Patent Application
20170020184
The invention relates to a regulating method for the perforation of mouthpiece lining papers, for achieving maximum reduction of carbon monoxide, and a mouthpiece lining paper manufactured according to this method.
The reduction in the CO concentration during smoking a cigarette takes place on the one hand by the so-called dilution of the smoke which take place by the introduction of air into the interior of the cigarette through the end of the tobacco strand, pores in the cigarette paper and the wrapping paper or additionally by holes which have been established by perforating, respectively, and on the other hand by diffusion of the carbon monoxide through the pores or the holes which have been established by perforating, respectively, from the interior of the cigarette to the outside. Diffusion of the carbon monoxide thus takes place through the same pores and holes as the introduction of air, but in the opposite direction. Diffusion of the carbon monoxide towards the outside may also be considered to be a gas exchange, since in this process gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc. are diffused into the interior of the cigarette. The dilution of the smoke by means of the introduction of air is often also referred to as ventilation, a distinction being made between filter ventilation and tobacco-strand ventilation, depending on through which part of the cigarette the air makes its way into the interior of the cigarette.
The drag resistance of the cigarette is relevant for the extent of dilution. Said drag resistance determines how high the volumetric flow is of fresh air which is sucked in through the pores and holes of the cigarette when smoking. The ratio of the volumetric flow of fresh air through the pores and holes of the individual parts of the cigarette to the total volumetric flow through the mouth end of the cigarette is referred to as the degree of ventilation, there also being a distinction here between a degree of filter ventilation and a degree of tobacco-strand ventilation.
It is desirable in finished cigarettes that they have uniform dilution or drag resistance or a uniform degree of ventilation, respectively, since the degree of ventilation can substantially influence and modify the flavour of the cigarette.
The degree of ventilation is derived depending on the permeability of the cigarette paper and of the mouthpiece lining paper. Therefore, it is necessary for the permeability of both the cigarette paper and of the mouthpiece lining paper to be kept constant during manufacturing.
In order to be able to set a constant permeability which is independent of the properties such as porosity (ratio of cavity volume to total volume) of the used base paper, the base paper for the mouthpiece lining paper is provided with an additional, adjustable perforation.
Apart from the tobacco strand and the filter, a common filter cigarette or even a conventional cigarette tube is composed of the cigarette paper wrapping the tobacco strand, the highly porous filter wrapping paper, and the mouthpiece lining paper. A highly porous filter paper is required when offline or pre-perforated mouthpiece lining paper is used.
The mouthpiece lining paper, often also referred to as “tipping paper” or “tipping”, for short, enshrouds the filter and the filter wrapping paper. This is that part of the filter cigarette which is contacted by the lips of the person smoking the cigarette while the filter cigarette is being smoked. Typically, the tipping paper also slightly protrudes in the longitudinal direction of the filter cigarette into the longitudinal region of the tobacco strands, there wraps itself around the cigarette paper and is connected thereto by an adhesive connection. On account of this adhesive connection being established, the filter part and the tobacco-strand part are mechanically interconnected in the cigarette-making machine. The tipping paper most often is indeed a paper, but may also be a film or a foil, for example. In the event of the tipping paper being configured as a film or a foil, the former may be composed of cellophane. The mouthpiece lining paper usually has a visually appealing printed design. This printed design often resembles cork.
At the tobacco-strand end the mouthpiece lining paper is usually configured so as to be partially perforated such that during drawing on the cigarette, air from the environment makes its way into the filter and there is mixed with the smoke stream coming out of the tobacco strand, reducing the smoke values.
Typically, the mouthpiece lining paper is perforated after printing in order to prevent the perforation holes being closed again by the printing operation.
Since the filter wrapping paper which lies below the mouthpiece lining paper is implemented so as to be highly porous, the total or residual permeability of the cigarette in the region of the filter is limited by way of the porosity of the mouthpiece lining paper. The porosity of the mouthpiece lining paper may be obtained by way of the hole size or the hole count produced by perforating, respectively.
Thus, if the remaining cigarette parameters (porosity of the cigarette paper, of the filter wrapping paper, drag resistance of the tobacco strand and of the filter etc.) as well as a pre-defined target value for the degree of ventilation or the smoke values of the cigarette, respectively, are known, a nominal value for the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper may be pre-defined. The target values for the degree of ventilation and of the smoke values are usually pre-defined by the cigarette manufacturer, so that the nominal value for the permeability can subsequently be established by the mouthpiece lining paper manufacturer and be referred to during the production of the mouthpiece lining paper.
There are methods in the prior art which serve for regulating the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper to the pre-defined nominal value by way of perforating.
EP 0056223 A2 shows a method for regulating an electrical perforating installation in which the permeability of the paper web is determined by way of the proportion of an electromagnetic wave passing through and being reflected (visible light, for example) which is directed onto the perforated paper web. The deviation of the actual value from the nominal value of permeability is used for regulating the spark energy.
DE 3016622 A1 shows a method for regulating an electrical perforating installation in which the permeability of the paper web is measured. The measured value thus obtained is used for regulating the hole size or the hole count of the perforation by way of the frequency and the duration of the discharges and/or the web speeds.
DE 2833527 A1 shows a method for regulating an electrical perforating installation in which the permeability of the paper web is measured. The measured value thus obtained is used for regulating the hole size of the perforation by way of the frequency of the discharges. This may take place in that in the case of a sufficiently high frequency a plurality of discharges are performed so as to be mutually successive through the same perforation hole and in that the latter is thus somewhat widened with each discharge. It is provided that compressed air for cooling the electrodes is blown in the direction of the ends of the latter.
DE 2802315 A1 shows a method for controlling an electrical perforating installation in which the porosity of the paper web is measured in a testing device. The measured value thus obtained is used for controlling the hole size of the perforation by way of the frequency of the discharges or by switching off individual electrode pairs in order to control the perforation-hole count in this manner.
In the perforating installations and the regulating methods of the prior art the effect of the perforation on the diffusion of carbon monoxide has not been considered to date. The reason therefor may lie in that there has been a predominant opinion to date that the diffusion of carbon monoxide is not influenced by the perforation, or that said diffusion of carbon monoxide cannot be influenced by way of the perforation, in the event that a constant permeability is to be obtained.
Since the reduction of carbon monoxide constitutes a substantial health aspect, it has been a concern of the applicant to research the effect of the perforation on the diffusion of carbon monoxide and to develop a diffusion-optimized mouthpiece lining paper.
The object underlying the invention is to provide an improved method for perforating the mouthpiece lining paper, wherein the reduction of carbon monoxide in the smoke is to be maximized at constant permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper.
In order to achieve the object it is proposed that perforating the mouthpiece lining paper which is available as a continuous paper web or film web is performed in a regulated perforating device, wherein diffusivity and permeability of the perforated mouthpiece lining paper are determined inline, that is to say directly on the perforating machine, and diffusivity is maximized by regulating the perforation parameters while constantly adhering to the pre-definable permeability.
One possibility consists in measuring the hole size of the holes of the mouthpiece lining paper produced by perforating and to control the perforation parameters such that the hole size for maximum diffusion of the carbon monoxide is established. The permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper is kept constant in that the perforation-hole count is obtained or controlled, respectively, depending on the hole size obtained.
On account of this two-step regulating method it is achieved that diffusion of carbon monoxide through the perforation is maximized and permeability is kept constant.
As will be explained also in theory in the following, the applicant has determined that the diffusion of carbon monoxide is at its maximum when the hole diameter of the individual perforation holes is minimal. Since, for technical reasons, the hole diameter cannot be implemented so as to be arbitrarily small, the method according to the invention consists in regulating the hole diameter to the minimum hole diameter achievable depending on the application and in adapting the number of perforation holes thereto in order to achieve the required permeability. In comparison with the prior art it is advantageous that maximum reduction of carbon monoxide is achieved while adhering to the specifications for permeability. The concentration of the undesirable carbon monoxide is thus reduced as far as possible without influencing the flavour and the drag resistance of the cigarette.
The regulating method according to the invention is best implemented using the method of plasma perforation which has been developed by the applicant. On the one hand, plasma perforation makes extremely small hole diameters possible in the first place, and on the other hand plasma perforation allows very specific and fast regulating of the perforation parameters.
The invention is visualized by way of drawings in which:
First, the physical approach in theory will be explained, without the intention of being bound to the theory.
The reduction of carbon monoxide takes place by diluting the smoke stream and by diffusion. The reduction of carbon monoxide by diluting the smoke stream is determined by the permeability P of the cigarette; consequently, in the case of a pre-defined, constant permeability P, maximizing the CO reduction has to take place by way of maximizing diffusion.
Prior to showing the solution by way of a mathematical approach, the possibility for maximizing diffusivity at constant permeability P will be described by way of the physical correlations. In this document permeability is understood as being the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper on account of a pressure differential. The pressure differential is generated by drag on the cigarette. In rough terms, permeability here is a measure of how much fresh air is drawn into the interior of the cigarette through the perforation of the mouthpiece lining paper. The smaller the perforation holes at a constant hole density or number, respectively, the larger the drag resistance caused thereby; therefore, the smaller the holes, the lower the permeability. Hole density is understood as the hole count per area unit.
In this document diffusivity is understood as being the permeability of the mouthpiece lining paper on account of a difference in concentration. Here, the concentration of carbon monoxide during smoking is higher in the cigarette than in the ambient air. The diffusion of carbon monoxide thus takes place counter to the direction of the influx of fresh air, from the inside to the outside. The level of diffusion, apart from the difference in concentration, is dependent on the area A which is available for diffusion.
Here, many small holes having the same permeability P as a few large holes in total have a larger area A than the few large holes. Thus, diffusion may be maximized by way of perforating as many holes as possible which are as small as possible while keeping the permeability P constant.
The permeability P of the mouthpiece lining paper may be modified by way of the perforation parameters of hole size and hole count. Here, the permeability P may be approximated by using the formula
Here, η describes the dynamic viscosity of air. n is the hole count. r is the hole radius. d is the thickness of the paper. Δp is the pressure differential between the outer side and the inner side of the paper, and v is an empirically determined permeability exponent which depends on the perforating method.
The diffusion rate of carbon monoxide from the cigarette is derived in an approximate manner as the product of the coefficient of diffusion of carbon monoxide in air and of the area A which is available for diffusion. For the present observation it suffices to state that the diffusion rate increases the larger the area A which is available for diffusion. This area A is derived from the area of a hole r2Π multiplied with the hole count n
A=nr2Π
In the case of a constant permeability P the ratio of the hole count n to the hole radius r is to be selected such that the sum of the hole areas is maximized. The correlation of permeability P, hole radius r, hole count n, and diffusion area A is shown in
The limiting factor in this context is the hole size, since the latter, depending on the perforation method and type of mouthpiece lining paper employed for technical reasons cannot be implemented so as to be of an arbitrarily small size. However, it is possible to control the perforation parameters such that the achievable minimum hole diameter Dmin is obtained.
Since this achievable minimum hole diameter Dmin depends on many parameters (paper thickness d, coating and type of paper, air humidity, air pressure, deviations in the output of the energy source etc.), it is provided according to the invention that the hole diameter D is measured inline by optical means and the measured values are used for regulating the perforation parameters (output of the energy source; duration of the energy pulse; spacing of the energy source from the paper web; type, volume, and pressure of the gas supply; speed of the paper web etc.).
The perforation-hole count is adapted to the achievable minimum hole diameter Dmin. This may take place by way of calculation or by optical measurement of the permeability P of the perforated paper web.
By way of calculation the hole count n results from
The nominal permeability Psoll may be indirectly stated by way of the degree of ventilation or by way of the smoke values of the cigarette manufacturer, respectively. η, Δp and v are constant, or depend on the perforating process used, respectively. The required hole count n may thus be calculated when the paper thickness d and the hole radius r, or the hole diameter D (D=2r) are measured, respectively.
Preferably, the permeability P of the perforated paper is measured in an additional second control loop and the hole count n is correspondingly controlled so as to keep the permeability P to the nominal value.
The implementation having two independent control loops is possible if and when the perforation parameters for regulating the hole size have no influence on the hole count n and conversely the hole count n has no influence on the hole diameter D.
In many perforating heads the hole count n may be obtained, for example, in that no energy impulse is applied to individual perforating heads. In the case of a single perforating head the hole count n may be obtained in a controlled manner by way of the number or the frequency of the energy impulses, respectively.
A plasma perforating head for plasma-perforating a paper web, in particular a mouthpiece lining paper web or a mouthpiece lining paper 4 is illustrated in
Preferably, the gas composition may be modified directly at the location of the plasma, independently of the environmental atmosphere.
To this end the electrode 2 preferably is attached in a pipe 1. The pipe 1 serves for conveying a pressurized gas or gas mixture. For improved clarity the gas flow in the figures is visualized using arrows. A nozzle 1.1 is located at the front end of the pipe 1. This nozzle 1.1 is attached so as to be concentric around the electrode 2, in the region of the tip of the latter which faces the mouthpiece lining paper 4. A pressurized gas or gas mixture is thus introduced in an annular manner around the electrode 2 in the direction of the mouthpiece lining paper 4 through the cavity 1.2 which is enclosed by the pipe 1 and the nozzle 1.1. A needle-shaped counter electrode 5 which is implemented in a likewise manner, or a planar counter electrode 5 as shown in
By introducing an inert gas or a gas mixture having a high concentration of inert gas through the cavity 1.2, a narrow region having another gas composition remains in the centre of this gas flow, that is to say directly in front of the tip of the electrode 2, towards the mouthpiece lining paper 4. The concentration of inert gas in this region is somewhat lower than in the direct flow from the nozzle 1.1. On account thereof, it is more easily possible for the gas to be ionized in this region and to thus produce a localized plasma 3 which by way of sublimation ultimately produces a hole in the mouthpiece lining paper 4. Since there already is a high concentration of inert gas in and, above all, around the plasma 3, oxidation on the surface of the mouthpiece lining paper 4 is precluded, on account of which visible burn marks on the periphery of the hole are avoided. The expansion of the region having a low concentration of inert gas, and thus of the plasma 3, may be enlarged or reduced by way of a tight or somewhat wider design of the nozzle 1.1, or by modifying the distance by which the electrode 2 protrudes from the nozzle 1.1.
Apart from the frequency, duration, and amplitude of the voltage impulses between the electrodes 2, 5, preferably at least one of the following parameters is controllable in the regulating method according to the invention:
In the case of the usual arrangement of a multiplicity of needle electrodes 2, preferably the opening diameter of the nozzle and/or the spacing between the nozzle and the electrode tip may be controlled, since these modifications take place directly at the effective location of the plasma and thus have a temporally very immediate effect on perforating.
Moreover, these two parameters may be obtained individually on each electrode 2, independently of the other electrode 2, on account of which each individual electrode 2 can be controlled to the minimum hole diameter Dmin which is achievable therefor.
Preferably, the gas composition may be modified directly at the location of the plasma, independently of the environmental atmosphere.
To this end, again a nozzle 1.1 is disposed at the lower end of the pipe 1. A lens 7 which handles two tasks is located so as to be centric in this nozzle 1.1. The lens 7 firstly serves for focussing the laser beam 6 onto the surface of the mouthpiece lining paper 4. Secondly, the lens 7 serves for influencing the gas flow out of the nozzle 1.1 in the desired manner, specifically in such a manner that the gas flow takes places so as to be annular around the lens 7. In order for the inert gas or gas mixture to be able to flow out spherically around the lens 7, the latter is fixed in the pipe 1 by way of thin wires, for example, or is located at the end of a rigid optical wave guide which, like the electrode 2, runs perpendicularly in the pipe 1. In this case, the plasma 3 is limited to that region in which the energy density of the laser beam 6 is sufficiently high in order for the gas mixture to be ionized with a sufficiently low concentration of inert gas. The energy density of the laser beam 6 is at its maximum in the focal point of the lens 7, and the concentration of inert gas is at its lowest there, such that a local, small-area plasma 3 can be produced.
Apart from the output, focal length, frequency, duration and geometry of the laser pulses, preferably one of the following parameters is controllable in the regulating method according to the invention:
Nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), helium (He), neon (Ne), or carbon dioxide (CO2) may be employed as an inert gas. It is also possible for individual types of inert gas to be combined with one another using specific mixing ratios or to be combined by flowing through the nozzles into the treatment space. Since the inert gas or gas mixture exits the nozzle 1.1 under pressure, the density of the gas or of the gas mixture in the annular region spherically around the electrode 2 or the lens 7 is higher than in the region directly in front of the electrode 2 or the lens 7. The denser a gas, the more energy is required for ionizing said gas. Additionally, ions and electrons are flushed away by the gas flow. These two effects also contribute towards the plasma 3 being localized.
Regulating the hole diameter D may thus also take place in the case of plasma perforation if and when compressed air is employed as the gas mixture.
The hole radius r, or the hole diameter D, respectively, is measured by the measuring device 12. The controller 13 controls the control factor u of the actuating element 14, in order to reduce the hole radius r to the achievable minimum hole radius rmin. The achievable minimum hole radius rmin may be determined in an adjustment phase, for example, in that the hole radius r is reduced by way of a modification of the perforation parameters until the produced plasma is too weak for perforating a hole in the paper at all. The nominal value in the form of the achievable minimum hole radius rmin is obtained after adjusting to somewhat above the critical hole radius below which perforating is no longer reliable.
The controller 13 supplies a control factor u which acts on the actuating installation 14. The actuating variable y, such as, for example, the gas pressure, the gas composition, the nozzle diameter, or the spacing of the nozzle from the tip of the energy source may be modified by way of the actuating installation 14. The modification of the actuating variable y causes a modification of the plasma 3 on the paper web 4 (control path 11), which results in a change in the hole radius r.
The measuring device 22 measures the permeability P, preferably by means of electromagnetic waves as shown in EP 0056223 A2. The number n of perforation holes is controlled by the difference between the measured value and the pre-defined nominal value Psoll. The control factor u′ has the effect of switching on or switching off individual perforating heads.
For example, the measuring device 12 may be a linear camera (for example a high-resolution CMOS or CCD camera of an optical [laser] micrometer) which is directed onto the paper web and takes images of the perforation rows of the paper web in a manner which is synchronized with the perforating devices, such that the number of perforation holes and the hole diameter D thereof of one perforation row are determinable from analysing the image in a data processing system.
For example, minimizing the hole size in the adjustment phase may be performed in that the gas pressure or gas flow rate is increased, or the gas composition is varied, at constant output of the energy source until a discharge rate of 75% is achieved. Thereafter, these gas parameters are kept constant, and the parameters of the energy source (for example, duration, frequency, amplitude of the energy impulse) are controlled such that the permeability P assumes the pre-defined nominal value by increasing or decreasing the discharge rate.
Should it be encountered that the required permeability Psoll is nevertheless undershot at the maximum discharge rate, the hole size has to be somewhat widened at the expense of diffusivity, for example by reducing the gas pressure, reducing the proportion of inert gas in the gas mixture, or adapting the web speed. A measuring device 32 which metrologically acquires the hole count n (or the hole density, respectively), the hole size (hole radius r) and the permeability P is provided for implementing this variant. The data of the measuring device is analysed in a data processing system, and one actuating variable (or a plurality thereof) is/are generated by a controller 13 which may be implemented as software.
Preferably, the data processing system can calculate and store the total area of perforation by multiplying the hole count n with the mean hole size, wherein the total area of perforation may represent a key figure (diffusion area A) for the diffusivity of the paper, or the diffusivity of the paper may be calculated therefrom.
In addition to the hole count n (or hole density, respectively), the hole size (hole radius r), and the permeability P, it is advantageous for the thickness d of the web to be also acquired. Preferably, a non-contacting method for continuously measuring the paper thickness d is employed; such methods are known in the prior art and are shown in the documents U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,606 (A), EP0995076 (A1), U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,679 (B1), for example. The measuring device for measuring the paper thickness d here may be disposed preferably ahead of the perforating device, or else after the perforating device, when viewed in the direction of the web.
Particularly in the case of paper varieties having intensely varying properties (thickness d and permeability P of the base paper, or thickness d of a coating), it may be necessary to perform measuring of permeability, in addition to measuring thickness, ahead of the perforating device. In this case the required number of perforation holes for the perforation which follows in each case may be approximately calculated from the paper parameters and the achievable minimum hole diameter D and may optionally be controlled in that the formula is adapted by way of the measured values of a measuring device, which is disposed after the perforating device, for measuring the actually achieved permeability P. Alternatively, the discharge rate may also be controlled, depending on the thickness d and the permeability P of the base paper.
In
Particularly preferably, the measuring devices 12, 22 are configured as one measuring device 8, the signal of which is analysed in a data processing system 9. The data processing system 9 determines the radius r, the hole count n, and the permeability P, and by way of controllers 13, 23 which are implemented as software generates the control factors u, u′. Preferably, the hole radius r or the hole diameter D, respectively, is acquired for each perforating head, in order for parameters to be able to be modified in a targeted manner on individual perforating heads, or in order to be able to react in the event that individual perforating heads produce significantly larger perforation holes than others, for example on account of wear.
Instead of the nominal permeability Psoll (in CORESTA units CU), the degree of ventilation, drag resistance and/or the smoke values to be achieved may also be entered into the data processing system. The nominal permeability Psoll may in turn be calculated by way of a calculation rule which is stored in the data processing system.
The hole radius r or the hole diameter D, respectively, the hole count n or the hole density, respectively, and the permeability P serve as input values for the data processing system. The paper thickness d, the permeability P of the base paper, the type and thickness of an optional coating, and the web speed are additional input values. If and when the thickness d and the permeability P of the base paper, or the coating, respectively, are constant across the entire paper web, it is sufficient for these values to be input into the data processing system prior to the commencement of perforating. Above all, if and when the permeability P of the base paper or of the coated paper are negligibly minor in comparison to the permeability P achieved by perforating, the consideration of the permeability P of the base paper may be dispensed with. The hole radius r and the hole count n are metrologically acquired by the measuring device 8 after the perforating device, wherein preferably the permeability P is also acquired by the measuring device 8, or, using the hole count n, the hole radius r, and the thickness d of the paper web, the data processing system can calculate the permeability P according to this formula (or other formulae):
The web speed serves as an input value of the data processing system and may also serve as an output value (actuating variable) in the event of the web speed having to be controlled depending on the input values. Further output values (actuating variables) may include: the frequency, duration, and amplitude of the voltage impulses between the electrodes 2, 5; the spacing of the electrode from the paper web; the spacing of the nozzle from the electrode tip; the output, focal length, frequency, duration, and geometry of the laser impulse; the spacing between the nozzle and the lens or the tip of the light guide; the gas pressure; the opening diameter of the nozzle; the gas composition; the flow rate of the gas.
In contrast to the prior art the present invention is advantageous since the influence of the perforation on the reduction of carbon monoxide by diffusion is considered, so that for the first time a diffusion-optimized perforation of mouthpiece lining paper is carried out and thus for the first time a diffusion-optimized perforated mouthpiece lining paper is manufactured.
Moreover the method for plasma perforating is particularly advantageous in this context, since besides the classic controllable parameters of a perforating device (output, duration, frequency of the energy impulses of the energy source, and web speed), by way of the targeted introduction of gas or gas mixtures further controllable parameters (gas pressure, gas amount, gas composition, nozzle geometry) which enable targeted reduction of the hole size are available, and higher hole density may also be achieved by way of the enhanced positioning accuracy of the holes which is additionally enabled by plasma perforation.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| A 50252/2014 | Apr 2014 | AT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AT2015/050086 | 4/1/2015 | WO | 00 |
