Patent Grant
11408844
This disclosure relates to dielectric sensing to characterize hemostatic dysfunction of a sample.
Traumatic hemorrhage, exsanguination and trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) are majorly implicated in morbidities and mortalities for both civilian and military populations, especially in the age group of 1-50. Detrimental effects of hemorrhage and TIC can happen within minutes to hours of injury, and need to be treated rapidly with hemorrhage control strategies, transfusion medicine and resuscitative surgeries. To guide these approaches, rapid ‘point-of-injury’ assessment of hemostatic dysfunction and associated coagulopathy is needed, but this presents severe challenges in the trauma patients, especially in pre-hospital and remote location scenarios (e.g., injured combat personnel in the field, civilian injuries at the roadside etc.).
For civilian and battlefield trauma, hemorrhage and the associated coagulopathy are the leading causes of “preventable death” due to the injury, and rates of death due to hemorrhage approach 50% of injured patients. Time is of the essence in preventing death due to bleeding, and as such, much of the prevention and resuscitation of bleeding is focused on pre-hospital care. For such patients, often a massive transfusion protocol (MTP) is recommended, which requires effective hematologic and coagulation profiling prior to and during transfusion. Currently, such profiling involves in-hospital tests of plasma coagulation status (e.g., by prothrombin time—PT), platelet function status (e.g., by aggregometry and platelet function analyzer (PFA)), and clot viscoelasticity status (e.g., by thromboelastography—TEG or rotational thromboelastometry—ROTEM), which are all separate instruments/tests. Therefore, these analyses take time, and in many cases of traumatic injury, access to a central laboratory with such analytic capabilities may not be possible in a timely manner.
This disclosure relates to dielectric sensing to characterize hemostatic dysfunction of a sample, such as to assess trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC).
As an example, an apparatus includes a dielectric microsensor comprising a microfluidic chamber that includes a capacitive sensing structure. The microfluidic chamber includes a fluid input port to receive a volume of a blood sample, and a bioactive agent is disposed within the microfluidic chamber to interact with the volume of the blood sample received in the microfluidic chamber. A transmitter is configured to provide an input radio frequency (RF) signal to an RF input of the dielectric microsensor. A receiver is configured to receive an output RF signal from an RF output of the dielectric micro sensor. A computing device is configured to compute dielectric permittivity values of the blood sample that vary over a time interval based on the output RF signal, and to provide an assessment of hemostatic dysfunction based on the dielectric permittivity values.
As another example, a method includes introducing a volume of at least one blood sample into a chamber between electrodes of a dielectric microsensor, the blood sample interacting with a bioactive agent within the chamber. The method also includes providing an input radio frequency (RF) signal to an input of the dielectric microsensor. The method also includes receiving an output RF signal from an output of the dielectric microsensor in response to the input RF signal. The output RF signal represents a measure of impedance of a volume of the blood sample disposed in the dielectric microsensor according to the interaction with the bioactive agent. The method also includes calculating dielectric permittivity values of the blood sample over a measurement time interval based on the output RF signal. The method also includes providing an assessment of hemostatic dysfunction based on analysis of the dielectric permittivity values.
This disclosure relates to a dielectric microsensor apparatus and method to assess hemostatic dysfunction and the associated coagulopathy. The assessment is provided based on dielectric spectroscopy (DS) applied to one or more samples of blood. For example, a dielectric microsensor, associated interface electronics and computing device can be integrated in a portable apparatus (e.g., a handheld or desktop unit).
As an example, the microsensor includes a parallel-plate capacitive sensing structure based on a 3D gap with a floating electrode to extract the complex permittivity of a blood sample in a microfluidic chamber (e.g., a channel). In an example, two planar sensing electrodes are separated from a floating electrode through a microfluidic channel to form a 3D capacitive sensing area. As the blood sample is introduced into and/or passes through this area, the impedance of the sensor changes based upon the blood's dielectric permittivity. There can be any number of sensing chambers to analyze the blood sample in multiplexed fashion. One or more bioactive agents are disposed in at least one chamber to interact with the blood sample deterministically within such chamber. The bioactive agent may be adapted to promote, accelerate, or inhibit coagulation of the blood sample. In some examples, the contact surface of one or more electrodes of the sensing structure are configured (e.g., surface modified) to contain the bioactive agent, such as in the form of a coating or layer. Examples of some bioactive agents that may be utilized, individually or in combination, include collagen, fibrinogen, inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP), chitosan, kaolin, phosphatidylserine (PS), Adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP), aprotinin, Tissue Factor (TF) and the like. As disclosed herein, the bioactive agents may be applied to a given electrode, to multiple electrodes or any other surface or surfaces within the fluidic chamber to be contacted by blood during DS operations. Alternatively, one or more bioactive agents may be otherwise introduced and/or mixed with the blood sample that is introduced into the fluidic chamber.
As one example, ADP, TRAP, and collagen may be applied to the surface of one or more electrodes to assess platelet response in whole blood. As another example, tissue factor, kaolin, and phosphatidylserine may be applied to the surface of one or more electrodes to assess coagulation factor response. In yet another example, aprotinin may be applied to the surface of one or more electrodes to assess hyperfibrinolytic state compared to a response on tissue factor-coated electrodes. Thus, microsensors having desired bioactive agents, such as disclosed herein, can be pre-configured to provide a set of sensors that may be operatively coupled to the sensing apparatus to assess different respective hemostatic dysfunctions. In an example, a selected sensor having a predetermined bioactive agent(s) may be placed in respective ones of a plurality of sensor-receiving slots in the apparatus to detect different respective cellular and non-cellular abnormalities in hemostasis in a given sample of blood that is placed into the sensor. In another example, multiple different sensors, each preconfigured with different bioactive agents, may be placed in respective ones of a plurality of sensor-receiving slots in the apparatus concurrently to detect different respective cellular and non-cellular abnormalities in hemostasis in a given sample of blood.
As disclosed herein, the apparatus can be configured to detect hemostatic dysfunction, such as may occur in trauma patients. For example, the apparatus is configured to perform dielectric coagulometry to detect hemostatic dysfunction and associated coagulopathy in trauma patient blood exposed to the bioactive agent and the permittivity profile will allow determination of deviations from a healthy blood coagulation profile. The apparatus may be implemented in a small-size, low-cost, disposable sensor using a miniscule volume (<10 μL) of whole blood. Moreover, the fully electronic technique of dielectric spectroscopy will enable the readout to be integrated into a small-size, portable, hand-held instrument, which is highly advantageous for both military and civilian first responders.
In the example of
The microsensor 60 includes a capacitive sensing structure 74 (see
As demonstrated in the example cross-sectional view of
As also demonstrated in the cross sectional view of
In this example, a bioactive agent 89 is disposed on the blood-contacting surface of the floating electrode 76. As disclosed herein, the bioactive agent may be disposed on other electrodes (e.g., electrode 78 and/or 80), on all of the electrodes or on any surface or combination of surfaces exposed to blood within the fluid chamber 70. The blood sample thus interacts with the bioactive agent within the chamber and is modified according to the properties of the agent. For example, the bioactive agent may be in the form of a coating applied to the surface of the electrode that is exposed to contact blood placed within the chamber 70. In addition to or as an alternative to applying the coating to one or more electrodes in the chamber, one or more bioactive agents may be otherwise introduced and/or mixed with the blood sample that is introduced into the chamber 70. As mentioned, the bioactive agent can be adapted to promote, accelerate, or inhibit coagulation of blood, such as to affect the coagulation pathway deterministically.
As one example, the bioactive agent is a procoagulant. In another example, the bioactive agent is an anticoagulant. Examples of some bioactive agents that may be utilized, individually or in combination, include collagen, fibrinogen, inorganic polyphosphate (PolyP), chitosan, kaolin, phosphatidylserine (PS), Adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP), thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP), aprotinin, Tissue Factor (TF) and the like.
As one example, ADP, TRAP, and collagen may be applied to the surface of one or more electrodes 76, 78, 80 (or other surfaces) within the chamber 70 to assess platelet response in whole blood. As another example, tissue factor, kaolin, and phosphatidylserine may be applied to the surface of one or more electrodes 76, 78, 80 (or other surfaces) within the chamber 70 to assess coagulation factor response. In yet another example, aprotinin may be applied to the surface of one or more electrodes 76, 78, 80 (or other surfaces) within the chamber 70 to assess hyperfibrinolytic state compared to a response on tissue factor-coated electrodes. Thus, as the blood sample interacts with the bioactive agent within the chamber, the effect of such blood-agent interaction on hemostasis can be monitored by measuring the dielectric permittivity of the blood sample over a time interval. As disclosed herein, the dielectric permittivity of the modified blood sample can be computed based on the RF output signal that is measured over time. The measured dielectric permittivity can be further analyzed (e.g., by a computing device) to provide an assessment of a hemostatic dysfunction of the blood sample.
By way of example, the assessment of hemostatic properties may include identifying one or more mechanisms contributing to the hemostatic dysfunction, such as corresponding to dysfunction in a part of the blood coagulation pathway. The analysis further may determine a diagnosis for a hemostatic disorder. In some examples, the determined diagnosis and/or other hemostatic assessment is further used (e.g., by the computing device) to generate an output, such as a readout parameter, specifying a recommended therapy to apply based on the dielectric permittivity values. In certain applications (e.g., trauma situations), the recommended therapy includes administering intravenously a solution containing platelets, saline, recombinant fibrinogen, tranexamic acid (TXA), prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), recombinant coagulation factors, plasma, or whole blood (WB), which therapy will depend on the readout parameter of the system. In an example, the output can indicate the specific type of solution to administer as the recommended therapy based on analysis of the dielectric permittivity values and according to defined standard of care.
As a further example, the sensing electrodes 78 and 80 each extend from opposite side edges of the substrate beyond a central longitudinal axis of the microsensor 60 to terminate in respective ends near a central portion of the substrate. The middle layer part 88 has a thickness that determines a volume of the channel 70 formed therein. The top part 84 can include the inlet/outlet ports 72 to provide fluid communication for accessing the volume defined by the channel 70. For example, the channel 70 in part 88 and associated ports 72 can be fabricated by micromachining (e.g., laser micromachining) or by other types of machining or etching techniques. In some examples, the surface of channel 70 further can be coated with a polymer or other material (e.g., electrically insulating film, such as poly(ethylene glycol)) to help protect against protein adsorption onto the surfaces that contact the protein solutions. The polymer can be applied via physisorption or chemisorption principles, for example.
As an example, the substrate layers for the top and bottom parts 84 and 86 can be fabricated using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The intermediate channel substrate layer 88 can be formed of a thin film layer of double-sided-adhesive (DSA) material having a thickness that is much less than the electrode-containing substrate layers 84 and 86. As one example, each of the layers 84 and 86 may be about 1.5 mm thick, whereas the layer 88 is about 250 μm thick. Other relative thicknesses and/or adhesives can be utilized according to application requirements.
Each of the floating electrode 76 and sensing electrodes 78 and 80 can be formed by deposition of electrically conductive material deposited at a desired location (e.g., aligned with the sensing electrodes and within the channel 70) on the respective opposing surfaces of substrate layers 86 and 84. For instance, the floating electrode 76 can be an electrically conductive material (e.g., gold, copper or aluminum) deposited on the inner top surface of the cap by sputter deposition using a shadow mask and lift-off process. As an example, 100-Å/1,000-Å Cr/Au layer is evaporated on the channel surface of the substrate to form respective sensing electrodes 78 and 80. Similarly, the floating electrode 76 can be deposited on the surface of the layer 86 by evaporating a 1,000-Å Au layer and patterning with lift-off.
As shown in
In some examples, microfluidic inlet/outlet holes 72 in the layer 84 can be configured with a diameter to fit a standard micropipette tip or a syringe containing a volume of the sample. As one example, the microfluidic channel 70 has a total sample volume of less than about 10 μL (e.g., about 5-9 μL) and a volume of less than about 1 μL (e.g., about 0.8 μL or less) in the sensing area over the floating electrode 76. Other volumes for the channel and sensing area can be implemented according to application requirements. The micro sensor 60 can be assembled by attaching the substrate layers 84 and 86 together using the intermediate layer 88 interposed therebetween.
As shown in the example of
In the example of
A cross sectional view of the sensing apparatus 100 would be similar to that shown in the example of
For example, each capacitive sensing structure 156 and 158 includes an arrangement of plurality of conductive plates spaced apart, such as disclosed herein. In this multi-chamber example, at least one of the plurality of microfluidic chambers includes a predetermined bioactive agent to interact deterministically with a sample of blood within the chamber between the electrodes, such as including one or more agents disclosed herein. For example, the bioactive agent is disposed on the surface of one or more conductive elements (e.g., element 158, 160) of each capacitive sensing structure or another surface in the respective microfluidic chamber. In some examples, the chamber and capacitive sensing structure of at least one of the plurality of microfluidic chambers does not include any bioactive agent to contact the blood sample received therein. Thus, the blood sample in such sensing structure 156 does not interact with any bioactive agent (due to the absence of bioactive agents from such chamber) while the sample in one or more other sensing structures 158 interact with respective bioactive agents adapted to alter hemostatic properties of blood in a deterministic manner. Thus, DS measurements, such as disclosed herein for the blood samples in different chambers, provide a comparative analysis of hemostatic properties of the blood. The blood can be introduced into each chamber 152 and 154 via one or more fluid ports 164 and 166. In some examples, healthy blood will react in an expected deterministic way, whereas blood having a disorder will not respond in the expected deterministic way.
By way of example, each of the sensing structures 156, 158 can be interrogated by the same RF input signal over a time interval and resulting RF output signals can be measured and processed by hardware and/or software, such as disclosed herein. For example, associated circuitry (e.g., including a computing device) is programmed to determine the assessment of hemostatic dysfunction based on the dielectric permittivity values computed for the blood sample introduced into two or more of the microfluidic channels. As a further example, the computing device is programmed to calculate a difference (or other comparative or correlative functions) between the dielectric permittivity values computed for samples in each of the microfluidic chamber 152, 154 and determine the assessment of hemostatic properties for the blood sample based on the difference (or other comparative or correlative functions) in permittivity calculated among the samples.
As disclosed herein, one or more samples may include blood in combination with a bioactive agent. The bioactive agent may be disposed in the channel 218 prior to introducing the blood sample or the agent may be introduced into the channel concurrently with the blood sample. A non-modified blood sample may be introduced for additional measurement in another fluid channel 218, such as for a multi-channel sensing apparatus. In this way, dielectric properties of blood interacting with one or more different bioactive agents may be compared or correlated with respect to each other and, in some examples, with respect to a non-modified blood sample. This comparative information can be leveraged to ascertain a deviation from a healthy blood coagulation profile.
As an example, the dielectric microsensor 216 can include electrodes distributed in the channel 218 in an opposing and spaced apart relationship as to provide a capacitive sensing area between opposing surfaces of the spaced apart electrodes. For instance, a floating electrode can be fixed with respect to a given surface of the fluid channel in a spaced apart opposing relationship from a pair of sensing electrodes fixed with respect to another surface of the channel. The pair of sensing electrodes thus can be substantially coplanar along a given surface of the fluid channel 218 that opposes and is parallel to the surface of the floating electrode. Other forms of capacitive sensing structures may be utilized to implement the one or more dielectric microsensors 216 in other examples.
The sensor interface system 214 includes a transmitter 222 and a receiver 224 (e.g., may be integrated into a transceiver). The transmitter 222 can be configured to provide the RF input signal at a desired excitation frequency. The excitation frequency, for example, can be in the microwave range. For instance, the transmitter 222 can provide the RF input signal that sweeps through a range of frequencies, such as from about 1 KHz to about 100 GHz (e.g., from about 1 KHz to about 100 MHz). The frequency range may be a continuous range through which the excitation is swept. In other examples, the transmitter 222 can provide RFIN at a plurality of different discrete excitation frequencies, which can be set according to the SUT and application requirements. As one example, for monitoring blood SUT's, the transmitter 222 can provide RFIN to include at least frequencies at about 1 MHz and also at about 100 MHz. The excitation frequency(ies) can be set in response to a programming input signal (e.g., via user interface 254 of the apparatus or sent from a remote system 256), such as to adjust the frequency according to application requirements to maximize sensitivity of the sensor. The frequency range for the excitation signal can be continuous across the range or be provided in two or more discrete frequency bands, which can be user programmable (e.g., in response to a user input). For example, one of the sensing electrodes of each dielectric microsensor 216 can be configured to receive the RF input signal (RFIN) as an excitation signal from the transmitter 222 of the sensor interface system 214 and the other sensing electrode can provide a corresponding RF output signal (RFOUT) to the receiver 224 of the sensor interface system.
The receiver 224 is configured to provide an output signal (OUT) representing measured sensor transmission characteristics based on the RF output signal from each dielectric microsensor 216 implemented in the sensing apparatus 212. The output signal can be an analog signal or be converted to a digital signal (e.g., via an analog-to-digital converter). The receiver 224 can include circuitry configured to process the RF output signal, such as by amplifying (e.g., variable gain) and filtering the RF output signal to ascertain complex signal components of RFOUT, which filtering can be configured according to the frequency or frequency range of the excitation signal RFIN. The RF output signal can be a complex signal corresponding to voltage transmission measurements through the dielectric microsensor 216, which varies as a function of the complex impedance or admittance as seen at an output node thereof (e.g., demonstrated at RFOUT in various figures herein). That is, RFOUT can have a predetermined relationship with respect to a change in dielectric permittivity caused by the blood sample within the channel 218 over time. In an example, the blood sample interacts with a bioactive agent in the fluid channel 218. The bioactive agent may alter hemostatic properties (e.g., modify clotting kinetics and/or coagulation pathway) of the blood sample in a deterministic manner, which causes a corresponding change in dielectric permittivity of the blood sample within the fluid channel 218. This change in dielectric permittivity is determinable from monitoring the RF output signal over time.
The transmitter 222 and receiver 224 can be implemented in an integrated circuit chip (e.g., system on chip) or they could be implemented as separate components configured to perform the functions disclosed herein. While the transmitter 222 and receiver 224 are demonstrated in
In the example of
For example, the memory 234 stores control functions 236 which, when executed by the processor 232, control operation of the sensor interface system 214. For example, the DS control 236 can selectively control the range of frequencies (e.g., frequency bands) of the RF signal (RFIN) applied by the transmitter 222 to each respective dielectric microsensor 216. The control 236 also includes instructions executable by processor 232 to perform measurement functions 238 based on the output signal (RFOUT) that is received at the receiver 224 from each respective dielectric microsensor 216 in response to RFIN.
As an example, the measurement function 238 is configured to measure complex impedance based upon amplitude and phase provided in the output signal RFOUT. For instance, the measurement function 238 cooperates with the sensor interface system 214 to operate as an impedance analyzer. In this way, the measurement function 238 measures the complex impedance, corresponding to the capacitance of the dielectric microsensor 216 that varies based on the dielectric permittivity of the blood sample disposed within the fluid channel 218 and in response to the input excitation signal RFIN. As mentioned, the transmitter 222 can provide RFIN as an excitation signal at one or more discrete frequencies or sweep across one or more predefined frequency bands. The measurement function 238 thus stores impedance (e.g., capacitance) measurement values and associated timestamps (e.g., a time index) as time-based impedance data in the memory 234 based on the RF output signal from the dielectric microsensor 216. Additional information (e.g., metadata) may also be stored in the impedance data, such as to specify the input signal frequency, the particular type of bioactive agent, time and date, an identity of the SUT and/or patient, temperature and/or other parameters associated with each SUT.
By way of further example, during the first portion of a test phase, control 236 can control the transmitter 222 to provide the RF input signal (RFIN) within a first range of frequencies (e.g., a low frequency range). During one or more subsequent or other different phases of the sensing process, the control 236 can command the transmitter 222 to provide the RF input signal RFIN for one or more different ranges of frequencies for exciting the sensor and the associated SUT disposed in the fluid channel 218. For example, different frequencies may be used to extract different properties of the SUT, which may vary over a measurement time interval. The receiver 224 thus can receive and sample corresponding output signals RFOUT associated with each phase of the sensing process. The control 236 can also control the receiver 224 to provide the RF output data as a DC output voltage in the I-mode and another DC output voltage in the Q-mode. While the control and measurement functions 236 and 238, respectively, have been described as being part of the computing device 226, in other examples, the measurement and control functions could be distributed between the sensor interface system 214 and the computing device 226 or be implemented separately from the computing device (e.g., as part of the sensor interface or as a separate control system).
The computing device 226 further can include data processing methods and/or functions 236, 244 and 246 for computing permittivity based on the output data provided by the measurement function 238 for a given measurement interval. For example, the computing device 226 further can process the received RF output signals (RFOUT) from a given dielectric microsensor (or from multiple microsensors) 216 and provide output data that includes the impedance measurements as well as dielectric permittivity data and other information derived from the measurements to represent complex dielectric permittivity, raw data corresponding to the measured RF output signals as well as other information derived therefrom. A corresponding data set can be stored in the memory 234 for each of the dielectric microsensors 216 according to the respective input and output (RFIN and RFOUT) signals.
As a further example, the computing device 226 includes a calibration function 240 programmed to determine a calibration permittivity for a given dielectric microsensor 216. For example, the control function 236 can control transmitter to provide RFIN that is at or includes a predetermined excitation frequency (or frequency band) in which two or more substantially different SUTs are known to have little or no difference in permittivity. Thus, different types of samples may utilize different excitation frequencies for calibration as well as for testing depending on the samples. For the example of a blood SUT, the calibration input frequency can be about 100 MHz. In this way, the measured impedance (e.g., capacitance) corresponds to the capacitance of water, and the resulting permittivity derived (e.g., by permittivity calculator 244) from RFOUT in response to RFIN at the calibration frequency provides a measure of water permittivity for the dielectric microsensor 216. That is, the calibration capacitance and permittivity represent the capacitance and permittivity of the dielectric microsensor 216 with an SUT in the channel 218 with a known permittivity value (e.g., water has a known permittivity of approximately 80 at 100 MHz). This calibration measurement of impedance (e.g., by measurement function 238) and determination of the calibration permittivity (e.g., by permittivity calculator 244) may be implemented as part of the normal sensing process while an SUT is within the fluid channel 218, such as described above, so long as the excitation is provided at an appropriate calibration frequency.
By way of further example, if the sensor apparatus 212 is being used to measure the permittivity of blood, at 100 MHz, the permittivity of blood is close to that of water, (e.g., εr,blood(@100 MHz)≅εr,water(@100 MHz)≅80). This relationship and calibration frequency thus may be used for water-based substances other than blood. In particular, this relationship can be used to implement a simplified calibration procedure for non-modified blood (e.g., blood not mixed with a bioactive agent) that can be implemented while the blood SUT remains in the sensing apparatus. Other relationships and different calibration frequencies may be determined and used for other types of SUTs in a like procedure.
In the example to determine the permittivity of blood at 1 MHz, including non-modified blood and blood interacting with a bioactive agent, the following procedure may be used. After the sensing apparatus 212 is attached to the system 200, blood may be inserted into the fluidic chamber of the dielectric microsensor 216 (e.g., using a micropipette). The admittance for blood (i.e., Ys,blood) is measured over multiple frequencies (e.g., sweep 1 kHz to 100 MHz, or at 1 MHz and 100 MHz), such as disclosed herein.
The nominal capacitance for the sensor in the absence of an SUT (i.e., air-gap capacitance or C0) is calculated, such as follows:
where εr,blood(@100 MHz) is taken as εr,blood(@100 MHz)≈εr,water(@100 MHz)≈80.
The permittivity calculator 244 then computes the permittivity of blood at the frequency of interest (i.e. εr,blood(@1 MHz)) such as follows:
where C0 was calculated above based on the measured admittance of blood at the calibration frequency (e.g., 100 MHz).
Alternatively, the calibration measurement can be performed as a separate process for each SUT, such as before any SUT is placed in the fluid channel 218. The calibration function 240 stores the calibration permittivity value (e.g., corresponding to the air gap permittivity or capacitance) in the memory 234. In some types of sensing, such as for TPEAK, calibration function 240 may be omitted since the time to peak for a given type of material is not affected by calibrating or not calibrating permittivity of the sensor.
The permittivity calculator 244 is also executed by the processor 232 to determine dielectric permittivity of the SUT. This may include for determining the calibration permittivity as mentioned above, as well as more generally during sensing. The permittivity calculator 244 thus determines the permittivity for the dielectric microsensor 216 and the SUT over a corresponding measurement time interval. This interval can range from the time in which the control 236 activates the sensor interface 214 to provide the RF input signal until a subsequent time in which the control 236 deactivates the sensor interface 214 when sensing is complete. The measurement interval may be a fixed time or it can be controlled and terminated based on monitoring the measured capacitance or determined permittivity.
As an example, the permittivity calculator 244 can determine a relative permittivity of the SUT based on a measured impedance at one or more measurement frequencies (e.g., one or more frequency bands) and based on the calibration permittivity (e.g., determined by calibration function 240). For example, the permittivity calculator 244 can compute the permittivity at a given time index and input frequency by dividing the measured impedance value (e.g., capacitance) by the calibration capacitance value (e.g., air gap capacitance) to provide a relative permittivity value for the SUT at the given time index. Additionally, in some examples, the permittivity values over the measurement interval may be normalized with respect to the permittivity at the first measurement point, peak permittivity or another value. The normalized, relative permittivity value can be computed for each of the plurality of measurement data points over a range of time indices that define the measurement time interval. Each permittivity value can be stored as permittivity data in the memory 234 for further processing and analysis. As mentioned, in some measurements (e.g., time-to-peak), calibration may be omitted and the permittivity calculator 244 can determine a permittivity of the SUT in the absence of the calibration permittivity and, in some cases, without normalization.
The processor 232 can also execute code to implement a permittivity analyzer 246 that is programmed to determine one or more permittivity parameters based upon the dielectric permittivity values computed by the permittivity calculator 244 for each respective SUT. The permittivity analyzer 246 can determine parameters for one or more different portions of the measurement time interval, including up to the entire interval. As one example, the permittivity analyzer 246 analyzes the stored dielectric permittivity values over a portion of the measurement time interval to determine a time that it takes to reach a peak dielectric permittivity value (TPEAK). For instance, the permittivity analyzer 246 employs a peak detector function to ascertain the peak permittivity value, and the time interval (e.g., an elapsed time) to reach the peak dielectric permittivity thus can be stored in memory as TPEAK for the SUT. This time value TPEAK may be the time index associated with when the associated impedance measurement was made or it may be determined as the difference between the start time and the time when the measurement occurred to provide TPEAK. For example, the TPEAK value for a given blood SUT thus can provide an indication of an anticoagulation property of the SUT. In some examples, the TPEAK value for the given blood SUT may further describe its interaction with a bioactive agent within the dielectric microsensor 216. The TPEAK value can be stored in the memory 234 for each SUT.
As another example, the permittivity analyzer 246 can be programmed to analyze the stored dielectric permittivity values to determine a difference between the peak dielectric permittivity value (at TPEAK) and a plateau permittivity value for each SUT, which difference is referred to as Δεr,max. The plateau permittivity value can represent a permittivity value that remains substantially constant over time, such as at a tail end portion of the measurement time interval. As used herein, the term substantially constant is intended to refer to a sufficiently small rate of change from a given value over time (e.g., about ±5% or less). The permittivity analyzer 246 can determine the plateau permittivity value, for example, by determining that the time derivative of the permittivity values remains less than a predetermined value or is zero over a period of time. The difference between peak permittivity and plateau permittivity values (Δεr,max) can be used to provide an indication of additional properties associated with each respective SUT. For the example of a given blood SUT, which may be interacting with a bioactive agent, the difference between peak permittivity and plateau permittivity values can provide a quantitative measure of hemostatic properties associated with platelet function (e.g., clot stability and/or firmness).
In yet another example, the permittivity analyzer 246 can evaluate the dielectric permittivity values for the SUT over a portion of a time interval to determine the rate of change in permittivity values, such as corresponding to a slope of a portion of a curve representing the dielectric permittivity values. For instance, the permittivity analyzer 246 can determine a rising edge slope between the beginning of the measurement interval and the peak dielectric value. The permittivity analyzer 246 also may compute a falling edge slope such as between the TPEAK value and the plateau dielectric permittivity value. Further analysis can be made with respect to the tail portion between the peak and the plateau dielectric values to provide an indication of other properties associated with the SUT.
In some examples a plurality of different blood SUTs are introduced into different fluid channels 218 where one or more such samples are mixed with predetermined bioactive agents for interacting with the volume of the blood sample received in the respective fluid channel. In an example, the predetermined bioactive agent is disposed on a capacitive sensing structure thereof for interacting when the blood is introduced. A given sample may also include non-modified blood (e.g., without any bioactive agent). For each such SUT, the calculator 244 can compute dielectric permittivity values for each SUT based on the measured RF output signal for each of the microfluidic channels over at least one time interval (concurrent or sequential times). For example, the analyzer 246 is programmed to determine the assessment of hemostatic dysfunction based on the dielectric permittivity values computed for the blood samples in two or more of the microfluidic channels. The assessment of hemostatic dysfunction (e.g., determined by the analyzer 246) may include identifying a mechanism of the dysfunction and/or a diagnosis. In another example, the analyzer 246 is programmed to calculate a difference between the dielectric values computed over time for multiple SUTs in the microfluidic channels (e.g., each having a different bioactive agent) and determine the assessment of hemostatic dysfunction (e.g., identifying a mechanism of the dysfunction and/or a diagnosis) based on the difference in dielectric values. The analyzer 246 further can correlate the computed dielectric values or parameters derived therefrom with respect to known data (e.g., stored locally in memory 224 or remotely), which correlation can further specify a mechanism of the dysfunction and/or a diagnosis of a hemostatic disorder.
In some examples, an output generator 248 can utilize one or more computed permittivity parameters (e.g., TPEAK and/or Δεr,max) as a readout parameter to present associated information on a corresponding display 250 of the system 200. Additionally or alternatively, the output generator 248 can provide an output that identifies the mechanism of the dysfunction and/or diagnosis, such as determined by the permittivity analyzer 246 for each SUT. The output generator 248 can provide the output as including a visualization on the display 250, such as a graphical and/or textual representation of one or more permittivity parameters, and identify one or more mechanisms of a hemostatic dysfunction and associated coagulopathy, provide a diagnosis and/or recommend an intervention. An audio output may also be provided based on the one or more permittivity parameters.
In some cases, the display 250 may also present comparative results, which are determined by the permittivity analyzer 246 based on comparing the current results relative to a known standard or to one or more previous results for the same patient or a relevant patient population. This comparison further may be used to determine a deviation from a healthy blood coagulation profile for the patient's blood sample. When used as a patient or point-of-care apparatus, for example, the output generator 248 also generates a set of instructions that is provided as an output to the display 250, such as including a recommended therapy to administer based on the results from the permittivity analyzer 246. For example, the output may include a recommendation to administer a particular therapy, such as solution containing platelets, saline, recombinant fibrinogen, tranexamic acid (TXA), prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), recombinant coagulation factors, plasma, or whole blood (WB), depending on the results of the permittivity analyzer 246.
As mentioned, the apparatus includes a user interface 254 to interact with the system 200. The user interface 254 may include a touch screen interface, a keypad, a keyboard, a mouse, voice interface and/or a combination thereof. As an example, a user can employ the user interface 254 to acknowledge information that is presented on the display such as before, during and after a measurement interval for a given SUT. Additionally or alternatively, a user may employ the user interface 254 to input information about the user (e.g., health and/or demographic information) and/or environment conditions. The user interface 254 can be utilized to program/configure the system 200 for one or more parts of a sensing process such as disclosed herein. For instance, the user interface 254 can be utilized to set a range of one or more frequencies, including one or more frequency bands, to utilize for the excitation signal during testing of the SUT. For example, in response to instructions entered via the user interface 254, the computing device 226 can employ control 236 to instruct the transmitter 222 (e.g., through a bus or interface) to operate accordingly, responsive to the user configuration instructions entered via the user interface 254. The instructions can be stored in memory 234 or other memory (e.g., a program register) of the transmitter 222 to control the frequency of the excitation signal and duration thereof that is applied during a test process. Additionally or alternatively, the user interface 254 can also be utilized to control the information that is presented in the display 250 as well as to perform other post processing functions (e.g., reporting functions, recording user responses to questions, etc.) and data analysis.
In some examples, the computing device 226 employs the communications interface 252 to communicate with the remote system 256 via a communication link 258. The communication link 258 can be implemented to include one or more physical connections (e.g., an electrically conductive connection or optical fiber), one or more wireless links (e.g., implemented according to an 802.11x standard, another short range wireless communication protocol or cellular data) or a network infrastructure that includes one or more physical and/or wireless communication links, such as the Internet or a private network.
The remote system 256 can include a server, a general purpose computing device (e.g., notebook computer, laptop, desktop computer, workstation, smartphone or the like) and/or it can be a special purpose system configured to interact with one or more of the system 200 via the link 258. For instance, the computing device 226 employs the communications interface 252 to send the remote system 256 permittivity-related information (e.g., any information derived therefrom) based on measurement results for one or more SUTs. As another example, the remote system 256 may send programming instructions to the apparatus to configure and/or update its operating program instructions. In an example where the remote system 256 comprises a back office system of a healthcare provider, the computing device 226 may send a copy of the raw measurement data and/or the results determined by the permittivity analyzer 246 using secure communications over the link 258 (e.g., HIPPA compliant communications). In such an example, the remote system 256 may communicate with a plurality of apparatuses. The subsequent instructions presented on the display, thus may include instructions to administer a particular therapy (e.g., a solution containing platelets, saline, recombinant fibrinogen, tranexamic acid (TXA), prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), recombinant coagulation factors, plasma, or whole blood (WB)) based on remote evaluation of the permittivity data by a healthcare provider, who can transmit such instructions to the system 200 through the link 258 for presentation on the display 250 for the user at the point-of-care.
As a further example,
In the following description of
Associated interface electronics 214 are coupled to inputs and outputs of each sensing apparatus 100. Thus, the sensing structure 102 and interface electronics 214 can be configured to produce a complex output that depends on (e.g., varies as a mathematical function of) the complex dielectric permittivity of the SUT (e.g., blood or other biological fluid) disposed in the respective microfluidic channel of each sensor 102 in response to an excitation signal.
As an example, a micropipette (or other device, such as a syringe or the like) 302 can be employed to inject an SUT into the microfluidic channel of the sensor 102. The sensor interface electronics 214 includes transmitter circuitry 222 to provide the excitation signal (e.g., at single frequency or frequency range of one or more frequency bands) to an input of a given sensor containing a volume of the SUT. The output of sensor 102 is coupled to respective front-end RF modules 304 (demonstrated as FE) of a receiver (e.g., receiver 224). Each front-end RF module 304 is configured to preprocess (e.g., perform down-conversion, filtering and amplification) each transmitted signal received in response to an excitation signal and provide corresponding output RF signals. The RF signals from a given one of the front-end RF module 304 can be selectively provided to other receiver circuitry 306 for further processing, such as including conversion to a digital version of the signal and provided to computing module 226. The computing module 226 can calculate permittivity for each SUT based on the system output signal to provide corresponding output permittivity values stored in memory 234 as permittivity data. The permittivity data for each sensor 102 can include real permittivity values or it may include complex permittivity values (e.g., real and imaginary permittivity) computed over the range of excitation frequencies, including different sub-ranges provided to each sensor 102. Permittivity data can also include raw signal measurements and the input excitation frequencies. The computing module 226 can also analyze the permittivity data to determine permittivity parameters of the SUT, including a comparison and/or correlation of permittivity data for each of the sensors such as disclosed herein. The computing module 226 can provide an indication of properties of the blood based on the analysis of permittivity parameters for each SUT. One or more readout parameters describing permittivity parameters and/or hemostatic properties of the SUT (e.g., hemostatic dysfunction and associated coagulopathy) may be rendered on a display 310. The system 300 may include a user interface (UI) 312 that provides a human-machine interface to enable user interaction with the system 300, such as to review results, send results to a remote station, acknowledge instructions, reset the system or perform other human-machine interactions.
The computing module 226 can further provide the permittivity data and analysis thereof to a communication module 228. The communication module 228 can send the output data and raw measurement data to a remote system. For example, the communication module 228 can transmit the output data to a back office system (e.g., a server) that can be programmed to analyze the data and store the results and raw data in a database. The remote system can also communicate command information to the system 300 to program one or more of the system parameters (e.g., signal gain and/or frequency range) to control its operation and/or provide instructions to the user, such as disclosed herein. The system 300 of
While the example system of
At 402, a blood SUT is introduced into the microfluidic chamber of one or more dielectric microsensors. The blood interacts with a bioactive agent within at least one microfluidic chamber over a measurement time interval. For example, the bioactive agent may be disposed within the fluidic chamber before the blood is introduced or it may be introduced with the blood. Any bioactive agent may be used including those disclosed herein. With the SUT within the dielectric microsensor, the method proceeds to 404 and an input radio frequency (RF) signal is provided to the dielectric microsensor. For example, a transmitter (e.g., transmitter 22, 222) of the interface system provides the RF input signal to an input of the microsensor. The RF input signal can include one or more frequencies, as disclosed herein.
At 406, an output RF signal is received (e.g., by a receiver 24, 224) from each dielectric microsensor in response to the applied input RF signal. The RF output signal represents a measure of impedance (e.g., capacitance) of the SUT disposed in the dielectric microsensor. As disclosed herein, measure of impedance further can vary based on interaction of the SUT with the bioactive agent. A bioactive agent may be omitted from one (or more) of the SUT in a given microsensor. The input and output signals can be communicated between the dielectric microsensor and the interface system over a measurement time interval, for example, a fixed time or a time that depends on the measurements.
At 408, dielectric permittivity values of the SUT are calculated (e.g., by permittivity calculator 244) over a measurement time interval based on the output RF signal. As disclosed herein, the permittivity may be computed as a relative permittivity and be normalized to a selected permittivity value (e.g., peak permittivity). The permittivity values may be stored in memory (e.g., memory 234).
At 410, the dielectric permittivity values of the SUT are analyzed (e.g., by permittivity analyzer 246) over at least a portion of the measurement time interval to provide an assessment of hemostatic dysfunction for the blood sample. In some examples, a volume of blood is introduced into each of a plurality of microfluidic chambers of respective sensors and dielectric permittivity values are computed for each of the respective sensors. In such an example, the assessment of hemostatic dysfunction is determined based on the dielectric permittivity values computed for at least two of the microfluidic chambers (e.g., based on a comparison of dielectric permittivity information determined for such two or more chambers). The dielectric permittivity over time for each of the samples further may be compared (e.g., by permittivity analyzer 246) to healthy blood coagulation profile data to diagnose the dysfunction and render a corresponding diagnosis. In some examples, the method 400 includes computing a difference between dielectric permittivity values determined for at least some of the microfluidic chambers and determining the assessment of hemostatic dysfunction based on the computed difference. An output can be generated at 410 to specify or recommend a therapy to administer depending on the assessment of hemostatic dysfunction and the associated coagulopathy determined based on the set of permittivity data derived from the given blood sample. A first responder or other medical professional may administer the recommended therapy to the patient at 412. In an example, the recommended therapy includes a solution containing platelets, saline, recombinant fibrinogen, tranexamic acid (TXA), prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), recombinant coagulation factors, plasma, or whole blood (WB).
In some examples, the dielectric permittivity values may be analyzed to determine other parameters that may be indicative of cellular and/or molecular properties of the SUT, such as disclosed herein. In an example, the dielectric microsensors used in performing the method 400 are disposable, single-use devices that can be attached to the interface to enable sensing properties of the SUT and, after completing the test, removed and disposed of according to appropriate disposal procedures.
In view of the foregoing, the DS microsystem and method disclosed herein thus can provide a low-power, low-cost, portable, and field- or roadside-deployable instrument for rapidly extracting key information that characterizes the molecular and/or cellular properties of biological or other sample solutions in a broad frequency range using μL-sample volumes. In one example, the method 400 can be utilized to facilitate treatment for trauma patients at the point-of-care or point-of-injury, such as by military and civilian first responders.
For the example of a blood SUT, some properties may include cellular properties (e.g., hemostatic properties, such as platelet function or dysfunction based on Δεr,max) and/or molecular properties (e.g., coagulation factor function or dysfunction based on TPEAK). By analyzing these and other parameters from a plurality of sensors with blood that interacts with a plurality of different bioactive agents (or no agent), systems and methods herein can determine additional information about the blood sample and patient. For example, the computing device of the measurement system can identify mechanisms of a hemostatic dysfunction, render a diagnosis and/or recommend a therapy based on the dielectric permittivity computed over time for the set of microsensors.
In view of the foregoing, devices and methods disclosed herein enable comprehensive hemostatic assessments at the point-of-injury, such as on a battlefield, or other location. This is accomplished by providing a versatile design that affords small “carry volume” for portability and rapid readout for guiding trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) mitigation at or near the point-of-injury. The portable device may be embodied as a miniaturized, multichannel, handheld, blood coagulation analyzer configured to implement dielectric spectroscopy as to provide rapid and comprehensive assessment of hemostatic status in TIC management to further guide intervention at the point-of-injury as well as in prolonged field care (PFC) settings.
What have been described above are examples. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of structures, components, or methods, but one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the scope of this application, including the appended claims.
Where the disclosure or claims recite “a,” “an,” “a first,” or “another” element, or the equivalent thereof, it should be interpreted to include one or more than one such element, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. As used herein, the term “includes” means includes but not limited to, and the term “including” means including but not limited to and the term “based on” means based at least in part on.
This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 62/828,286, filed Apr. 2, 2019, and entitled DIELECTRIC SENSING TO CHARACTERIZE HEMOSTATIC DYSFUNCTION, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200319128 A1 | Oct 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62828286 | Apr 2019 | US |
