Patent Grant
7452444
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
This invention relates to continuous digesters for wood chips in the papermaking industry.
As commonly practiced in the prior art relating to papermaking, wood chips and alkali liquor (white liquor) are pumped into the top of a hydraulic cooking vessel (digester, approximately 180 feet high and approximately 23 feet in diameter) that is operated at high pressure (165 psig) and temperature (325 degrees F.). A chip cooking process proceeds over the time that it takes the saturated chip column to move down through the digester where the discharge rate of the chips to a blow line at the bottom of the digester is matched to the feed rate at the top so as to maintain a constant level and retention time of the chips in the digester.
In the cooking process (delignification of wood chips), approximately 50% of the organic chip mass is dissolved in the cooking liquor. At 1 to 3 locations above the lower section of the digester, liquor containing the dissolved solids is removed from the vessel by extracting liquor through sets of screens in the circumferential wall of the digester, the screens being aligned with the inner wall of the digester vessel. The screens are 3 to 4 feet in height. The wash screens are the lowest set of screens in a continuous digester and are located 10 to 20 feet up from the bottom of the digester. The screen plates are made from stainless steel with multiple slots cut in them that are 0.12 to 0.35 inch wide by 3 to 4 inches long depending on the location in the digester. The liquor that is extracted can be sent to a chemical recovery system where the liquor solids are concentrated and the organic solids burned in a chemical recovery boiler. The chemicals (inorganic solids) are recovered in the bottom of the recovery boiler and re-used to produce white liquor for the cooking process.
Just prior to discharge from the digester bottom internal to the brownstock washing process, the chip mass is washed and cooled by cold (120 to 180 degrees F.) filtrate which is generated externally of the digester (from black liquor for example) and introduced into the wash zone of the digester. As much as possible remaining organic/inorganic material dissolved in the cooking liquor is removed from the chip column by a displacement and diffusion wash in the bottom of the digester by extraction of high-dissolved-solids hot liquor through the wash screens. To displace the high-solids hot liquor and to cool the chip mass, cooled black liquor filtrate is added to the bottom of the digester at several locations in the wash zone.
In some instances, some of the liquor extracted and/or a combination of lower solids liquors (black liquor and/or white liquor) is added to a center pipe (downcomer) in the digester that discharges in the center of the chip column adjacent to a given set of screens. The liquor added to the center pipe at least partially displaces the liquor being pulled through the extraction screens at such given set of screens.
In summary, the purpose of the wash screens is to remove high solids filtrate from the chip column as it passes these screens by the efficient displacement and diffusion wash with cooler and cleaner liquor added to counter wash nozzles, to ring dilution nozzles and/or to the center of the chip mass via a downcomer that discharges adjacent to these screens. The efficiency of the wash is measured by the extent to which there is maintained an optimum low temperature of the chip mass discharged from the digester with concomitant minimization of the cooling of the wash liquor added to the wash zone.
Because of the nature of the compaction of the chip column, it is difficult to predict and/or control the uniform flow of re-circulation flows or free liquor upflows (i.e., counter-current) or downflows (i.e., co-current) through the chip mass in a large diameter continuous digester of the prior art. In the wash zone, there is a tendency for upflows to short circuit up the sides of the digester and for liquor contained in the chip mass to be carried co-currently down with the chip mass only to be displaced from the chip mass at the very bottom of the wash zone.
Temperature and alkali uniformity in the wash zone are impacted by flows at the bottom of the wash zone and in the wash zone of the digester. The temperature and alkali uniformity in the wash zone are key factors in achieving uniform cook (delignification) across the column. Uniform delignification reduces cellulose (pulp fiber) attack, helping to achieve overall maximum pulp fiber strength and yield. Cook non-uniformity across the column profile, with accompanying non-uniform retention of lignin on the individual fibers is a common deficiency of known prior art digesters.
As noted, in the prior art, the liquor added to the bottom of the chip mass passes through the chip column via paths of least resistance to the wash screens. The wash screens accommodate this process anomaly by removing the most easily removable flow to support the total wash screens flow. This results in poor displacement and diffusion of dissolved solids (poor wash efficiency) in the chip mass to the wash screens and poor heat transfer in some portions of the chip column. The poor wash efficiency causes downstream problems in the brown stock treatment and bleaching processes. The poor heat transfer in the chip column at the bottom of the digester increases the energy costs in these two affected process areas. Also, during operation, individual wash screens tend to plug off completely with the other screens picking up the flow. Continuous digesters are only shut down for maintenance on an annual basis, due to cost of such shutdowns. In some cases it has been observed that one or two wash screens will plug and remain plugged for the remainder of the year only to be unplugged during the annual shut down. The chip column adjacent to plugged wash screens leads to poor wash efficiency and poor heat transfer.
Thus, the prior art is deficient in that:
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the total volume of liquor withdrawn from the digester through the wash screens within the wash zone of the digester is uniformly and automatically distributed between all of the wash screens. To this end, in accordance with the present invention there are installed individual temperature measurement, flow measurement and flow control valves in association with each of the wash screen to control the flow through such wash screen to maximize energy efficiency, wash efficiency and chip mass. Further, this feature provides for sensing of a screen in difficulty and individual isolation of a screen by closing it's flow control valve to allow the down flowing chip column to wipe a screen thereby cleaning and avoiding total plugging of the screen as occurs in the prior art.
Additionally, in the present invention, there is provided a central downcomer within the digester. This downcomer includes side discharge ports in the region of and preferably adjacent to the bottom end of the downcomer through which filtrate liquor is discharged into the digester. These discharge ports of the downcomer are disposed in the region of preferably surrounding wash screens, preferably in substantially radial alignment, such that the discharge streams of filtrate liquor from the ports are directed toward the surrounding screens, preferably in a radial fashion, thereby creating a layer of filtrate liquor flowing substantially perpendicularly from the center of the digester toward all the screens. This flow pattern of liquor filtrate is directed across the downward flow of the chip mass and has been found to break up or discourage formation of upflow/downflow streams of filtrate liquor within the area of the screens.
In the preferred embodiments of the invention, the piping associated with the wash screens may be provided with automatic or manual back flush apparatus to allow reverse flow of filtrate through the screens to assist in clearing a screen, preferably individually, that is showing signs of plugging.
Still further, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention the present inventors have found that reducing the wash zone free liquor upflow (i.e.,co-counter-current) or establish a free liquid downflow (i.e., co-current) (as for example a free liquor upflow of from about the current 0.25 gpm/ADt/d (US gallons per minute per air dry tonne per day to a 0.007 gpm/Adt/d of free liquor upflow. i.e., counter-current or downflow. i.e., co-current )), provides improved uniformity of the product leaving the wash zone.
In the embodiment of the present invention depicted in
Liquor containing dissolved solids is extracted from the interior of the digester through the screens. The liquor extracted through the individual screens is conveyed to a discharge header 28 which encircles the girth of the digester externally of the digester in the region of the screens and is conveyed, as by a pump system 30, to a chemical recovery station 32 or is selectively returned in part to the digester via a downcomer 54. As desired, a heater may be interposed within the piping between the pump station and the downcomer to heat the filtrate prior to its return to the digester. The downcomer is located centrally of the digester and includes discharge ports 38 adjacent the lowermost end of the downcomer. As depicted in
As needed or desired, black liquor from one or more known sources in a papermaking facility may be added to the filtrate liquor which is extracted from the screens and sent to a recovery system or re-circulated back to the digester for counter current washing or for other uses or purposes.
In the depicted digester, there is provided a single set 16 of wash screens that include multiple separate screens 18 covering the digester circumference. One set is depicted, however, multiple sets can also be used within the spirit of the invention as for example if higher flow rates are desired. As noted, these screens serve to permit the withdrawal of hot liquor containing dissolved organic/inorganic solids from the digester for reuse or recovery of the individual components of the extracted filtrate. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, and referring to
With specific reference to
In the present invention, hot liquor extracted from the digester through a given screen flows through the combination of elements which are interposed between the digester and the header. In the depicted embodiment, the discharge flow of hot liquor initially encounters the first manual valve 50. This valve is manually operable to provide a means for manually adjusting the outflow from a given screen to either full flow, partial flow, or no flow. Next in line, the discharge flow encounters the temperature sensor 52 that includes an electrical lead 60 that passes to a controller 62. Next in line, the discharge flow encounters the electronically controlled valve 54 having an electrical lead 64 that passes to the controller. Next in line, the discharge flow encounters the flowmeter 56 that also includes an electrical lead 66 which passes to the controller. Finally in line, the discharge flow encounters the second manually operated valve 58 and then flows into the header 28. In the depicted embodiment there is provided a conduit 68 that intersects the stub pipe at a location between the flowmeter and the second manual valve. This conduit is provided with a third manually operated valve 70.
Operationally, the first manually operated valve 50 functions to allow manual control over the flow through the stub pipe (irrespective of direction of flow) as either full flow, partial flow or no flow. Thus, this first valve functions as a type of override to any automatic control over the flow between the digester and the header, and in a backwash situation to assist in the flow control of backwash liquid to a screen. For back washing of a screen, the automatic control of the flow of discharge liquor from the screen toward the header is deactivated (as by the controller), the second manual valve 58 is closed to close off all flow to the header, and the third valve 70 is opened to admit backwash liquid into the stub pipe, thence to the screen at a flow rate which can be selected by either or both of the first and third manual valves.
During normal operation of the digester, with the third manual valve closed, and the first and second manual valves open, the outflow of hot liquor through each of the screens of the set of screens is selected automatically via the controller or manually controlled through one or more manual valves (not depicted). Specifically, as hot liquor is withdrawn through a given screen, under the influence of the pump 30, this discharge liquor encounters the temperature sensor 52 that senses the temperature of the discharge flow and develops an electrical signal that is representative of such flow and transmits such signal to the controller. Like signals representative of the temperature of the discharge flow from each of the screens are fed into the controller where these temperatures are compared to one another and to a temperature which is representative of the desired flow from each screen and which serves as a standard against which each of the discharge flows of each of the screens is compared. Variations in the temperature of the discharge flow from a given screen from the standard temperature are indicative, first, of the existence of flow from the screen, and, second, of the possible existence of cool upflow liquor from the wash zone reaching the screen without passing through the chip mass as a disbursed stream.
After the discharge flow passes the temperature sensor, it encounters the electronically controlled valve 54 which functions to adjust the rate of discharge flow to a value that is determined by the controller.
Downstream of the electronically controlled valve, the discharge flow encounters the flowmeter whose function is to sense the rate of flow of the discharge liquor through the stub pipe, generate an electrical signal representative of the sensed rate of flow and transmit such signal to the controller via the electrical lead 66.
From the foregoing, it will be evident that if a screen is fully plugged, all flow of hot liquor through the screen will be halted. In this event, the there is no flowing hot liquor to contribute to the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor so this sensor will report to the controller a relatively cool temperature. Within the controller this cooler temperature will be compared to the normal hot liquor temperature, or other set temperature, and generate a signal to the operator to alert the operator to this undesirable condition. Likewise, the flowmeter will signal the controller that there is no flow through the stub pipe, this condition also possibly being the result of a plugged screen. In the present system, to avoid actual full plugging of a screen, the controller may be set to alert the operator when there is only a small drop in the temperature of hot liquor and/or small drop in the flow rate of the hot liquor passing through the stub pipe so that the operator may take remedial action immediately to remedy the plugging of the screen. This combination of a reduction in the anticipated flow rate through a stub pipe as sensed by the flowmeter which also sends to the controller a signal representative of such reduced flow to the controller, with the sensed reduction in temperature of the flowing hot liquor provides a novel improved concept for monitoring the operability of each individual screen. Thus, the signal from the flowmeter provides the controller with a signal, which compliments the signal to the controller from the temperature sensor.
In like manner, if the temperature within the stub pipe is within a range recognized by the controller as acceptable, but the flow rate of hot liquor through a given stub pipe increases above a standard value set in the controller, such conditions may indicate that more than anticipated hot liquor is flowing through the given stub pipe. This condition can be indicative of the lack of contribution to the overall desired discharge rate of hot liquor from the digester by one or more of the other screens, for example, and an alert to the operator to at least investigate the digester operating conditions and, if needed, take remedial action. Thus, it is seen that the combination of the temperature sensor and the flow meter are essential to the successful functioning of the present invention.
Further, if the rate of flow of hot liquor through the stub pipe is within a range set in the controller, but the temperature of the flow of hot liquor is lower than anticipated, such condition may be indicative of relative cool wash liquor moving upwardly of the digester into the area of the screens, such flow of cool wash water being possibly due to too much wash water being added to the bottom end of the digester or the existence of excess upflow of the wash liquor to a given screen or screens.
Other combinations of sensed temperature and independently sensed flow rate may be indicative of other operating conditions within the digester that may call for operator interdiction. For example, since the flow of hot liquor from each screen is monitored, both for temperature and flow rate, independently of every other screen, it may be readily determined if one or more screens is not functioning as desired, and importantly, which one or more screens is involved, thereby localizing a malfunction within the digester.
The present invention provides prompt and early indication of a source of possible trouble with respect to the outflow of hot liquor from the digester. In this respect, if a given screen or screens is noted to be plugging, the operator can close down outflow from such screen or screens, thereby allowing the downflowing chip stream to sweep the surface of the screen interiorly of the digester and remove all or part of any material which is attempting to plug the screen or screens. If this technique is unsuccessful, the operator further has the option of back washing the screen or screens individually employing the first, second and third manually operable valve which are associated with the stub pipe of each screen.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, hot liquor withdrawn from the digester through the screens is preferably reintroduced to the interior of the digester through the downcomer that is aligned with the vertical centerline 74. In the present invention, contrary to the prior art, the discharge ports in the bottom end of the downcomer are disposed both centrally of the interior of the digester and radially aligned with the screens that surround the downcomer. In this manner, the present inventors provide for the injection into the chip mass of a substantially circular sheet of fresh hot liquor that flows from the downcomer ports radially toward the screens. This flowing sheet of hot liquor has been found to eliminate or substantially discourage the development of upflows or downflows within the chip mass at substantially all points radially between the downcomer and the screens in the digester wall. This effect has been particularly noted in the regions of the perpendicular cross-section of the digester at the level of the screens and adjacent the screens for reasons not fully understood.
In addition to the recycling of treated hot liquor which has been withdrawn from the digester via the discharge header and fed back into the digester via the downcomer, cold filtrate (below the cooking temperature of the chip mass in the digester) from black liquor sources common in a papermaking facility, may be introduced into the bottom end of the digester as wash liquor as by a pump and associated piping as is known in the art. As desired or needed, such black liquor may be added to the digester through the downcomer, either as a substitute for hot liquor from the chemical recovery process or as an additive to the hot liquor from the recovery process.
Control over the flow of black liquor into the digester may be controlled through the controller, and a plurality of electrically operable valves, such as valves 73, 76 and 78. Each of these, and all others of the electrically operable valves includes a respective electrical lead between the controller and each such valve. In the Figures, the electrical leads from these and others of the electrically responsive elements are indicated in dashed lines for purposes of clarity, but in all instances these electrical leads extend between the respective valve or element and the controller.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20020069986 | Marcoccia et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0937813 | Aug 1999 | EP |
| 1252415 | Aug 1980 | SU |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050274467 A1 | Dec 2005 | US |
