Patent Grant
10159139
The present invention relates to a load control system for controlling the amount of power delivered to an electrical load, such as a lighting load. More particularly, the present invention relates to a “two-wire” load control system having load control devices that receive both power and communication over two wires from a digital controller that is easily configured without the need for a computer or an advanced commissioning procedure. In addition, the present invention relates to a two-wire load control system having a plurality of load control devices and a digital controller that may be installed in a pre-existing electrical network without requiring any additional wiring. Further, the present invention relates to a two-wire load control system having controllers that respond to a plurality of input devices and transmit digital messages and power over two wires to load control devices without interfering with other control devices on the electrical network.
In order for a gas discharge lamp, such as a fluorescent lamp, to illuminate, the lamp is typically driven by a ballast. The ballast may be mounted in a lighting fixture in which the fluorescent lamp is located, or to a junction box adjacent the lighting fixture. Electronic ballasts receive alternating-current (AC) mains line voltage from an AC power source and convert the AC mains line voltage to an appropriate voltage waveform to drive the lamp. Many ballasts are simply switching (or non-dim) ballasts that are only able to turn the connected fluorescent lamp on and off. To control a switching ballast, a standard wallbox-mounted mechanical switch is simply coupled in series electrical connection between the AC power source and the ballast, such that a user turns the fluorescent lamp on and off by toggling the mechanical switch. Multiple switching ballasts may be coupled to a single mechanical switch, such that multiple fluorescent lamps can be turned on and off together in response to actuations of the single mechanical switch.
In contrast, dimming ballasts allow for control of the intensity of the controlled fluorescent lamp from a minimum intensity (e.g., approximately 5%) to a maximum intensity (e.g., approximately 100%). A typical prior art dimming ballast is operable to control the intensity of the controlled fluorescent lamp in response to a phase-control voltage (i.e., a dimmed-hot voltage) received from a dimmer switch. The dimmer switch is electrically coupled between the AC power source and the ballast (i.e., in the place of the mechanical switch that controls a non-dim ballast) and generally requires a connection to the neutral side of the AC power source. There are typically three electrical connections to the prior art electronic dimming ballast: a switched-hot connection, a dimmed-hot connection, and a neutral connection. The switched-hot connection receives a switched-hot voltage, which may be generated by a relay of the dimmer switch for turning the controlled lamp and the ballast on and off. The ballast receives the phase-control voltage at the dimmed-hot connection and is operable to determine a desired lighting intensity in response to the length of a conduction period of the phase-control voltage.
It is often desirable to upgrade a non-dim ballast installation to have a dimming ballast to thus allow the user to adjust the intensity of the fluorescent lamp. In a standard non-dim installation, there is typically only one electrical wire (i.e., a switched-hot voltage) coupled between the electrical wallbox of the mechanical switch and the lighting fixture in which the ballast is located. Moreover, a neutral wire connection coupled to the neutral side of the AC power source may not be available in the wallbox where the mechanical switch is located. However, it is desirable to replace the non-dim ballast with the dimming ballast and to replace the mechanical switch with the dimmer switch without running any additional electrical wiring between the dimmer switch and the dimming ballast (i.e., using only the pre-existing wiring). Running additional wiring can be very expensive, due to the cost of the additional electrical wiring as well as the cost of installation. Typically, installing new electrical wiring requires a licensed electrician to perform the work (where simply replacing one ballast with another ballast without running new wiring may not require a licensed electrician). In addition, if the pre-existing wiring from the mechanical switch to the ballast runs behind a fixed ceiling or wall (e.g., one comprising plaster or expensive hardwood), the electrician may need to breach the ceiling or wall to install the new electrical wiring, which will thus require subsequent repair.
A further complication may arise when the existing ceiling contains asbestos. So long as the asbestos is not disturbed, it presents a minimal health hazard and may be left in place. However, if new wiring must be installed between the dimmer switch and the dimming ballast, then the asbestos must be remediated. Such remediation must be performed by specially trained personnel. Also, the removed asbestos and assorted building materials must be handled as hazardous waste. The process is expensive and time consuming. Therefore, the prior art three-wire dimming ballast does not work well in retrofit installations as described above because the ballast requires two electrical connections—not one—between the dimmer switch and the ballast (i.e., the switched-hot voltage and the dimmed-hot voltage) and the dimmer switch requires connection to a neutral wire coupled to the neutral side of the AC power source in addition to the hot wire.
Some prior art dimming ballasts require only two connections (a dimmed-hot connection for receiving the phase-control voltage and a neutral connection) and thus only a single electrical connection need be made between the dimmer switch and the two-wire dimming ballast. Such prior art two-wire dimming ballasts receive power (for driving the controlled lamp) and the phase-control voltage (for determining the desired lighting intensity) over the single electrical connection between the dimmer switch and the two-wire dimming ballasts. The desired lighting intensity is proportional to the conduction period of the phase-control voltage. Accordingly, these two-wire ballasts may be installed in retrofit installations to replace non-dim ballast without running any additional electrical wiring. A single dimmer switch may control the intensities of multiple two-wire dimming ballasts coupled to receive the phase-control voltage from the dimmer switch. However, the dimmer switch is only able to control the two-wire dimming ballasts in unison since each ballast receives the identical phase-control voltage from the dimmer switch. The dimmer switch cannot individually control the intensities of each of the ballasts coupled to the dimmer switch. Prior art two-wire ballasts are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,368, issued Aug. 29, 2000, entitled SYSTEM FOR PREVENTING OSCILLATIONS IN A FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,344, issued Sep. 17, 2002, entitled ELECTRONIC DIMMING BALLAST, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Some load control systems have digital electronic dimming ballasts that allow control of individual lighting fixtures or groups of lighting fixtures independently of the electrical circuits to which the ballasts are wired for receiving power. Such load control systems typically have a controller coupled to the ballasts via a wired (low-voltage) digital communication link (distinct from the power wiring) to allow for the communication of digital messages between the controller and the ballasts. For example, the controller and ballasts may communicate using the industry-standard Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) communication protocol. The DALI protocol allows each DALI ballast in the load control system to be assigned a unique digital address, to be programmed with configuration information (such as, for example, preset lighting intensities), and to control a fluorescent lamp in response to commands transmitted via the communication link. Typically, a trained installer is required to perform an advanced commissioning procedure using a personal computer (PC) or other advanced programming tool to program the unique digital address and configuration information of the DALI ballasts.
Some DALI controllers may provide a user interface that allows for control of the ballasts of the load control system. In addition, the load control system may include, for example, wall-mounted keypads or handheld devices, such as infrared (IR) remote controls or personal digital assistants (PDA), for controlling the electronic dimming ballasts. The IR commands are received by an IR receiving sensor that sends appropriate commands to the controlled ballasts. In addition to IR receiving sensors, the load control system may also include daylight sensors or occupancy sensors. The daylight and occupancy sensors monitor the condition (e.g., the ambient light level or motion from an occupant, respectively) of a space and send appropriate commands to the controlled ballasts in response to the sensed conditions in the space. Examples of digital electronic dimming ballasts are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,619,539, issued Nov. 17, 2009, entitled MULTIPLE-INPUT ELECTRONIC DIMMING BALLAST WITH PROCESSOR, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,035,529, issued Oct. 11, 2011, entitled DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE BALLAST SYSTEM, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The prior art digital dimming ballasts require that the wired digital communication link is coupled to each of the ballasts—in addition to the power wiring—and thus are not well suited to retrofit installations, where the digital dimming ballasts are replacing non-dimming ballasts. To address these limitations, some prior art control systems have provided for digital communication between control devices over the existing power wiring coupled to the devices. For example, in a power-line carrier (PLC) communication system, such as an X10 control system, the control devices are able to modulate high-frequency digital messages on the AC mains line voltage provided on the power wiring (e.g., referenced between hot and neutral of the AC power source). Examples of power-line carrier communication systems are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,200,862, issued Apr. 29, 1980, entitled APPLIANCE CONTROL, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,333, issued Nov. 29, 1983, entitled APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
However, such power-line carrier communication systems have many disadvantages that have prevented the systems from enjoying wide commercial success. Typically, the control devices of power-line carrier communication systems require connections to both the hot side and the neutral side of the AC power source, which connections may not both be available in the electrical wallboxes of a retrofit installation. In addition, since the control devices reference the transmitted signals between hot and neutral, the signals are able to travel throughout the power system, and thus may cause noise and interference with other control devices coupled to the power system. Often, such systems require back filters to prevent the communication signals from being transmitted throughout the power system. In addition, large reactive elements (i.e., capacitances) coupled across the AC power source can attenuate the digital messages transmitted by the control devices thus degrading the quality of the transmitted digital messages and decreasing the reliability of the communications of the system.
Attempts have been made to design power-line control systems that avoid the disadvantages of the above-referenced prior art power-line carrier communication systems. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,823, issued Nov. 23, 1993, entitled POWER LINE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (referred to herein as the '823 patent), discloses a system in which data is transmitted on a power line by means of momentary interruptions of the power at or near the zero-crossings of an AC waveform. The '823 patent teaches that different patterns of interruptions can represent different digital “words.” The interruptions form “notches” in an otherwise sinusoidal AC waveform. A receiver is configured to detect the presence of the “notches,” to compare detected patterns of “notches” with pre-stored values, and to respond if a match is found with a detected pattern.
The '823 patent proposes techniques for detecting power interruptions at or near zero-crossings, a number of which techniques are complex and subject to error. For example, a power interruption that occurs near a zero-crossing, as the '823 patent proposes, may not be reliably detected due to the existence of “noise” on the AC mains line. A power interruption that occurs away from a zero-crossing, according to the '823 patent, assertedly can be detected by “pattern recognition of some sort” or by performing “a fast Fourier transform of the waveform” and looking for “selected high order coefficients to detect a notch.” Such processes would be costly and complex to implement, and would also be susceptible to errors due to the existence of “noise” on the AC mains line. The system disclosed in the '823 patent also has very low data transfer rates, with at most one bit being transferred per complete AC cycle. A multi-bit message would occupy at least as many complete AC cycles in the '823 patent, and potentially twice as many cycles if consecutive positive half-cycles or zero-crossings were used.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,790, issued Aug. 31, 2004, entitled SYNCHRONIZATION/REFERENCE PULSE-BASED POWERLINE PULSE POSITION MODULATED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (referred to herein as the '790 patent), discloses a system in which control devices generate high frequency voltage pulses on the AC mains line voltage and transmit data by means of timed intervals between the pulses. In an attempt to avoid communication errors as a result of the attenuation of transmitted signals (which is a problem of the prior art power-line carrier communication systems), the '790 patent proposes use of the high-frequency voltage pulses that occur near zero-crossings and whose magnitude is much larger, relative to the AC power line voltage, than the carrier voltage pulses utilized in earlier prior art power-line carrier communication systems.
The system disclosed in the '790 patent involves superimposing a carrier signal on AC mains voltage. The transmitter in the '790 patent requires a connection to both the hot side and the neutral side of the AC power source and thus would not work in many retrofit situations. The high-frequency voltage pulses are generated near the zero-crossings of the AC power source and may produce noise that could cause communication errors at other control devices. In addition, since the high-frequency pulses generated by the control devices of the '790 patent look very similar to typical noise generated by other electrical devices on the AC mains line voltage, the control devices may be susceptible to communication reception errors. Further, and despite their magnitude relative to AC mains voltage, the pulses proposed in the '790 patent would be susceptible to attenuation due to large reactive elements coupled across the AC power source.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,068,014, issued Nov. 29, 2011, entitled SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF LIGHTS AND MOTORS, discloses a system in which data is transmitted by means of a carrier signal superimposed on the load current of an isolated load control system rather than AC mains line voltage. The system includes a transmitting device coupled in series between an AC power source and a load control device, which is coupled to an electrical load for regulating the load current conducted through the load. If there are multiple load control devices in a current-carrier communication system, the load current that is conducted by the transmitting device is divided between the multiple load control devices. Accordingly, the magnitude of each high-frequency digital message modulated onto the load current is attenuated (i.e., by current division) and the quality of the digital messages may be degraded.
Despite decades of attempts to develop practical power line carrier lighting control systems, there continues to be a need for apparatus that can reliably communicate data over a single power line between a dimmer switch and an electronic dimming ballast in a low-cost lighting control system. There also continues to be a need for low cost apparatus that can reliably and selectively control a plurality of fluorescent or light-emitting diode (LED) lighting fixtures connected to a single controller by a single power line. In addition, there continues to be a need for low cost PLC apparatus that is suitable for upgrading a simple, non-dim lighting system to a dimmed lighting system without the need for additional wiring or a complex commissioning process.
As described herein, a two-way load control system for controlling an electrical load receiving power from an alternating-current (AC) power source comprises a power device (e.g., a load control device for controlling the electrical load or an input device) and a controller that is adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between the AC power source and the power device. The load control system may be installed without requiring any additional wires to be run. The power device receives both power and communication from the controller over two wires (e.g., the pre-existing wiring). The controller may be coupled to the neutral side of the AC power source (if available), but does not require a connection to neutral.
Rather than modulating high-frequency digital messages or pulses onto the AC mains line voltage to communicate with the power devices, the controller generates a phase-control voltage having a variable timing edge (i.e., phase angle). Specifically, the controller transmits “forward” digital messages to the power devices by modulating the timing edges of the phase-control voltage relative to a reference edge, i.e., digital information is encoded in the timing between the edges. The timing of the edges of the phase-control voltage can be controlled precisely by the controller and detected reliably by each power device, which does not require a zero-crossing detector to detect the timing edges of the phase-control voltage. Each power device is operable to transmit a “reverse” digital message to the controller and the other power devices of the load control system in response to receiving a forward digital message. Specifically, the power device is operable to modify the phase-control voltage generated by the controller to transmit reverse digital messages.
Since the controller generates a phase-control voltage for communicating digital information to the power device, the electrical hardware of the controller is very similar to that of a standard dimmer switch. In addition, the controller is able to “swallow” the phase-control signal, such that the phase-control signal only exists on the power wiring between the controller and the power device, and does not generate noise that interferes with other control devices coupled to the power wiring. In other words, the phase-control signal only travels downstream from the controller to the power device, and not upstream from the controller to the AC power source. Since the controller and the power devices do not modulate high-frequency digital messages onto the AC mains line voltage, large reactive elements coupled across the AC power source do not degrade the quality of the digital messages transmitted by the controller to the power device.
The load control system may comprise a plurality of power devices. For example, the load control system may comprise a plurality of load control devices that are operable to control respective electrical loads and are coupled to the controller via a single circuit wiring. Different types of load control devices may be mixed on a single circuit and controlled by the controller. The load control devices may comprise, for example, a dimming ballast for driving a gas-discharge lamp; a light-emitting diode (LED) driver for driving an LED light source; a dimming circuit for controlling the intensity of a lighting load; a screw-in luminaire including a dimmer circuit and an incandescent or halogen lamp; a screw-in luminaire including a ballast and a compact fluorescent lamp; a screw-in luminaire including an LED driver and an LED light source; an electronic switch, controllable circuit breaker, or other switching device for turning an appliance on and off; a plug-in load control device, controllable electrical receptacle, or controllable power strip for controlling one or more plug-in loads; a motor control unit for controlling a motor load, such as a ceiling fan or an exhaust fan; a drive unit for controlling a motorized window treatment or a projection screen; motorized interior or exterior shutters; a thermostat for a heating and/or cooling system; a temperature control device for controlling a setpoint temperature of an HVAC system; an air conditioner; a compressor; an electric baseboard heater controller; a controllable damper; a variable air volume controller; a fresh air intake controller; a ventilation controller; a hydraulic valves for use radiators and radiant heating system; a humidity control unit; a humidifier; a dehumidifier; a water heater; a boiler controller; a pool pump; a refrigerator; a freezer; a television or computer monitor; a video camera; an audio system or amplifier; an elevator; a power supply; a generator; an electric charger, such as an electric vehicle charger; and an alternative energy controller.
The load control system may be configured and re-configured without requiring a computer or an advanced commissioning procedure and without requiring access to the power devices (which may be remotely located and not easily accessible). Since the power devices are operable to transmit reverse digital message to the controller, the controller is able to assigned unique addresses to each of the power devices by transmitting forward digital messages to the power devices, for example, using a “soft addressing” procedure. The power devices may also be assigned to groups (i.e., zone), such that the controller is able transmit digital messages to the power devices to control the loads individually or in the groups. In particular, when the power devices comprise ballasts, the ballasts may be installed just like a prior art non-dim ballast since the ballasts are each assigned a link address during the soft addressing procedure. Prior to being assigned link addresses by the controller, the power devices are operable to work out-of-box as a single group. In addition, the load control system provides for easy replacement of missing or faulty power devices. When a missing or faulty power device is replaced by a new power device, the controller is able to automatically detect the new power device and to program the new power device with the operational settings of the old power device. Since the load control system may be installed without requiring any additional wiring and is easily programmed, the load control system may be configured prior to shipment as a pre-programmed system that can simply be installed and is then fully operational immediately upon first power up.
Further, the load control system may comprise a plurality of controllers, each coupled to one or more load control devices via a separate circuit wiring. In addition, the controllers may be operable to transmit digital messages to the load control devices to control the loads in response to input signals received from input devices to allow for both local and central control of the loads. For example, the controllers may be operable to receive radio-frequency (RF) signals from a plurality of RF transmitters. Accordingly, the controllers may be operable to control the electrical loads in response to the RF transmitters in groups that are independent of the separate circuit wirings. The input devices (i.e., the RF transmitters and the power devices) of the load control system may comprise, for example, occupancy sensors, vacancy sensors, daylight sensors, radiometers, cloudy-day sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, air-quality sensors, security sensors, proximity sensors, fixture sensors, partition sensors, keypads, battery-powered remote controls, kinetic or solar-powered remote controls, key fobs, cell phones, smart phones, tablets, personal digital assistants, personal computers, laptops, timeclocks, audio-visual controls, safety devices, power monitoring devices (such as power meters, energy meters, utility submeters, utility rate meters), central control transmitters, residential, commercial, or industrial controllers, or any combination of these input devices.
Because the power devices are able to transmit the reverse digital messages in response to receiving forward digital messages, the controller can receive feedback information from the power devices. For example, when the power devices comprise ballasts, the ballasts may transmit present light intensities of the controlled lamps or information regarding lamp status information (such as indications of missing or failed lamps) to the controller. Alternatively, an occupancy sensor could transmit information regarding occupancy and vacancy conditions and a daylight sensor could transmit a measured light level to the controller. The controller could be operable to transmit the received feedback information to an external device, such as a central controller that is coupled to a network.
Each power devices is able to transmit an acknowledgement to the controller in response to receiving a forward digital message, such that the controller is able to confirm that all of the power devices received the forward digital message. Accordingly, the controller is operable to transmit new values of operating settings and updated firmware to the power devices via forward digital messages. This allows the load control system to adapt to new types of power devices and changes in the functionality of power devices after installation.
According to another embodiment, a load control system comprises a plurality of power devices adapted to be coupled in parallel with each other and operable to receive power from an AC power source via a power wiring, and a controller adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection on the power wiring between the AC power source and the parallel combination of the power devices. The controller is operable to produce a phase-control voltage that is adapted to be received by the power devices, and is configured to transmit a first digital message to the power devices via the power wiring by encoding digital information in timing edges of the phase-control voltage. At least one of the power device is operable to transmit a reverse digital message via the power wiring. The controller is configured to transmit a short pattern immediately prior to the power device transmitting the reverse digital message, where the short pattern has a length less than the length of the forward digital message.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention that refers to the accompanying drawings.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purposes of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment that is presently preferred, in which like numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed.
The two-wire digital dimming ballasts 110 are coupled in parallel and receive both power and digital communication from a control-hot voltage VCH (i.e., a phase-control voltage) that is generated by the digital ballast controller 120 as will be described in greater detail below. The control-hot voltage VCH generated by the digital ballast controller 120 differs from the phase-control voltage received by prior art three-wire and two-wire dimming ballasts in that the digital dimming ballasts 110 of the load control system 100 do not determine the desired lighting intensity LDES for the respective lamp 104 in response to the length of the conduction period of the control-hot voltage VCH. Rather, the two-wire digital dimming ballasts 110 of the load control system 100 are able to determine the desired lighting intensity LDES (i.e., are controlled to a defined state) in response to the digital control information (i.e., digital communication messages) derived from the control-hot voltage VCH.
As shown in
The load control system 100 may also comprise a plurality of input devices, for example, wireless transmitters, such as a wireless occupancy sensor 130, a wireless daylight sensor 140, and a wireless battery-powered remote control 150, which are operable to transmit digital messages (i.e., input signals) to the digital ballast controller 120 via radio-frequency (RF) signals 106. The digital ballast controller 120 is operable to turn the fluorescent lamps 104 on and off and adjust the intensities of the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to the digital messages received from the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the battery-powered remote control 150. The wireless transmitters may be operable to transmit the digital messages to the digital ballast controller 120 according to a predefined RF communication protocol, such as, for example, one of LUTRON CLEAR CONNECT, WIFI, ZIGBEE, Z-WAVE, KNX-RF, and ENOCEAN RADIO protocols. Alternatively, the wireless transmitters could transmit the digital messages via a different wireless medium, such as, for example, infrared (IR) signals or sound (such as voice). The digital ballast controller 120 may be operable to transmit digital messages to the digital dimming ballasts 110 via the control-hot voltage VCH in response to receiving RF signals from via a wireless network (i.e., via the Internet).
Because the digital dimming ballasts 110 are typically mounted inside metal lighting fixtures, the digital dimming ballasts 110 are typically not able to receive the RF signals 106 from the wireless transmitters. However, since the digital ballast controller 120 transmits digital messages to the digital dimming ballasts 110 via the control-hot voltage VCH in response to receiving the RF signals 106 from the wireless transmitters, the fluorescent lamps 104 are able to be controlled in response to the wireless transmitters.
During a setup procedure of the load control system 100, the digital ballast controller 120 is associated with the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the battery-powered remote control 150, for example, by pressing an actuator on the wireless transmitter and pressing an actuator on the digital ballast controller (e.g., the toggle actuator 124). All digital messages transmitted to the digital ballast controller 120 by the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the battery-powered remote control 150 may include a command and identifying information, for example, a serial number (i.e., a unique identifier) associated with the wireless transmitter. The digital ballast controller 120 is responsive to messages containing the serial numbers of the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the battery-powered remote control 150 to which the digital ballast controller is associated.
The occupancy sensor 130 may be removably mountable to a ceiling (as shown in
The occupancy sensor 130 operates in an “occupied” state or a “vacant” state in response to the detections of occupancy or vacancy conditions, respectively, in the space. If the occupancy sensor 130 is in the vacant state and the occupancy sensor determines that the space is occupied in response to the PIR detector, the occupancy sensor changes to the occupied state. The occupancy sensor 130 transmits digital messages wirelessly via RF signals 106 to the digital ballast controller 120 in response to the present state of the occupancy sensor. The commands included in the digital messages transmitted to the digital ballast controller 120 by the occupancy sensor 130 may comprise an occupied command or a vacant command.
When the fluorescent lamps 104 are off, the digital ballast controller 120 is operable to turn on the fluorescent lamps in response to receiving the occupied command from the occupancy sensor 130. The digital ballast controller 120 is operable to turn off the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to receiving the vacant command from the occupancy sensor 130. If there were more than one occupancy sensor 130 in the load control system 100, the digital ballast controller 120 would turn on the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to receiving a first occupied command from any one of the occupancy sensors, and turn off the fluorescent lamps in response to the last vacant command received from those occupancy sensors from which the occupancy sensor received occupied commands. For example, if two occupancy sensors 130 both transmit occupied commands to the digital ballast controller 120, the digital ballast controller will not turn off the fluorescent lamps 104 until subsequent vacant commands are received from both of the occupancy sensors. Accordingly, the occupancy sensor 130 provides automatic control and energy savings by turning off the fluorescent lamps 104 when the space is unoccupied.
Alternatively, the occupancy sensor 130 could be implemented as a vacancy sensor. The digital ballast controller 120 would only operate to turn off the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to receiving the vacant commands from the vacancy sensor. Therefore, if the load control system 100 includes vacancy sensors, the fluorescent lamps 104 must be turned on manually (e.g., in response to a manual actuation of the toggle actuator 124 of the digital ballast controller 120). Examples of RF load control systems having occupancy and vacancy sensors are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/203,518, filed Sep. 3, 2008, entitled RADIO-FREQUENCY LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM WITH OCCUPANCY SENSING; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/203,500, filed Sep. 3, 2008, entitled BATTERY-POWERED OCCUPANCY SENSOR; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/371,027, filed Feb. 13, 2009, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONFIGURING A WIRELESS SENSOR, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The daylight sensor 140 is mounted so as to measure a total light intensity in the space around the daylight sensor (i.e., in the vicinity of the fluorescent lamps 104). The daylight sensor 140 includes an internal photosensitive circuit, e.g., a photosensitive diode, which is housed in an enclosure 142 having a lens 144 for conducting light from outside the daylight sensor towards the internal photosensitive diode. The daylight sensor 140 is responsive to the total light intensity measured by the internal photosensitive circuit. Specifically, the daylight sensor 140 is operable to wirelessly transmit digital messages including a value representative of the total light intensity to the digital ballast controller 120 via the RF signals 106. The digital ballast controller 120 automatically adjusts the lighting intensities of the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to the total light intensity measured by the daylight sensor 140, so as to reduce the total power consumed by the load control system 100. If there is more than one daylight sensor 140 in the load control system 100, the digital ballast controller 120 may be operable to, for example, average the values of the total light intensities measured by multiple daylight sensors 140 and then adjust the intensities of the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to the average of the values of the total light intensities measured by multiple daylight sensors. Examples of RF load control systems having daylight sensors are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,956, filed Mar. 19, 2010, entitled WIRELESS BATTERY-POWERED DAYLIGHT SENSOR, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,923, filed Mar. 19, 2010, entitled METHOD OF CALIBRATING A DAYLIGHT SENSOR, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The battery-powered remote control 150 comprises an on button 152, an off button 154, a raise button 155, a lower button 156, and a preset button 158 for providing manual control of the fluorescent lamps 104 by a user of the load control system 100. The remote control 150 is operable to transmit digital messages including commands to control the fluorescent lamps 104 to the digital ballast controller 120 in response to actuations of the buttons 152-158. Specifically, the battery-powered remote control 150 simply transmits information regarding which of the buttons 152-158 was actuated to the digital ballast controller 120 via the RF signals 106. The digital ballast controller 120 turns the fluorescent lamps 104 on and off in response to actuations of the on button 152 and the off button 154 of the remote control 150, respectively. The digital ballast controller 120 raises and lowers the intensity of the fluorescent lamps 104 in response to actuations of the raise button 155 and the lower button 156, respectively. The digital ballast controller 120 controls the intensity of each of the fluorescent lamps 104 to a preset intensity in response to actuations of the preset button 158. Examples of battery-powered remote controls are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/399,126, filed Mar. 6, 2009, entitled WIRELESS BATTERY-POWERED REMOTE CONTROL HAVING MULTIPLE MOUNTING MEANS, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,573,208, issued Aug. 22, 2009, entitled METHOD OF PROGRAMMING A LIGHTING PRESET FROM A RADIO-FREQUENCY REMOTE CONTROL the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The load control system 100 may comprise a plurality of occupancy sensors 130, daylight sensors 140, and battery-powered remote controls 150 for providing local control of the fluorescent lamps 104. In addition, the load control system 100 may comprise additional types of input devices as shown in
Alternatively, the input devices could comprise wired transmitters operable to transmit control signals to the controller via a wired control link, for example, a digital communication link operating in accordance with a predefined communication protocol (such as, for example, one of Ethernet, IP, XML, Web Services, QS, DMX, BACnet, Modbus, LonWorks, and KNX protocols), a serial digital communication link, an RS-485 communication link, an RS-232 communication link, a digital addressable lighting interface (DALI) communication link, a LUTRON ECOSYSTEM communication link, or an analog control link. In addition, the wired transmitter could be adapted to produce one of a line-voltage control signal, a phase-control signal, a 0-10V control signal, and a contact closure output control signal.
Alternatively, the digital ballast controller 120 may comprise different user interfaces and form factors as shown in
The ballasts 110 could alternatively be digital switching ballasts that are only responsive to digital messages transmitted by the digital ballast controller 120 that include commands to turn the respective lamps on and off. The digital switching ballasts would not be responsive to commands to adjust the intensity of the respective lamp 104 across the dimming range of the ballast, i.e., between the low-end intensity LLE and the high-end intensity LHE. However, the digital switching ballasts may be operable to adjust the high-end intensity LHE in response to digital messages received from the digital ballast controller 120.
In addition, the ballasts 110 could alternatively be digital bi-level switching ballasts that are each able to individually control (e.g., turn off and on) a plurality of lamps (e.g., two or three lamps per ballast). For example, a bi-level switching ballast controlling three lamps may be operable to turn all three lamps on to provide a maximum intensity, turn one lamp off and two lamps on to provide a first dimmed level, turn two lamps off and one lamp on to provide a second dimmer level (less than the first dimmed level), and turn all lamps off. The digital ballast controller 120 may transmit specific bi-level switching commands to the ballast 110 when the ballasts are bi-level switching ballasts (e.g., commands to turn on one lamp, turn of two lamps, etc.). Alternatively, a bi-level switching ballast may be responsive to commands to adjust the intensity to any level across the dimming range of a standard dimming ballast, i.e., between the low-end intensity LLE and the high-end intensity LHE. For example, the bi-level switching ballast may turn on all three lamps in response to receiving a command to control the lamps to 100%, may turn on two lamps in response to receiving a command to control the lamps to less than 100%, but greater than or equal to 50%, may turn on one lamp in response to receiving a command to control the lamps to less than 50%, but greater than 0%, and may turn off the lamps in response to receiving a command to control the lamps to 0%. The bi-level switching ballasts provide lower cost alternatives to standard dimming ballasts when only a few discrete dimmed levels are required for an installation. For example, a bi-level switching ballast may only turn one lamp of three lamps on in response to an occupancy sensor (e.g., the occupancy sensor 130) detecting an occupancy condition, and may turn on all lamps in response to an actuation of a button of a remote control device (e.g., the remote control device 150).
Further, the ballasts 110 could alternatively be emergency ballasts having internal batteries for powering at least one lamp of a lighting fixture in the event of loss of power.
The load control system 100 of
The microprocessor 214 is coupled to a zero-crossing detector 216, which is coupled between the hot terminal H and the neutral terminal N for determining the zero-crossings of the AC power source 102. The zero-crossings are defined as the times at which the AC supply voltage of the AC power source 102 transitions from positive to negative polarity, or from negative to positive polarity, for example, at the beginning (and end) of each half-cycle. The microprocessor 214 may be operable to measured a line-cycle time period TLC by measuring the (i.e., the time period between every other zero-crossing of the AC power source 102).
The microprocessor 214 provides the control inputs to the drive circuit 212 at predetermined times relative to the zero-crossings of the AC power source 102 for controlling the controllably conductive device 210 to be non-conductive and conductive each half-cycle of the AC power source to thus generate the control-hot voltage VCH. Specifically, the controllably conductive device 210 is controlled to be non-conductive at the beginning of each half-cycle and is rendered conductive at a firing time, such that the controllably conductive device is conductive for a conductive period each half-cycle of the AC power source (i.e., the control-hot voltage VCH resembles a forward phase-control voltage). The microprocessor 214 is operable to adjust the firing time of the controllably conductive device 210 across a small range each half-cycle to communicate the digital messages (i.e., packets of digital data) to the digital dimming ballasts 110 as will be described in greater detail below. In addition, if the lamps 104 of the both ballasts 110 should be off, the microprocessor 214 may be operable to render the controllably conductive device 210 non-conductive for the entire length of each half-cycle to interrupt the load current ILOAD to the ballasts, and thus, preventing the ballasts 110 from drawing any standby current from the AC power source 102.
As mentioned above, the microprocessor 214 renders the controllably conductive device 210 conductive each half-cycle to generate the control-hot voltage VCH. The control-hot voltage VCH is characterized by a frequency (e.g., approximately twice the frequency of the AC mains line voltage) that is much smaller the frequency of the digital messages transmitted by the control devices of the prior art power-line carrier communication systems. Since the controllably conductive device 210 is coupled between the AC power source 102 and the digital dimming ballasts 110, the control-hot voltage VCH only exists on the circuit wiring 114 between the digital ballast controller 120 and the digital dimming ballasts 110 (i.e., the digital ballast controller operates to “swallow” the control-hot voltage VCH). Accordingly, the control-hot voltage VCH does not interfere with other control devices that may be coupled to the AC power source 102. In addition, the control-hot voltage VCH is not degraded by a reactive element that may be coupled in parallel with the AC power source 102, for example, a large capacitance due to the other control devices coupled in parallel with the AC power source.
Since the electrical hardware of the digital ballast controller 200 is very similar to that of a standard dimmer switch, the microprocessor 214 could be controlled to alternately operate in a dimmer mode and a digital communication mode. In the dimmer mode, the microprocessor 214 could render the controllably conductive device 210 conductive at a phase angle each half-cycle that is dependent upon the desired lighting intensity LDES to control one or more prior art dimmable two-wire ballasts, for example, a screw-in compact fluorescent lamp having an integral dimmable electronic ballast circuit. In the digital communication mode, the microprocessor 214 could render the controllably conductive device 210 conductive each half-cycle to generate the control-hot voltage VCH to transmit digital messages to the digital dimming ballasts 110 as described herein. Accordingly, the digital ballast controller 200 could be field-configurable to operate in the dimmer mode and the digital communication mode (e.g., using an advanced programming mode) depending upon the type of loads to which the digital ballast controller is coupled. An example of an advanced programming mode for a wall-mounted load control device is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,125, issued Mar. 13, 2007, entitled PROGRAMMABLE WALLBOX DIMMER, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The microprocessor 214 receives inputs from actuators, e.g., the toggle actuator 124 and the intensity adjustment actuator 126 of the digital ballast controller 120, and controls a visual display, e.g., the status indicators 128 shown in
The digital ballast controller 200 further comprises a wireless communication circuit, e.g., an RF receiver 222 and an antenna 224 for receiving the RF signals 106 from wireless control devices (i.e., the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the remote control 150). The microprocessor 214 is operable to control the controllably conductive device 210 in response to the messages received via RF signals (e.g., the RF signals 106). Examples of antennas for wall-mounted control devices, such as the digital ballast controller 120, are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,103, issued Nov. 9, 1999, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,285, filed Apr. 22, 2008, both entitled COMPACT RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA AND CONTROL DEVICE EMPLOYING SAME, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Alternatively, the wireless communication circuit could comprise an RF transmitter for transmitting RF signals, an RF transceiver for both receiving and transmitting RF signals, or an infrared (IR) receiver for receiving IR signals. The digital ballast controller 200 could also include an integral occupancy detection circuit (not shown) similar to that of the occupancy sensor 130 for detecting occupancy and vacancy conditions in the space in which the digital ballast controller 200 is located. The digital ballast controller 200 may comprise a lens in the front surface for receiving infrared energy from an occupant in the space, for example, as shown in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0188009, published Jul. 29, 2010, entitled MULTI-MODAL LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM HAVING OCCUPANCY SENSING, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The digital dimming ballast 300 further comprises a microprocessor 360 for controlling the intensity of the fluorescent lamp 304 to the desired lighting intensity LDES between the low-end intensity LLE and the high-end intensity LHE. The microprocessor 360 may alternatively comprise, for example, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device (PLD), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any suitable processing device, controller, or control circuit. The microprocessor 360 is coupled to a memory 362 for storage of the control information of the digital dimming ballast 300. The digital dimming ballast 300 also comprises a power supply 364, which receives the bus voltage VBUS and generates a DC supply voltage VCC (e.g., approximately five volts) for powering the microprocessor 360, the memory 362, and the other low-voltage circuitry of the ballast.
The microprocessor 360 provides a drive control signal VDRIVE to the inverter circuit 342 for controlling the magnitude of a lamp voltage VL generated across the fluorescent lamp 304 and a lamp current IL conducted through the lamp. Accordingly, the microprocessor 360 is operable to turn the fluorescent lamp 304 on and off and adjust (i.e., dim) the intensity of the lamp. The microprocessor 360 receives a lamp current feedback signal VFB-IL, which is generated by a lamp current measurement circuit 370 and is representative of the magnitude of the lamp current IL. The microprocessor 360 also receives a lamp voltage feedback signal VFB-VL, which is generated by a lamp voltage measurement circuit 372 and is representative of the magnitude of the lamp voltage VL.
The ballast 300 comprises an edge detect circuit 380 for receiving the rectified voltage VRECT and generating an edge-detect control signal VED that is received by the microprocessor 360. For example, the edge detect circuit 380 may drive the edge-detect control signal VED high (i.e., to approximately the DC supply voltage VCC) when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH rises above a rising threshold VTH-R (e.g., approximately 20 volts), and drives the edge-detect control signal VED low when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH drops below a falling threshold VTH-F (e.g., approximately 10 volts). The microprocessor 360 is operable to determine the firing angle of the control-hot voltage VCH each half-cycle of the AC power source in order to receive the digital messages transmitted by the digital ballast controller 120 as will be described in greater detail below.
The digital dimming ballast 300 could be controlled to alternately operate in a dimmer mode and a digital communication mode. In the dimmer mode, the ballast 300 may be operable to receive a standard phase-control signal from a prior-art dimmer switch and to determine the desired lighting intensity LDES for the lamp 304 in response to the length of the conduction period of the phase-control voltage. In the digital communication mode, the ballast 300 may be operable to receive a control-hot voltage VCH from a digital ballast controller (e.g., the digital ballast controllers 120, 200 shown in
The microprocessor 360 is operable to determine a control channel (or address) of the digital dimming ballast 300 in response to a channel setting circuit, e.g., two or more DIP (dual in-line package) switches 382. For example, four channels may be selected by adjusting the positions of two DIP switches. Alternatively, the digital dimming ballast 300 could comprise rotary encoder or a plurality of jumpers for selecting the control channel. In addition, the control channel could alternatively be selected in response to digital messages received from the digital ballast controller 120, 200 (e.g., automatically assigned using a “soft-addressing” procedure or manually selected by a user via a graphical user interface running on a computer). The digital dimming ballast 300 may only be assigned to one control channel at a time. However, the digital dimming ballast 300 could alternatively be assigned to multiple control channels. In addition, the digital dimming ballast 300 could alternatively comprise a different DIP switch for each of the plurality of types of wireless control devices to which the ballast may be responsive (e.g., wireless transmitters, such as the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the remote control 150 shown in
The microprocessor 360 determines how the digital dimming ballast 300 operates in response to the various inputs (i.e., the actuations of the toggle actuator 124 and the intensity adjustment actuator 126 of the digital ballast controller 120 or the RF signals 106 received from the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the remote control 150) in dependence upon the selected control channel an well as control information stored in the memory 362. The control channel may determine which of the wireless control devices (i.e., the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the remote control 150) to which the digital dimming ballast 300 is responsive. In addition, the microprocessor 360 may determine if the digital dimming ballast 300 should respond to actuations of the user interface of the digital ballast controller 120, 200 (e.g., the toggle actuator 124 and the intensity adjustment actuator 126) in response to the control channel. Since the digital dimming ballast 300 determines the control channel in response to the positions of the DIP switches 382 and the digital ballast controller 120 is associated with the wireless transmitters via a manual procedure (i.e., pressing an actuator on the wireless transmitter and pressing an actuator on the digital ballast controller), a load control system including the digital dimming ballast 300 (e.g., the load control system 100 shown in
For example, the ballasts 110, 300 may respond to the various inputs in dependence upon the control channel as shown in the following table (i.e., which may be stored in the memory 362).
When the digital ballast controller 120, 200 receives one of the various inputs (i.e., the actuations of the toggle actuator 124 and the intensity adjustment actuator 126 or the RF signals 106 received from the occupancy sensor 130, the daylight sensor 140, and the remote control 150), the digital ballast controller transmits digital messages including information regarding the channels associated with the source of the control information to the digital dimming ballasts 110, 300. For example, if the digital ballast controller 120, 200 receives an occupied command from the occupancy sensor 130, the digital ballast controller will include information regarding channels 1, 2, and 4 in the digital message that is subsequently transmitted to the digital dimming ballasts 110, 300.
The load control system 100 shown in
For example, the digital dimming ballasts 110A-110J could replace standard non-dim ballasts, and the digital ballast controller 120A could replace a standard mechanical switch. The digital ballast controller 120A is able to control ballasts 110A-110J in groups, for example, depending upon the distance of the fixtures 112A-112J from the front end or the back end of the classroom 161. According to the example installation of
To provide this functionality, the ballasts 110A, 110D, 110G in a first group 170 closest to the presentation board 162 are assigned control channel 3, the ballasts 110B, 110E, 110H in a second group 172 in the center of the room are assigned control channel 1, and the ballasts 110C, 110F, 110J in a third group 174 closest to the windows 166 are assigned control channel 2 (as detailed in the table shown above). Therefore, the ballasts 110A, 110D, 110G in the first group 170 respond to the user interfaces of the respective digital ballast controller 120A and the second remote control 150B. The ballasts 110B, 110E, 110H in the second group 172 respond to the user interfaces of the respective digital ballast controllers 120A-120C, the occupancy sensor 130A, and the first remote control 150A. The ballasts 110C, 110F, 110J in the third group 174 respond to the user interfaces of the respective digital ballast controller 120A, the occupancy sensor 130A, the daylight sensor 140A, and the first remote control 150A.
If all of the lamps 104 controlled by the digital dimming ballasts 110A-110J on the circuit wiring 114A should be off, the digital ballast controller 120A can render the controllably conductive device 210 non-conductive to disconnect the ballasts from the AC power source, and thus prevent the ballasts from drawing any standby current from the AC power source. In addition, one or more of the ballasts 110A-110J could comprise prior art non-dim ballasts that would not be responsive to any digital messages transmitted by the digital ballast controller 120A to the digital dimming ballasts in the classroom 161. The non-dim ballasts would each simply remain at the high-end intensity LHE while the digital dimming ballasts are controlled through the dimming range by the digital ballast controller 120A. The digital ballast controller 120A could turn off the non-dim ballasts (as well as the digital dimming ballasts) by rendering the controllably conductive device 210 non-conductive. As previously mentioned, the ballasts could alternatively comprise digital switching ballasts that are responsive to digital messages transmitted by the digital ballast controller 120A, but only to commands to turn the respective lamps on and off.
The digital ballast controllers 120A, 120B, 120C of
Since each of the digital ballast controllers 120A, 120B, 120C operates to swallow the digital messages transmitted to the ballasts 110A-110J on the respective circuit wirings 114A, 114B, 114C, these digital messages are not received the other digital ballast controllers and thus do not interfere with the other digital ballast controllers. However, each of the digital ballast controllers 120A, 120B, 120C may be operable to transmit digital messages to the other digital ballast controllers via RF signals. Specifically, the digital ballast controller 120A, 120B, 120C may be operable to transmit digital messages to the other digital ballast controllers in response to actuations of the user interfaces, such that all of the ballasts 110A-110J in the classrooms 161, 161′ may be responsive to actuations of the user interfaces of any of the digital ballast controllers.
If the digital dimming ballasts 110, 300 are replacing non-dim ballasts, the sockets for the controlled lamps may need to be upgraded from non-dim sockets to dimmable sockets. However, if new ballasts are digital switching ballasts or digital bi-level switching ballasts, the sockets do not need to be upgraded to dimmable sockets. The load control system 100 can still provide group control of the digital switching and/or digital bi-level switching ballasts independent of the circuit wiring (e.g., circuit wirings 114A, 114B, 114C), as well as provide a few discrete dimmed levels of the digital bi-level switching ballasts.
The value of the digital data transmitted by the digital ballast controller 120 is dependent upon an offset time period TOS (i.e., a difference) between the data edge and the previous reference edge (i.e., in the previous half-cycle). The digital ballast controller 120 may control the data edges to be at one of four times across the time window TWIN, thus resulting in one of four offset time periods TOS1, TOS2, TOS3, TOS4, from the previous reference edge, such that two bits may be transmitted each line cycle. To transmit bits “00”, the digital ballast controller 120 is operable to render the controllably conductive device 210 conductive at the first possible data edge time, such that the first offset time period TOS1 (e.g., approximately 8.33 milliseconds) exists between the reference edge and the data edge. For example, each of the possible data edge times may be an offset period difference ΔTOS (e.g., approximately 100 microseconds) apart, and the rise time of the control-hot voltage VCH at the data edges is less than approximately 10 microseconds.
Accordingly, the digital ballast controller 120 is operable to control the offset time period TOS between the reference edge and the data edge to the second offset time period TOS2 (e.g., approximately 8.43 milliseconds) to transmit bits “01”, to the third offset time period TOS3 (e.g., approximately 8.53 milliseconds) to transmit bits “10”, and the fourth offset time period TOS4 (e.g., approximately 8.63 milliseconds) to transmit bits “11” as shown in
When the digital ballast controller 120 is not transmitting a digital message to the digital dimming ballasts 110, the digital ballast controller continues to render the controllably conductive device 210 conductive as if the digital ballast controller was continuously transmitting bits “00.” Specifically, the digital ballast controller 120 renders the controllably conductive device 210 conductive after the reference edge time period TREF from the zero-crossing in a first half-cycle of each line cycle and renders the controllably conductive device conductive after the first offset time period TOS1 in the other half-cycle of the line cycle as measured from the end of the reference edge time period TREF in the previous half-cycle, such that the control-hot voltage VCH generated by the digital ballast controller has at least one timing edge in each half-cycle of the AC power source 102. Because the control-hot voltage VCH has at least one timing edge in each half-cycle, the digital dimming ballasts 110 do not have zero-crossing detectors having low voltage thresholds that may be susceptible to noise on the AC mains line voltage, thus causing communication reception errors. Rather, the digital dimming ballasts 110 include the edge detect circuit 380 having the rising threshold VTH-R (i.e., approximately 20 volts), which is large enough, such that the digital dimming ballasts 110 has an enhance noise immunity to typical noise on the AC mains line voltage.
Alternatively, the digital ballast controller 120 could render the controllably conductive device 210 fully conductive (i.e., for approximately the length of each half-cycle) when the digital ballast controller is not transmitting a digital message (i.e., the control-hot voltage VCH is a full-conduction waveform), Accordingly, the control-hot voltage VCH does not have at least one timing edge in each half-cycle when the digital ballast controller is not transmitting a digital message to the digital dimming ballasts 110.
Alternatively, the digital dimming ballasts 110 may be operable to be controlled into an emergency mode in which the ballasts each control the intensity of the respective lamp 104 to the high-end intensity LHE. For example, a normally-open bypass switch could be coupled in parallel with the digital ballast controller 120 and could be rendered conductive during an emergency condition, such that a full-conductive waveform is provided to the control-hot terminals CH of the digital dimming ballasts 110. The digital dimming ballasts 110 could each be operable to control the intensity of the respective lamp 104 to the high-end intensities Um in response to receiving the full-conduction waveform at the control-hot terminal CH.
The ballasts 110 continuously monitor the control-hot voltage VCH to determine if the digital ballast controller has transmitted a start pattern including the unique start symbol. Specifically, the microprocessor 360 of each digital dimming ballast 110 measures time periods TRE between the rising edges in each consecutive half-cycle and stores these times in the memory 362. The microprocessor 360 looks for three consecutive measured time periods T1, T2, T3 stored in the memory 362 that have values corresponding to the start pattern as shown in
T1=TOS1,
T2=TLC−TOS1, and
T3=TSTART,
where TLC is the line-cycle time period, which represents the length of each line cycle of the AC power source 102. As mentioned above, the line-cycle time TLC period is measured by the microprocessor 360 (i.e., the time period between every other zero-crossing of the AC power source 102). Alternatively, the line-cycle time TLC period may be a fixed value stored in the memory 362 (e.g., approximately 16.66 milliseconds). Because the start symbol time period TSTART is unique from the offset time periods TOS1-TOS4 used to transmit data to the digital dimming ballasts 110, the digital ballast controller 120 is able to interrupt a first digital message that is being transmitted in order to transmit a second digital message to the ballasts 110 by transmitting the start symbol before the end of the first digital message.
Since the second time period T2 of the three consecutive measured time periods is a function of the line-cycle time period TLC, which may vary depending upon characteristics the load control system 100 that are not controlled by the digital ballast controller 120, the microprocessor 360 determines if the second time period T2 is equal to the line-cycle time period TLC minus the first offset time period TOS1 within a widened tolerance ΔTOS-W, which is greater than the default tolerance ΔTOS, for example, approximately 100 microseconds. Because the digital ballast controller 120 requires four half-cycles to transmit the start pattern, the start pattern takes up 4 bits of each digital message as shown in
If the toggle actuator 124 was not actuated at step 412, but the intensity adjustment actuator 126 was actuated at step 418, the microprocessor 214 determines if the upper portion 126A or the lower portion 126B of the intensity adjustment actuator was just pressed or released. If the upper portion 126A of the intensity adjustment actuator 126 was pressed at step 420, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a start raise command into the TX buffer at step 422, and sets the channel mask of the digital message equal to “1111” at step 416 before the button procedure 400 exits. If the upper portion 126A of the intensity adjustment actuator 126 was released at step 424, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a stop raise command into the TX buffer at step 426. If the lower portion 126B of the intensity adjustment actuator 126 was pressed at step 428, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a start lower command into the TX buffer at step 430. If the lower portion 126B of the intensity adjustment actuator 126 was released at step 432, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a stop lower command into the TX buffer at step 434.
Referring to
If the raise button 155 was just pressed at step 548, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a start raise command into the TX buffer at step 550. If the raise button 155 was released at step 552, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a stop raise command into the TX buffer at step 554. If the lower button 156 was just pressed at step 556, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a start lower command into the TX buffer at step 558. If the lower button 156 was released at step 560, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a stop lower command into the TX buffer at step 562. Finally, if the preset button 158 was pressed at step 564, the microprocessor 214 loads a digital message having a preset command into the TX buffer at step 566, before the microprocessor sets the channel mask at steps 540, 542 and sets the TX Flag at step 541, and the RF message procedure 500 exits.
The microprocessor 214 uses a variable m to keep track of whether the next rising edge of the control-hot voltage VCH is a reference edge (e.g., if the variable m equals zero) or a data edge (e.g., if the variable m equals one). If the variable m is equal to zero at step 612 at the present zero-crossing (i.e., the digital ballast controller 120 should generate a reference edge during the present half-cycle), the microprocessor 214 sets a timer interrupt for an interrupt time equal to a present value tTIMER of the timer plus the reference edge time period TREF at step 614. When the value tTIMER of the timer reaches the set interrupt time for the timer interrupt, the microprocessor 214 will render the controllably conductive device 210 conductive during a timer interrupt procedure 700, which will be described in greater detail below with reference to
If the microprocessor 214 has not reached the end of the present forward digital message at step 720, the microprocessor determines if there is a higher priority message to transmit at step 722. If the microprocessor 214 does not have a higher priority message to transmit and should not interrupt the forward digital message that is presently being transmitted at step 722, the timer interrupt procedure 700 simply exits. However, if the microprocessor 214 should interrupt the digital message presently being transmitted at step 722, the microprocessor clears the last digital message out of the TX buffer at step 724, before the timer interrupt procedure 700 exits. If the microprocessor 214 has reached the end of the present forward digital message at step 720, the microprocessor clears the last message from the TX buffer at step 726. If there are more forward digital messages to transmit in the TX buffer at step 728, the timer interrupt procedure 700 simply exits. However, if there are not more forward digital messages to transmit at step 728, the microprocessor 214 clears the TX Flag at step 730, before the timer interrupt procedure 700 exits.
If the variable m is equal to one at step 714 (i.e., a data edge was generated at step 712), the microprocessor 214 sets the variable m to zero at step 732 and the timer interrupt procedure 700 exits, such that the microprocessor will generate a reference edge during the next half-cycle.
If the microprocessor 214 is transmitting a digital message to the digital dimming ballasts 110 at step 810, the microprocessor 214 determines if a start pattern is presently being transmitted at step 814. If the microprocessor 214 is presently transmitting a start pattern at step 814, the microprocessor 214 generates the start pattern at step 816. For example, if the microprocessor 214 is presently transmitting the first two bits of the start pattern, the microprocessor 214 sets the interrupt time of the next timer interrupt equal to the base time t0 plus the first offset time period TOS1 at step 816 and the data edge procedure 800 exits. If the microprocessor 214 is presently transmitting the last bit of the start pattern, the microprocessor 214 sets a timer interrupt for the interrupt time of the next timer interrupt equal to the base time t0 plus the start symbol time period TSTART at step 816 and sets a variable n to one at step 820, before the data edge procedure 800 exits. The microprocessor 214 uses the variable n to keep track of which bits of the present digital message in the TX buffer are presently being transmitted, where a value of one for the variable n represents the first bit and a value equal to the total number NDM of bits of the digital message represents the last bit of the digital message.
If the microprocessor 214 is transmitting a digital message to the digital dimming ballasts 110 at step 810, but is not transmitting a start symbol at step 814, the microprocessor transmits the data patterns of the digital message. If the next two bits TX[n+1,n] of the digital message in the TX buffer are equal to “00” at step 822, the microprocessor 214 sets the interrupt time of the next timer interrupt equal to the base time t0 plus the first offset time period TOS1 at step 824. If the next two bits TX[n+1,n] of the digital message in the TX buffer are equal to “01” at step 826, equal to “10” at step 830, or equal to “11” at step 834, the microprocessor 214 sets the interrupt time of the next timer interrupt equal to the base time t0 plus the second offset time period TOS2 at step 828, the base time t0 plus the third offset time period TOS3 at step 832, or the base time t0 plus the fourth offset time period TOS4 at step 836, respectively.
If the variable n is not equal to the total number NDM of bits of the digital message minus one at step 838, the microprocessor 214 increases the variable n by two at step 840 (since two bits are transmitted each line cycle). If the variable n is equal to the total number NDM of bits of the digital message minus one at step 838 (i.e., the present digital message is complete), the data edge procedure 800 simply exits.
As previously mentioned, the microprocessor 360 continually monitors the control-hot voltage VCH to determine if the digital ballast controller 120 has transmitted a start pattern including the unique start symbol by measuring the time period between the times of the rising edges in each consecutive half-cycle and storing these time periods in the memory 362. Specifically, the microprocessor 360 sets a rising edge time tE equal to the present value tTIMER of the timer at step 912, and then determines the last three time periods T1, T2, T3 between the rising edges of the control-hot voltage VCH at step 914 by setting the first time period T1 equal to the previous second time period T2, setting the second time period T2 equal to the previous third time period T3, and setting the third time period T3 equal to the rising edge time tE minus a previous rising edge time tE-PREV.
Next, the microprocessor 360 determines if the last three time periods T1, T2, T3 between the rising edges of the control-hot voltage VCH are approximately equal to time periods TOS1, TLC−TOS1, and TSTART, respectively. At step 916, the microprocessor 360 determines if the first period T1 is equal to the first offset time period TOS1 within the default tolerance ΔTOS, i.e.,
if (TOS1−ΔTOS)<T1≤(TOS1+ΔTOS).
At step 918, the microprocessor 360 determines if the second period T2 is equal to the line cycle period TLC minus the first offset time period TOS1 within the widened tolerance ΔTOS-W, i.e.,
if ([TLC−TOS1]−ΔTOS-W)<T2≤([TLC−TOS1]+ΔTOS-W).
At step 920, the microprocessor 360 determines if the third period T3 is equal to the start symbol offset time period TSTART within the default tolerance ΔTOS, i.e.,
if (TSTART−ΔTOS)<T3≤(TSTART+ΔTOS).
If a start pattern was not received at step 916, 918, 920, the microprocessor 360 sets the previous rising edge time tE-PREV equal to the present rising edge time tE at step 922. If the microprocessor 360 is not presently receiving a digital message at step 924, the receiving procedure 900 simply exits. If the microprocessor 360 received a start pattern at step 918, 920, 922, the microprocessor gets ready to receive the data patterns of the digital message by clearing the RX buffer at step 926 and setting a variable x to zero at step 928, before the receiving procedure 900 exits. The microprocessor 360 uses the variable x to keep track of whether the next received edge will be a reference edge (i.e., if the variable x is equal to zero) or a data edge (i.e., if the variable x is equal to one). Accordingly, the microprocessor 360 will expect a reference edge during the next half-cycle after setting the variable x equal to zero at step 928.
If the microprocessor 360 is presently receiving a digital message at step 924 and the variable x equals zero at step 930, the microprocessor 360 determines that the rising edge that was just received at step 910 is a reference edge of a data pattern. Specifically, the microprocessor 360 sets a reference edge time tREF-E equal to the rising edge time tE (from step 912) at step 932 and sets the variable x equal to one at step 934, before the receiving procedure 900 exits. If the microprocessor 360 is presently receiving a digital message at step 912 and the variable x does not equal zero at step 930, the microprocessor 360 determines that the rising edge that was just received at step 910 is a data edge of a data pattern. The microprocessor 360 sets a measured offset time TM-OS equal to rising edge time tE minus the reference edge time TREF-E at step 936, i.e.,
TM-OS=tE−tREF-E.
The microprocessor 360 then executes a receive data procedure 1000 to determine the bits of data that are encoded in the measured offset time TM-OS calculated at step 938, and the receiving procedure 900 exits.
if (TOS1−ΔTOS)<TM-OS≤(TOS1+ΔTOS),
the microprocessor 360 sets the next two bits of the digital message in the RX buffer RX[y+1,y] equal to “00” at step 1012. Similarly, if the measured offset time period TM-OS is approximately equal to the second offset time period TOS2 at step 1014, the third offset time period TOS3 at step 1018, or the fourth offset time period TOS4 at step 1022, the microprocessor 360 sets the next two bits of the digital message in the RX buffer RX[y+1,y] equal to “01” at step 1016, to “10” at step 1020, or to “11” at step 1024, respectively.
If the variable y is not equal to the total number NDM of bits of the digital message minus one at step 1026, the microprocessor 360 increases the variable y by two at step 1028 and the receive data procedure 1000 exits. If the variable y is equal to the total number NDM of bits of the digital message minus one at step 1026 (i.e., the digital message presently being received is complete), the microprocessor 360 sets the variable y to one at step 1030 and sets a message-received (MSG-RX) flag at step 1032, such that the microprocessor will process the received digital message after the receive data procedure 1000 exits. In addition, the microprocessor 360 will begin to once again continually monitor the control-hot voltage VCH to determine if the digital ballast controller has transmitted a start symbol.
In addition, the microprocessor 360 calculates the measured offset time TM-OS in dependence upon the variable x at step 1216, i.e.,
TM-OS=(tE−tREF-E)−(x−1)·TOS1,
before executing the receive data procedure 1000 to determine the bits of data that are encoded in the measured offset time TM-OS. If the variable x is not equal to the number NDP of data edges in each data pattern at step 1218, the microprocessor 360 increments the variable x by one at step 1220 and the receiving procedure 1200 exits. If the variable x is equal to the number NDP of data edges in each data pattern at step 1218, the microprocessor 360 sets the variable x to zero at step 1222 and the receiving procedure 1200 exits.
Alternatively, the digital ballast controller 120 could transmit and the digital ballasts 110 could receive more than two data edges per reference edge using the timer interrupt procedure 1100 of
As previously mentioned, in some retrofit applications, the neutral wire coupled to the neutral side of the AC power source 102 may not be available in the wallbox of the digital ballast controllers 120.
The load control system 1300 further comprises an active load circuit 1390 that is coupled in parallel with the two-wire digital dimming ballasts 1310 for providing a path for a charging current of a power supply 1420 (
When the controllably conductive device 1410 is non-conductive, the power supply 1420 is coupled in series with the ballasts 1310 across the AC power source 1402, such that the AC source voltage of the AC power source 1402 is split between the power supply and the ballasts, and the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the ballasts depends upon the relative impedance of the ballasts and the power supply. It is important to keep the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the ballasts 1310 well below the rising threshold VTH-R of an edge detect circuit (e.g., the edge detect circuit 380) of the ballasts during the time that the controllably conductive device 1410 is non-conductive. To meet this need, the impedance between the control-hot terminal CH of the digital ballast controller 1320 and the neutral side of the AC power source 1402 (i.e., across the ballasts 1310) must be lower than the impedance between the hot terminal H and the control-hot terminal CH of the digital ballast controller 1320 during the time that the controllably conductive device 1410 is non-conductive. Accordingly, the two-wire digital ballast controller 1320 shown in
The active load circuit 1490 conducts an active load current IAL having a magnitude that is approximately equal to the magnitude of the charging current ICHRG of the power supply 1420 of the digital ballast controller 1320 when the controllably conductive device 1410 is non-conductive each half-cycle. The active load circuit 1490 comprises a current limit circuit 1492 that operates to ensure that the magnitude of the active load current IAL is maintained equal to or less than a second current limit ILIMIT2, which is selected to be greater than the first current limit ILIMIT1 of the digital ballast controller 1320. For example, the magnitude of the second current limit ILIMIT2 may be approximately 1.2 times greater than the magnitude of the first current limit ILIMIT1. As long as the magnitude of the first current limit ILIMIT1 is lower than the magnitude of the second current limit ILIMIT2, the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the ballasts 1310 (i.e., across the active load circuit 1490) will be approximately zero volts during the time that the controllably conductive device 1410 is non-conductive each half-cycle.
When the controllably conductive device 1410 becomes conductive, the current available will be much greater than second current limit ILIMIT2, so the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the ballasts 1310 will be able to increase up towards the magnitude of the AC source voltage of the AC power source 1402. To prevent unnecessary power dissipation, the active load circuit 1490 comprises a voltage threshold circuit 1494 that is coupled in parallel with the current limit circuit 1492 and operates to disable the current limit circuit when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the active load circuit 1490 exceeds an active-load-disable threshold VTH-ALD (e.g., approximately 30 volts). The voltage threshold circuit 1494 has a time delay that requires the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the active load circuit 1490 to be below the active-load-disable threshold VTH-ALD for a period of time, e.g. approximately 400 microseconds, before re-enabling the current limit circuit 1492. This time delay significantly reduces the amount of current drawn by the active load circuit 1490 near the end of each line half-cycle as the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH approaches zero volts.
The digital dimming ballast 1510 is also operable to control the intensity of the connected lamp 1504 in response to “broadcast” commands transmitted by the digital ballast controller 1520 via the control-hot voltage VCH. The digital ballast controller 1520 is operable to transmit the broadcast commands to the digital dimming ballast 1510 in response to RF signals 106 transmitted by a broadcast controller 1560 (i.e., a central controller) of the load control system 1500. The broadcast controller 1560 is connected to a network 1562 (e.g., a local area network or the Internet) via a network communication link 1564 (e.g., an Ethernet link) for receiving the broadcast commands to transmit to the digital dimming ballast 1510. The broadcast commands may comprise, for example, at least one of a timeclock command, a load shed command, or a demand response command. The digital ballast controller 1520 is operable to transmit information, such as the status and energy consumption of the controlled loads, back to the broadcast controller 1560, which may share the information with other control devices coupled on the network 1562. The broadcast controller 1560 is described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/725,105 filed Dec. 21, 2012, entitled LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM HAVING INDEPENDENTLY-CONTROLLED UNITS RESPONSIVE TO A BROADCAST CONTROLLER, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The digital ballast controller 1520 is also operable to transmit digital messages to the digital dimming ballast 1510 in response to RF signals 1506 transmitted by wireless control devices, e.g., a wireless occupancy sensor 1530, a wireless daylight sensor 1540, and a battery-powered remote control 1550 (which may be the same as the wireless occupancy sensor 130, the wireless daylight sensor 140, and the battery-powered remote control 150 of the load control system 100 shown in
The digital ballast controllers 120, 200, 1320, 1400 and LED controllers 1620 as described herein generate the control-hot voltage VCH such that the control-hot voltage resembles a forward phase-control voltage, i.e., the controllably conductive device of the digital ballast controller is rendered conductive at a firing time each half-cycle and the data is encoded in time periods between the timing edges (i.e., rising edges) of the control-hot voltage. Alternatively, the digital ballast controllers 120, 200, 1320, 1400 and LED controllers 1620 could render the controllably conductive device non-conductive at some time each half-cycle, such that the control-hot voltage VCH resembles a reverse phase-control voltage and the data is encoded in time periods between the timing edges (i.e., falling edges) of the control-hot voltage. In addition, the control-hot voltage VCH could comprise a center phase-control voltage having both a rising edge towards the beginning of a half-cycle and a falling edge towards the end of the half-cycle. When the control-hot voltage VCH is a reverse phase-control voltage or a center phase-control voltage, the controllably conductive device may be implemented as, for example, two FETs in anti-series connection.
A digital power device controller 1720 (i.e., a remote control device) is adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between an AC power source 1702 and the parallel combination of the power devices (i.e., the digital dimming ballasts 1710 and the line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770) via a circuit wiring 1714. The digital power device controller 1720 may be a wallbox device that is able to replace a standard mechanical switch. As shown in
The digital power device controller 1720 may be configured to cause the digital dimming ballasts 1710 to control the intensities of the fluorescent lamps 1704 to a predetermined intensity level (e.g., a preset, an emergency level, etc). The digital power device controller 1720 may be configured to cause the digital dimming ballasts 1710 to “fade” the intensities of the fluorescent lamps 1704 (e.g., slowly adjust the intensities over a predetermined period of time or at a predetermined fade rate). For example, the digital dimming ballasts 1710 may be configured to fade the intensities of the fluorescent lamps 1704 over a predetermined number of half-cycles, and may keep track of the fade time in terms of a number of half-cycles.
The power devices of
The digital power device controller 1720 generates a control-hot voltage VCH (i.e., a phase-control voltage), which is coupled across and is received by the power devices. A controller-drop voltage VCD is generated across the digital power device controller 1720 and is the difference between the AC mains line voltage and the control-hot voltage VCH. The digital power device controller 1720 is operable to transmit a “forward” digital message to the power devices by encoding digital information in the firing times of the timing edges of the control-hot voltage VCH as described above with reference to
Each power device may have a serial number (e.g., a 24-bit unique number) stored in memory, for example, during the manufacturing process of the power device. During a commissioning procedure of the two-way load control system 1700, the digital power device controller 1720 may be put into an addressing mode (e.g., in response to the actuation of one or more of the on button 1722, the off button 1724, the raise button 1726, and the lower button 1728). In the addressing mode, the digital power device controller 1720 is operable to assign a unique identifier (e.g., a link or short address) to each of the power devices coupled to the digital power device controller. The link address may be smaller than the serial number (e.g., 6 bits), such that there may be up to 64 power devices coupled to the digital power device controller 1720. The digital power device controller 1720 may use the link addresses to transmit forward digital messages directly to specific power devices. In addition, the digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit broadcast messages to all of the power devices (e.g., the digital dimming ballasts 1710 and the line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770) or to a subset (e.g., a group) of the power devices.
Since the power devices are each assigned a link address during the addressing mode, the power devices do not require DIP switches, rotary encoders, jumpers, or other hardware means for setting the address (or control channel). Therefore, because the digital dimming ballasts 1710 of
Because the power devices are each assigned a link address, the digital power device controller 1720 is operable to assign the power devices to one or more zones (i.e., groups) and then transmit forward digital messages to control only the power devices of one of the zones. For example, the digital power device controller 1720 could assign all of the digital dimming ballasts 1710 to the same zone, such that all of the digital dimming ballasts 1710 will be responsive to the occupancy sensors 1730, 1770 and the remote control 1750. Alternatively, some of the digital dimming ballast 1710 could be assigned to a first zone, which is responsive to the daylight sensor 1740, while the other digital dimming ballasts could be assigned to a second zone, which is not responsive to the daylight sensor. Methods of assigning digital dimming ballasts to groups are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0217718, published Nov. 4, 2004, entitled DIGITAL ADDRESSABLE ELECTRONIC BALLAST AND CONTROL UNIT, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,391,297, issued Jun. 24, 2008, entitled HANDHELD PROGRAMMER FOR LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Prior to being assigned a link address, each power device could be operable to work out-of-box as a single group. Specifically, the power devices could be operable to respond to a predetermined default group, for example, to be responsive to the occupancy sensors 1730, 1770 and the remote control 1750, but not to the daylight sensor 1740.
During the commissioning procedure, the digital power device controller 1720 may be put into a grouping mode (e.g., in response to the actuation of one or more of the on button 1722, the off button 1724, the raise button 1726, and the lower button 1728). The user may then actuate an actuator on one of the input devices (e.g., one of the occupancy sensors 1730, 1770, the daylight sensor 1740, and the remote control 1750) to create a zone that is responsive to that input device. The digital power device controller 1720 may then cause one of the digital dimming ballasts 1710 to flash the respective lamp 1704. The user may actuate actuators on the input device to assign the digital dimming ballast 1710 of the flashing lamp to the zone or to cause another digital dimming ballast to flash the respective lamp. The user may step through each digital dimming ballast 1710 and assign the appropriate ballasts to the zone until all desired lamps 1704 are assigned to the zone.
Because the power devices are able to transmit the reverse digital messages in response to receiving forward digital messages, the digital power device controller 1720 can receive feedback information from the power devices. For example, each digital dimming ballasts 1710 could transmit information regarding lamp status information (such as indications of missing or failed lamps) to the digital power device controller 1720 in response to a forward digital message having a query for lamp status information. Methods of determining if a fluorescent lamp is missing or failed are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0244395, published Nov. 2, 2006, entitled ELECTRONIC BALLAST HAVING MISSING LAMP DETECTION, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0043900, published Feb. 23, 2012, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS IN A LOAD CONTROL DEVICE, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In addition, the line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770 may be operable to transmit information regarding occupancy and vacancy conditions detected by the occupancy sensor in response to a forward digital message having a query for such information. The digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit the feedback information received from the digital dimming ballasts 1710 and the line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770 to an external device, such as the broadcast controller 1560 shown in
As previously mentioned, the power devices may be two-wire load control devices and two-wire input devices. The two-wire load control devices are operable to control respective electrical loads in response to the forward digital messages received from the digital power device controllers 1720. For example, the digital dimming ballasts 1710 are operable to adjust the intensities of the lamps 1704 in response to the forward digital messages received from the digital power device controller 1720. The digital power device controller 1720 is operable to transmit forward digital messages to all of the power devices (e.g., a broadcast message), to a subset (e.g., a group) of the power devices (e.g., the two-wire load control devices), or to individual power devices.
Each two-wire input device is operable to transmit a reverse digital message to the digital power device controller 1720 and the other power devices in response to received inputs. The two-wire input devices may be operable to transmit each reverse digital message in response to receiving a forward digital message from the digital power device controller 1720 (e.g., a query message). For example, the two-wire line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770 may be operable to transmit a reverse digital message including occupancy or vacancy information to the digital power device controller 1720 in response to detecting an occupancy or vacancy condition in the space and receiving a query message from the digital power device controller. The digital power device controller 1720 may then transmit a forward digital message to the digital dimming ballast 1710 to thus control the intensities of the lamps 1704 in response to the occupancy or vacancy information received from the line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770. Alternatively, each digital dimming ballast 1710 may be operable to receive the reverse digital message including the occupancy and vacancy information directly from the line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770 and to automatically control the intensity of the respective lamp 1704 in response to the occupancy and vacancy information. The two-wire input devices may be operable to transmit reverse digital messages directly to one or more of the other power devices. Since the two-wire load control devices and the two-wire input devices are all coupled to the circuit wiring 1714, these power devices may easily be installed in the same location. For example, the two-wire line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770 may easily be integrated into the lighting fixture in which one of the digital dimming ballasts 1710 is installed. In addition, a retrofit kit including one of the two-wire digital dimming ballasts 1710 may also include the two-wire line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770.
Alternatively, the ballasts 1710 could comprise digital switching ballasts that are responsive to the digital messages transmitted by the digital ballast controller 1720, but only to commands to turn the respective lamps on and off. In addition, the ballasts 1710 could also alternatively comprise digital bi-level switching ballasts that are able to individually control (e.g., turn off and on) a plurality of lamps (e.g., two or three lamps per ballast) to provide a few discrete dimmed levels (e.g., as described above with reference to
The load control system 1700 may comprise multiple types of two-wire load control devices coupled to a single digital power device controller 1720. For example, the power devices coupled to the digital power device controller 1720 may comprise at least one two-wire digital dimming ballast and as least one two-wire digital LED driver.
Because the power devices are operable to transmit acknowledgements to the digital power device controller 1720, the digital power device controller is operable to transmit new values of operating settings to the power devices and receive confirmation that the new values were received by the power devices. For example, the digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit new values for the low-end intensity LLE, the high-end intensity LHE, a ballast factor, or a demand response setting to the digital dimming ballasts 1710. Also the digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit new values of operating settings (such as timeout period, sensitivity, etc) to the occupancy sensor 1770. The digital power device controller 1720 may maintain a record in memory of the present operational settings of the power devices. The digital power device controller 1720 may also be operable to download new firmware to the power devices. This allows the load control system to adapt to new types of power devices and to change the functionality of the power devices after installation.
The digital power device controller 1720 is operable to automatically identify power devices that are missing and new power devices that have been coupled to the digital power device controller. Since the digital power device controller 1720 is able to keep track of the present operational settings of the power devices in memory, the missing or failed power devices may be easily replaced and reprogrammed in the load control system 1700. For example, if one of the digital dimming ballasts 1710 has failed and a new ballast is installed, the digital power device controller 1720 is able to determine which of the digital dimming ballasts is missing. The digital power device controller 1720 can then assign the new ballast a link address and then transmit the operational settings of the failed ballast to the new ballast. Methods of replacing digital dimming ballasts in a lighting control system are described in greater detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0273433, published Nov. 5, 2009, entitled METHOD OF AUTOMATICALLY PROGRAMMING A NEW BALLAST ON A DIGITAL BALLAST COMMUNICATION LINK; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0241255, published Sep. 23, 2010, entitled METHOD OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC BALLAST REPLACEMENT; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0115293, published May 19, 2011, entitled METHOD FOR REPLACING A LOAD CONTROL DEVICE OF A LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM; the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The digital power device controller 1720 may also be configured to assign a circuit address to each of the power devices that are connected to that digital power device controller 1720 via the circuit wiring 1714. For example, the power devices on the circuit wiring 1714 may all save the exact same circuit address in memory. The digital power device controller 1720 may transmit the circuit address to each power device at the same time that the digital power device controller transmits the link address to the power device (during the commissioning procedure). The digital power device controller 1720 is configured to periodically transmit out broadcast messages including the circuit address. If a power device having a circuit address is ever disconnected from the circuit wiring 1714 connected to the digital power device controller 1720 and then connected to another different digital power device controller, the power device will receive a broadcast message including a different circuit address and will reset its circuit address, link address, and other configuration information after receiving the broadcast message including the different circuit address a predetermined number of times. The power device can then obtain a circuit address and a new link address from the different digital power device controller.
The digital power device controller 1820 comprises a controllably conductive device, e.g., a triac 1810 as shown in
The digital power device controller 1820 further comprises a microprocessor 1814 that generates a drive voltage VDR for rendering the triac 1810 conductive to thus generate the control-hot voltage VCH at the control-hot terminal CH. The microprocessor 1814 may alternatively comprise, for example, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device (PLD), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any suitable processing device, controller, or control circuit. The microprocessor 1814 receives inputs from a zero-crossing detector 1816 (which may be the same as the zero-crossing detector 216 of the digital ballast controller 200 shown in
The digital power device controller 1820 comprises a full-wave rectifier bridge 1840 having AC terminals that are coupled in series with a resistor R1842 across the triac 1810. The digital power device controller 1820 also includes a gate coupling circuit 1850 that is coupled across the DC terminals of the rectifier bridge 1840. The gate coupling circuit 1850 comprises a voltage-controlled controllably conductive device, such as a MOS-gated transistor, e.g., a FET Q1852. The gate coupling circuit 1850 receives the drive voltage VDR from the microprocessor 1814 for rendering the FET Q1852 conductive and non-conductive. Specifically, the drive voltage VDR is coupled to a gate of the FET Q1852 through a FET drive circuit 1854 and a gate resistor R1855. The gate coupling circuit 1850 also comprises a current limit circuit including an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q1856 and a sense resistor R1858, which is coupled in series with the FET Q1852. The base of the transistor Q1856 is coupled to the junction of the FET Q1852 and the sense resistor R1858. Accordingly, in the event of an overcurrent condition (i.e., when the magnitude of the voltage across the sense resistor R1858 exceeds the rated base-emitter voltage of the transistor Q1856), the transistor Q1856 is rendered conductive, thus pulling the gate of the FET Q1852 down towards circuit common and rendering the FET non-conductive.
The digital power device controller 1820 also comprises a controllable switching circuit 1860 coupled between the gate of the triac 1810 and the junction of the rectifier bridge 1840 and the resistor 1842. Accordingly, the controllable switching circuit 1860 is operatively coupled in series between the gate coupling circuit 1850 and the gate of the triac 1810. The microprocessor 1814 generates a switch control voltage VSW for rendering the controllable switching circuit 1860 conductive and non-conductive. When the controllable switching circuit 1860 is conductive, the FET Q1852 of the gate coupling circuit 1850 is able to conduct a gate current IG through the gate of the triac 1810 to render the triac conductive to generate the control-hot voltage VCH.
The digital power device controller 1820 also includes a power supply 1821 that is coupled in series with a current-limit circuit 1830 across the DC terminals of the rectifier bridge 1840. The power supply 1821 is operable to generate a first DC supply voltage VCC1 for driving the FET Q1852 of the gate coupling circuit 1850 and a second DC supply voltage VCC2 for powering the microprocessor 1814 and other low-voltage circuitry of the digital power device controller. The power supply 1821 is operable to charge by conducting a charging current ICHRG through the control-hot terminal CH when the triac 1810 is non-conductive at the beginning of each half-cycle of the AC power source 1702. The current limit circuit 1830 limits the magnitude of the charging current ICHRG to be equal to or less than a first current limit ILIMIT1, e.g., approximately 150 milliamps. The microprocessor 1814 generates a current-limit control signal VCL that is coupled to the current-limit circuit 1830, such that the microprocessor is able to render the current-limit circuit 1830 non-conductive to stop the power supply 1821 from charging as will be described in greater detail below.
The digital power device controller 1820 also comprises a reverse communication receiving circuit 1870 that is coupled across the DC terminals of the rectifier bridge 1840, such that the reverse communication receiving circuit 1870 is responsive to the controller-drop voltage VCD developed across the digital power device controller. The reverse communication receiving circuit 1870 provides a reverse communication receive signal VR-RX to the microprocessor 1814, such that the microprocessor is able to decode the digital information encoded in the controller-drop voltage VCD by the power devices as will be described in greater detail below.
The digital dimming ballast 1910 comprises a power converter, e.g., a boost converter 1930, which has an input for receiving a rectified voltage VRECT from the rectifier circuit 1920. The boost converter 1930 operates to generate a DC bus voltage VBUS across a bus capacitor CBUS and to improve the power factor of the digital dimming ballast 1910 (e.g., as a PFC circuit). The digital dimming ballast 1910 comprises an input capacitor CIN coupled across the input of the boost converter 1930. The digital dimming ballast 1910 also includes a load regulation circuit 1940 comprising an inverter circuit 1942 for converting the DC bus voltage VBUS to a high-frequency AC voltage VINV and a resonant tank circuit 1944 for coupling the high-frequency AC voltage VINV generated by the inverter circuit to filaments of a lamp 1904 (e.g., in a similar manner as the respective circuits of the load regulation circuit 340 of the digital dimming ballast 300 shown in
The digital dimming ballast 1910 comprises a control circuit, e.g., a microprocessor 1960, for providing a drive control signal VDRIVE to the inverter circuit 1942 for controlling the magnitude of a lamp voltage VL generated across the fluorescent lamp 1904 and a lamp current IL conducted through the lamp in response to a lamp current feedback signal VFB-IL generated by a lamp current measurement circuit 1970 and a lamp voltage feedback signal VFB-VL generated by a lamp voltage measurement circuit 1972. The control circuit of the digital dimming ballast 1910 may alternatively comprise, for example, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device (PLD), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any suitable processing device, controller, or control circuit. The microprocessor 1960 is coupled to a memory 1962 for storage of the control information of the digital dimming ballast 1910. The digital dimming ballast 1910 also comprises a power supply 1964, which receives the bus voltage VBUS and generates a DC supply voltage VCC (e.g., approximately five volts) for powering the microprocessor 1960, the memory 1962, and the other low-voltage circuitry of the ballast.
The digital dimming ballast 1910 also comprises an active load circuit 1980 coupled across the output of the RFI filter circuit 1911. The active load circuit 1980 comprises a threshold detect circuit 1982 and a current sink circuit 1984, which is coupled to the RFI filter circuit 1911 via two diodes D1986, D1988. The active load circuit 1980 operates to provide a path for a charging current of a power supply of a digital power device controller (e.g., the charging current ICHRG of the power supply 1821 of the digital power device controller 1820). The active load circuit 1980 may provide the path for the charging current ICHRG in a similar manner as the active load circuit 1490 shown in
The threshold detect circuit 1982 provides a current sink enable control signal VCS-EN to the current sink circuit 1984 for enabling and disabling the current sink circuit in response to the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH. The threshold detect circuit 1980 is responsive to the differential voltage between the control-hot terminal CH and the neutral terminal N of the digital dimming ballast 1910. The threshold detect circuit 1980 enables the current sink circuit 1984 when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH drops below a falling threshold VTH-F (e.g., approximately 10 volts), i.e., at the end of each half-cycle. The threshold detect circuit 1982 disables the current sink circuit 1984 when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH rises above a rising threshold VTH-R (e.g., approximately 20 volts), i.e., when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1820 is rendered conductive. Accordingly, when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1820 is non-conductive and the current sink circuit 1984 is enabled, the active load circuit 1980 is able to conduct the active load current and the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH across the power devices is approximately zero volts.
The active load circuit 1980 is also coupled to a control circuit, e.g., a microprocessor 1960, of each digital dimming ballast 1910. The threshold detect circuit 1980 provides a received forward communication signal VF-RX to the microprocessor 1960, such that the microprocessor is able to decode the digital information stored in the timing edges of the control-hot voltage VCH (as described above with reference to
The microprocessor 1960 is also coupled to the current sink circuit 1984 for overriding the control of the threshold detect circuit 1982 to enable and disable the current sink circuit. Specifically, the microprocessor 1960 generates a transmit reverse communication signal VR-TX, which is representative of the reverse digital messages to be transmitted to the digital power device controller 1720. The microprocessor 1960 is able to enable the current sink circuit 1984 when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1720 is non-conductive to cause the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH to be approximately zero volts and the magnitude of the controller-drop voltage VCD to be equal to approximately the magnitude of the AC mains line voltage. The microprocessor 1960 is able to disable the current sink circuit 1984 when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1720 is non-conductive to cause the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH to increase above zero volts and the magnitude of the controller-drop voltage VCD to decrease. Accordingly, the microprocessor 1960 is able to control the magnitude of the controller-drop voltage VCD when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1720 is non-conductive to transmit the reverse digital messages to the digital power device controller. As previously mentioned, the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1720 operates to swallow the reverse digital messages, such that the reverse digital messages do not interfere with other control devices that may be coupled to the AC power source 102.
The power converter 2030 comprises an inductor L2040, which receives the input voltage VIN from the rectifier circuit 2020, conducts an inductor current IL, and has an inductance L210 of, for example, approximately 0.81 mH. The inductor L2040 is coupled to the bus capacitor CBUS via a diode D2042. A power switching device, e.g., a field-effect transistor (FET) Q2044 is coupled in series electrical connection between the junction of the inductor L2040 and the diode D2042 and circuit common, and is controlled to be conductive and non-conductive, so as to generate the bus voltage VBUS across the bus capacitor CBUS. The FET Q2044 could alternatively be implemented with a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), or any suitable transistor. A resistor divider is coupled across the bus capacitor CBUS and comprises two resistors R2046, R2048, which have, for example, resistances of approximately 1857 kΩ and 10 kΩ, respectively. The microprocessor 2060 receives a bus voltage feedback signal VB-FB, which is generated at the junction of the resistors R2046, R2048 and has a magnitude that is representative of the magnitude of the bus voltage VBUS.
The microprocessor 2060 is coupled to the gate of the FET Q2044 of the power converter 2030 for directly controlling the FET Q2044 to be conductive and non-conductive to selectively charge and discharge the inductor L2040 and generate the bus voltage VBUS across the bus capacitor CBUS. The power converter 2030 comprises a FET drive circuit 2050, which is coupled to a gate of the FET Q2044 for rendering the FET conductive and non-conductive in response to a bus voltage control signal VB-CNTL, received from the microprocessor 2060. The microprocessor 2060 controls the bus voltage control signal VB-CNTL to control how long the FET Q2044 is rendered conductive and thus adjust the magnitude of the bus voltage VBUS.
The power converter 2030 also comprises an over-current protection circuit 2070 that generates an over-current protection signal VOCP, which is provided to the microprocessor 2060, such that the microprocessor is able to render the FET Q2044 non-conductive in the event of an over-current condition in the FET. The over-current protection circuit 2070 comprises a sense resistor R2072 that is coupled in series with the FET Q2044 and has a resistance of, for example, approximately 0.24Ω. The voltage generated across the sense resistor R2072 is coupled to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q2074 via a resistor R2075 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 1 kΩ). The base of the transistor Q2074 is also coupled to circuit common through a capacitor C2076 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 470 pF). The collector of the transistor Q2074 is coupled to the DC supply voltage VCC through a resistor R2078 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 6.34 kΩ). The over-current protection signal VOCP is generated at the junction of the transistor Q2074 and the resistor R2078. When the voltage across the sense resistor R2072 exceeds a predetermined over-current threshold voltage (i.e., as a result of an over-current condition in the FET Q2044, e.g., approximately 10 amps), the transistor Q2074 is rendered conductive, thus pulling the magnitude of the over-current protection signal VOCP down towards circuit common, such that the microprocessor 2060 renders the FET Q2044 non-conductive.
The power converter 2030 further comprises a zero-current detect circuit 2080, which generates a zero-current feedback signal VB-ZC when the magnitude of the voltage induced by the inductor L2040 collapses to approximately zero volts to indicate when the magnitude of the inductor current IL is approximately zero amps. The zero-current detect circuit 2080 comprises a control winding 2082 that is magnetically coupled to the inductor L2040. The control winding 2082 is coupled in series with two resistors R2084, R2085, which each have, for example, resistances of approximately 22 kΩ. The junction of the resistor R2084, R2085, is coupled to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor Q2086. The collector of the transistor 2086 is coupled to the DC supply voltage VCC through a resistor R2088 (e.g., having a resistance of approximately 22 kΩ), such that the zero-current feedback signal VB-ZC is generated at the collector of the transistor. When the voltage across the inductor L2040 is greater than approximately zero volts, a voltage is produced across the control winding 2082 and the transistor Q2086 is rendered conductive, thus driving the zero-current feedback signal VB-ZC down towards circuit common. When the magnitude of the inductor current IL drops to approximately zero amps, the transistor Q2086 is rendered non-conductive and the zero-current feedback signal VB-ZC is pulled up towards the DC supply voltage VCC.
As previously mentioned, the power converter 2030 may be part of the digital dimming ballast 1910, which may be controlled by the digital power device controller 1820 shown in
Therefore, when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH is approximately zero volts each half-cycle (i.e., when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1820 is non-conductive), the microprocessor 2060 is able to control the power converter 2030 to operate in a buck mode to charge the input capacitor CIN from the bus voltage VBUS (e.g., to operate in a reverse direction as a buck converter). Specifically, the power converter 2030 further comprises another FET Q2090 coupled in series with a diode D2092, with the series combination of the FET Q2090 and the diode D2092 coupled in parallel the diode D2042. The microprocessor 2060 is coupled to the gate of the FET Q2090 through a FET drive circuit 2094 for selectively rendering the FET conductive and non-conductive. A resistor divider is coupled across the input capacitor CIN and comprises two resistors R2096, R2098, which have, for example, resistances of approximately 1857 kΩ and 10 kΩ, respectively. The microprocessor 2060 receives an input voltage feedback signal VIN-FB, which is generated at the junction of the resistor R2096, R2098 and has a magnitude that is representative of the magnitude of the input voltage VIN. The FET drive circuits 2050, 2094 could be implemented as the low-side and high-side drive circuits, respectively, of a single half-bridge driver IC.
When the microprocessor 2060 renders the FET Q2090 conductive, the inductor L2040 conducts the inductor current IL from the bus capacitor CBUS to the input capacitor CIN, and the magnitude of the inductor current IL increases. When the FET Q2090 is non-conductive, the inductor L2040 continues to conduct the inductor current IL through the body diode of the FET Q2044, and the magnitude of the inductor current IL decreases. Accordingly, the microprocessor 2060 is able to control the FET Q2090 to operate the power converter 2030 as a buck converter to charge the input capacitor CIN when the triac 1810 of the digital power device controller 1820 is non-conductive. For example, the microprocessor 2060 may be operable to charge the input capacitor CIN, such that the magnitude of the input voltage VIN is approximately equal to the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH when the triac 1810 is rendered conductive. Specifically, the microprocessor 2060 may be operable to charge the magnitude of the input voltage VIN to, for example, approximately 100 volts. Accordingly, the difference between the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH and the magnitude of the input voltage VIN is minimized, such that the input capacitor CIN does not conduct much charging current when the triac 1810 is rendered conductive. In addition, the microprocessor 2060 may be operable to over-charge the input capacitor CIN while the triac 1810 is non-conductive, such that the magnitude of the input voltage VIN is greater than the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH when the triac 1810 is rendered conductive.
While not shown in the figures of the present application, the two-wire line-voltage occupancy sensor 1770 may have similar functional blocks as the digital dimming ballast 1910 shown in
The digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to set the values of the offset time periods TOS1, TOS2, TOS3, TOS4 in response to the measured line-voltage time period TLC. The digital power device controller 1720 may update the first offset time period TOS1 to be equal to half of the measured line-cycle time TLC and the other offset time periods TOS2, TOS3, TOS4 to be longer than the first offset time period TOS1 by 100, 200, and 300 microseconds, respectively, i.e.,
TOS1=TLC/2;
TOS2=TOS1+ΔTOS;
TOS3=TOS1+2·ΔTOS; and
TOS4=TOS1+3*ΔTOS
where ΔTOS is approximately 100 microseconds.
The power devices may be operable to measure the line-voltage time period TLC from the start pattern transmitted by the digital power device controller 1720.
During the second half-cycle of the reverse digital message, the digital power device controller 1720 maintains the triac 1810 non-conductive during a window time period TWIN during which each of the power devices may transmit an ACK pulse 2007 (i.e., an acknowledgement) to signal to the digital power device controller that each power device received the forward digital message that was transmitted just before the reverse digital message. The window time period TWIN starts after the first offset time period TOS1 (i.e., the length of one half-cycle) from the reference edge in the first half-cycle of the reverse digital message as shown in
Specifically, each of the power devices may transmit the ACK pulse 2007 by disabling the current sink circuit 1984 during the window time period TWIN, such that the magnitude of the controller-drop voltage VCD remains below a reverse communication threshold VRC-TH and may be, for example, reduced to approximately zero volts as shown in
During the third half-cycle of the simple reverse digital message, the digital power device controller 1720 once again maintains the triac 1810 non-conductive during the window time period TWIN. During the window time period TWIN of the third half-cycle of the simple reverse digital message, each of the power devices may transmit data in the form of a “yes” or “no” answer (e.g., one bit of data) as shown in the “yes” pattern 2004 in
As previously mentioned, the digital power device controller 1720 is operable to assign link addresses to the power devices during the commissioning procedure of the two-way load control system 1700. For example, the digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit a broadcast forward digital message (e.g., having the question “Do you need an address?”) to all of the power devices. If at least one of the power devices answers with a “yes” pattern 2004, the digital power device controller 1720 may perform a binary search routine to determine the serial number of the at least one unaddressed power device, and then may assign the unique link address to the power device having that serial number. Alternatively, the power devices may be operable to produce a 24-bit random number (which may be seeded using the serial number) and may use the random number during the binary search routine (rather than the serial number).
During the binary search routine, the digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit a broadcast forward digital message (e.g., having the question “Is your serial number greater than the number NBIN-SRCH?”), and each of the unaddressed ballasts may respond by transmitting “yes” or “no” patterns 2004, 2005. For example, the initial value of the number NBIN-SRCH may be approximately half of the possible range of serial numbers for the digital power device controller 1720. The digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit the binary search forward digital message (while updating the value of the number NBIN-SRCH) and receive “yes” or “no” patterns 2004, 2005 from the power devices until only one power device is identified. The identified power device can then transmit its serial number to the digital power device controller 1720 and the digital power device controller can transmit the unique link address to the power device. The digital power device controller 1720 can then retransmit the broadcast forward digital message having the question “Do you need an address?” to determine if any more power devices need link addresses, and then perform the binary search routine again if needed. Once all of the power devices have been assigned link addresses, the digital power device controller 1720 is operable to exit the addressing mode, and may then use the assigned link addresses to transmit forward digital messages to the power devices.
If the variable m is equal to zero at step 2112 (i.e., a reference edge is to be generated during the present half-cycle), the microprocessor 1814 sets a base time t0 equal to the present value of the timer at step 2114. If the variable m is not equal to zero at step 2112, the microprocessor 1814 sets the base time t0 equal to the base time t0 from the previous half-cycle plus the first offset time period TOS1 (i.e., the length of one half-cycle) at step 2116. If the TX Flag is set at step 2118, the microprocessor 1814 executes the forward transmitting procedure 2200, and the timer interrupt procedure 2100 exits. If the RX Flag is set at step 2120, the microprocessor 1814 executes the reverse receiving procedure 2300, before the timer interrupt procedure 2100 exits. If neither the TX Flag nor the RX Flag is set at steps 2118, 2120, the microprocessor 1814 executes the forward transmitting procedure 2200 since the digital power device controller 1820 continues to generate reference and data edges (as if the digital ballast controller was continuously transmitting bits “00”) when the digital power device controller is not transmitting or receiving digital messages.
If the digital power device controller 1820 is not finished transmitting the present forward digital message at step 2220, the microprocessor 1814 determines if there is a higher priority message to transmit at step 2222. If the microprocessor 1814 has a higher priority message to transmit and should interrupt the digital message that is presently being transmitted at step 2222, the microprocessor clears the last message from the TX buffer at step 2224 and sets an Interrupt MSG Flag at step 2226, before the forward transmitting procedure 2200 exits. If there is not a higher priority message to transmit at step 2222 and the variable m is not equal to zero at step 2228, the microprocessor 1814 executes a data edge procedure (e.g., the data edge procedure 800 as described above with reference to
However, if the digital power device controller 1820 just transmitted the last two bits of the present forward digital message in the data edge procedure 800 (i.e., it is the end of the forward digital message) at step 2220, the microprocessor 1814 then determines if a response to the forward digital message is required based on the nature of the command or query in the forward digital message at step 2230. If a response is required from the power devices 1710 at step 2230, the microprocessor 1814 sets the RX Flag at step 2232 and clears the TX Flag at step 2234, before the forward transmitting procedure 2200 exits. If a response is not required at step 2230, the microprocessor 1814 clears the last forward digital message from the TX buffer at step 2236. If there are not more forward digital messages in the TX buffer at step 2238, the microprocessor 1814 clears the TX Flag at step 2234 and the forward transmitting procedure 2200 exits.
When the timer interrupt occurs and the reverse receiving procedure 2300 is executed once again, the variable m will not be equal to one at step 2310 and the microprocessor 1814 prepares to receive data of a reverse digital message from the power devices during the window time period TWIN. Specifically, the microprocessor 1814 drives the current-limit control signal Vu low at step 2322 to render the current-limit circuit 1830 non-conductive to prevent the power supply 1821 from charging. The microprocessor 1814 then drives the switch control voltage VSW low at step 2324 to render the controllable switching circuit 1860 non-conductive and then drives the drive voltage VDR high at step 2326 to render the FET Q1852 of the gate coupling circuit 1850 conductive. Since the controllable switching circuit 1860 is non-conductive, the triac 1810 is not rendered conductive. However, the current sink circuit 1984 of each of the power devices is able to conduct the active load current through the FET Q1852.
The microprocessor 1814 then waits until the end of the window time period TWIN at step 2328. When the present value tTIMER of the timer is equal to the base time t0 plus the length of the window time period TWIN at step 2328, the microprocessor 1814 executes a receive data procedure 2400, which will be explained in greater detail below with reference to
If the variable m is equal to two at step 2418 (i.e., it is the third half-cycle of the reverse digital message 2002) and the magnitude of the reverse communication receive signal VR-RX is high at step 2420, the microprocessor 1814 sets the value of the received data RX_Data equal to “Yes” (or a logic one) at step 2422. If the magnitude of the reverse communication receive signal VR-RX is low at step 2420, the microprocessor 1814 sets the value of the received data RX_Data equal to “No” (or a logic zero) at step 2424. After setting the value of the received data RX_Data at step 2422, 2424, the microprocessor 1814 clears the RX Flag at step 2426 and the receive data procedure 2400 exits.
If the TX Flag is not set at step 2618, the microprocessor 1960 monitors the control-hot voltage VCH to determine if the digital power device controller 1720 has transmitted a start pattern to start a new forward digital message (as described above). The microprocessor 1960 determines the last two time periods T1, T2 between the rising edges of the control-hot voltage VCH at step 2620 by setting the first time period T1 equal to the previous second time period T2 and setting the second time period T2 equal to the rising edge time tE minus a previous rising edge time tE-PREV. Next, the microprocessor 1960 determines if the last two time periods T1, T2 between the rising edges of the control-hot voltage VCH are approximately equal to time periods TSTART and TLC−TSTART, respectively. Specifically, if the first period T1 is not within the default tolerance ΔTOS of the start symbol offset time period TSTART at step 2622, and the second period T2 is not within the default tolerance ΔTOS of the difference between the line-cycle time period TLC and the start symbol offset time period TSTART at step 2624, the microprocessor 1960 determines that a start pattern was not received, and sets the previous rising edge time tE-PREV equal to the present rising edge time tE at 2626. If the RX Flag is not set at step 2628, the rising edge procedure 2600 simply exits.
If the microprocessor 1960 received a start pattern at steps 2622, 2624, the microprocessor 1960 first sets the new values of the time periods TOS1, TOS2, TOSS, TOS4, at step 2630, i.e.,
TOS1=(T1+T2)/2;
TOS2=TOS1+ΔTOS;
TOS3=TOS1+2·ΔTOS; and
TOS4=TOS1+3*ΔTOS.
The microprocessor 1960 then clears the RX buffer at step 2632, sets the variable x to zero at step 2634, and sets the RF Flag at step 2636, before the rising edge procedure 2600 exits. When the RX Flag is set at step 2628, the microprocessor 1960 executes a forward receiving procedure 2700, which will be described in greater detail below with reference to
TM-OS=(tE−tREF-E)−(x−1)·TOS1.
The microprocessor 1960 then executes a receive data procedure (e.g., the receive data procedure 1000 as described above with reference to
If the MSG-RX Flag is set at step 2720 indicating that a complete forward digital messages has been received (as set at step 1032 of the receive data procedure 1000), the microprocessor 1960 clears the RX Flag at step 2722. If the received forward digital message requires a response at step 2724, the microprocessor 1960 loads a reverse digital message including an appropriate response to the received forward digital message into the TX buffer at step 2726 and sets the TX Flag at step 2728. If the variable x is equal to the number NDP of data edges in each forward data pattern at step 2714, the microprocessor 1960 sets the variable x equal to zero at step 2730 and the forward receiving procedure 2700 exits.
At the timer interrupt, the microprocessor 1960 will execute a reverse transmit data procedure 2900 to transmit an ACK pulse 2007 and a “yes” pulse 2008 or a “no” pulse 2009 as will be described in greater detail below with reference to
Alternatively, the power devices of the load control system 1700 may be operable to transmit reverse digital messages that each have multiple bits of data to the digital power device controller 1720. In addition, the power devices may be able to receive the reverse digital messages transmitted by the other power devices. Therefore, the power devices can transmit more feedback information to the digital power device controller 1720. For example, the digital dimming ballast 1710 may be operable to transmit the present lighting intensity of the controlled lamp 1704 or the present power consumption of the ballast. In addition, a line-voltage daylight sensor coupled to the digital power device controller 1720 could transmit the actual total light level measured by the daylight sensor to the digital power device controller. The digital power device controller 1720 may receive information regarding the reliability and robustness of the communications provided with the power devices across the circuit wiring 1714.
The power devices may also be operable to receive a reverse digital message (e.g., the reverse digital message shown in
The power devices may be operable to transmit reverse digital messages having more than the total number NRM of bits (i.e., 8 bits). For example, the power devices may be operable to transmit the data of a reverse digital message in multiple packets 3002A, 3002B, 3002C as shown in
The digital power device controller 1720 is operable to transmit the continuation pattern 3004 using an old offset time period TOS1-OLD from the previous packet (e.g., packet 3002A) and a new offset time period TOS1-NEW that will be used in the next packet (e.g., packet 3002B). Specifically, the digital power device controller 1720 transmits the continuation pattern by generating a reference edge during a first half-cycle, rendering the controllably conductive device conductive in a second subsequent half-cycle at the old offset time period TOS1-OLD plus the offset period difference ΔTOS (e.g., approximately 100 microseconds) from the reference edge in the first half-cycle, and then rendering the controllably conductive device conductive after two times the new offset time period TOS1-NEW from the reference edge in the first half-cycle. The continuation pattern allows the power devices to synchronize the values of the offset time periods TOS1, TOS2, TOS3, TOS4 with those being used by the digital power device controller 1720. The power devices are operable to measure the line-cycle time period TLC (i.e., two times the new offset time period TOS1-NEW) from the continuation pattern and update the values of the offset time periods TOS1, TOS2, TOS3, TOS4 using the new offset time period TOS1-NEW.
One bit of each packet 3002A, 3002B, 3002C may comprise a parity bit for confirming the integrity of the data of that packet. For example, the parity bit may be set to zero if the number of ones in the packet is an odd number, and may be set to one if the number of zeros in the packet is an even number. If the parity bit of a packet (e.g., the packet 3002A) received by the digital power device controller 1720 indicates that there may be an error in the packet, the digital power device controller 1720 is operable to transmit a retry pattern (or packet) 3009 instead of the continuation pattern 3004 as shown in
The digital power device controller 1720 may also be operable to transmit query commands to which all of the power devices connected to the digital power device controller 1720 may respond to individually (i.e., at different times), for example, in sequential order based on their link addresses. For example, the power devices may each be operable to transmit a reverse digital message 3002, 3006, 3008 in response to a single forward digital message 3000 as shown in
As shown in
In addition, the digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit a start pattern immediately following a reverse digital message to start a new forward digital message as shown in
As previously mentioned, the digital power device controller 1720 is operable to assign link addresses to the power devices during the commissioning procedure of the two-way load control system 1700. The power devices may be operable to randomly generate a random address (which may be the same length as the link addresses). The digital power device controller 1720 may be operable to transmit a broadcast forward digital message (e.g., a query message having the question “What is your random address?”) to all of the power devices. The power devices that have not been assigned a link address may respond to the broadcast message by transmitting a reverse digital message including their random address. While transmitting their random address, the power devices are operable to monitor the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH to determine if another control device is transmitting its random address. Specifically, if a power device is transmitting a “logic zero” pulse 3009 of its random address, the power device is operable to monitor the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH (while the power device has disabled the current sink circuit 1984) to determine if another control device is transmitting a “logic one” pulse 3008. If so, the power device ceases transmitting its random address. Eventually, one power device remains transmitting its random address, which is fully received by the digital power device controller 1720. The digital power device controller 1720 then assigns a new link address to the remaining power device and transmits a forward digital message including the new link address to the power device having the random address that was just received. The digital power device controller 1720 may then assign link addresses to the other power devices by repeating the process, i.e., by transmitting a broadcast forward digital message (e.g., a query message having the question “What is your random address?”) to all of the power devices.
The power supply 3470 is operable to generate the DC supply voltage VCC across a supply capacitor C3480 (e.g., having a capacitance of approximately 220 g). The power supply 3470 comprises a buck converter including a power switching device, e.g., a FET Q3482, coupled to receive the bus voltage VBUS, an inductor L3484 (e.g., having an inductance of approximately 680 μH), and diodes D3485, D3486. The inductor L3484 is coupled between the FET Q3482 and the diode D3486, while the diode D3485 is coupled between circuit common and the junction of the FET Q3482 and the inductor L3484. The diode D3486 is coupled to the supply capacitor C3480 through a first controllable switch 3488 (e.g., a FET), which may be opened and closed in response to a switch control signal VSW-CNTL generated by the microprocessor 3460. The power supply 3470 further comprises a buck control circuit 3489 coupled to the gate of the FET Q3482 for controlling the operation of the buck converter. The FET Q3482 and the buck control circuit 3489 may be implemented together in an integrated circuit, e.g., a VIPER16 converter, manufactured by STMicroelectronics. The buck control circuit 3489 may be referenced to the junction of the FET Q3482 and the inductor L3484.
The power supply 3470 further comprises a feedback circuit 3490 configured to receive the supply voltage VCC from the supply capacitor C3480. The feedback circuit 3490 generates a feedback signal VPS-FB, which is coupled to the buck control circuit 3489 through a diode D3495 to charge a capacitor C3496. The buck control circuit 3489 is configured to control the operation of the buck converter to generate the DC supply voltage VCC in response to the voltage generated on the capacitor C3496 (i.e., in response to the feedback signal VPS-FB). The feedback circuit 3490 comprises a second controllable switch 3492 (e.g., a FET or a bipolar junction transistor) and a diode D3494 coupled in parallel with the controllable switch. The microprocessor 3460 generates a feedback circuit control signal VFB-CNTL for controlling the second controllable switch 3492 (i.e., to open and closed the switch).
The microprocessor 3460 is configured to close the first and second controllable switches 3488, 3492 to allow the buck converter to generate the DC supply voltage VCC across the supply capacitor C3480. Because the second controllable switch 3492 is closed, the magnitude of the feedback signal VPS-FB is approximately equal to the magnitude of the DC supply voltage VCC. When the buck control circuit 3489 renders the FET Q3482 conductive, the inductor L3484 is operable to charge from the bus voltage VBUS and the DC supply voltage VCC increases in magnitude. When the FET Q3482 is rendered non-conductive, the inductor L3484 is operable to conduct current through the supply capacitor C3480 and the diode D3485. At this time, the junction of the source of the FET Q3482 and the inductor L3484 (to which buck control circuit 3489 is referenced) is one diode drop below circuit common, and the magnitude of the voltage across the capacitor C3496 is one diode drop below the magnitude of the feedback voltage VPS-FB (which is approximately equal to the magnitude of the supply voltage VCC). Accordingly, the voltage across the capacitor C3496 is representative of the magnitude of the supply voltage VCC when the diode D3485 is conductive. The buck control circuit 3489 is operable to control the duty cycle of the FET Q3482 to adjust the magnitude of the supply voltage VCC to a target voltage (e.g., approximately 15 volts).
The junction of the inductor L3484 and the diode D3486 is coupled to the input capacitor CIN for charging the input capacitor through the second output 3474 of the power supply 3470. At the beginning of each half-cycle of the control-hot voltage VCH (i.e., when the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH is approximately zero volts), the microprocessor 3460 is configured to open the first controllable switch 3488, such that the input capacitor CIN is operable to charge from the current conducted through the inductor L3484. The microprocessor 3460 is configured to also open the second controllable switch 3492 at the beginning of each half-cycle, such that the magnitude of the feedback signal VPS-FB is less than the magnitude of the DC supply voltage VCC. Accordingly, the buck control circuit 3489 tries to increase the magnitude of the DC supply voltage VCC towards the target voltage by increasing the duty cycle of the FET Q3482, such that the magnitude of the input voltage VIN across the input capacitor CIN increases. Since the supply capacitor C3480 is disconnected from the buck converter, the magnitude of the supply voltage VCC continues to decrease, and the magnitude of the input voltage VIN continues to increase. When the magnitude of the input voltage feedback signal VIN-FB indicates that the magnitude of the input voltage VIN across the input capacitor CIN has exceeded an input voltage threshold VIN-TH (e.g., approximately 100-220 volts), the microprocessor 3460 closes the first and second controllable switches 3488, 3492 to allow the buck converter to once again generate the DC supply voltage VCC across the supply capacitor C3480. Alternatively, the diode D3494 of the feedback circuit 3490 could comprise two diodes coupled in series or another impedance element for making the magnitude of the feedback signal VPS-FB to be less than the magnitude of the DC supply voltage VCC when the buck converter is charging the input capacitor CIN.
The circuits and methods described herein for charging an input capacitor of a power converter circuit (e.g., the input capacitor CIN for the boost converters 1930, 2030, 3230, 3330, 3430) could be used in any electronic ballast, even ballasts that do not communicate using the communication techniques described herein (e.g., by transmitting and receiving forward and reverse digital messages over a circuit wiring). In addition, the circuits and methods described herein for charging an input capacitor (e.g., the input capacitor CIN) could be used in any two-wire load control device (e.g., an LED driver) that may be receiving power from a phase-control signal (e.g., a forward phase-control signal or a control-hot signal as described herein) to reduce the magnitude of the charging current required to charge the input capacitor at the firing time each half-cycle.
When the power supply 3570 is charging the supply capacitor C3480, the microprocessor 3460 closes the first controllable switch 3488 and controls the third controllable switch 3592 to a first position, such that the supply voltage VCC is coupled to the diode D3495 and the magnitude of the feedback signal VPS-FB is approximately equal to the magnitude of the supply voltage VCC. When the magnitude of the control-hot voltage VCH is approximately zero volts, the microprocessor 3460 opens the first controllable switch 3488, such that the input capacitor CIN is operable to charge from the current conducted through the inductor L3484. At this time, the microprocessor 3460 also controls the third controllable switch 3592 to a second position to coupled the output of the buffer circuit 3594 to the diode D3592, such that the magnitude of the feedback signal VPS-FB is representative of the magnitude of the input voltage VIN across the input capacitor CIN. Accordingly, the buck control circuit 3489 will attempt to regulate the magnitude of the input voltage VIN to a predetermined magnitude.
While the present application has been described with reference to the single-phase electric power systems shown in
This application is related to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/359,722, filed Jan. 27, 2012, entitled DIGITAL LOAD CONTROL SYSTEM PROVIDING POWER AND COMMUNICATION VIA EXISTING POWER WIRING, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/797,828, filed Oct. 30, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/480,344, filed Apr. 5, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/358,883, filed Nov. 22, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,642,226, issued May 2, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/180,718, filed Jun. 13, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,538,618, issued Jan. 3, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/828,920, filed Mar. 14, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,392,675, issued Jul. 12, 2016, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180242431 A1 | Aug 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15180718 | Jun 2016 | US |
| Child | 15358883 | US | |
| Parent | 13828920 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Child | 15180718 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15797828 | Oct 2017 | US |
| Child | 15958702 | US | |
| Parent | 15480344 | Apr 2017 | US |
| Child | 15797828 | US | |
| Parent | 15358883 | Nov 2016 | US |
| Child | 15480344 | US |
