Digital isolation system with low power mode

Abstract

A method and apparatus are provided for maintaining communication across an isolation barrier even if the external circuitry to which it is connected enters a low-power mode. In normal operation the isolation barrier local clock is synchronized with a clock signal provided by the external circuitry. If the external circuitry enters a low-power mode, its clock signal often slows or stops. In that case, the local clock in the isolation barrier switches to a free-running mode, wherein a VCO voltage input is provided by a bias voltage generator instead of by a PLL circuit. The VCO thus continues to provide a local clock signal in order to allow communication of information across the isolation barrier even if the external circuitry is not active. This enables the isolation barrier to receive and process an external signal, such as a ring signal, in low-power mode. Means are provided for causing the external circuitry to “wake up” in the event that a ring or other signal is detected by the isolation system, at which time the system resumes normal operation.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of isolation systems for use in selectively isolating electrical circuits from one another. More particularly, the invention provides a digital isolation system having a low-power mode of operation, which is particularly suitable for use in telephony and data communications applications.

BACKGROUND

Electrical isolation barriers can be identified in many industrial, medical and communication applications where it is necessary to electrically isolate one section of electronic circuitry from another electronic section. In this context isolation exists between two sections of electronic circuitry if a large magnitude voltage source, typically on the order of one thousand volts or more, connected between any two circuit nodes separated by the barrier causes less than a minimal amount of current flow, typically on the order of ten milliamperes or less, through the voltage source. An electrical isolation barrier must exist, for example, in communication circuitry which connects directly to the standard two-wire public switched telephone network and that is powered through a standard residential wall outlet. Specifically, in order to achieve regulatory compliance with Federal Communications Commission Part 68, which governs electrical connections to the telephone network in order to prevent network harm, an isolation barrier capable of withstanding 1000 volts rms at 60 Hz with no more than 10 milliamps current flow, must exist between circuitry directly connected to the two wire telephone network and circuitry directly connected to the residential wall outlet.

In many applications there exists an analog or continuous time varying signal on one side of the isolation barrier, and the information contained in that signal must be communicated across the isolation barrier. For example, common telephone network modulator/demodulator, or modem, circuitry powered by a residential wall outlet must typically transfer an analog signal with bandwidth of approximately 4 kilohertz across an isolation barrier for transmission over the two-wire, public switched telephone network. The isolation method and associated circuitry must provide this communication reliably and inexpensively. In this context, the transfer of information across the isolation barrier is considered reliable only if all of the following conditions apply: the isolating elements themselves do not significantly distort the signal information, the communication is substantially insensitive to or undisturbed by voltage signals and impedances that exist between the isolated circuitry sections and, finally, the communication is substantially insensitive to or undisturbed by noise sources in physical proximity to the isolating elements.

High voltage isolation barriers are commonly implemented by using magnetic fields, electric fields, or light. The corresponding signal communication elements are transformers, capacitors and opto-isolators. Transformers can provide high voltage isolation between primary and secondary windings, and also provide a high degree of rejection of lower voltage signals that exist across the barrier, since these signals appear as common mode in transformer isolated circuit applications. For these reasons, transformers have been commonly used to interface modem circuitry to the standard, two-wire telephone network. In modem circuitry, the signal transferred across the barrier is typically analog in nature, and signal communication across the barrier is supported in both directions by a single transformer. However, analog signal communication through a transformer is subject to low frequency bandwidth limitations, as well as distortion caused by core nonlinearities. Further disadvantages of transformers are their size, weight and cost.

The distortion performance of transformer coupling can be improved while reducing the size and weight concerns by using smaller pulse transformers to transfer a digitally encoded version of the analog information signal across the isolation barrier, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,666, “MODEM WITH DIGITAL ISOLATION” (incorporated herein by reference). However, two separate pulse transformers are disclosed for bidirectional communication with this technique, resulting in a cost disadvantage. Another disadvantage of transformer coupling is that additional isolation elements, such as relays and opto-isolators, are typically required to transfer control signal information, such as phone line hookswitch control and ring detect, across the isolation barrier, further increasing the cost and size of transformer-based isolation solutions.

Because of their lower cost, high voltage capacitors have also been commonly used for signal transfer in isolation system circuitry. Typically, the baseband or low frequency analog signal to be communicated across the isolation barrier is modulated to a higher frequency, where the capacitive isolation elements are more conductive. The receiving circuitry on the other side of the barrier demodulates the signal to recover the lower bandwidth signal of interest. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,895, “TELEPHONE ISOLATION DEVICE” (incorporated herein by reference) discloses a switching modulation scheme applied directly to the analog information signal for transmission across a capacitive isolation barrier. Similar switching circuitry on the receiving end of the barrier demodulates the signal to recover the analog information. The disadvantage of this technique is that the analog communication, although differential, is not robust. Mismatches in the differential components allow noise signals, which can capacitively couple into the isolation barrier, to easily corrupt both the amplitude and timing (or phase) of the analog modulated signal, resulting in unreliable communication across the barrier. Even with perfectly matched components, noise signals can couple preferentially into one side of the differential communication channel. This scheme also requires separate isolation components for control signals, such as hookswitch control and ring detect, which increase the cost and complexity of the solution.

The amplitude corruption concern can be eliminated by other modulation schemes, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,595, “CAPACITANCE COUPLED ISOLATION AMPLIFIER AND METHOD,” which discloses a pulse width modulation scheme; U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,486 “ISOLATION AMPLIFIER WITH PRECISE TIMING OF SIGNALS COUPLED ACROSS ISOLATION BARRIER,” which discloses a voltage-to-frequency modulation scheme; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,339 “ISOLATION AMPLIFIER INCLUDING PRECISION VOLTAGE-TO-DUTY CYCLE CONVERTER AND LOW RIPPLE, HIGH BANDWIDTH CHARGE BALANCE DEMODULATOR,” which discloses a voltage-to-duty cycle modulation scheme. (All of the above-referenced patents are incorporated herein by reference.) In these modulation schemes, the amplitude of the modulated signal carries no information and corruption of its value by noise does not interfere with accurate reception. Instead, the signal information to be communicated across the isolation barrier is encoded into voltage transitions that occur at precise moments in time. Because of this required timing precision, these modulation schemes remain analog in nature. Furthermore, since capacitively coupled noise can cause timing (or phase) errors of voltage transitions in addition to amplitude errors, these modulation schemes remain sensitive to noise interference at the isolation barrier.

Another method for communicating an analog information signal across an isolation barrier is described in the Silicon Systems, Inc. data sheet for product number SS173D2950. (See related U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,894 for “TELEPHONE LINE INTERFACE WITH AC AND DC TRANSCONDUCTANCE LOOPS” and 5,602,912 for “TELEPHONE HYBRID CIRCUIT”, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.) In this modem chipset, an analog signal with information to be communicated across an isolation barrier is converted to a digital format, with the amplitude of the digital signal restricted to standard digital logic levels. The digital signal is transmitted across the barrier by means of two, separate high voltage isolation capacitors. One capacitor is used to transfer the digital signal logic levels, while a separate capacitor is used to transmit a clock or timing synchronization signal across the barrier. The clock signal is used on the receiving side of the barrier as a timebase for analog signal recovery, and therefore requires a timing precision similar to that required by the analog modulation schemes. Consequently one disadvantage of this approach is that noise capacitively coupled at the isolation barrier can cause clock signal timing errors known as jitter, which corrupts the recovered analog signal and results in unreliable communication across the isolation barrier. Reliable signal communication is further compromised by the sensitivity of the single ended signal transfer to voltages that exist between the isolated circuit sections. Further disadvantages of the method described in this data sheet are the extra costs and board space associated with other required isolating elements, including a separate high voltage isolation capacitor for the clock signal, another separate isolation capacitor for bidirectional communication, and opto-isolators and relays for communicating control information across the isolation barrier.

Opto-isolators are also commonly used for transferring information across a high voltage isolation barrier. Signal information is typically quantized to two levels, corresponding to an “on” or “off” state for the light emitting diode (LED) inside the opto-isolator. U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,107 “OPTICAL ISOLATION AMPLIFIER WITH SIGMA-DELTA MODULATION” (incorporated herein by reference) discloses a delta-sigma modulation scheme for two-level quantization of a baseband or low frequency signal, and subsequent communication across an isolation barrier through opto-isolators. Decoder and analog filtering circuits recover the baseband signal on the receiving side of the isolation barrier. As described, the modulation scheme encodes the signal information into on/off transitions of the LED at precise moments in time, thereby becoming susceptible to the same jitter (transition timing) sensitivity as the capacitive isolation amplifier modulation schemes.

Another example of signal transmission across an optical isolation barrier is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,275 “ANALOG DATA ACQUISITION APPARATUS AND METHOD PROVIDED WITH ELECTRO-OPTICAL ISOLATION” (incorporated herein by reference). In this disclosure, an analog-to-digital converter, or ADC, is used to convert several, multiplexed analog channels into digital format for transmission to a digital system. Opto-isolators are used to isolate the ADC from electrical noise generated in the digital system. Serial data transmission across the isolation barrier is synchronized by a clock signal that is passed through a separate opto-isolator. The ADC timebase or clock, however, is either generated on the analog side of the barrier or triggered by a software event on the digital side of the barrier. In either case, no mechanism is provided for jitter insensitive communication of the ADC clock, which is required for reliable signal reconstruction, across the isolation barrier. Some further disadvantages of optical isolation are that opto-isolators are typically more expensive than high voltage isolation capacitors, and they are unidirectional in nature, thereby requiring a plurality of opto-isolators to implement bidirectional communication.

Thus, there exists an unmet need for a reliable, accurate and inexpensive apparatus for effecting bidirectional communication of both analog signal information and control information across a high voltage isolation barrier, while avoiding the shortcomings of the prior art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a mechanism for maintaining an active communication channel through the isolation system when associated powered equipment enters a low-power mode of operation. In normal mode, the isolation system includes a phase locked loop (PLL) clock circuit that receives a clock signal (CLK) from the associated powered equipment and provides a local clock signal (LCLK) for use by the circuits in the isolation system. In low-power mode, the PLL circuit may be disconnected from the CLK signal and the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) of the PLL may instead connected to a bias voltage generator. The VCO then provides an LCLK signal based on the magnitude of the bias voltage, rather than on the CLK signal, when the CLK signal is slowed down or stopped to save power in the powered equipment. This enables the isolation system to continue to operate, even if the powered circuits that it is connected to are shut down to conserve power. In particular, signals continue to be sent across the capacitive barrier so that the isolated side of the isolation system remains active, even when there is no data to be transferred. This method is useful because the isolated side must be receptive to ringing or other signals received from, for example, phone lines even when the system is in low-power mode, because those signals must be communicated across the isolation barrier to cause the attached equipment to resume a normal mode of operation.

In one aspect, the invention provides an isolation system having a master isolation circuit on a first side of an isolation barrier and an isolated circuit on a second side of the barrier, whereby signals are transmitted across the isolation barrier, comprising a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) located in the master isolation circuit, the VCO having input that is normally connected to receive an input voltage from a loop filter in a phase locked loop circuit; a bias voltage generator that produces a selected bias voltage; a multiplexer having inputs connected to the loop filter and to the bias voltage generator and an output connected to the VCO input; whereby during normal operation the loop filter may be connected to the VCO input, and during low-power operation the bias voltage generator may be connected to the VCO input.

In another aspect, the invention provides an isolation system for conveying a data signal from a data source across an isolation barrier while preventing passage of undesired power signals across the barrier, the isolation system comprising a local clock generator providing a local clock signal for use within the isolation system, the local clock generator normally being synchronized with a clock signal received from the data source, the local clock generator having a low-power mode wherein the local clock generator provides a local clock signal in the absence of a clock signal received from the data source.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for operating an isolation system, comprising providing in the isolation system a phase locked loop circuit including a loop filter normally coupled to an input of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) for providing a local clock signal; upon entering a low-power mode of operation, disconnecting the input of the VCO from the loop filter and connecting the input of the VCO to a bias voltage generator; and upon resuming a normal mode of operation, disconnecting the input of the VCO from the bias voltage generator and reconnecting the input of the VCO to the loop filter.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the herein described advantages and features of the present invention, as well as others which will become apparent, are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular description of the invention summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings, which drawings form a part of this specification.

It is noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only exemplary embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a telephone set illustrating a typical application of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a unidirectional isolation system according to the present invention.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram detailing the circuitry used to provide a two-phase, non-overlapping clock signal to the delta-sigma modulators that are used in preferred embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 3B is a timing diagram that illustrates timing relationships between various clock and data signals that occur in the circuitry of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams that illustrate signal formats that may be produced by the encoders used in this invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the components of exemplary clock recovery circuit that is used in the present invention.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic diagrams of active diode bridge circuits that may be used as power supplies in preferred embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a bidirectional isolation system according to the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a clock recovery and data synchronization circuit according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a phase detector circuit that may be used in a clock recovery circuit according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a frequency detector circuit that may be used in a clock recovery circuit according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a decoder circuit that may be utilized in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is an illustration representing a framing format that may be beneficially used in preferred embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 13A and 13B are schematic diagrams of driver circuits that may be utilized to implement the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a timing diagram illustrating an alternative framing format that may be used in bidirectional embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a clock recovery circuit that may be employed for use with the framing format of FIG. 14 .

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an unidirectional embodiment of an isolation system, including a data scrambling or randomizing feature.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the invention, illustrating a low-power mode feature of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In order to provide a context for understanding this description, FIG. 1 illustrates a typical application for the present invention: a telephone that includes circuitry powered by a source external to the phone system. A basic telephone circuit 118 is powered by the “battery” voltage that is provided by the public telephone system and does not have a separate power connection. Many modern phones 110 , however, include radio (cordless), speakerphone, or answering machine features that require an external source of power 112 , typically obtained by plugging the phone (or a power supply transformer/rectifier) into a typical 110-volt residential wall outlet. In order to protect public phone system 114 (and to comply with governmental regulations), it is necessary to isolate “powered circuitry” 116 that is externally powered from “isolated circuitry” 118 that is connected to the phone lines, to prevent dangerous or destructive voltage or current levels from entering the phone system. (Similar considerations exist in many other applications as well, including communication, medical and instrumentation applications in which this invention may be beneficially applied.) The required isolation is provided by isolation barrier 120 . The signal that passes through the isolation barrier 120 is an analog voice signal in a typical telephone application, but it may also be a digital signal or a multiplexed signal with both analog and digital components in various applications. In some applications, communication across isolation barrier 120 may be unidirectional (in either direction), but in many applications, including telephony, bidirectional communication is required. Bidirectional communication may be provided using a pair of unidirectional isolator channels, or by forming a single isolation channel and multiplexing bidirectional signals through the channel.

The primary requirements placed on isolation barrier 120 are that it effectively prevents harmful levels of electrical power from passing across it, while accurately passing the desired signal from the powered side 122 to the isolated side 124 , or in the reverse direction if desired.

FIG. 2 illustrates a basic block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. First the overall operation of the invention will be described, and then each component will be described in detail to the extent required to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. As a matter of terminology, the circuitry shown on the left or powered side of the isolation barrier (capacitors 209 and 210 in FIG. 2 ) will be referred to as the “powered” circuitry or the “transmit” circuitry or system, and the circuitry on the right side of the isolation barrier will be referred to as the “isolated” or “receive” circuitry or system. The “transmit” side can ordinarily be identified by the location of the dominant master oscillator 202 on that side of the barrier, and the slave oscillator (e.g. clock recovery circuit 216 ) is located on the receive side. Note, however, that in some embodiments of the present invention signals may be transmitted from the receive system to the transmit system, so these terms do not necessarily indicate the direction of data flow across the barrier. Furthermore, in some embodiments the master oscillator may be on the low-power (e.g. telephone system) side of the barrier, and a clock recovery PLL may be located on the high-power side of the barrier.

Referring to FIG. 2 , a preferred unidirectional capacitive isolation system according to the present invention includes a delta-sigma analog to digital converter 201 operable on the analog input 212 and driven by a clock signal from oscillator 202 . The digital output of the delta-sigma ADC 224 is synchronous with the operating frequency of oscillator 202 and time division multiplexed with digital control signals 219 by encoder circuit 213 . The encoder circuit 213 also formats the resulting digital data stream 230 into a coding scheme or framing format that allows for robust clock recovery on the receiving side of the isolation barrier. The isolation barrier comprises two high voltage capacitors 209 and 210 . In one embodiment of the present invention, driver circuit 214 drives the transmit side of capacitor 209 with a digital voltage signal. Clock recovery circuit 216 presents a very high impedance to the receive side of capacitor 209 , allowing the digital voltage output of driver 214 to couple across the isolation barrier. In this embodiment, capacitor 210 provides a return current path across the barrier. In another embodiment, capacitors 209 , 210 are differentially driven by complementary digital outputs of driver circuit 214 . In that embodiment, clock recovery circuit 216 presents a very high impedance to the receive sides of capacitors 209 and 210 , allowing the differential digital voltage outputs of driver 214 to couple across the isolation barrier. The input to driver circuit 214 is the output 230 of encoder 213 .

The receive side of the isolation barrier includes clock recovery circuit 216 , with inputs connected to isolation capacitors 209 and 210 . The clock recovery circuit recovers a clock signal from the digital data driven across the isolation barrier. The recovered clock provides clocking signals for decoder 217 and delta-sigma digital-to-analog converter 208 . Decoder circuit 217 separates the time division multiplexed data signal from control signals, providing a digital control output 228 and data output 232 that is routed to delta-sigma DAC 208 . The delta-sigma DAC 208 , with digital input supplied from decoder 217 and clock supplied from clock recovery circuit 216 , provides the analog output of the receive side of the isolation system, which closely corresponds to the original analog input 212 .

Active diode bridge circuit 640 may also be connected to isolation capacitors 209 and 210 to provide a DC voltage source 220 to clock recovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 derived from energy contained in the signal transmitted across the isolation barrier.

In the descriptions of preferred embodiments that follow, all circuit references are made with respect to MOS (metal oxide-semiconductor) integrated circuit technology, although the invention may be implemented in other technologies as well, as will be understood by one skilled in the art. A preferred embodiment incorporates transmit system 225 consisting of delta-sigma ADC 201 , oscillator 202 , encoder 213 and driver 214 fabricated on one silicon substrate, and receive system 226 consisting of clock recovery circuit 216 , decoder 217 , delta-sigma DAC 208 and active diode bridge 640 fabricated on a second silicon substrate. The two separate silicon substrates are required to maintain the high voltage isolation provided by capacitors 209 and 210 , since typical MOS technologies cannot provide high voltage isolation of 1000 volts or greater.

The delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter, shown as block 201 of FIG. 2 , is well known in the art. See, for example, J. C. Candy, A Use of Double Integration in Sigma Delta Modulation, IEEE Trans. On Communication, March 1985, pp. 249-258, and B. E. Boser and B. A. Wooley, The Design of Sigma-Delta Modulation Analog-to-Digital Converters, IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, December 1988, pp. 1298-1308, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The specific design of ADC 201 will be a matter of design choice depending upon the needs of the particular application in which the isolation barrier will be used.

The use of a delta-sigma converter within the isolation system provides several desirable features. It will be appreciated that the delta-sigma converter uses a high oversampling rate to provide accurate A/D conversion over the input signal bandwidth without the use of precisely matched components or high-order, analog anti-aliasing filters. Moreover, such converters occupy a relatively small amount of space on an integrated circuit and are relatively easy to fabricate on a CMOS chip.

The digital pulse stream 224 output from delta-sigma converter 201 encodes the analog input signal 212 in a pulse density modulation format. In pulse density modulation, the amplitude information of the analog input signal is contained in the density of output pulses generated during a given interval of time.

Suitable designs for oscillator circuit 202 are well known in the art and may typically comprise a ring oscillator, relaxation oscillator, or an oscillator based on a piezo-electric crystal disposed external to the integrated MOS circuit. See, for example, A. B. Grebene, Bipolar and MOS Analog Integrated Circuit Design, John Wiley and Sons, 1984, which is incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 3A further illustrates the clock signals that may be provided to delta-sigma converter 201 in a preferred embodiment of this invention. Clock signal 302 from oscillator 202 is input to clock divider circuit 304 that divides the frequency of the input clock and provides an output in the form of two phase, non-overlapping clock signals Ø 1 and Ø 2 to the delta-sigma modulator circuit. The design and construction of clock divider circuit 304 is within the ordinary skill in the art and is not detailed here. Since encoder circuit 213 may perform time-division multiplexing of the digitized data signal 224 with digital control input data 219 using a time base derived from oscillator 202 , clock divider 304 of FIG. 3A must typically divide the frequency of oscillator 202 by at least a factor of two.

FIG. 3B illustrates exemplary signals associated with clock divider circuit 304 and delta-sigma modulator 201 in FIG. 3 A. Trace 310 is the clock signal received from oscillator 202 on line 302 . Trace 312 is the “clock divided by 2” signal that is generated by clock divider circuit 304 . Traces 314 and 316 illustrate exemplary two phase, non-overlapping clock signals Ø 1 and Ø 2 , respectively, that may be output from clock divider circuit 304 to delta-sigma modulator 201 . Trace 318 represents the analog input to ADC 201 , which generally changes very slowly in comparison to the frequency of clock signal 310 . This bandwidth relationship is required because the delta-sigma modulator must operate at a sampling rate much higher than a typical Nyquist rate (for example, a 1 MHz sampling rate for a 4 kHz voiceband signal is typical) in order for the information in the analog signal to be accurately represented by the single-bit binary output. Finally, trace 320 represents the digital output of delta-sigma modulator 201 , which may, for example, be synchronized to the rising edge of clock signal Ø 1 . (The illustrated output bit pattern 320 is provided to show exemplary timing relationships and does not attempt to accurately reflect the illustrated analog input 318 ).

Referring to FIG. 2 , the encoder circuit 213 performs two primary functions in preferred embodiments of this invention. The first function of encoder 213 is time-division multiplexing of control signals 219 from other circuitry and data signals 224 from the delta-sigma modulator 201 , an operation that is well known in the art and subject to many suitable implementations. The multiplexing function is synchronized by clock signals from oscillator 202 . The second function of encoder 213 is formatting the data for transmission across isolation capacitors 209 , 210 . FIG. 4 details one coding scheme that may be used to transmit digital pulses across the capacitive isolation barrier. (Another suitable coding scheme is described below with reference to FIG. 14. ) FIG. 4A shows the format for data sent from the transmit circuit to the receive circuit. When data=1 for a given bit cell, the output of the encoder is high for the first quarter of the bit cell period. When data=0 for a given bit cell, the output of the encoder is high for the third quarter of the bit cell period. This coding scheme guarantees one low-to-high transition followed by one high-to-low transition for every bit cell period, independent of the data pattern. The resulting data independent transition density allows for robust clock recovery in the receiving circuitry on the other side of isolation capacitors 209 , 210 . Alternatively, robust clock recovery can also be achieved by use of a preamble used for frequency locking followed by a data pattern which is not of constant average frequency.

In a bidirectional system, as is described below in connection with FIG. 7 , the transmit system encoder 702 and driver 703 may cooperate to provide a high-impedance tri-state output to the isolation capacitor 705 during either the last half of the bit cell period 410 (if transmit data= 1) or the first half of the bit cell period 411 (if transmit data=0) as shown in FIG. 4 A. This permits transmission of information from the receive system to the transmit system during that portion of each bit cell when the transmit driver 703 is tri-stated.

In a preferred embodiment, at the beginning of each bit cell period the receive system decoder section 708 detects whether the transmit circuit has sent a data=1 pulse across the isolation barrier. If a transmit data=1 pulse was sent, the receive driver remains tri-stated until the second half of the bit cell period, during which time a receive data=0 or 1 pulse can be sent back across the isolation barrier to the transmit system. If a transmit data=1 pulse is not detected by the receive circuit the receive driver sends receive data=0 or 1 during the first half of the bit cell period and tri-states for the second half of the bit cell period. This operation is shown in FIG. 4 B.

In those embodiments in which the digital, bidirectional communication is differential, capacitors 705 and 706 are driven by complementary digital voltages in both directions, and the driver circuits associated with both capacitors are tri-stated during selected portions of the bit cell period in accordance with the coding scheme shown in FIG. 4 .

A preferred embodiment of the unidirectional driver circuit 214 of FIG. 2 is detailed in FIG. 13A for single ended (not differential) communication and FIG. 13B for differential communication across the capacitive isolation barrier. Referring to FIG. 13A , the transmit circuit driver 214 may comprise an inverter 250 driven by the encoder output signal 230 . The output of inverter 250 drives the transmit circuit side of isolation capacitor 209 to transmit logic levels defined by the transmit VDD and ground voltage levels. The clock recovery input buffer presents a high impedance to the receive side of capacitor 209 , thereby allowing the receive side of capacitor 209 to attain substantially the same logic levels as the transmit side of capacitor 209 . In this manner the digital logic signal is effectively coupled across the capacitive isolation barrier.

Capacitor 210 is disposed between the transmit circuit ground node 254 and receive circuit ground node 256 in order to form a ground current return path across the isolation barrier. This path is required because the clock recovery buffer input impedance, although high, is not infinite. Therefore a small current must flow across the barrier and back in order to couple the digital logic signal across the barrier. Furthermore, capacitor 209 must deliver charge to the active diode circuit 640 ( FIG. 2 ) in order that a supply voltage for several receive circuit sections can be provided. The current associated with this transfer of charge from the transmit circuit to the receive circuit must have a path to return to the transmit circuit.

The single-ended communication system described above is insensitive to voltage signals that may exist between the transmit circuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256 provided that the rate of change of such voltage signals is substantially less than the frequency of the digital signal transmitted across the barrier. The single-ended method is also insensitive to resistive and capacitive impedances that may exist between the transmit circuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256 . The system can be desensitized to inductive impedances that may exist between the transmit circuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256 by adding resistive elements in series with capacitor 210 , in series with the transmit ground connection 254 , in series with the receive ground connection 256 , or any combination of these.

FIG. 13B shows an example of a suitable differential driver 258 for unidirectional digital communication across a capacitive isolation barrier. The inverter 260 that drives capacitor 209 is driven by the digital signal output from the transmit encoder circuit 213 , while inverter 261 , which drives capacitor 210 , is driven by the complement 231 of the digital signal output from transmit encoder circuit 213 . Clock recovery input buffer 262 presents high impedances to the receive sides of capacitors 209 and 210 , allowing the differential digital transmit voltages to couple across the isolation barrier. In this differential communication method, both capacitors 209 and 210 provide return current paths across the isolation barrier. The differential digital communication system described above is largely insensitive to voltage signals and impedances that may exist between the transmit circuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256 , since these voltages and impedances appear as common mode influences in differential communication.

Bidirectional communication across the barrier can be supported by additional driver and receive buffer structures, similar to those shown in FIG. 13 , without the need for any additional isolation elements, providing that inverters 250 , 260 , 261 , which drive the high voltage isolation capacitors, can be tri-stated generally in accordance with the timing diagram shown in FIG. 4 or any other suitable coding and timing scheme. In some embodiments, additional capacitor driving inverters that can be tri-stated may be provided in a receive-side driver circuit 713 ( FIG. 7 ) and input buffers may be provided in a transmit side decoder circuit 714 .

In presently preferred embodiments, the actual isolation barrier comprises a pair of isolation capacitors 209 and 210 , which are high voltage capacitors that may be chosen for a particular application to prevent DC and low frequency current flow across the barrier and protect the isolated circuitry from high voltage faults and transients, while permitting data at selected transmission frequencies to cross the barrier. The capacitors must be capable of withstanding anticipated voltages that may appear due to faults in the powered circuitry 225 , in order to provide the protective function that is the purpose of the barrier. For example, in preferred embodiments ordinary 2000 volt capacitors with capacitance on the order of 100 pF may be utilized in the isolation barrier. In a barrier system in accordance with the present invention it is not necessary to use high precision capacitors, because the system is very tolerant of variations in capacitor performance due to environmental influences, such as variations in voltage and temperature.

A preferred embodiment for a clock recovery circuit 216 for use in this invention is detailed in FIG. 5 and described below. One section of the clock recovery circuit may be a phase locked loop (“PLL”) circuit, consisting of phase/frequency detector 531 , charge pump 532 , resistor 533 , capacitor 534 , and voltage controlled oscillator (“VCO”) 535 . The other section of the clock recovery block is data latch 542 operating outside the phase locked loop to re-time the digital data received across the isolation barrier. Circuitry for performing these functions is well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, F. Gardner, Phaselock Techniques, 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1979; and R. Best, Phase-Locked Loops, McGraw-Hill, 1984, which are incorporated herein by reference. The data input to the receive system from the isolation capacitors may be derived from a differential signal present at the barrier by passing the differential signal through MOS input buffers (not shown), which are well known in the art, and providing a single-ended binary output signal 530 to the clock recovery circuit.

The illustrated exemplary phase/frequency detector 531 receives a digital input 530 from the isolation barrier and an input 536 from the output of VCO 535 and performs a phase comparison between these two inputs. If the VCO phase lags the input data phase, a speed up signal 538 is supplied to charge pump 532 . If the input data 530 phase lags the VCO output 536 phase, a slow down signal 540 is supplied to charge pump 532 . In response to “speed up” inputs from phase/frequency detector 531 , charge pump 532 delivers a positive current to the loop filter consisting of resistor 533 and capacitor 534 connected in series. In response to “slow down” inputs from the phase/frequency detector, charge pump 532 sinks a positive current from the loop filter. The output voltage of the loop filter at node 542 drives voltage controlled oscillator 535 , which increases its operation frequency as the input voltage increases. The output of VCO 535 is fed back as input 536 to phase/frequency detector 531 , and it is also used to re-time the input data 530 by serving as the clock input to flip-flop latch 542 , thus providing a clock signal to the isolated circuitry and also providing data signal 546 that is synchronized to clock signal 544 . A divider circuit may be included in the feedback path 536 .

The phase/frequency detector and charge pump operate to increase loop filter voltage 542 and VCO frequency if VCO phase 536 lags input data phase 530 . Conversely, the VCO frequency is decreased if the VCO phase leads input data phase. In this manner, the VCO output phase is adjusted until phase lock is achieved with input data. Consequently, the VCO frequency is driven to be substantially identical to the input data frequency.

If noise interference occurs at the isolation barrier, the input data transitions will occur at points in time that are noisy, or jittered, relative to the transition times of the transmit circuit driver. These jittered data edges will cause a noise component in the charge pump current that drives the loop filter. The loop filter and VCO, however, low-pass filter this noise component, substantially attenuating the effects of this input datajitter. Consequently, the VCO output signal, while frequency locked to the input data, contains substantially less phase noise than the noisy input data. The bandwidth of the phase noise filtering operation may be set independently of the bandwidth of the analog signal to be communicated across the isolation barrier. Since the filtered, phase locked loop output clock signal 544 is used to latch or re-time the noisy input data at flip flop 542 , the effects of noise interference at the capacitive isolation barrier are substantially eliminated. Finally, the filtered, phase locked loop output clock signal 544 is used as the timebase or clock for the other receive circuits, including decoder 217 and delta-sigma DAC 208 shown in FIG. 2 , resulting in an analog output 218 of the capacitive isolation system that is substantially free from any noise interference that may have been introduced at the capacitive isolation barrier.

Preferred embodiments of active diode bridge circuit 640 of FIG. 2 are detailed in FIG. 6A for single-ended digital communication and FIG. 6B for differential digital communication across the isolation barrier. The active diode bridge generates a DC power supply voltage V DD , which may be used to operate the clock recovery and receiver decoder circuits, in response to the digital data received across the capacitive isolation barrier. An active diode bridge circuit is distinguished from a standard or passive diode bridge in that the gating elements are active transistors rather than passive elements such as bipolar diodes.

Referring to the exemplary circuit illustrated in FIG. 6A , isolation capacitor 209 is connected to node 625 and isolation capacitor 210 is connected to node 626 . The source of n-channel MOSFET 621 and the source of p-channel MOSFET 622 are connected to node 625 . Also connected to node 625 is the input of standard CMOS inverter 623 . The output of inverter 623 drives the gates of MOSFETS 621 and 622 . The drain of n-channel MOSFET 621 is connected to node 626 , the receive circuit ground node, while the drain of p-channel MOSFET 622 connects to node 627 , which provides V DD voltage for the isolated circuitry. Also connected to V DD node 627 are load capacitor C L 624 and the power supply input of CMOS inverter 623 . In a preferred embodiment, the power supply inputs of clock recovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 shown in FIG. 2 are also connected to V DD node 627 .

Referring to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6A , the operation of the active diode bridge circuit used in single-ended digital communication will now be described. A digital logic signal is coupled across capacitor 209 from the transmit section. When a digital “high” signal is received through capacitor 209 , node 625 goes high. The logic “high” signal on node 625 forces the CMOS inverter 623 output node to go low, turning off device 621 and turning on device 622 . Consequently, current flows through capacitor 209 , device 622 , and from V DD to receive circuit ground through capacitor C L and through clock recovery and decoder circuitry shown in FIG. 2 . The circuit is completed by current flow returning across the isolation barrier through capacitor 210 . The current demand by circuitry on V DD through capacitors 209 and 210 must be limited so that the voltage on node 625 relative to node 626 can still be recognized as a digital high logic level. When a digital “low” signal is received through capacitor 209 , CMOS inverter 623 turns off device 622 and turns on device 621 . Consequently, current flows across the isolation barrier through capacitor 210 , through device 621 , and returns across the isolation barrier through capacitor 209 . Therefore, although no average current flows through capacitors 209 and 210 , average current can be supplied from V DD to receive circuit ground to operate clock recovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 . Load capacitor 624 operates to minimize supply ripple on the DC supply voltage established on node V DD .

Referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6B , isolation capacitor 209 connects to node 646 and isolation capacitor 210 connects to node 647 . The source node of n-channel MOSFET 641 and the source node of p-channel MOSFET 642 connect to node 646 . Also connected to node 646 are the gates of n-channel MOSFET 643 and p-channel MOSFET 644 . The source node of n-channel MOSFET 643 and the source node of p-channel MOSFET 644 connect to node 647 . Also connected to node 647 are the gates of n-channel MOSFET 641 and p-channel MOSFET 642 . The drains of devices 641 and 643 are connected to the ground node of the receiving circuit. The drains of devices 642 and 644 are connected to the node 220 , which provides V DD voltage for the isolated circuitry. Also connected to V DD node 220 are load capacitor C L 645 and the power supply inputs of clock recovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 as shown in FIG. 2 .

Referring to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6B , the operation of the active diode bridge used in differential digital communication will now be described. A differential digital signal is received through capacitors 209 and 210 . When a digital ‘high’ signal is received through capacitor 209 , a corresponding digital ‘low’ signal is received through capacitor 210 , and node 646 goes high while node 647 goes low. This condition turns on devices 642 and 643 while turning off devices 641 and 644 . Consequently, current flows through capacitor 209 , device 642 , from V DD to ground through capacitor C L and through clock recovery circuitry 216 and decoder circuitry 2 l 7 shown in FIG. 2 . The circuit is completed from receive circuit ground 650 , through device 643 and finally returning across the isolation barrier through capacitor 210 . The current demand on V DD must be limited so that the voltage on node 646 relative to node 650 can be recognized as a high logic level signal by the clock recovery and decoder circuitry.

When a digital ‘low’ signal is received through capacitor 209 , a digital ‘high’ signal is received through capacitor 210 , and node 646 goes low while node 647 goes high. This condition turns on devices 641 and 644 while turning off devices 642 and 643 . Consequently current flows through capacitor 210 and device 644 to V DD node 220 , and from there to ground through capacitor 645 and through clock recovery and decoder circuitry shown in FIG. 2 . The circuit is completed from ground 650 , through device 641 and finally returning across the isolation barrier through capacitor 209 . Therefore, in either logic state, and independently of the current flow direction through capacitors 209 and 210 , current flows in the same direction from VDD to ground. Therefore, an average or DC supply voltage is established on node V DD , and adequate current can be supplied to operate clock recovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 . Load capacitor 645 operates to minimize power supply ripple, providing a filtering operation on V DD . An added benefit of the ability to power sections of the isolated circuitry from the digital signal transmitted across the capacitive isolation barrier from the powered circuitry is that it allows isolated power-up and power-down control of isolated circuitry sections on an as-needed basis.

Parasitic bipolar transistors may result from typical CMOS processes. If they are not controlled, these bipolar transistors can discharge the power supply 627 shown in FIG. 6A during the initial power up time. If the discharge current from the parasitic bipolar transistors is larger than the current delivered to the power supply 627 through transistor 622 , then the circuit may not power up to the desired full voltage level. The beta of a lateral bipolar transistor in any CMOS process is a function of layout. With appropriate layout (i.e., large base region), the beta can be kept small enough to minimize undesired discharge currents. Further care needs to be taken in the design of any circuit that is connected to power supply 627 . The circuits connected to power supply 627 cannot draw more current from the power supply than is available from the active diode bridge, even before the supply has ramped to the full value. Circuit design techniques to address these issues are common and well known in the art.

In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 2 , delta-sigma digital to analog converter (DAC) 208 receives input data from decoder 217 and synchronous clock input from clock recovery circuit 216 . Analog output signal 218 is generated by DAC 208 in response to the digital data that is communicated across the capacitive isolation barrier. The output signal 218 is highly immune to amplitude and phase noise that may be introduced in the barrier circuitry because the signal that is communicated across the isolation capacitors is a synchronous digital signal, and because the received data is resynchronized to the recovered, jitter-filtered clock signal. The DAC is also timed by that clock signal. Delta-sigma DAC technology is well known in the art, and selecting a suitable DAC circuit will be a matter of routine design choice directed to the intended application of the barrier circuit. See, for example, P. Naus et al., A CMOS Stereo 16- Bit D/A Converter for Digital Audio, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, June 1987, pp. 390-395, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred bidirectional embodiment of the present invention. It will be recognized that other unidirectional and bidirectional isolation barriers may be designed by persons skilled in the art using the principles described herein, and that such barriers will fall within the scope of this invention. In the illustrated and described embodiment, the capacitive isolation system comprises a “transmit” system to the left of center, a “receive” system to the right of center, and a capacitive isolation barrier in the center of the figure comprising two high voltage capacitors 705 and 706 . Note that the terms “transmit” and “receive” are used to identify the powered and isolated sides of the barrier, respectively, and that in this embodiment data may be conveyed across the barrier in both directions. Many of the components in this bidirectional embodiment are identical or similar to those in the unidirectional embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 2 .

The transmit system includes delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter 701 operable on the analog input 720 of the transmit circuit and synchronized to clock signal 722 from oscillator 704 . The analog input 720 of the transmit system is an analog signal containing information to be transmitted across the isolation barrier, which may be for example an analog voice signal to be coupled to a telephone system. Digital output 724 of the delta-sigina ADC may be time-division multiplexed with digital control input 726 by the encoder circuit 702 . Digital control input 726 is a digital signal containing additional information to be transmitted across isolation barrier 705 , 706 . Digital control input 726 may include control information for analog circuitry on the receiving side of the isolation barrier. Encoder circuit 702 also formats the resulting data stream into a coding scheme that allows for robust clock recovery on the receiving side of the isolation barrier, as is described above.

Encoder circuit 702 also receives a clock signal 722 from oscillator 704 . Driver circuit 703 of the transmit system drives the encoded signal to isolation capacitors 705 and 706 in response to the output of encoder circuit 702 .

The isolation barrier comprises two high voltage capacitors 705 , 706 . In one embodiment, capacitor 705 is driven bidirectionally by drivers 703 , 713 while capacitor 706 provides a return path across the isolation barrier. In another embodiment of the present invention, capacitors 705 and 706 are differentially driven by digital driver circuits 703 , 713 .

A preferred embodiment of the receive system, shown to the right of isolation capacitors 705 , 706 in FIG. 7 includes clock recovery circuit 707 , whose inputs are connected to isolation capacitors 705 , 706 . The clock recovery circuit recovers a clock signal from the digital data driven across the isolation barrier and provides synchronized clock signal 730 to the various circuits in the receive system. The recovered clock operates as the time base for decoder 708 and delta-sigma digital-to-analog converter 709 . Decoder section 708 separates the time division multiplexed data and control information, providing digital control output 732 to other circuitry, and providing synchronous data signal 734 as an input to delta-sigma DAC 709 . The delta-sigma DAC 709 , with digital input 734 supplied by decoder 708 , and clock signal 730 supplied by clock recovery section 707 , operates synchronously with the transmit system delta-sigma ADC 701 and provides analog output 736 on the receiving side of the isolation barrier. Active diode bridge 710 is connected to isolation capacitors 705 and 706 and supplies a DC power supply voltage to clock recovery circuit 707 and decoder circuit 708 by drawing current from the digital signal transmitted across the isolation barrier, as is described in detail above. Driver 713 must remain tri-stated until decoder 708 has detected a valid frame, indicating successful powerup of the receive circuit sections.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 also enables communication from the receive system to the transmit system, or from right to left across the isolation capacitors as illustrated. The receive system encoder circuit 712 and driver circuit 713 cooperate to communicate information back from the receive system to the decoder circuit 714 in the transmit system. Receive system encoder section 712 receives a clock input 730 from clock recovery section 707 , and is thereby synchronized to the transmit system oscillator 704 and encoder 702 . This synchronization allows transmission in each direction to occur in distinct time slots. In time slots where transmit driver 703 is operable to transmit information from the transmit system to the receive system, receive driver 713 is tri-stated or disabled. Alternatively, in time slots where receive driver 713 is operable to transmit information back from the receive system to the transmit system, transmit driver 703 is tri-stated or disabled. In this manner, bidirectional communication may be established across a single pair of high voltage isolation capacitors.

Digital control input 738 of the receive system is a digital signal containing information to be communicated across the isolation barrier, including control information for analog circuitry on the transmit system side of the barrier. The receive system also includes delta-sigma ADC 711 operable on analog input signal 740 so that the information contained in analog signal 740 on the receive system side of the isolation barrier can be conveyed across the barrier in digital form and then accurately reproduced on the transmit system side of the barrier. The receive system delta-sigma ADC 711 receives its clock input from clock recovery circuit 707 , and is thereby synchronized with transmit system oscillator 704 . Digital output signal 742 generated by receive system ADC 711 may be time-division multiplexed with receive system digital control input 738 in encoder section 712 .

In the transmit system, decoder circuit 714 is connected to isolation capacitors 705 , 706 to receive signals therefrom, identify signals representing information coming from the receive system. Decoder 714 then extracts the digital control information from the data stream received from the receive circuit, and passes data signal 744 generated by delta-sigma ADC 711 to transmit system delta-sigma DAC 715 . Decoder 714 also latches and retimes the data received across the barrier to synchronize it with clock signal 722 , which is generated by oscillator 704 , thereby eliminating the effects of phase noise interference and other sources of jitter in the synchronous digital signal. Circuits that are suitable for performing these decoder functions are well known in the art.

Transmit system delta-sigma DAC 715 receives its clock input from oscillator 704 and is thereby synchronized to receive system ADC 711 . Transmit system DAC 715 provides a reconstructed analog data output signal 746 , thereby completing the communication of analog information back from the receive system to the transmit system.

In summary, FIG. 7 describes a bidirectional communication system for conveying analog and digital information across a capacitive isolation barrier. The barrier itself is inexpensive, since only two high voltage isolation capacitors are required for synchronous, bidirectional communication. The barrier is a reliable communication channel because the digital signals communicated across the barrier are insensitive to amplitude and phase noise interference that may be introduced at the isolation barrier.

A more detailed description of a clock recovery circuit suitable for use in this invention with the coding scheme of FIG. 4 will now be provided, with reference to FIG. 8 . Clock recovery PLL 805 has data input 530 , data output 546 and recovered clock signal output 544 . Phase detector 810 has inputs DATA 530 and feedback clock signal CK 2 545 . The outputs of phase detector 810 are SPEED-UP 1 and SLOW-DOWN 1 signals, both of which are connected to inputs of phase detector charge pump 816 . Frequency detector 818 has inputs DATA 530 and output clock signal CK 4 544 . The outputs of frequency detector 818 are signals designated SPEED-UP 2 and SLOW-DOWN 2 , which are connected to the inputs of frequency detector charge pump 824 . The outputs of phase detector charge pump 816 and frequency detector charge pump 824 are connected together and are also connected to the input of voltage controlled oscillator (“VCO”) 535 and one terminal of resistor 533 . The other terminal of resistor 533 is connected to one terminal of capacitor 534 . The other terminal of capacitor 534 is connected to ground. The output of VCO 535 is the CK 2 signal 545 . The clock input of flip-flop 826 is connected to CK 2 545 . The Q-bar output of flip-flop 826 is connected to the D input of flip-flop 826 . The Q and Q-bar outputs of flip-flop 826 are connected to the inputs of multiplexer (mux) 828 . The control input 830 of mux 828 is called MUX CONTROL and comes from the framing logic, which is described elsewhere in this specification. The output of mux 828 is the CK 4 signal 544 . The D input of flip-flop 542 is connected to data input 530 . The clock input of flip-flop 542 is connected to the CK 4 signal 544 . The Q output of flip-flop 542 is the resynchronized DATAOUT signal 546 , which is sent to the frame detect logic.

Frequency detector 818 is dominant over phase detector 810 when the frequency of the DATA and CK 4 signals are different. Once the frequency of the DATA and CK 4 signals are substantially similar, the SPEED-UP 2 and SLOW-DOWN 2 signals become inactive and phase detector 810 becomes dominant. Separate charge pumps for the phase detector and frequency detector allow for independent control of the gain of the phase detector and frequency detector circuits. Alternatively, if independent gains are not required, then the SPEED-UP 1 and SPEED-UP 2 signals could be logically ORed together to drive one charge pump. And likewise the SLOW-DOWN 1 and SLOW-DOWN 2 signals could be logically ORed together to drive the other input to the charge pump.

The output of VCO 535 is the CK 2 signal, which is divided by two in frequency by flip-flop 826 . Since CK 2 is divided by two to generate the bit rate clock signal CK 4 , there can be two phases of CK 4 with respect to the start of a bit period. The phase of CK 4 that will yield correct operation of the frequency detector is the one where the rising edge of CK 4 aligns with the start of a bit period. The frame-detect logic is needed to detect the start of a bit interval and is used to select the appropriate phase of CK 4 using mux 828 .

It will be appreciated that a clock recovery circuit according to this invention, such as that illustrated in FIG. 8 or FIG. 15 , may be beneficially used to recover and stabilize a clock signal on the isolated side of the barrier where the clock signal is conveyed via isolation elements that are separate from the isolation elements that are used to transfer the data signal.

A preferred embodiment of a decoder circuit 708 is shown in FIG. 11 . Shift register 840 has an input connected to the DATAOUT signal 546 from clock recovery circuit 805 and is clocked by recovered clock signal CK 4 . Multi-bit output 842 of shift register 840 is connected to frame-detect logic 844 and to demux logic 846 . Frame detect logic 844 has one output connected to mux control logic 848 and one output connected to demux logic 846 . Demux logic 846 is clocked by CK 4 . Counter 850 is also clocked by CK 4 . The output of counter 850 is connected to mux control logic 848 . The output of mux control logic 848 is the MUX-CONTROL signal 830 sent to the clock recovery PLL 805 to select the proper phase for the CK 4 signal. The outputs of demux logic 846 are the DEMUXED DATA signal and the CONTROL signal.

Shift register 840 stores a predetermined number of bits of the serial DATAOUT signal 546 . Frame-detect logic 844 operates on this data and detects when a frame signal is received. Many possible framing signal formats can be used. A format that may be used in a presently preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 12 . Data 860 is alternated with framing signals 862 and control signals. In the framing format shown in this figure, one control signal (off hook) 864 is sent for every eight data bits. The remaining seven bits in the frame of sixteen are used for frame synchronization. The illustrated framing signal is six ones followed by a zero in the control signal field. The data signal may be guaranteed to not have more than five ones in a row so that it will not be mistaken for a framing signal. Many other framing formats are possible to allow for different data signal properties and to permit the use of additional control bits.

Once the frame detect logic 844 detects six one's followed by a zero in the control signal field, mux control logic 848 is set to maintain the phase of the CK 4 signal. If after a predetermined number of CK 4 clock cycles a framing signal is not detected, then counter 850 will cause mux control logic 848 to change the phase of CK 4 using mux 828 (FIG. 8 ). Counter 850 will then be reset, and frame detect logic 844 will again attempt to detect the selected framing signal so as to achieve synchronization. Only the correct phase of CK 4 will achieve frame synchronization. Once frame synchronization is achieved, demux logic 846 can correctly decode control and data signals.

The specific structure and operation of frame detect logic 844 , demux logic 846 , and mux control logic 848 is dependent upon the selected framing format, the selected multiplexing scheme, and other design choices. The detailed design of this circuitry is within the ordinary skill in the art and is omitted from this description of a preferred embodiment.

Exemplary embodiments of phase and frequency detectors 810 , 818 are shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 . Referring to FIG. 9 , phase detector 810 has input signals CK 2 and DATA and output signals SPEED-UP 1 and SLOW-DOWN 1 . A two input NAND gate 860 has inputs DATA and CK 2 and its output is connected to one input of NAND gate 862 . A two input NOR gate 864 also has inputs DATA and CK 2 and its output is connected to the input of inverter 866 . A two input NAND gate 868 has one input connected to the output of the inverter 866 and one input connected to the output of NAND gate 862 . NAND gate 862 has one input that is connected to the output of NAND gate 860 and the other input connected to the output of NAND gate 868 . A three input AND gate 870 has one input connected to the output of inverter 872 , another input connected to the DATA signal and another input connected to the output of NAND gate 862 . The output of AND gate 870 is the SLOW-DOWN 1 signal. The input of inverter 872 is connected to the CK 2 signal. A three input AND gate 874 has one input connected to the output of NAND gate 862 , another input is connected to the CK 2 signal and another input is connected to the output of inverter 876 . The output of AND gate 874 is the SPEED-UP 1 signal. The input of inverter 876 is connected to receive the DATA signal.

In the illustrated embodiment, phase detector 810 compares the phase on the falling edges of DATA and CK 2 after both signals are high at the same time. NAND gates 862 and 868 form a set-reset type latch. The latch gets “set” such that the output of NAND gate 862 is high when both the DATA and CK 2 signals are high. The latch gets “reset” such that the output of NAND gate 862 is low when both DATA and CK 2 are low. When the latch is “set” (i.e., both DATA and CK 2 are high), AND gates 870 and 874 are enabled. Once the AND gates 870 and 874 are enabled they can compare the falling edges of CK 2 and DATA to determine which signal goes low first. If DATA goes low first, then the SPEED-UP 1 signal will go high until CK 2 also goes low, indicating that oscillator 535 needs to oscillate faster in order to achieve phase alignment with the DATA signal. If the CK 2 signal goes low first then the SLOW-DOWN 1 signal will go high until DATA also goes low, indicating that oscillator 535 should oscillate slower in order to achieve phase alignment with the DATA signal. The SPEED-UP 1 and SLOW-DOWN 1 signals are connected to phase detector charge-pump 816 .

A preferred embodiment of frequency detector 818 is shown in FIG. 10 . The inputs to frequency detector 818 are the DATA and CK 4 signals and the outputs are the SPEED-UP 2 and SLOW-DOWN 2 signals. Delay cell 880 has its input connected to CK 4 and output connected to one input of NOR gate 882 . The delay cell 880 consists of an even number of capacitively loaded inverter stages or other delay generating circuitry and is well known in the art. The output of inverter 884 is connected to the other input of NOR gate 882 and the input of inverter 884 is connected to CK 4 . The output 886 of NOR gate 882 is reset pulse that occurs on the rising edge of CK 4 , and is connected to the reset input of D flip-flops 888 , 890 , and 892 . The input of inverter 895 is connected to DATA. The output of inverter 895 is connected to the clock input of D flip-flops 888 , 890 , and 892 . The D input of flip-flop 888 is connected to V DD . The D-input of flip-flop 890 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 888 . The D-input of flip-flop 892 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 890 . D flip-flops 894 and 896 have their clock inputs connected to CK 4 . The D input of flip-flop 894 is connected to the Q output of flip-flop 888 . The D-input of flip-flop 896 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 890 . The input of inverter 898 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 894 , and the output of inverter 898 is the SLOW-DOWN 2 signal. OR gate 900 provides the SPEED-UP 2 signal. One input of OR gate 900 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 896 , and the other input is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 892 . The SPEED-UP 2 and SLOW-DOWN 2 signals are connected to the frequency-detector charge pump 824 .

The illustrated embodiment of frequency detector 818 counts the number of DATA pulses within one CK 4 cycle. The frequency of CK 4 should equal to the bit rate of the DATA pattern. Suitable encoding used for the DATA signal will ensure that there will be only one CK 4 rising edge for each data pulse falling edge, if the frequency of CK 4 is equal to the data rate. If the CK 4 frequency is equal to the data rate then the Q-output of flip-flop 888 will be high prior to each rising edge of CK 4 and the Q-outputs of flip-flops 890 and 892 will be low prior to each rising edge of CK 4 . If the Q-output of flip-flop 888 is low prior to the rising edge of CK 4 then the SLOW-DOWN 2 signal will go high for the duration of the next CK 4 cycle, signaling that oscillator 535 should slow down. If the Q-output of flip-flop 890 is high prior to the rising edge of CK 4 , then the SPEED-UP 2 signal will go high for the duration of the next CK 4 cycle signaling that the oscillator should speed up.

Another exemplary data coding scheme that may be used in an isolation system constructed in accordance with this invention is shown in FIG. 14 . In this scheme, each bit period 570 is split into four fields. The first field 572 is referred to as the clock field and is always high independent of the data being transferred. The second field 574 , which may occupy the second quarter of the bit period 570 , contains the forward-going (from transmit side to receive side) data bit. This data bit can be either the delta-sigma data bit or a control bit or any desired type of encoding bit, in accordance with the requirements of the application in which the invention is used. The third field 576 , which may occupy the third quarter of the bit period, is always low to ensure enough signal transitions to provide for power transmission in the forward path along with the first two fields, at least one of which is high in each bit period. The forward (transmit side) driver circuit is tri-stated during the fourth field 578 , thus allowing for data transmission in the opposite direction across the isolation capacitor. Of course, this particular coding scheme is provided as an example, and many other coding schemes may be devised that will be operable in the various embodiments of the present invention.

It is desirable to use the logic “1” that is present at the beginning of each bit period for clock recovery, since it is always present at periodic intervals. However, if the reverse data bit from the previous bit period is a one, the rising edge at the beginning of the next bit period will not be readily seen by a logic gate and therefore will not be useful for clock recovery. To mitigate this effect and to allow reliable clock recovery, every fourth bit in the reverse field may be guaranteed to be zero by the encoding algorithms that are employed. The total frame length can be increased if more control bits need to be sent across the barrier in the reverse direction. Every fourth clock edge (the one associated with a zero in the previous reverse bit field) may then be used for clock recovery.

A block diagram of an exemplary PLL circuit that can perform clock recovery in accordance with the coding scheme of FIG. 14 is shown in FIG. 15 . The forward data (conveyed from the transmit side to the receive side) is connected to divide-by-four counter 800 . The output of counter 800 is connected to phase-frequency detector 801 . The output of phase-frequency detector 801 is connected to charge pump 802 . The output of charge pump 802 is connected to the input of loop filter 803 . The output of loop filter 803 is connected to the input of voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 804 . The output of VCO 804 is the bit clock used for synchronizing the received data signal and for providing a clock signal to the receive side circuitry. The output of VCO 804 is also connected to the input of divide-by-four counter 805 . The output of counter 805 is connected to the other input of phase-frequency detector 801 . The phase-frequency detector 801 and the other circuits in the illustrated clock recovery circuit of FIG. 15 are well known in the art, and the specific circuitry selected for a particular application would be a matter of routine design choice.

The present invention further provides a method for randomizing or scrambling data as it is transmitted across an isolation barrier as described above. The signal transmitted across the capacitive isolation barrier from the master or powered circuitry to the isolated circuitry (which is connected to the telephone system conductors) may contain data, framing signals and control signals. The data may be packaged in frames, each frame having a common header, or framing pattern, which the isolated circuitry may use to synchronize the frames in order to unpack or extract the data and control signals from the framed signal. The header or common framing pattern may be at the beginning of each frame, or it may be interspersed throughout each frame. An exemplary frame arrangement is shown in FIG. 12 , and a decoder circuit that is designed to recognize a framing pattern and to extract data and control information therefrom is shown in FIG. 11 and discussed elsewhere in this application.

As data is transferred across the isolation barrier, in the form of digital signals that contain the digitized data information as well as control and framing information, it is possible that the digital pattern may be unintentionally coupled to nearby circuitry or to the tip and ring outputs of the isolated circuitry. This may occur due to capacitive or inductive coupling or other mechanisms. The analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters associated with the isolation barrier are particularly susceptible to performance degradation caused by extraneous periodic signals that may be coupled into the ADC voltage reference or into the phase-locked-loop circuit. Also, extraneous signals that may be inadvertently applied to the telephone network are undesirable and may violate regulatory requirements. For example, United States FCC Regulations Part 68 restricts the amount of power that can be present in certain bands of frequencies from 4 KHz up to 6 MHz. In some embodiments of a digital capacitive isolation barrier according to the present invention, unacceptable signals in these frequency bands may be coupled to the phone lines in the absence of corrective measures. In particular, power spikes in the frequency spectrum are to be avoided.

A data scrambling technique may be employed in order to reduce the occurrence of such unacceptable signals by reducing energy occurring at certain frequencies (spectral peaks) due to periodicities in the digital signal that is transmitted across the isolation barrier. Referring to FIG. 16 , in preferred embodiments of the present invention, complementary data scramblers 270 , 274 may be employed on each side of the capacitive barrier. On the transmitting side, a scrambler 270 may operate by logically combining the digital data stream 224 to be transmitted across the barrier capacitors 209 , 210 with a random bit stream 282 using an “exclusive-OR” (XOR) circuit 270 , thus forming scrambled or randomized bit stream 278 . On the receiving side of barrier capacitors 209 , 210 decoder 217 provides a received scrambled bit stream 232 that is identical to scrambled bit stream 278 . Received scrambled bit stream 232 is descrambled by combining it with a synchronized random bit stream 284 using XOR circuit 274 , which provides a restored bit stream 280 that is identical to original digital data stream 224 .

The random bit streams may be provided by random number generators 272 , 276 which may be identical and kept in synchronization, so that they provide identical random bit streams 282 , 284 . In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the random bit streams are provided by pseudo-random number generators, which may comprise linear feedback shift registers using designs that are well known in the art. (In this description, references to random number sequences include pseudo-random number sequences.) The random number generators used in this invention must be synchronized, so that the same scrambling bit stream 282 , 284 is applied to the same bits in the data sequence on both sides of the capacitive barrier. This can be accomplished by starting identical random number generators from reset at the same time. Alternatively, the generators may be synchronized using the non-scrambled framing pattern and control signals that are passed across the barrier.

It will be recognized by one skilled in the art that if a digital bit sequence is XORed with a random or “white” sequence, the resulting sequence is also “white”, which means that its power spectral density (PSD) is constant. This technique of randomizing the transmitted data thus removes the undesirable spectral peaks from the signal that is passed across the capacitive barrier. Pseudo-random number generators do not produce fully “white” signals, but such generators can provide bit streams that are adequately “white” to provide random scrambling signals for use in this invention.

While FIG. 16 shows a unidirectional isolation system, this data scrambling method may be used in both directions across the barrier in a bi-directional isolation system. A single random number generator may be provided on each side of the barrier, and the signals to be scrambled may be XORed with the generated random bit streams regardless of the direction of the data stream through the isolation system.

In alternative embodiments of the invention, the control signals and the framing signals may be scrambled along with the data bits. In such an embodiment, the scrambling apparatus may be positioned downstream from encoder circuit 213 , and the descrambling apparatus may be positioned upstream from decoder 217 .

The present invention further provides an isolation system 330 having a low power mode of operation. It is increasingly common for electronic systems and circuits to have low-power modes for use when the circuit is not needed to be active, which typically operate to shut down unneeded portions of a circuit to save power, such as battery power. Referring to FIG. 17 , in the isolation system 330 of the present invention, it is not feasible to shut down the entire system, because the isolated side 226 of the system must remain in a standby state to await a ring signal 332 or another signal from the phone line or other circuit to which it is attached. Furthermore, in preferred embodiments, at least a portion of the isolated side 226 of the system 330 is powered by the data signals that are transferred across the capacitive barrier 209 , 210 , and if the flow of data signals ceases, the isolated circuit 226 will quickly cease to function due to lack of power. Furthermore, the circuitry on the master side 225 and isolated side 226 of the barrier must remain in synchronization, so that if a signal is received by the isolated circuitry that requires the device to return to a normal mode of operation, an appropriate control signal may be communicated across the barrier to master circuitry 225 .

In the presently preferred embodiment, a low-power mode is implemented by allowing the master oscillator, such as 704 in FIG. 7 , to free-run when powered circuitry on the master side of the barrier is shut down to save power. Referring to FIG. 17 , in normal operation, the local clock circuit, which may be a phase-locked-loop (PLL) circuit 334 including a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 336 , locks to a timing signal CLK received from other circuitry 338 on the powered side of the telephone equipment. (Specifically, VCO 336 normally receives an input voltage from a loop filter in the PLL circuit 334 , as is well known in the art.) When powered system 338 is placed in low power mode to conserve power, the timing signal CLK may be lost. In order to maintain a signal across barrier 209 , 210 to the isolated circuitry 226 in such a case, the VCO input may be disconnected from the loop filter and connected to a constant bias voltage generator 340 . VCO 336 then continues to oscillate in a selected frequency range based on the bias voltage, thus providing a local clock signal LCLK even when powered system 338 40 stops providing clock signal CLK. In a preferred embodiment, powered system 338 provides a low power mode signal LPM to isolation system 330 to communicate that it is about to enter low power mode, so that isolation system 330 can prepare to change modes of operation.

Thus, although synchronization is not maintained with the other powered system circuitry when it enters low power mode, oscillator 336 continues to provide a local clock signal LCLK, which master isolation circuit 225 uses to provide a selected signal across the capacitive barrier 209 , 210 in low-power mode. That signal is received by isolated circuit 226 , which may extract power and data signals on the isolated side of the barrier. This system permits a communication channel to be maintained across the barrier, even in low power mode, so that signals presented to the isolated side 226 of the isolation system 330 may be communicated to master circuitry 225 . Such signals may require the master side to exit low-power mode and to resume normal operation, for example if a ringing or caller ID signal is received.

In a preferred embodiment for use in a telephony application, if an incoming call occurs while powered system 338 is in low power mode, a RING signal will be sent from the telephone interface circuit 342 to the isolated side 226 of isolation system 330 . The isolation system circuits, which are maintained in an operative state even in low power mode, convey the ring signal across barrier capacitors 209 , 210 , and provide a WAKE signal to powered system 338 , causing it to exit low power mode and to resume normal operation to deal with the incoming call.

When VCO 336 is switched from closed loop PLL operational mode to open loop freerun mode, a sudden change in oscillator frequency is likely to occur. This may cause data transferred across the barrier to be corrupted while the clock and data recovery circuits on the isolated side 226 of the barrier attempt to lock onto the new oscillator frequency. In order to prevent errors from occurring due to transfer of erroneous data and control signals across the barrier, the isolated circuitry may be temporarily placed in a suspended or frozen state when low power mode is entered, as is described elsewhere in this specification.

During use of an isolation system of the type provided by the present invention, particularly where data and timing information is conveyed across the isolation barrier, there may be disruptive events in the system that can cause the link to lose timing lock (and consequently framing lock) or proper voltage levels in the isolation system circuitry. (This problem is not as likely to occur in simpler systems where there is no need for a synchronized clock on the isolated side of the barrier.) If communication is attempted during these times there may be errors in the data that is conveyed across the barrier or recovered on the downstream side of the barrier. In some applications such errors are not tolerable, because incorrect action or data corruption may result from the errors. In particular, it is undesirable to permit the isolated circuitry to decode control signals or to send control signals if synchronization is lost, because an erroneously interpreted control signal may cause improper operation of the isolation system or a device to which it may be connected.

An example of a disruptive event that could cause temporary loss of synchronization across the barrier is an abrupt change in the master clock frequency or data rate, such as may occur during modem baud rate negotiation. Bit errors in the isolation system may occur before timing synchronization is re-established. Another type of disruptive event may be caused by off-hook transients, which are large voltage and current transients that may occur when the circuit goes off-hook and the tip-ring loop current quickly changes from zero amps to 20-120 mA. These transients may disrupt operation of the isolated circuitry until they have dissipated.

In order to deal with these kinds of disruptive events and to avoid bit errors when disruptive events occur, preferred embodiments of the present invention may include control circuitry to identify or anticipate such events. Prior knowledge of an upcoming disruptive event can be used to temporarily suspend or freeze operation of the communication link through the isolation system. During such a suspension, control bits on both sides of the isolator can be set to selected states until the disruption has passed. Received data patterns may be ignored during the suspension, or a benign pattern may be temporarily substituted for real data until a reliable link is established.

In a presently preferred embodiment, circuitry is provided for freezing the output of the isolated side of the barrier upon the occurrence of an abrupt data rate change and when the circuit goes off-hook. Both of these events can be anticipated by the master circuitry. In both cases, the master initiates a freeze by sending a freeze control signal to the isolated circuitry. The freeze persists until framing is recaptured on the isolated side, which is indicated by transmission of a framing control bit from the isolated circuitry to the master circuitry. In the case of a changing data rate, a preselected period of time must also pass before the freeze is released. In the case of an off-hook transition, a voltage detector circuit may be used to ensure that the transient has dissipated and circuit voltages are at normal levels before the freeze is released. During the freeze, the clock and frame detection circuitry on the isolated side of the barrier continuously attempt to restore synchronization with the data received from the master circuitry, but the communication path is not enabled until the above-referenced criteria are satisfied. In one embodiment, all control bits sent from the isolated side to the master side are zeros during the freeze period. When framing synchronization is recaptured and the timing or other requirements are met, a framing bit is passed to the master circuitry from the isolated circuitry to end the freeze and restore normal operation.

By way of example, the operation of this feature in a preferred embodiment of the invention will be described. When the master circuitry determines that a sudden change is going to occur in the data rate across the isolation barrier, for example when a modem baud rate is changing or during a transition to low-power mode, the master circuitry sends a “freeze” signal to the isolated circuitry. The isolated circuitry then goes into freeze mode, wherein no data or control signals are output to external circuitry. The isolated circuit may be designed to pass a selected signal, such as all zeros, across the isolation barrier to the master circuitry. A freeze timer may be started to measure a preselected freeze period. After the freeze is initiated, the data rate is changed on the master side. When in freeze mode, the isolated circuit continues to receive data from the master circuit, but it loses synch due to the change in data rate. The clock recovery circuit and frame detect circuit immediately begin attempting to regain synchronization and framing lock. During the freeze, data transmission through the isolation system is suspended in both directions. Once the freeze timer has expired and framing lock is reestablished, the isolated circuitry sends a framing signal to the master circuitry, which causes the system to resume normal operation. This function is implemented in control logic, using structures and design techniques that would be apparent to one skilled in the art.

In alternative embodiments of this invention, the freeze duration may be determined by any suitable method. As described above, the freeze may be terminated based on, for example, expiration of a selected time interval, on re-acquisition of framing lock, on a determination of acceptable bit error rates transmitted across the isolation barrier, or on measurement of electrical parameters such as voltage levels.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention herein shown and described are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Various changes may be made in the shape, size and arrangement of parts. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently of the use of other features, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention.

Claims

1. An isolation system having a master isolation circuit on a first side of an isolation barrier and an isolated circuit on a second side of the barrier, whereby signals are transmitted across the isolation barrier, comprising:a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) located in the master isolation circuit, the VCO having input that is normally connected to receive an input voltage from a loop filter in a phase locked loop circuit; a bias voltage generator that produces a selected bias voltage; a multiplexer having inputs connected to the loop filter and to the bias voltage generator and an output connected to the VCO input; whereby during normal operation the loop filter is connected to the VCO input, and during a low-power mode of operation the bias voltage generator is connected to the VCO input so that a VCO output is provided even during the low-power operation.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an isolated power supply circuit in the isolated circuit, the isolated power supply circuit comprising a rectifier circuit that generates a direct current voltage source from data signals that are received from the isolation barrier.

3. The isolation system of claim 2, wherein the isolation barrier comprises one or more isolation capacitors.

4. The isolation system of claim 3, wherein the signals transmitted across the isolation barrier are digital signals.

5. The isolation system of claim 1, wherein the signals transmitted across the isolation barrier are digital signals.

6. The isolation system of claim 1, further comprising an analog-to-digital converter in the master isolation circuit that includes an input connected to receive an analog data signal from an external data source, and that includes an output that provides a digital signal that is sent across the isolation barrier.

7. A telephone comprising the isolation system of claim 1.

8. A modem comprising the isolation system of claim 1.

9. The isolation system of claim 1, further comprising a low-power-mode input connected to the multiplexer, the multiplexer being adapted to normally connect the VCO input to the loop filter, and to connect the VCO input to the bias voltage generator when a selected signal is received at the low-power-mode input.

10. An isolation system for conveying a data signal from a data source across an isolation barrier while preventing passage of undesired power signals across the barrier, the isolation system comprising a local clock generator providing a local clock signal for use within the isolation system, the local clock generator normally being synchronized with a clock signal received from the data source, the local clock generator having a low-power mode wherein the local clock generator provides a local clock signal in the absence of a clock signal received from the data source.

11. The isolation system of claim 10, wherein the local clock generator includes a phase locked loop circuit comprising a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), and wherein an input of the VCO is selectively connectable to a bias voltage generator.

12. The isolation system of claim 10, wherein the isolation barrier is a capacitive isolation barrier.

13. The isolation system of claim 10, further comprising means for inhibiting an output of the isolation system upon a transition of the isolation system into low-power mode or out of lowpower mode.

14. A method for operating an isolation system, comprising:providing in the isolation system a phase locked loop circuit including a clock signal input normally coupled to the phase locked loop circuit for providing a local clock signal; upon entering a low-power mode of operation, disconnecting a normal signal path of the phase locked loop circuit and connecting a bias voltage generator so that a communication channel across an isolation barrier of the isolation system is maintained in the low-power mode of operation by continuing to provide the local clock signal during said low-power mode of operation; and upon resuming a normal mode of operation, disconnecting the bias voltage generator and reconnecting the normal signal path of the phase locked loop.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising disabling an output of the isolation system after entering said low-power mode to ensure that no erroneous signals are output from the system during a transition from normal mode to low-power mode.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:in normal mode, receiving an external clock signal from an external data source; and receiving a low-power mode signal from the data source indicating that the data source is about to enter a low power mode.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising:receiving, while in low-power mode, an external signal to be conveyed through the isolation system to the data source; conveying said external signal through the isolation system in low-power mode; and providing a wake-up signal to the data source to cause the data source to exit low-power mode.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the external signal is a ring signal from a telephone circuit.

19. The method of claim 14, further comprising:returning the isolation system to normal operation after the data source exits low-power mode.