982). |
| Yamashita, et al., “5-Fluorouracil Derivatives with Serum Protein Binding Potencies”, Chem. Pharm. Bull., vol. 37 (10):2861-2863 (1989). |
| Yamashita, et al., “Possible Role of Serum Protein Binding to Improve Drug Disposition”, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 108:241-247 (1994). |
| Zsila, et al., “Evaluation of Drug-Human Serum Albumin Binding Interactions with Support Vector Machine Aided Online Automated Docking”, Bioinformatics, vol. 27(13):1806-1813 (2011). |
| The International Search Report and the Written Opinion from International PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/041252. |
| The International Search Report and the Written Opinion from International PCT Application No. PCT/US2013/041255. |
| The International Search Report and the Written Opinion from International PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/067041. |
| Restriction Requirement, dated Jul. 2, 2014, from co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/844,527. |
| Response to Jul. 2, 2014 Restriction Requirement, from co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/844,527. |
| Notice of Allowance and Fees Due, dated Oct. 30 2014, from co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/844,527. |
| Notice of Allowance and Fees Due, dated Jan. 9, 2015, from co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/844,527. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130315780 A1 | Nov 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61647272 | May 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2012/067041 | Nov 2012 | US |
| Child | 13844450 | US |
