Patent Application
20050239843
The present invention provides novel diaminothiazoles of formula (I):
The novel diaminothiazoles are capable of selectively inhibiting the activity of Cdk4. These compounds are useful in the treatment or control of cancer, in particular, the treatment or control of solid tumors. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of treating or controlling cancer, most particularly, the treatment or control of breast, lung, colon, and prostate tumors.
Uncontrolled cell proliferation is the hallmark of cancer. Cancerous tumor cells typically have some form of damage to the genes that directly or indirectly regulate the cell-division cycle.
The progression of cells through the various phases of the cell cycle is regulated by a series of multienzyme complexes consisting of a regulatory protein, a cyclin, and a kinase. These kinases are called cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). The Cdks are expressed throughout the cell cycle, while the levels of the cyclins vary depending on the stage of the cell cycle.
The transition from G1 phase into S phase is regulated by the complex of Cdk4 with cyclin D. This complex phosphorylates the tumor suppressor protein Retinoblastoma (pRb), releasing the transcription factor E2F and allowing the expression of genes required in S phase (Nevins, J. R. Science 1992, 258, 424-429). Blocking the activity of the Cdk4/cyclin D complex arrests the cell cycle in G1 phase. For example, the proteins of the INK4 family, including p16INK4a, which block the kinase activity of the Cdk4/cyclin D complex, cause arrest in G1 (Sherr, C. J. Science 1996, 274, 1672-1677).
Recent experiments show that the complex of Cdk4 with cyclin D3 also plays a role in cell cycle progression through G2 phase. Inhibition of this complex, either by p16 or using a dominant negative Cdk4, results in arrest in G2 phase in cells that do not express pRb (Gabrielli B. G. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 13961-13969).
Numerous defects in the pRb pathway have been shown to be involved in various cancers. For example, overexpression of Cdk4 has been observed in cases of hereditary melanoma (Webster, K. R. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 1998, 7, 865-887); cyclin D is overexpressed in many human cancers (Sherr, C. J. Science 1996, 274, 1672-1677); p16 is mutated or deleted in many tumors (Webster, K. R. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 1998, 7, 865-887); and pRb function is lost through mutation or deletion in many human cancers (Weinberg, R. A. Cell 1995, 81, 323-330). Defects in this pathway have also been shown to have an effect on prognosis. For example, loss of p16 is correlated with poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and malignant melanoma (Tsihlias, J. et al. Annu. Rev. Med. 1999, 50, 401-423).
Because of the involvement of the Cdk4/cyclin D/pRb pathway in human cancer through its role in regulating progression of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase, and the potential therapeutic benefit from modulating this pathway, there has been considerable interest in agents that inhibit or promote elements of this pathway. For example, effects on cancer cells have been shown using antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides and overexpression or addition of proteins involved in the pathway. See, e.g., Lukas, J. et al. Nature 1995, 79, 573-582; Nevins, J. R. Science 1992, 258, 424-429; Lim, I. K. et al. Molecular Carcinogenesis 1998, 23, 25-35; Tam, S. W. et al. Oncogene 1994, 9, 2663-2674; Driscoll, B. et al. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.), L941-L949; and Sang, J. et al. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1999, 44, 541-544). There is thus an extensive body of literature validating the use of compounds inhibiting targets in the Cdk4 pathway as anti-proliferative therapeutic agents.
Several small molecules have been identified as Cdk inhibitors and have been the subject of recent reviews (Webster, Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, Vol. 7, pp. 865-887 (1988), Stover, et al., Curr. Opin. In Drug Discov. and Devel., vol. 2, pp. 274-285 (1999) and Toogood, Med. Res. Rev., vol. 6, pp 487-498 (2001).
It is thus desirable to identify chemical inhibitors of Cdk4 kinase activity. It is particularly desirable to identify small molecule compounds that may be readily synthesized and are effective in inhibiting Cdk4 or Cdk4/cyclin complexes, for treating one or more types of tumors.
There are several examples of small molecule inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases, including Cdk4 (Rosania, G. R. et al. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents 2000, 10, 215-230). Several of these compounds inhibit multiple targets.
For example, Flavopiridol (Aventis)
is in Phase II clinical trials for lymphoma and multiple myeloma and also for the treatment of solid tumors. It is said to inhibit Cdk1, Cdk2 and Cdk4 and block cells in both G1 and G2 phases. It is also a weaker inhibitor of PKC and EGFR (Senderowicz, A. M. et al. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2000, 92, 376-387).
WO9716447 (Mitotix) discloses the following compounds related to flavopiridol
Some of these compounds are stated to inhibit Cdk4.
WO9943675 and WO9943676 (Hoechst) disclose the following purine derivatives
which are stated to inhibit Cdk2 and Cdk4.
WO9833798 (Warner-Lambert) discloses the following pyridopyrimidines
These compounds are stated to inhibit the cyclin dependent kinases Cdk1, Cdk2, and Cdk4. Some of these compounds also inhibit the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR and EGFR, and the cellular Src protein kinase, c-Src.
WO9909030 (Warner-Lambert) discloses naphthyridinones
that inhibit PDGFR, FGFR, c-Src, and the cyclin dependent kinases Cdk1, Cdk2, and Cdk4.
WO00391 01 (AstraZeneca) discloses diaminopyrimidines
that inhibit Cdk4 and FAK3.
WO0012485 (Zeneca) discloses diaminopyrimidines
that inhibit Cdk4 and FAK3.
WO9924416 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) discloses aminothiazole inhibitors of formula
The compounds inhibit Cdk1, Cdk2 and Cdk4.
WO9921845 (Agouron) discloses diaminothiazole inhibitors of Cdk1, Cdk2 and Cdk4, having the following structure
where R1 and R2 are ring systems. This patent application states that when the R2 ring system does not bear an ortho substituent, the compounds lack potency and selectivity as inhibitors of Cdk4.
WO0075120 (Agouron) discloses diaminothiazole inhibitors of protein kinases including VEGF-R, FGF-R, CDK complexes, TEK, CHK1, LCK, and FAK, having the following structure
WO0026202 (Pharmacia & Upjohn S.p.A., Italy) discloses 2-amino-thiazole derivatives of formula
These compounds are asserted to be antitumor agents operating by a kinase dependent mechanism.
WO1056567 (Novo Nordisk) discloses diaminothiazoles of formula
as GSK-3 inhibitors. These compounds are stated to be useful in treating type 2 diabetes.
WO0160816 (Amgen) discloses pyrimidines of formula
These compounds are asserted to modulate kinase activity.
WO0179198 (Agouron) discloses amino-pyrazoles of formula
These compounds are asserted to mediate/inhibit Cdks, VEGF, and CHK1, and to be useful in treating cancer.
WO 02/12250 A2 (Agouron) discloses pyrazole-thiazole compounds of
These compounds are inserted to be Cdk4/Cdk2 inhibitors.
WO 2004/014904 (Agouron) discloses compounds of formula
The compounds are said to be protein kinase inhibitors, particularly for Cdk2 and Cdk4.
WO 03/097048 (F. Hoffmann-LaRoche AG) discloses compounds of formula:
These compounds are said to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) and to be selective against Cdk2 and Cdk1
It is thus desirable to provide small molecule inhibitors of Cdk4 that preferably are selective against other Cdks. That is, the small molecule preferably is selectively more inhibitory of Cdk4 than Cdk1 or Cdk2, most preferably selectively more inhibitory of Cdk4 than Cdk1 and Cdk2. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of the invention are at least five times more inhibitory of Cdk4 than Cdk1 or Cdk2, most preferably five times more inhibitory of Cdk4 than Cdk1 and Cdk2. Selectivity is desirable because of the potential concomitant toxicity and other undesirable complications that may follow from inhibiting multiple targets. Thus, a compound that exhibits selectivity against Cdk2 and Cdk1 is expected to have a better safety profile than a compound that is not selective between Cdk4, Cdk2 and Cdk1. The present invention provides such compounds, compositions containing such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment or control of breast, colon, lung, and prostate tumors.
The present invention provides novel diaminothiazoles capable of selectively inhibiting the activity of Cdk4. These compounds are useful in the treatment or control of cancer, in particular the treatment or control of solid tumors. In particular this invention provides a compound of formula (I):
wherein,
The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Specifically, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which is suitable for parenteral administration.
The present invention further provides a method for treating a solid breast or colon, tumor comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), its salt and/or ester.
The present invention further provides novel intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of compounds of formula (I).
Definitions
As used herein, the following terms shall have the following definitions.
“Aryl” means a monovalent, monocyclic or bicyclic, aromatic carbocyclic hydrocarbon group, preferably a 6-10 membered aromatic system. Preferred aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and tolyl.
“Cycloalkyl” means a non-aromatic, partially or completely saturated cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 3 to 8 atoms, preferably 3 to 6 atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
“Effective amount” means an amount that is effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated.
“Halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Preferably, the halogen is fluorine.
“Heteroatom” means an atom selected from N, O and S. Preferred heteroatoms are N and O.
“Heterocycle” means a saturated or partially unsaturated, nonaromatic cyclic radical having a total of 3-8 ring atoms in which 1-3 atoms may be heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, the remaining ring atoms being C. Examples of preferred heterocycles are piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, indoline, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholine, pentamethylene sulfide, and pentamethylene sulfone.
“IC50” refers to the concentration of a particular compound according to the invention required to inhibit 50% of a specific measured activity. IC50 can be measured, inter alia, as described in the Examples.
“Lower alkyl” denotes a straight-chain or branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Typical lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, 2-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to a conventionally esterified compound of formula (I) having a carboxyl group, which ester retains the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of formula (I) and is cleaved in vivo (in the organism) to the corresponding active carboxylic acid.
Examples of lower alkyl esters are the methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl esters, and the like. Examples of lower alkyl substituted esters are the diethylaminoethyl, 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl esters, and the like. Examples of acyloxyalkyl esters are the pivaloxymethyl, 1-acetoxyethyl, and acetoxymethyl esters. Examples of carbonate esters are the 1-(ethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl and 1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl esters. Examples of aminocarbonylmethyl esters are the N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl and carbamoylmethyl esters.
Further information concerning examples of and the use of esters for the delivery of pharmaceutical compounds is available in Design of Prodrugs, Bundgaard H. ed. (Elsevier, 1985). See also, H. Ansel et. al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (6th Ed. 1995) at pp. 108-109; Krogsgaard-Larsen, et. al., Textbook of Drug Design and Development (2d Ed. 1996) at pp. 152-191.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to conventional acid-addition salts or base-addition salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of formula I and are formed from suitable non-toxic organic or inorganic acids or organic or inorganic bases. Sample acid-addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid, and those derived from organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, and the like. Sample base-addition salts include those derived from ammonium, potassium, sodium and, quaternary ammonium hydroxides, such as for example, tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The chemical modification of a pharmaceutical compound (i.e. drug) into a salt is a technique well known to pharmaceutical chemists to obtain improved physical and chemical stability, hygroscopicity, flowability and solubility of compounds. See, e.g., H. Ansel et. al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (6th Ed. 1995) at pp.196 and 1456-1457.
“Pharmaceutically acceptable,” such as pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, etc., means pharmacologically acceptable and substantially non-toxic to the subject to which the particular compound is administered.
“Ring”, when describing a chemical ring, unless otherwise indicated, may be saturated or unsaturated.
“Substituted,” as in “lower alkyl substituted by” means that the substitution can occur at one or more positions and, unless otherwise indicated, that the substituents at each substitution site are independently selected from the specified options.
“Therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, that significantly inhibits proliferation and/or prevents differentiation of a human tumor cell, including human tumor cell lines.
In accordance with the present invention, a compound of formula (I) is provided
wherein,
n is 0 or 1;
In Formula (I), n is 0 or 1, preferably, n is 1.
R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, CO2R5, SO2R6, and COR6. Preferably, R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, and CO2R5. Alternatively, R1 and R2 may form a ring having a total of 5 to 7 ring atoms, said ring comprising carbon atoms, said carbon atoms optionally being replaced by up to two heteroatoms, and said ring atoms optionally being substituted by OR6. Preferably, R1 and R2form a ring having 5-6 ring atoms.
R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, O-lower alkyl, halogen, OH, CN, NO2, and COOH. Preferably, R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, and O-lower alkyl.
R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, O-lower alkyl, halogen, NO2, S-lower alkyl, CF3, NR5R6, CONR7R8, CO2R6, OH, and CN. Preferably, R4 is selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, halogen and O-lower alkyl.
Alternatively, R3 and R4, together with the two carbon atoms and bond between them from the benzene ring to which R3 and R4 are attached, can form a ring having 5-7 ring atoms, said 5-7 atom ring comprising carbon atoms, said carbon atoms optionally being replaced by one or two heteroatoms, and said ring atoms optionally being substituted by C1-C4 alkyl and CO2R6 Preferably, R3 and R4form a ring having 5-6 ring atoms.
R4′ is H or halogen. Preferably, R4′ is H.
R5 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and aryl substituted by lower alkoxy, halogen, or CN. Preferably, R5 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, and cycloalkyl.
R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, lower alkyl, lower alkyl substituted by OR5, and NR5R6. Preferably, R7 and R8 are independently selected from H and lower alkyl.
Alternatively, the group NR7R8 can form a ring having a total of 5-7 ring atoms, said ring atoms comprising in addition to the nitrogen to which R7 and R8 are bonded, carbon ring atoms, said carbon ring atoms optionally being replaced by one or two heteroatoms, and said ring atoms being optionally substituted by C1-C4 alkyl, COR6, CONR5R6, or CO2R6 Preferably, the group NR7R8 can form a ring having a total of 5-6 ring atoms.
Examples of compounds of Formula (1) include:
Preferred compounds of Formula (1) include:
The compounds disclosed herein and covered by formula I above may exhibit tautomerism or structural isomerism. It is intended that the invention encompasses any tautomeric or structural isomeric form of these compounds, or mixtures of such forms, and is not limited to any one tautomeric or structural isomeric form depicted in the formula above.
The compounds of the present invention can be prepared by any conventional means. Suitable processes for synthesizing these compounds are provided in the examples. Generally, compounds of formula I can be prepared according to one of the below described synthetic routes.
A. Ring Formation
Compounds of the invention can be prepared by the alkylation and cyclization of a number of thiourea derivatives, as shown in Scheme I, using reactions that are known. Among the thiourea derivatives that can be used are nitroamidinothioureas (Binu, R. et al. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1998, 30, 93-96); 1-[(arylthiocarbamoyl)amino]-3,5-dimethylpyrazoles (Jenardanan, G. C. et al. Synth. Commun. 1997, 27, 3457-3462); and N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N′-phenylthioureas (Rajasekharan, K. N. et al. Synthesis 1986, 353-355).
Another thiourea derivative that can be used for the preparation of compounds of the invention by alkylation and cyclization is N-cyanothiourea (Gewald, K. et al. J. Prakt. Chem. 1967, 97-104). For example, pursuant to Scheme IA below, an N-cyanothiourea of formula 4A can be reacted with a halomethylketone, such as a bromomethylketone of formula 5, at a temperature between around room temperature and around 65° C., to yield a compound of formula 6.
Alternatively, the compounds of the invention are also conveniently prepared by reaction of a resin-bound substituted (aminothioxomethyl) carbamimidothioic acid methyl ester of formula 8 with a bromomethyl aryl ketone of formula 5 as shown in Scheme II below.
The resin-bound thiourea derivative of formula 8 can be made by any conventional procedure known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. For example, it can be conveniently prepared by the reaction of a resin-bound thiouronium salt of formula 7 with an isothiocyanate of formula 2 in the presence of a base, such as a tertiary amine (e.g., triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine) in an inert solvent, such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide). The reaction is conveniently carried out around room temperature. The resin-bound thiourea derivative of formula 8 is then converted to the product of formula 6 by treatment with a halomethylketone (for example, a bromomethylketone of formula 5) in a suitable inert solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide) at around room temperature.
B. Separating a Mixture of Stereoisomers into the Optically Pure Stereoisomers (when Compound of Formula I is Chiral)
The optional separation of isomeric structures of formula I can be carried out according to known methods such as for example resolution or chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (also known as chiral HPLC). Resolution methods are well known, and are summarized in “Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions” (Jacques, J. et al. John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1981). Methods for chiral HPLC are also well known, and are summarized in “Separation of Enantiomers by Liquid Chromatographic Methods” (Pirkle, W. H. and Finn, J. in “Asymmetric Synthesis”, Vol. 1, Morrison, J. D., Ed., Academic Press, Inc., NY 1983, pp. 87-124).
C. Converting a Compound of Formula I that Bears a Basic Nitrogen into a Pharmaceutically Acceptable Acid Addition Salt
The optional conversion of a compound of formula I that bears a basic nitrogen into a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt can be effected by conventional means. For example, the compound can be treated with an inorganic acid such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, or with an appropriate organic acid such as acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, or the like.
D. Converting a Compound of Formula I that Bears a Carboxylic Acid Group into a Pharmaceutically Acceptable Alkali Metal Salt
The optional conversion of a compound of formula I that bears a carboxylic acid group into a pharmaceutically acceptable alkali metal salt can be effected by conventional means. For example, the compound can be treated with an inorganic base such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or the like.
E. Converting a Compound of Formula I that Bears a Carboxylic Acid Group into a Pharmaceutically Acceptable Ester
The optional conversion of a compound of formula I that bears a carboxylic acid group into a pharmaceutically acceptable ester can be effected by conventional means. The conditions for the formation of the ester will depend on the stability of the other functional groups in the molecule to the reaction conditions. If the other moieties in the molecule are stable to acidic conditions, the ester may be conveniently prepared by heating in a solution of a mineral acid (e.g., sulfuric acid) in an alcohol. Other methods of preparing the ester, which may be convenient if the molecule is not stable to acidic conditions include treating the compound with an alcohol in the presence of a coupling agent and in the optional presence of additional agents that may accelerate the reaction. Many such coupling agents are known to one skilled in the art of organic chemistry. Two examples are dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and triphenylphosphine/diethyl azodicarboxylate. In the case where dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is used as the coupling agent, the reaction is conveniently carried out by treating the acid with the alcohol, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and the optional presence of a catalytic amount (0-10 mole%) of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, in an inert solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., dichloromethane) at a temperature between about 0° C. and about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature. In the case where triphenylphosphine/diethyl azodicarboxylate is used as the coupling agent, the reaction is conveniently carried out by treating the acid with the alcohol, triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate, in an inert solvent such as an ether (e.g., tetrahydrofuran) or an aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g., benzene) at a temperature between about 0° C. and about room temperature, preferably at about 0° C.
The isothiocyanate intermediates of formula 2, used to make compounds of the invention, can be made by any conventional means. For example, they may be made by the route shown in Scheme V below.
The nitro group in a compound of formula 12 can be reduced to give an aniline of formula 13 using a number of methods familiar to one skilled in the art. These methods include (1) treatment of the nitro compound of formula 12 with iron/acetic acid, with tin(ll) chloride/hydrochloric acid, or with zinc and ammonium chloride; and (2) hydrogenation in the presence of a noble metal catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
The isothiocyanates of formula 2 may be made from anilines of formula 13 using any one of a number of reagents known to those skilled in organic synthesis to be useful for the transformation of an aniline of formula 13 into an isothiocyanate of formula 2. Among these reagents are carbon disulfide, thiophosgene, 1,1′-thiocarbonylbis(2-pyridone), and thiocarbonyl diimidazole. The reaction can be carried out by treating an aniline of formula 13 with thiocarbonyl diimidazole in a suitable inert solvent such as a polar aprotic solvent (e.g., N, N-dimethylformamide) at a temperature between about −20° C. and about 0° C., preferably at about −1 5° C.
Nitro compounds of formula 12 can be made by a variety of methods that are known in the field of organic synthesis. For example, they may be made by the nucleophilic substitution of a nitrobenzene derivative that bears a leaving group at the position para to the nitro group in accordance with Scheme VI below:
The nucleophilic substitution reaction between an amine of formula 15 and a nitrobenzene of formula 14 (wherein X is a leaving group) to give the substituted product of formula 12 can be conveniently carried out by heating these materials together at a temperature between about 50 and about 100° C., preferably at about 80° C., in the optional presence of an inert solvent such as acetonitrile (Scheme VI). Suitable leaving groups of formula X include chloride and fluoride.
Bromomethylketone intermediates 5 used to make compounds of the invention are available commercially or can be made using one of a number of methods known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis, for example: Friedel-Crafts reactions of an arene with bromoacetyl bromide or bromoacetyl chloride; oxidation of a 2-bromo-1-phenethyl alcohol; reaction of a diazomethyl ketone with HBr; reduction of a dibromomethyl ketone (see Scheme VIII) below; or reaction of a methyl ketone with a brominating agent (see Scheme IX) such as bromine, copper(II) bromide, tetrabutylammonium tribromide, or 5,5-dibromobarbituric acid.
According to the method of Diwu et al. (Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 4987-4990), methyl ketones of formula 19 can be converted into the corresponding dibromomethyl ketones of formula 20 by treatment with bromine in neat sulfuric acid. The dibromomethyl ketones of formula 20 can then be converted into the desired bromomethyl ketones of formula 5 by reduction with diethylphosphite.
Bromomethyl ketones of formula 5 can also be prepared directly from methyl ketones of formula 19 using a variety of reagents well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis, such as those mentioned above. For example, the reaction may be conveniently carried out by treating the methyl ketone of formula 19 with bromine in a suitable inert solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g., carbon tetrachloride) in the optional presence of other agents that facilitate the reaction, such as a Bronsted or Lewis acid catalyst (e.g., aluminum chloride or acetic acid). The optimal reaction temperature depends on whether or not a catalyst is used. In the case where aluminum chloride is used, the reaction is conveniently carried out at about 0° C. In the cases where acetic acid is added, or where no catalyst is used, the reaction is conveniently carried out at a temperature between about room temperature and about 80° C., preferably at about room temperature. Alternatively, a methyl ketone of formula 19 may be converted to a bromomethylketone of formula 5 by treatment with copper (II) bromide in a suitable unreactive solvent such as ethyl acetate, preferably at the reflux temperature.
In an alternative embodiment, the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
These pharmaceutical compositions can be administered orally, for example in the form of tablets, coated tablets, dragees, hard or soft gelatin capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. They can also be administered rectally, for example, in the form of suppositories, or parenterally, for example, in the form of injection solutions.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprising compounds of formula I, and/or the salts or esters thereof, may be manufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g. by means of conventional mixing, encapsulating, dissolving, granulating, emulsifying, entrapping, dragee-making, or lyophilizing processes. These pharmaceutical preparations can be formulated with therapeutically inert, inorganic or organic carriers. Lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, steric acid or its salts can be used as such carriers for tablets, coated tablets, dragees and hard gelatin capsules. Suitable carriers for soft gelatin capsules include vegetable oils, waxes and fats. Depending on the nature of the active substance, no carriers are generally required in the case of soft gelatin capsules. Suitable carriers for the manufacture of solutions and syrups are water, polyols, saccharose, invert sugar and glucose. Suitable carriers for injection are water, alcohols, polyols, glycerin, vegetable oils, phospholipids and surfactants. Suitable carriers for suppositories are natural or hardened oils, waxes, fats and semi-liquid polyols.
The pharmaceutical preparations can also contain preserving agents, solubilizing agents, stabilizing agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, sweetening agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure, buffers, coating agents or antioxidants. They can also contain other therapeutically valuable substances, including additional active ingredients other than those of formula I.
As mentioned above, the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment or control of cell proliferative disorders, in particular oncological disorders. These compounds and formulations containing the compounds are particularly useful in the treatment or control of solid tumors, such as, for example, breast, colon, lung and prostate tumors.
A therapeutically effective amount of a compound in accordance with this invention means an amount of compound that is effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is within the skill in the art.
The therapeutically effective amount or dosage of a compound according to this invention can vary within wide limits and may be determined in a manner known in the art. Such dosage will be adjusted to the individual requirements in each particular case including the specific compound(s) being administered, the route of administration, the condition being treated, as well as the patient being treated. In general, in the case of oral or parenteral administration to adult humans weighing approximately 70 Kg, a daily dosage of about 10 mg to about 10,000 mg, preferably from about 200 mg to about 1,000 mg, should be appropriate, although the upper limit may be exceeded when indicated. The daily dosage can be administered as a single dose or in divided doses, or for parenteral administration, it may be given as continuous infusion.
The following examples illustrate preferred methods for synthesizing the compounds and formulations of the present invention.
Dimethyl-piperidin-4-yl-amine dihydrochloride (Aldrich, 2.0 g, 9.95 mmol) and 4-fluoro-nitrobenzene (Aldrich, 2.5 g, 17.7 mmol) were added to methanol (30 mL). The mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred for 3.5 hours. The mixture was treated with 1 N HCl to pH=1 and then extracted with diethyl ether (2×10 mL). The aqueous layer was treated with saturated sodium carbonate to pH=10 and then extracted with methylene chloride (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed to give the desired product. 1.25 g, 50%. MS (m+H)+: 250.
Dimethyl-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine (Example 1, 1.25 g, 5.02 mmol) was dissolved in methanol. Pd/C (10%, Aldrich, 250 mg) was added and the mixture was hydrogenated under 30 psi for 2 hours and filtered through a pad of ceilite to give a clear solution. Removal of solvent gave a brown solid. 1.18 g, 97%. MS (m+H)+: 220.
Dimethyl-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine (Example 2, 1.1 g, 5.0 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL). To the stirred solution, thiocarbonyl diimidazole (Aldrich, 1.18 g, 90%, 6 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 80 minutes. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with diethyl ether. The extract was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated to give a pale yellow solid. 1.12 g, 85%. MS (m+H)+: 262.
To a stirred solution of 4-oxo-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Aldrich, 3.0 g, 15 mmol) in THF (25 mL), morpholine (Aldrich, 1.56 g, 18 mmol) and Ti(OiPr)4 (Aldrich, 5.58 mL) were added successively and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then, 15 mL of ethanol was added and followed by sodium cyanoborohydride (0.63 g, 10.05 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature over night and the reaction was quenched with addition of water (4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and the white solid was filtered out and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was partitioned between ether and water and the organic layer was separated and dried with sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a white solid which was treated with 40 mL of 50% TFA in methylene chloride. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and the solvent was removed. The residue was lyophilized to give a white solid. 5.48 g, 98%. MS (m+H)+: 171.
The compound was prepared from 4-piperidin-4-yl-morpholine (Example 4) and 4-fluoro-nitrobenzene (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 1. MS (m+H)+: 292.
The compound was prepared from 4-[1-(4-Nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-morpholine (Example 5) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 262.
The compound was prepared from 4-(4-morpholin-4-yl-piperidin-1-yl)-phenylamine (Example 6) following the procedure used in Example 3. MS (m+H)+: 304.
The compound was prepared from 4-piperidin-4-yl-piperidine (Aldrich) and 4-fluoro-nitrobenzene (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 1. MS (m+H)+: 290.
The compound was prepared from 1′-(4-nitro-phenyl)-[1,4′]bipiperidinyl (Example 8) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 260.
The compound was prepared from dimethyl-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine (Example 9) following the procedure used in Example 3. MS (m+H)+: 302.
The compound was prepared from 4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-piperidine (Aldrich), and 4-fluoro-nitrobenzene (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 1. MS (m+H)+: 276.
The compound was prepared from 1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-piperidine (Example 11) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 246.
The compound was prepared from 4-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-piperidin-1-yl)-phenylamine (Example 12) following the procedure used in Example 3. MS (m+H)+: 288.
The compound was prepared from [1,4′]bipiperidinyl-3-ol (ChemBridge) and 4-fluoro-nitrobenzene (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 1. MS (m+H)+: 306.
The compound was prepared from 1′-(4-nitro-phenyl)-[1,4′]bipiperidinyl-3-ol (Example 14) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 276.
The compound was prepared from 1′-(4-amino-phenyl)-[1,4′]bipiperidinyl-3-ol (Example 15) following the procedure used in Example 3. MS (m+H)+: 318.
Following the procedure of Chu et al. (WO 2003097048), the resin-bound thiourea was made.
The following resin-bound thioureas were prepared from indicated isothiocyanates using the general procedure described in Example 17.
The resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 (65 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1.6mmol/g) was suspended in DMF (5 mL). To the shaking suspension, 1′-bromo-3-fluoro4-methoxy acetophenone (Chu et al. WO2003097048; 49 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added and the mixture was shaken over a shaker overnight at room temperature. Polymer bounded trisamine (Argonaut Technologies) was added and the mixture was shaken for 3.5 hours and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude which was purified by reverse phase HPLC to yield a pale yellow solid. 20.4 mg, 43%. MS (m+H)+: 496.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 466.
The compound was prepared from 1-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-bromo-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 492.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 506.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 478.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (ChonTech) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 464.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (ChonTech) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 478.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 480.
The compound was prepared from 1′-bromo-3-fluoro-4-methoxy acetophenone (Chu et al. WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 510.
The compound was prepared from 1-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-bromo-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 506.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 520.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 492.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 496.
The compound was prepared from 1′-bromo 3-fluoro-4-methoxy acetophenone (Chu et al. WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 526.
The compound was prepared from 1-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-bromo-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21, following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 522.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 522.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 508.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (ChonTech) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 494.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 440.
The compound was prepared from 1′-bromo 3-fluoro4-methoxy acetophenone (Chu et al. WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 470.
The compound was prepared from 1-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-bromo-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 466.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 480.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 452.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (ChonTech) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 438.
The compound was prepared from 4-(2-bromo-acetyl)-benzonitrile (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 447.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 467.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(3-methoxy-2-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 497.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(3-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone (Example 95, also see procedure of Pasaribu, S. J. et al. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 1973, 26(6), 1327-31) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 438.
The compound was prepared from 4-(2-bromo-acetyl)-benzonitrile (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 503.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 523.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 493.
The compound was prepared from 4-(2-bromo-acetyl)-benzonitrile (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 473.
The compound was prepared from 4-(2-bromo-acetyl)-benzonitrile (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 487.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-ethanone (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 507.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (prepared from the procedure described by Chu, Xin-Jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 498.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 497.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 498.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-dichloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 529.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 480.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-chloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 541.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-hydroxycarbonyl-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 506.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-cyano-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 487.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-hydroxy-acetophenone (example 95) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 478.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (prepared from the procedure described by Chu, Xin-Jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 484.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 483.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 484.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-dichloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 516.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 466.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-chloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 527.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-cyano-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 473.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (prepared from the procedure described by Chu, Xin-Jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 514.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 512.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 514.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-chloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 546.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 496.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-chloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 557.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-chloro-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 522.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-cyano-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 503.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-hydroxy-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 494.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (prepared from the procedure described by Chu, Xin-Jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 458.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 456.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-difluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 458.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′,4′-chloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 490.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 440.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-chloro-acetophenone (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 501.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-4′-cyano-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 447.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 507.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 493.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 21 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 523.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 467.
The compound was prepared from 5-(2-bromo-acetyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 481.
The compound was prepared from 5-(2-bromo-acetyl)-2-hydroxy-benzamide (ABCR) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 507.
To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-1-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone (Aldrich, 3.44 g, 15 mmol) in methylene chloride (20 mL) at −10° C., boron tribromide (Aldrich, 16.5 mmol, 1M solution in CH2Cl2, 16.5 mL) was added slowly and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours. The reaction was quenched with ice water and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were combined and dried with sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a greenish solid which was purified by chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane, 25%) gave an off-white solid. 770 mg, 24%. The compound was used directly for the next step.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-hydroxy-acetophenone (Example 95) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 464.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-amino-acetophenone (made though the procedure from Zhang, M. Q., Journal of Heterocycle Chemistry, 1991, 28(3), 673-683) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 477.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 522.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 482.
The compound was prepared from 1′-bromo 3-fluoro-4-methoxy acetophenone (Chu et al. WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 512.
The compound was prepared from 1-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-bromo-ethanone (Maybridge International) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 508.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-methoxy-acetophenone (Aldrich) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 494.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-hydroxy-acetophenone (Example 95) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 480.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-cyano-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 489.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-acetophenone (Oakwood) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 509.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-methoxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Nam, Nguyen-Hai et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2001, 11(23), 3073-3076) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 539.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-methoxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Nam, Nguyen-Hai et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2001, 11(23), 3073-3076) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 523.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-methoxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Nam, Nguyen-Hai et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2001, 11(23), 3073-3076) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 537.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-methyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 462.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-methyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 436.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-methyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 476.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-methyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 478.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-nitro-4′-methoxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Nam, Nguyen-Hai et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2001, 11(23), 3073-3076) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 497.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-ethyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 476.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-ethyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 450.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-ethyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 22 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 492.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-ethyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, Xin-jie et al, WO2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 19 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 490.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-ethoxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Azuma, Hiroshi et al, WO 9902519) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 492.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-cyclopropyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, xin-jie et al, WO 2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 488.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-cyclopropyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, xin-jie et al, WO 2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 18 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 462.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-fluoro-4′-methyl-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, xin-jie et al, WO 2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 480.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-ethyl-4′-fluoro-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, xin-jie et al, WO 2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 494.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-propyl-4′-hydroxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, xin-jie et al, WO 2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 506.
The compound was prepared from 2-bromo-3′-propyl-4′-hydroxy-acetophenone (Prepared according to Chu, xin-jie et al, WO 2003097048) and the resin-bound thiourea of Example 20 following the procedure used in Example 23. MS (m+H)+: 559.
To a stirred solution of ethyl-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-amine {570 mg, 2.28 mol, prepared through a similar procedure described by Lubisch, Wilfried et al. EP 19920422 with ethylamine and 1-[4-nitro-phenyl]-piperidin-4-one (prepared by the procedure of Taylor, E. C. et al; synthesis, 1981, (8), 606-608} in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL), Dipea (Aldrich, 327 mg, 2.53 mmol) and BOC anhydride (Aldrich, 503 mg, 2.28 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was poured into 600 mL of ice water and the new mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried to give a solid. 540 mg, 68%. MS (m+H)+: 350.
The compound was prepared from ethyl-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 125) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 320.
The compound was prepared [1-(4-Amino-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-ethyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 126) following the procedure used in Example 3. MS (m+H)+: 362.
The compound was prepared from 3-ethylamino-pyrolidine (TCI-US) and 4-fluoro-nitrobenzene (Aldrich) following the procedure used in Example 1. MS (m+H)+: 236.
The compound was prepared from ethyl-{1-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-amine (Example 128) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 336.
The compound was prepared from ethyl-{1-[1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 129) following the procedure used in Example 2. MS (m+H)+: 306.
The compound was prepared from {1-[1-(4-amino-phenyl)-piperidin-4-yl]-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-ethyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Example 130) following the procedure used in Example 3. MS (m+H)+: 348.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the compound of Example 131 following the procedure described by Chu, Xin-jie et al. WO 2003097048. MS (m+H)+: 426.
The compound was prepared from 3-fluoro-4-methoxy-phenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the compound of Example 131 following the procedure described by Chu, Xin-jie et al. WO 2003097048. MS (m+H)+: 456.
The compound was prepared from 3-methoxy-phenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the compound of Example 131 following the procedure described by Chu, Xin-jie et al; WO 2003097048. MS (m+H)+: 438.
The compound was prepared from 3-methoxy-phenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the compound of Example 127 following the procedure described by Chu, Xin-jie et al. WO 2003097048. MS (m+H)+: 452.
The compound was prepared from 3-Fluoro-4-methoxy-phenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the compound of example 127 following the procedure described by Chu, Xin-jie et al. WO 2003097048. MS (m+H)+: 470.
The compound was prepared from 3-Fluoro-phenylacyl bromide (Maybridge International) and the compound Example 127 following the procedure described by Chu, Xin-jie et at; WO 2003097048. MS (m+H)+: 440.
The antiproliferative activity of the compounds of the invention is demonstrated below. These activities indicate that the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating cancer, in particular solid tumors such as breast and colon tumors.
To determine inhibition of Cdk4, Cdk2 and Cdk1 activity, kinase assays were conducted using FlashPlate™ assays (NEN™-Life Science Products). FlashPlate assays were performed using recombinant human cyclin B-CDK1, human cyclin E-CDK2 or human cyclin D1-CDK4 complexes. GST-cyclinE (GST-cycE), CDK2, GST-cyclinB (GST-cycB), CDK1, GST-CDK4 and cyclin D1 (cycD1) cDNA clones in baculovirus vectors were provided by Dr. W. Harper at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. Proteins were co-expressed in High Five™ insect cells and the complex was purified on glutathione Sepharose resin (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) as previously described (Harper, J. W. et al. Cell 1993, 75, 805-816). A 6×-Histidine tagged truncated form of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein (amino acid 386-928) was used as the substrate for the cycD1-CDK4, cycB-CDK1 and the cycE-CDK2 assays (the expression plasmid was provided by Dr. Veronica Sullivan, Department of Molecular Virology, Roche Research Centre, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom). The Rb protein is a natural substrate for phosphorylation by CDK4, CDK2 and CDK1 (see Herwig and Strauss Eur. J. Biochem. Vol. 246 (1997) pp. 581-601 and the references cited therein).
The expression of the 62Kd protein was under the control of an IPTG inducible promoter in an M15 E. coli strain. Cells were lysed by sonication and purification was carried out by binding lysates at pH 8.0 to a Ni-chelated agarose column pretreated with 1 mM imidazole. The resin was then washed several times with incrementally decreasing pH buffers to pH 6.0, and eluted with 500 mM imidazole. Eluted protein was dialysed against 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 30% glycerol, 200 mM NaCl, and 1 mM DTT. Purified Rb fusion protein stocks were quantitated for protein concentration, aliquoted, and stored at −70° C.
For all three kinase assays reported herein, 96-well FlashPlates were coated with Rb protein at 10 μg/ml, using 100 μl per well. Plates were incubated at 4° C. overnight or at room temperature for 3 hours on a shaker. To control for nonspecific phosphorylation, one row of wells was coated with 100 μl/well coating buffer (20 mM HEPES, 0.2 M NaCl). Plates were then washed twice with wash buffer (0.01% Tween 20 in phosphate-buffered saline). Compounds to be tested (“test compounds”) were added to the wells at 5× final concentration. Reactions were initiated by immediate addition of 40 μl reaction mix (25 mM HEPES, 20 mM MgCl2, 0.002% Tween 20, 2 mM DTT, 1 μM ATP, 4 nM 33P-ATP) and a sufficient amount of enzyme to give counts that were at least 10-fold above background. Plates were incubated at room temperature on a shaker for 30 minutes. Plates were washed four times with the wash buffer, sealed, and counted on the TopCount scintillation counter (Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, Ill.]. The percent inhibition of Rb phosphorylation, which is a measure of the inhibition of CDK activity, was determined according to the following formula:
where “test compound” refers to the average counts per minute of the test duplicates, “nonspecific” refers to the average counts per minute when no CyclinD/Cdk4, etc., was added, and “total” refers to the average counts per minute when no compound was added. The IC50 value is the concentration of test compound that reduces by 50% the protein-kinase induced incorporation of the radiolabel under the test conditions described.
The results of the foregoing in vitro experiments are set forth in Table 1 below. The IC50 values are summarized in the Table 1 below.
Proliferation was evaluated by the tetrazolium dye assay according to the procedure of Denizot and Lang (Denizot, F. and Lang, R. J Immunol Methods 1986, 89, 271-277). The cell line used was HCT116, a colorectal carcinoma cell line obtained from the American Type Cell Culture Collection (ATCC; Rockville, Md.). The cells were grown in McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with 10% FCS and L-glutamine.
Cells were plated at the appropriate seeding density to give logarithmic growth over the course of the assay in a 96-well tissue culture plate. Plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. The next day, test compounds were serially diluted to four times the final concentration in the appropriate medium containing 1.2% DMSO. One-fourth final volume of each dilution was added in duplicate to the plates containing cells. The same volume of 1.2% DMSO in medium was added to a row of “control wells” such that the final concentration of DMSO in each well was 0.3%. Wells to which no cells were added served as the “blank.” Wells to which no inhibitor was added served as “no inhibitor control.” The plates were) returned to the incubator, and at set time points (determined by their growth curves) plates were analyzed as described below.
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (thiazolyl blue; MTT; Sigma) was added to each well to yield a final concentration of 1 mg/ml. Plates were returned to the incubator for 2.5-3 hours at 37° C. The MTT-containing medium was removed and the resulting formazan metabolite was solubilized in 100% ethanol with shaking for 15 minutes at room temperature. Absorbance readings were taken in a microtiter plate reader (Dynatech and Molecular Devices plate readers were used interchangeably) at a wavelength of 570 nm with a 650 nm reference. Percent inhibition (% INH) is calculated by subtracting the absorbance of the blank well from all wells, then subtracting the ratio of the average absorbance of each test duplicate (SAVE) by the average of the controls (CAVE) from 1.00. The final number is then multiplied by 100 (% INH=(1.00−SAVE/CAVE)×100). The concentration at which 50% inhibition of cell proliferation is obtained (the IC50) is determined from the linear regression of a plot of the logarithm of the concentration versus percent inhibition. The IC50 values are also shown in Table 1 below.
nd means “not determined”.
* Compound A represents a compound of the invention.
Manufacturing Procedure:
Compound A represents a compound of the invention.
Manufacturing Procedure:
Compound A represents a compound of the invention.
Manufacturing Procedure:
Compound A represents a compound of the invention.
Manufacturing Procedure:
While the invention has been illustrated by reference to specific and preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that variations and modifications may be made through routine experimentation and practice of the invention. Thus, the invention is intended not to be limited by the foregoing description, but to be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/563,712, filed Apr. 20, 2004.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60563712 | Apr 2004 | US |
