Digital printing process

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a digital printing process.

BACKGROUND

Digital printing techniques have been developed that allow a printer to receive instructions directly from a computer without the need to prepare printing plates. Amongst these are color laser printers that use the xerographic process. Color laser printers using dry toners are suitable for certain applications, but they do not produce images of a photographic quality acceptable for publications, such as magazines.

A process that is better suited for short run high quality digital printing is used in the HP-Indigo printer. In this process, an electrostatic image is produced on an electrically charged image bearing cylinder by exposure to laser light. The electrostatic charge attracts oil-based inks to form a color ink image on the image bearing cylinder. The ink image is then transferred by way of a blanket cylinder onto paper or any other substrate.

Inkjet and bubble jet processes are commonly used in home and office printers. In these processes droplets of ink are sprayed onto a final substrate in an image pattern. In general, the resolution of such processes is limited due to wicking by the inks into paper substrates. The substrate is therefore generally selected or tailored to suit the specific characteristics of the particular inkjet printing arrangement being used. Fibrous substrates, such as paper, generally require specific coatings engineered to absorb the liquid ink in a controlled fashion or to prevent its penetration below the surface of the substrate. Using specially coated substrates is, however, a costly option that is unsuitable for certain printing applications, especially for commercial printing. Furthermore, the use of coated substrates creates its own problems in that the surface of the substrate remains wet and additional costly and time consuming steps are needed to dry the ink, so that it is not later smeared as the substrate is being handled, for example stacked or wound into a roll. Furthermore, excessive wetting of the substrate causes cockling and makes printing on both sides of the substrate (also termed perfecting or duplex printing) difficult, if not impossible.

Furthermore, inkjet printing directly onto porous paper, or other fibrous material, results in poor image quality because of variation of the distance between the print head and the surface of the substrate.

Using an indirect or offset printing technique overcomes many problems associated with inkjet printing directly onto the substrate. It allows the distance between the surface of the intermediate image transfer member and the inkjet print head to be maintained constant and reduces wetting of the substrate, as the ink can be dried on the intermediate image member before being applied to the substrate. Consequently, the final image quality on the substrate is less affected by the physical properties of the substrate.

The use of transfer members which receive ink droplets from an ink or bubble jet apparatus to form an ink image and transfer the image to a final substrate have been reported in the patent literature. Various ones of these systems utilize inks having aqueous carriers, non-aqueous carrier liquids or inks that have no carrier liquid at all (solid inks).

The use of aqueous based inks has a number of distinct advantages. Compared to non-aqueous based liquid inks, the carrier liquid is not toxic and there is no problem in dealing with the liquid that is evaporated as the image dries. As compared with solid inks, the amount of material that remains on the printed image can be controlled, allowing for thinner printed images and more vivid colors.

Generally, a substantial proportion or even all of the liquid is evaporated from the image on the intermediate transfer member, before the image is transferred to the final substrate in order to avoid bleeding of the image into the structure of the final substrate. Various methods are described in the literature for removing the liquid, including heating the image and a combination of coagulation of the image particles on the transfer member, followed by removal of the liquid by heating, air knife or other means.

Generally, silicone coated transfer members are preferred, since this facilitates transfer of the dried image to the final substrate. However, silicone is hydrophobic which causes the ink droplets to bead on the transfer member. This makes it more difficult to remove the water in the ink and also results in a small contact area between the droplet and the blanket that renders the ink image unstable during rapid movement.

Surfactants and salts have been used to reduce the surface tension of the droplets of ink so that they do not bead as much. While these do help to alleviate the problem partially, they do not solve it.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a printing system. The printing system may include a plurality of rollers configured to support and move a loop-shaped, flexible intermediate transfer member of at least 10 meters in length along a printing system path. The printing system may further include an image forming station configured to retain a plurality of print heads opposite a region of the flexible intermediate transfer member and configured to enable deposit of ink droplets to form an image on a portion of the flexible intermediate transfer member, and an impression station spaced from the image forming station configured to enable substantial transfer of the deposited image to a substrate. The printing system may also include at least one high-speed motor associated with the plurality of rollers and configured to move the loop-shaped flexible intermediate transfer member of at least 10 meters in length at a speed of at least about one meter per second. Additionally, the printing system may include guiding channels located on opposing sides of the printing system path and configured for exerting a lateral tensioning force on the loop-shaped flexible intermediate transfer member as the intermediate transfer member is received within the guiding channels and circulates at the speed of at least about one meter per second.

Other embodiments of the present disclosure include a printing method. The printing method may include rotating, about a travel path, a flexible intermediate transfer member arranged in a loop, wherein a length of the loop is at least 10 meters; laterally stretching, during rotating, the flexible intermediate transfer member to exert a lateral tension on the intermediate transfer member transverse to a direction of travel about the travel path; depositing ink droplets, with a plurality of print heads opposite a region of the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member, to form an image on a portion of the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member; transferring the deposited image from the laterally stretched intermediate transfer member to a substrate; and moving the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member loop of at least 10 meters in length at a speed of at least about one meter per second.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the dimensions of components and features shown in the figures are chosen for convenience and clarity of presentation and not necessarily to scale. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is an exploded schematic perspective view of a printer in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a schematic vertical section through the printer of FIG. 1, in which the various components of the printer are not drawn to scale;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a blanket support system, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure, with the blanket removed;

FIG. 4 shows a section through the blanket support system of FIG. 3 showing its internal construction;

FIG. 5 is a schematic perspective view of a printer for printing on a continuous web of the substrate, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a printing system of FIG. 1 with a cover removed;

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a locking mechanism for the movable gantry in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of a printing system with a cover and a display screen in place;

FIG. 9A is a schematic representation of a printing system in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 9B is a flowchart of an exemplary printing method in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 9A;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a pressure cylinder as used in the embodiment of FIG. 9A having rollers within the discontinuity between the ends of the blanket;

FIG. 11 is a plan view of a strip from which a belt is formed, the strip having teeth along its edges to assist in guiding the belt; and

FIG. 12 is a section through a guide within which the teeth of the belt shown in FIG. 11 are received.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
General Overview

In addition, the present disclosure describes a printing process which includes directing droplets of an ink onto an intermediate transfer member to form an ink image, the ink including an organic polymeric resin and a coloring agent in an aqueous carrier, and the transfer member having a hydrophobic outer surface, each ink droplet in the ink image spreading or impinging upon the intermediate transfer member to form an ink film; drying the ink while the ink image is being transported by the intermediate transfer member by evaporating the aqueous carrier from the ink image to leave a residue film of resin and coloring agent; and transferring the residue film to a substrate, wherein the chemical compositions of the ink and of the surface of the intermediate transfer member are selected such that attractive intermolecular forces between molecules in the outer skin of each droplet and on the surface of the intermediate transfer member counteract the tendency of the ink film produced by each droplet to bead under the action of the surface tension of the aqueous carrier, without causing each droplet to spread by wetting the surface of the intermediate transfer member.

The verb “to bead” is used herein to describe the action of surface tension to cause a pancake or disk-like film to contract radially and increase in thickness so as to form a bead, that is to say a near-spherical globule.

The coloring agent may be a pigment, a dye, or combinations thereof. In particular the coloring agents may be pigments having an average particle size D₅₀of at least 10 nm and of at most 300 nm, however such range may vary for each ink color and in some embodiments the pigments may have a D₅₀of at most 200 nm or of at most 100 nm.

A hydrophobic outer surface on the intermediate transfer member is desirable as it assists in the eventual transfer of the residue film to the substrate. Such a hydrophobic outer surface or release layer is, however, undesirable during ink image formation because bead-like ink droplets cannot be stably transported by a fast moving intermediate transfer member, and because they result in a thicker film with less coverage of the surface of the substrate. The present disclosure sets out to preserve, or freeze, the thin pancake shape of each ink droplet, that is caused by the flattening of the ink droplet on impacting the surface of the intermediate transfer member, despite the hydrophobicity of the surface of the intermediate transfer member.

To achieve this objective, the disclosure suggest using intermolecular forces between charged molecules in the ink and in the outer surface of the intermediate transfer member, these electrostatic interactions also being known as Van der Waals forces. The molecules in the ink and in the outer surface of the transfer member may be mutually chargeable, becoming oppositely charged upon interaction, a cross-polarization process also referred to as induction or they may be of opposite charge before such interaction.

The “work function” or “surface energy” is a measure of the ease with which electrons can be released from a surface. A conventional hydrophobic surface, such as a silicone coated surface, will yield electrons readily and is regarded as negatively charged. Polymeric resins in an aqueous carrier are likewise generally negatively charged. Therefore, in the absence of additional steps being taken, the net intermolecular forces will cause the intermediate transfer member to repel the ink and the droplets will tend to bead into spherical globules.

In some embodiments, the chemical composition of the surface of the intermediate transfer member is modified to provide a positive charge. This may be achieved, for example, by including in the surface of the intermediate transfer member molecules having one or more Brønsted base functional groups and, in particular, nitrogen comprising molecules. Suitable positively charged or chargeable groups include primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary amines. Such groups can be covalently bound to polymeric backbones and, for example, the outer surface of the intermediate transfer member may comprise amino silicones.

Such positively chargeable functional groups of the molecules of the release layer may interact with Brønsted acid functional groups of molecules of the ink. Suitable negatively charged or chargeable groups include carboxylated acids such as having carboxylic acid groups (—COOH), acrylic acid groups (—CH₂═CH—COOH), methacrylic acid groups (—CH₂═C(CH₃)—COOH) and sulfonates such as having sulfonic acid groups (—SO₃H). Such groups can be covalently bound to polymeric backbones and may be water soluble or dispersible. Suitable ink molecules may, for example, comprise acrylic-based resins such as an acrylic polymer and an acrylic-styrene copolymer having carboxylic acid functional groups.

Incorporating a compound into the transfer member to make the skin of each droplet reversibly attach to the surface of the intermediate transfer member has obvious advantages, but suitable compounds (e.g., amino silicones) that have been found to date, may have only a limited ability to withstand high operating temperatures, eventually shortening the lifespan of the transfer member, unless the printing process is modified to operate at lower temperatures or with shortened periods of high temperature.

An alternative for negating the repelling of the ink droplets by the negatively charged hydrophobic surface of the intermediate transfer member is to apply a conditioning/treatment solution to the surface of the intermediate transfer member to reverse its polarity to positive. One can look upon such treatment of the intermediate transfer member as applying a very thin layer of a positive charge that is itself adsorbed into the surface of the intermediate transfer member but presents on its opposite side a net positive charge with which the negatively charged molecules in the ink may interact.

Chemical agents suitable for the preparation of such conditioning solutions have relatively high charge density and can be a polymer containing amine nitrogen atoms in a plurality of functional groups which need not be the same and can be combined (e.g., primary, secondary, tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium salts). Though macromolecules having a molecular weight from a few hundred to a few thousand can be suitable conditioning agents, it is believed that polymers having a high molecular weight of 10,000 g/mole or more are preferable. Suitable conditioning agents include guar hydroxylpropyltrimonium chloride, hydroxypropyl guar hydroxypropyl-trimonium chloride, linear or branched polyethylene imine, modified polyethylene imine, vinyl pyrrolidone dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide copolymer, vinyl caprolactam dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide hydroxyethyl methacrylate, quaternized vinyl pyrrolidone dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer, poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride), poly(4-vinylpyridine) and polyallylamine.

Chemical agents having a high charge density, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), have been found to be particularly effective in preventing the ink droplets from beading up after impacting the surface of the intermediate transfer member.

The chemical agent may be applied as a dilute, preferably aqueous, solution. The solution may be heated to evaporate the solvent prior to the ink image formation, whereby the ink droplets are directed onto a substantially dry surface.

It has been found experimentally that if a single droplet of a dilute PEI solution is dropped onto the hydrophobic surface and immediately blown away and evaporated by a stream of high pressure air, ink droplets will only thereafter adhere without beading up on the parts of the surface that have come into contact with the dilute PEI solution, even only for such a brief instant. As such application can only leave a layer having a thickness of a very few molecules (possibly only a monolayer), the interaction with ink cannot be a stoichiometric chemical one, having regard to the significant difference between the mass of the PEI layer and the mass of the ink droplets.

The amount of charge on the transfer member is too small to attract more than a small number of particles in the ink, so that, it is believed, the concentration and distribution of particles in the drop is not substantially changed. Moreover, the time period during which such interaction may take place is relatively short, being at most few seconds and generally less than one.

It has been found, surprisingly, that the intermolecular attraction has a profound effect on the shape of the droplets after they stabilize. To revert from a pancake or disk-like shape to a spherical globule, surface tension needs to peel the skin of the ink droplet away from the surface of the intermediate transfer member. The intermolecular forces, however, resist such separation of the skin of the droplet from the surface and the result is a relatively flat droplet of ink of greater extent than a droplet of the same volume deposited on the same surface without such conditioning. Furthermore, since in areas that are not reached by the droplet the effective hydrophobic nature of the transfer member is maintained, there is little or no spreading of the droplet above that achieved in the initial impact and the boundaries of the droplet are distinct; in other words there is no wetting by the ink droplets of the surface of the intermediate transfer member, thus resulting in droplets having a regular rounded outline.

Further details on conditioning solutions suitable for printing processes and systems according to the present disclosure are disclosed in co-pending PCT Application No. PCT/IB2013/000757 (Agent's reference LIP 12/001 PCT).

In some embodiments, the intermediate transfer member is a blanket of which the outer surface is the hydrophobic outer surface upon which the ink image is formed. It is however alternatively possible for the intermediate transfer member to be constructed as a drum.

In accordance with a feature of some embodiments, prior to transferring the residue film onto the substrate, the ink image is heated to a temperature at which the residue film of resin and coloring agent that remains after evaporation of the aqueous carrier is being softened. Softening of the polymeric resin may render it tacky and increases its ability to adhere to the substrate as compared to its previous ability to adhere to the transfer member.

The temperature of the tacky residue film on the intermediate transfer member may be higher than the temperature of the substrate, whereby the residue film cools during adhesion to the substrate.

By suitable selection of the thermo-rheological characteristics of the residue film the effect of the cooling may be to increase the cohesion of the residue film, whereby its cohesion exceeds its adhesion to the transfer member so that substantially all of the residue film is separated from the intermediate transfer member and impressed as a film onto the substrate. In this way, it is possible to ensure that the residue film is impressed on the substrate without significant modification to the area covered by the film nor to its thickness.

Further disclosed herein are printing systems for implementing the method aspects of the disclosure.

Still further disclosed herein is a substrate printed using an aqueous based ink, wherein the printed image is formed by a plurality of ink dots and each ink dot is constituted by a film of substantially uniform thickness, the printed image overlying the outer surface of the substrate without penetrating beyond the surface roughness of the substrate. The average film thickness may not exceed 1500 nm, 1200 nm, 1000 nm, 800 nm and may be of 500 nanometers or less; and may be of at least 50 nm, at least 100 nm, or at least 150 nm.

In an embodiment of the disclosure, each ink dot in the image, that does not merge into an adjacent ink dot, has a regular rounded outline.

A feature of some embodiments of the disclosure is concerned with the composition of the ink. The ink may utilize an aqueous carrier, which reduces safety concerns and pollution issues that occur with inks that utilize volatile hydrocarbon carrier. In general, the ink must have the physical properties that are needed to apply very small droplets close together on the transfer member. Other necessary characteristics of the ink will become clear in the discussion below of the process.

Other effects that may contribute to the shape of the droplet remaining in the flattened configuration are, quick heating of the droplets to increase their viscosity, a barrier (a polymer coating or a conditioning agent) that reduces the hydrophobic effect of the silicone layer, and a surfactant that reduces the surface tension of the ink.

In general, ink jet printers require a trade-off between purity of the color, the ability to produce complete coverage of a surface and the density of the ink-jet nozzles. If the droplets (after beading) are small, then, in order to achieve complete coverage, it is necessary to have the droplets close together. However, it is very problematic (and expensive) to have the droplets closer than the distance between pixels. By forming relatively flat droplet films that are held in place in the manner described above, the coverage caused by the droplets can be close to complete.

In some embodiments, the carrier liquid in the image is evaporated from the image after it is formed on the transfer member. Since the coloring agent in the droplets is dispersed or dissolved within the droplet, one method for removal of the liquid is by heating the image, either by heating the transfer member or by external heating of the image after it is formed on the transfer member, or by a combination of both.

In some embodiments, the carrier is evaporated by blowing a heated gas (e.g., air) over the surface of the transfer member.

In some embodiments, different ink colors are applied sequentially to the surface of the intermediate transfer member and a heated gas is blown onto the droplets of each ink color after their deposition but before deposition on the intermediate transfer member of the next ink color. In this way, merging of ink droplets of different colors with one another is reduced.

In one embodiment, the polymeric resin in the ink is a polymer that forms a residue film when it is heated (the term residue film is used herein to refer to the ink droplets after they have been dried). Acrylic polymers and acrylic-styrene co-polymers with an average molecular weight around 60,000 g/mole have been found to be suitable. Further details of non-limiting examples of ink compositions suitable for the printing processes and systems of the present disclosure are disclosed in co-pending PCT Application No. PCT/IB2013/051755 (Agent's reference LIP 11/001 PCT).

In one embodiment, all of the liquid is evaporated, however, a small amount of liquid that does not interfere with the forming of a film may be present.

The formation of a residue film may have a number of advantages. The first of these is that when the image is transferred to the final substrate all, or nearly all, of the image can be transferred. This allows for a system without a permanently engaged cleaning station for removing residues from the transfer member. Another more profound advantage is that it allows for the image to be attached to the substrate with a constant thickness of the image covering the substrate. Additionally, it prevents the penetration of the image beneath the surface of the substrate.

In general, when an image is transferred to or formed on a substrate while it is still liquid, the image penetrates into the fibers of the substrate and beneath its surface. This causes uneven color and a reduction in the depth of the color, since some of the coloring agent is blocked by the fibers.

In accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure, the residue film may be very thin, for example, below 1500 nanometers, between 10 nm and 800 nm, or between 50 nm and 500 nm. Such thin films are transferred intact to the substrate and, because they are so thin, replicate the surface of the substrate by closely following its contours. This results in a much smaller difference in the gloss of the substrate between printed and non-printed areas.

When the residue film reaches an impression station at which it is transferred from the intermediate transfer member to the final substrate, it is pressed against the substrate, which may have been previously heated to a temperature at which it becomes tacky in order to attach itself to the substrate.

In one embodiment, the substrate, which is generally not heated, cools the image so that it solidifies and transfers to the substrate without leaving any residue film on the surface of the intermediate transfer member. For this cooling to be effective, additional constraints are placed on the polymer in the ink.

The fact that the carrier is termed an aqueous carrier is not intended to preclude the presence of certain organic materials in the ink, in particular, certain innocuous water miscible organic material and/or co-solvents, however, substantially all of the volatile material in the ink may be water.

As the outer surface of the intermediate transfer member is hydrophobic, and therefore not water absorbent, there may be substantially no swelling, which was found to distort the surface of transfer members in commercially available products utilizing silicone coated transfer members and hydrocarbon carrier liquids. Consequently, the process described above may achieve a highly smooth release surface, as compared to intermediate transfer member surfaces of the prior art.

As the image transfer surface is hydrophobic, and therefore not water absorbent, substantially all the water in the ink should be evaporated away if wetting of the substrate is to be avoided.

The printer shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 essentially comprises three separate and mutually interacting systems, namely a blanket system 100, an image forming system 300 above the blanket system 100 and a substrate transport system 500 below the blanket system 100.

The blanket system 100 comprises an endless belt or blanket 102 that acts as an intermediate transfer member and is guided over two rollers 104, 106. An image made up of dots of an aqueous ink is applied by image forming system 300 to an upper run of blanket 102 at a location referred herein as the image forming station. A lower run selectively interacts at two impression stations with two impression cylinders 502 and 504 of the substrate transport system 500 to impress an image onto a substrate compressed between the blanket 102 and the respective impression cylinder 502, 504 by the action of respective pressure or nip rollers 140, 142. As will be explained below, the purpose of there being two impression cylinders 502, 504 is to permit duplex printing. In the case of a simplex printer, only one impression station would be needed. The printer shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 can print single sided prints at twice the speed of printing double sided prints. In addition, mixed lots of single and double sided prints can also be printed.

In operation, ink images, each of which is a mirror image of an image to be impressed on a final substrate, are printed by the image forming system 300 onto an upper run of blanket 102. In this context, the term “run” is used to mean a length or segment of the blanket between any two given rollers over which the blanket is guided. While being transported by the blanket 102, the ink is heated to dry it by evaporation of most, if not all, of the liquid carrier. The ink image is furthermore heated to render tacky the film of ink solids remaining after evaporation of the liquid carrier, this film being referred to as a residue film, to distinguish it from the liquid film formed by flattening of each ink droplet. At the impression cylinders 502, 504 the image is impressed onto individual sheets 501 of a substrate which are conveyed by the substrate transport system 500 from an input stack 506 to an output stack 508 via the impression cylinders 502, 504.

Though not shown in the figures, the blanket system may further comprise a cleaning station which may be used periodically to “refresh” the blanket or in between printing jobs. The cleaning station may comprise one or more devices configured to remove gently any residual ink images or any other trace particle from the release layer. In one embodiment, the cleaning station may comprise a device configured to apply a cleaning fluid to the surface of the transfer member, for example a roller having cleaning liquid on its circumference, which may be replaceable (e.g., a pad or piece of paper). Residual particles may optionally be further removed by an absorbent roller or by one or more scraper blades.

Image Forming System

As best shown in FIG. 5, the image forming system 300 comprises print bars 302 each slidably mounted on a frame 304 positioned at a fixed height above the surface of the blanket 102. Each print bar 302 may comprise a strip of print heads as wide as the printing area on the blanket 102 and comprises individually controllable print nozzles. The image forming system can have any number of bars 302, each of which may contain an aqueous ink of a different color.

As some print bars may not be required during a particular printing job, the heads can be moved between an operative position, in which they overlie blanket 102 and an inoperative position. A mechanism is provided for moving print bars 302 between their operative and inoperative positions but the mechanism is not illustrated and need not be described herein, as it is not relevant to the printing process. It should be noted that the bars remain stationary during printing.

When moved to their inoperative position, the print bars are covered for protection and to prevent the nozzles of the print bar from drying or clogging. In one embodiment, the print bars are parked above a liquid bath (not shown) that assists in this task. In another embodiment, the print heads are cleaned, for example by removing residual ink deposit that may form surrounding the nozzle rims. Such maintenance of the print heads can be achieved by any suitable method, ranging from contact wiping of the nozzle plate to distant spraying of a cleaning solution toward the nozzles and elimination of the cleansed ink deposits by positive or negative air pressure. Print bars that are in the inoperative position can be changed and accessed readily for maintenance, even while a printing job is in progress using other print bars.

Within each print bar, the ink may be constantly recirculated, filtered, degassed and maintained at a desired temperature and pressure. As the design of the print bars may be conventional, or at least similar to print bars used in other inkjet printing applications, their construction and operation will be clear to the person skilled in the art without the need for more detailed description.

As different print bars 302 are spaced from one another along the length of the blanket, it is of course essential for their operation to be correctly synchronized with the movement of blanket 102.

If desired, as will be described below in connection with the embodiment of the disclosure shown in FIG. 9A, it is possible to provide a blower following each print bar 302 to blow a slow stream of a hot gas (for example air) over the intermediate transfer member to commence the drying of the ink droplets deposited by the print bar 302. This assists in fixing the droplets deposited by each print bar 302, that is to say resisting their contraction and preventing their movement on the intermediate transfer member, and also in preventing them from merging into droplets deposited subsequently by other print bars 302.

Blanket and Blanket Support System

The blanket 102, in one embodiment of the disclosure, is seamed. In particular, the blanket is formed of an initially flat strip of which the ends are fastened to one another, releasably or permanently, to form a continuous loop. A releasable fastening may be a zip fastener or a hook and loop fastener that lies substantially parallel to the axes of rollers 104 and 106 over which the blanket is guided. A permanent fastening may be achieved by the use of an adhesive or a tape.

In order to avoid a sudden change in the tension of the blanket as the seam passes over these rollers, it is desirable to make the seam, as nearly as possible, of the same thickness as the remainder of the blanket. It is also possible to incline the seam relative to the axis of the rollers but this would be at the expense of enlarging the non-printable image area.

Alternatively, the blanket can be seamless, hence relaxing certain constraints from the printing system (e.g., synchronization of seam's position). Whether seamless or not, the primary purpose of the blanket is to receive an ink image from the image forming system and to transfer that image dried but undisturbed to the impression stations. To allow easy transfer of the ink image at each impression station, the blanket may have a thin upper release layer that is hydrophobic. The outer surface of the transfer member upon which the ink can be applied may comprise a silicone material. Under suitable conditions, a silanol-, sylyl- or silane-modified or terminated polydialkylsiloxane silicone material and amino silicones have been found to work well. However the exact formulation of the silicone is not critical as long as the selected material allows for release of the image from the transfer member to a final substrate. Further details of non-limiting examples of release layers and intermediate transfer members are disclosed in co-pending PCT Applications No. PCT/IB2013/051743 (Agent's reference LIP 10/002 PCT) and No. PCT/IB2013/051751 (Agent's reference LIP 10/005 PCT). Suitably, the materials forming the release layer allow it to be not absorbent.

In some embodiments, the silanol-terminated polydialkylsiloxane silicone may have the formula:

embedded image

where R1 to R6 are each independently a saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic C₁to C₆alkyl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of OH, H or a saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic C₁to C₆alkyl group; and n is an integer from 50 to 400.

The curable silicone may be cured by condensation curing.

In one embodiment, the material of the release layer is selected so that the transfer member does not swell (or is not solvated) by the carrier liquid of the ink or of any other fluid that may be applied to its outer surface. In some embodiments, the swelling of the release layer is of at most 1.5% by weight or of at most 1%, the swelling being assessed for 20 hours at 100° C.

The strength of the blanket can be derived from a support or reinforcement layer. In one embodiment, the reinforcement layer is formed of a fabric. If the fabric is woven, the warp and weft threads of the fabric may have a different composition or physical structure so that the blanket should have, for reasons to be discussed below, greater elasticity in its width ways direction (parallel to the axes of the rollers 104 and 106) than in its length ways direction, in which it may be substantially non-extendible. In one embodiment, the fibers of the reinforcement layer in the longitudinal direction are substantially aligned with the printing direction and are made of high performance fibers (e.g., aramid, carbon, ceramic, glass fibers etc.).

The blanket may comprise additional layers between the reinforcement layer and the release layer, for example to provide conformability and compressibility of the release layer to the surface of the substrate. Other layers provided on the blanket may act as a thermal reservoir or a thermal partial barrier and/or to allow an electrostatic charge to the applied to the release layer. An inner layer may further be provided to control the frictional drag on the blanket as it is rotated over its support structure. Other layers may be included to adhere or connect the afore-mentioned layers one with another or to prevent migration of molecules therebetween.

The structure supporting the blanket in the embodiment of FIG. 1 is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Two elongate outriggers 120 are interconnected by a plurality of cross beams 122 to form a horizontal ladder-like frame on which the remaining components are mounted.

The roller 106 is journalled in bearings that are directly mounted on outriggers 120. At the opposite end, however, roller 104 is journalled in pillow blocks 124 that are guided for sliding movement relative to outriggers 120. Motors 126, for example electric motors, which may be stepper motors, act through suitable gearboxes to move the pillow blocks 124, so as to alter the distance between the axes of rollers 104 and 106, while maintaining them parallel to one another.

Thermally conductive support plates 130 are mounted on cross beams 122 to form a continuous flat support surface both on the top side and bottom side of the support frame. The junctions between the individual support plates 130 are intentionally offset from each other (e.g., zigzagged) in order to avoid creating a line running parallel to the length of the blanket 102. Electrical heating elements 132 are inserted into transverse holes in plates 130 to apply heat to the plates 130 and through plates 130 to the upper run of blanket 102. Other means for heating the upper run will occur to the person of skill in the art and may include heating from below, above, or within the blanket itself. The heating plates may also serve to heat the lower run of the blanket at least until transfer takes place.

Also mounted on the blanket support frame are two pressure or nip rollers 140, 142. The pressure rollers are located on the underside of the support frame in gaps between the support plates 130 covering the underside of the frame. The pressure rollers 140, 142 are aligned respectively with the impression cylinders 502, 504 of the substrate transport system, as shown most clearly in FIGS. 2 and 5. Each impression cylinder and corresponding pressure roller, when engaged as described below, form an impression station.

Each of the pressure rollers 140, 142 may be mounted so that it can be raised and lowered from the lower run of the blanket. In one embodiment each pressure roller is mounted on an eccentric that is rotatable by a respective actuator 150, 152. When it is raised by its actuator to an upper position within the support frame, each pressure roller is spaced from the opposing impression cylinder, allowing the blanket to pass by the impression cylinder while making contact with neither the impression cylinder itself nor with a substrate carried by the impression cylinder. On the other hand, when moved downwards by its actuator, each pressure roller 140, 142 projects downwards beyond the plane of the adjacent support plates 130 and deflects part of the blanket 102, forcing it against the opposing impression cylinder 502, 504. In this lower position, it presses the lower run of the blanket against a final substrate being carried on the impression roller (or the web of substrate in the embodiment of FIG. 5).

The rollers 104 and 106 are connected to respective electric motors 160, 162. The motor 160 is more powerful and serves to drive the blanket clockwise as viewed in FIGS. 3 and 4. The motor 162 provides a torque reaction and can be used to regulate the tension in the upper run of the blanket. The motors may operate at the same speed in an embodiment in which the same tension is maintained in the upper and lower runs of the blanket.

In an alternative embodiment of the disclosure, the motors 160 and 162 are operated in such a manner as to maintain a higher tension in the upper run of the blanket where the ink image is formed and a lower tension in the lower run of the blanket. The lower tension in the lower run may assist in absorbing sudden perturbations caused by the abrupt engagement and disengagement of the blanket 102 with the impression cylinders 502 and 504.

It should be understood that in an embodiment of the disclosure, pressure rollers 140 and 142 can be independently lowered and raised such that both, either or only one of the rollers is in the lower position engaging with its respective impression cylinder and the blanket passing therebetween.

In an embodiment of the disclosure, a fan or air blower (not shown) is mounted on the frame to maintain a sub-atmospheric pressure in the volume 166 bounded by the blanket and its support frame. The negative pressure serves to maintain the blanket flat against the support plates 130 on both the upper and the lower side of the frame, in order to achieve good thermal contact. If the lower run of the blanket is set to be relatively slack, the negative pressure would also assist in maintaining the blanket out of contact with the impression cylinders when the pressure rollers 140, 142 are not actuated.

In an embodiment of the disclosure, each of the outriggers 120 also supports a continuous track 180, which engages formations on the side edges of the blanket to maintain the blanket taut in its width ways direction. The formations may be spaced projections, such as the teeth of one half of a zip fastener sewn or otherwise attached to the side edge of the blanket. Alternatively, the formations may be a continuous flexible bead of greater thickness than the blanket. The lateral track guiding channel may have any cross-section suitable to receive and retain the blanket lateral formations and maintain it taut. To reduce friction, the guiding channel may have rolling bearing elements to retain the projections or the beads within the channel.

To mount a blanket on its support frame, according to one embodiment of the disclosure, entry points are provided along tracks 180. One end of the blanket is stretched laterally and the formations on its edges are inserted into tracks 180 through the entry points. Using a suitable implement that engages the formations on the edges of the blanket, the blanket is advanced along tracks 180 until it encircles the support frame. The ends of the blanket are then fastened to one another to form an endless loop or belt. Rollers 104 and 106 can then be moved apart to tension the blanket and stretch it to the desired length. Sections of tracks 180 are telescopically collapsible to permit the length of the track to vary as the distance between rollers 104 and 106 is varied.

In one embodiment, the ends of the blanket elongated strip are advantageously shaped to facilitate guiding of the blanket through the lateral tracks or channels during installation. Initial guiding of the blanket into position may be done for instance by securing the leading edge of the blanket strip introduced first in between the lateral channels 180 to a cable which can be manually or automatically moved to install the belt. For example, one or both lateral ends of the blanket leading edge can be releasably attached to a cable residing within each channel. Advancing the cable(s) advances the blanket along the channel path. Alternatively or additionally, the edge of the belt in the area ultimately forming the seam when both edges are secured one to the other can have lower flexibility than in the areas other than the seam. This local “rigidity” may ease the insertion of the lateral projections of the blanket into their respective channels.

Following installation, the blanket strip may be adhered edge to edge to form a continuous belt loop by soldering, gluing, taping (e.g., using Kapton® tape, RTV liquid adhesives or PTFE thermoplastic adhesives with a connective strip overlapping both edges of the strip), or any other method commonly known. Any method of joining the ends of the belt may cause a discontinuity, referred to herein as a seam, and it is desirable to avoid an increase in the thickness or discontinuity of chemical and/or mechanical properties of the belt at the seam.

Further details of non-limiting examples of formations suitable for blankets or belts that may be used in the printing systems of the present disclosure, as well as of methods for installing the same, are disclosed in co-pending PCT Application No. PCT/IB2013/051719 (Agent's reference LIP 7/005 PCT).

In order for the image to be properly formed on the blanket and transferred to the final substrate and for the alignment of the front and back images in duplex printing to be achieved, a number of different elements of the system must be properly synchronized. In order to position the images on the blanket properly, the position and speed of the blanket must be both known and controlled. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the blanket is marked at or near its edge with one or more markings spaced in the direction of motion of the blanket. One or more sensors 107 sense the timing of these markings as they pass the sensor. The speed of the blanket and the speed of the surface of the impression rollers should be the same, for proper transfer of the images to the substrate from the transfer blanket. Signals from the sensor(s) 107 are sent to a controller 109 which also receives an indication of the speed of rotation and angular position of the impression rollers, for example from encoders on the axis of one or both of the impression rollers (not shown). Sensor 107, or another sensor (not shown) also determines the time at which the seam of the blanket passes the sensor. For maximum utility of the usable length of the blanket, it is desirable that the images on the blanket start as close to the seam as feasible.

The controller controls the electric motors 160 and 162 to ensure that the linear speed of the blanket is the same as the speed of the surface of the impression rollers.

Because the blanket contains an unusable area resulting from the seam, it is important to ensure that this area always remains in the same position relative to the printed images in consecutive cycles of the blanket. Also, in one embodiment, to ensure that whenever the seam passes the impression cylinder, it should always coincides with a time when a discontinuity in the surface of the impression cylinder (accommodating the substrate grippers to be described below) faces pressure blanket.

In one embodiment, the length of the blanket is set to be a whole number multiple of the circumference of the impression cylinders 502, 504. In embodiments wherein the impression cylinder may accommodate two sheets of substrate, the length of the blanket may be a whole multiple of half the circumference of an impression cylinder. Since the length of the blanket 102 changes with time, the position of the seam relative to the impression rollers may be changed, by momentarily changing the speed of the blanket. When synchronism is again achieved, the speed of the blanket is again adjusted to match that of the impression rollers, when it is not engaged with the impression cylinders 502, 504. The length of the blanket can be determined from a shaft encoder measuring the rotation of one of rollers 104, 106 during one sensed complete revolution of the blanket.

The controller also controls the timing of the flow of data to the print bars and may control proper timing of any optional sub-system of the printing system, as known to persons skilled in the art of printing.

This control of speed, position and data flow ensures synchronization between image forming system 300, substrate transport system 500 and blanket system 100 and ensures that the images are formed at the correct position on the blanket for proper positioning on the final substrate. The position of the blanket is monitored by means of markings on the surface of the blanket that are detected by multiple sensors 107 mounted at different positions along the length of the blanket. The output signals of these sensors are used to indicate the position of the image transfer surface to the print bars. Analysis of the output signals of the sensors 107 is further used to control the speed of the motors 160 and 162 to match that to the impression cylinders 502, 504.

As its length is a factor in synchronization, the blanket is required to resist stretching and creep. In the transverse direction, on the other hand, it is only required to maintain the blanket flat taut without creating excessive drag due to friction with the support plates 130. It is for this reason that, in an embodiment of the disclosure, the elasticity of the blanket is intentionally made anisotropic.

Blanket Pre-Treatment

FIG. 1 shows schematically a roller 190 positioned externally to the blanket immediately before roller 106, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Such a roller 190 may be used optionally to apply a thin film of pre-treatment solution containing a chemical agent, for example a dilute solution of a charged polymer, to the surface of the blanket. The film may be, totally dried by the time it reaches the print bars of the image forming system, to leave behind a very thin layer on the surface of the blanket that assists the ink droplets to retain their film-like shape after they have impacted the surface of the blanket.

While a roller can be used to apply an even film, in an alternative embodiment the pre-treatment or conditioning material is sprayed onto the surface of the blanket and spread more evenly, for example by the application of a jet from an air knife, a drizzle from sprinkles or undulations from a fountain. The pre-treatment solution may be removed from the transfer member shortly following its exposure thereto (e.g., by wiping or using an air flow). Independently of the method used to apply the optional conditioning solution, if needed, the location at which such pre-print treatment can be performed may be referred herein as the conditioning station.

The purpose of the applied chemical agent is to counteract the effect of the surface tension of the aqueous ink upon contact with the hydrophobic release layer of the blanket. It is believed that such pre-treatment chemical agents, for instance some charged polymers, such as polyethylenimine, will bond (temporarily at least), with the silicone surface of the transfer member to form a positively charged layer. However, the amount of charge that is present in such layer is believed to be much smaller than that in the droplet itself. The present inventors have found that a very thin layer, perhaps even a layer of molecular thickness will be adequate. This layer of pre-treatment of the transfer member may be applied in very dilute form of the suitable chemical agents. Ultimately this thin layer may be transferred onto the substrate, along with the image being impressed.

When the droplet impinges on the transfer member, the momentum in the droplet causes it to spread into a relatively flat volume. In the prior art, this flattening of the droplet is almost immediately counteracted by the combination of surface tension of the droplet and the hydrophobic nature of the surface of the transfer member.

In another embodiment, the shape of the ink droplet is “frozen” such that at least some of the flattening and horizontal extension of the droplet present on impact is preserved. It should be understood that since the recovery of the droplet shape after impact is very fast, the methods of the prior art would not effect phase change by agglomeration and/or coagulation and/or migration.

It is believed that, on impact, the positive charges on the transfer member attract the negatively charged polymer particles of the ink droplet that are immediately adjacent to the surface of the member. As the droplet spreads, this effect takes place along the entire interface between the spread droplet and the transfer member.

The amount of charge is too small to attract more than a small number of particles, so that, it is believed, the concentration and distribution of particles in the drop is not substantially changed. Furthermore, since the ink is aqueous, the effects of the positive charge are very local, especially in the very short time span needed for freezing the shape of the droplets.

While the applicants have found that coating the intermediate transfer member with a polymer utilizing a roller is an effective method for freezing the droplets, it is believed that spraying or otherwise chemically transferring positive charge to the intermediate transfer member is also possible, although this is a much more complex process.

In alternative embodiments of the invention, the tendency for the ink droplets to contract is counteracted by suitable selection of the chemical composition of one or other of the ink and the release layer on the blanket so as to establish attractive intermolecular forces that serve to resist the peeling away of the skin of the droplets from the surface of the release layer.

The average thickness of the elective pre-treatment solution may vary between initial application, optional removal and dried stage and is typically below 1000 nanometers, below 800 nm, below 600 nm, below 400 nm, below 200 nm, below 100 nm, below 50 nm, below 20 nm, below 10 nm, below 5 nm, or below 2 nm.

Ink Image Heating

The heaters 132 inserted into the support plates 130 are used to heat the blanket to a temperature that is appropriate for the rapid evaporation of the ink carrier and compatible with the composition of the blanket. For blankets comprising for instance silanol-, sylyl- or silane-modified or terminated polydialkylsiloxane silicones in the release layer, heating is typically of the order of 150° C., though this temperature may vary within a range from 120° C. to 180° C., depending on various factors such as the composition of the inks and/or of the conditioning solutions if needed. Blankets comprising amino silicones may generally be heated to temperatures between 70° C. and 130° C. When using the illustrated beneath heating of the transfer member, it is desirable for the blanket to have relatively high thermal capacity and low thermal conductivity, so that the temperature of the body of the blanket 102 will not change significantly as it moves between the optional pre-treatment or conditioning station, the image forming station and the impression station(s). To apply heat at different rates to the ink image carried by the transfer surface, external heaters or energy sources (not shown) may be used to apply additional energy locally, for example, prior to reaching the impression stations to render the ink residue tacky, prior to the image forming station to dry the conditioning agent if necessary and at the image forming station to start evaporating the carrier from the ink droplets as soon as possible after they impact the surface of the blanket.

The external heaters may be, for example, hot gas or air blowers 306 (as represented schematically in FIG. 1) or radiant heaters focusing, for example, infrared radiation onto the surface of the blanket, which may attain temperatures in excess of 175° C., 190° C., 200° C., 210° C., or even 220° C.

If the ink contains components sensitive to ultraviolet light then an ultraviolet source may be used to help cure the ink as it is being transported by the blanket.

Substrate Transport Systems

The substrate transport may be designed as in the case of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 to transport individual sheets of substrate to the impression stations or, as is shown in FIG. 5, to transport a continuous web of the substrate.

In the case of FIGS. 1 and 2, individual sheets are advanced, for example by a reciprocating arm, from the top of an input stack 506 to a first transport roller 520 that feeds the sheet to the first impression cylinder 502.

Though not shown in the drawings, but known per se, the various transport rollers and impression cylinders may incorporate grippers that are cam operated to open and close at appropriate times in synchronism with their rotation so as to clamp the leading edge of each sheet of substrate. In an embodiment of the invention, the tips of the grippers at least of impression cylinders 502 and 504 are designed not to project beyond the outer surface of the cylinders to avoid damaging blanket 102.

After an image has been impressed onto one side of a substrate sheet during passage between impression cylinder 502 and blanket 102 applied thereupon by pressure roller 140, the sheet is fed by a transport roller 522 to a perfecting cylinder 524 that has a circumference that is twice as large as the impression cylinders 502, 504. The leading edge of the sheet is transported by the perfecting cylinder past a transport roller 526, of which the grippers are timed to catch the trailing edge of the sheet carried by the perfecting cylinder and to feed the sheet to second impression cylinder 504 to have a second image impressed onto its reverse side. The sheet, which has now had images printed onto both its sides, can be advanced by a belt conveyor 530 from second impression cylinder 504 to the output stack 508.

In further embodiments not illustrated in the figures, the printed sheets may be subjected to one or more finishing steps, either before being delivered to the output stack (inline finishing), or subsequent to such output delivery (offline finishing) or in combination when two or more finishing steps are performed. Such finishing steps include, but are not limited to laminating, gluing, sheeting, folding, glittering, foiling, protective and decorative coating, cutting, trimming, punching, embossing, debossing, perforating, creasing, stitching and binding of the printed sheets and two or more may be combined. As the finishing steps may be performed using suitable conventional equipment, or at least similar principles, their integration in the process and of the respective finishing stations in the systems of the invention will be clear to the person skilled in the art without the need for more detailed description.

As the images printed on the blanket are always spaced from one another by a distance corresponding to the circumference of the impression cylinders, the distance between the two impression cylinders 502 and 504 should also to be equal to the circumference of the impression cylinders 502, 504 or a multiple of this distance. The length of the individual images on the blanket is of course dependent on the size of the substrate not on the size of the impression cylinder.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a web 560 of the substrate is drawn from a supply roll (not shown) and passes over a number of guide rollers 550 with fixed axes and stationary cylinders 551 that guide the web past the single impression cylinder 502.

Some of the rollers over which the web 560 passes do not have fixed axes. In particular, on the in-feed side of the web 560, a roller 552 is provided that can move vertically. By virtue of its weight alone, or if desired with the assistance of a spring acting on its axle, roller 552 serves to maintain a constant tension in web 560. If, for any reason, the supply roller offers temporary resistance, roller 552 will rise and conversely roller 552 will move down automatically to take up slack in the web drawn from the supply roll.

At the impression cylinder, the web 560 is required to move at the same speed as the surface of the blanket. Unlike the embodiment described above, in which the position of the substrate sheets is fixed by the impression rollers, which assures that every sheet is printed when it reaches the impression rollers, if the web 560 were to be permanently engaged with blanket 102 at the impression cylinder 502, then much of the substrate lying between printed images would need to be wasted.

To mitigate this problem, there are provided, straddling the impression cylinder 502, two dancers 554 and 556 that are motorized and are moved up and down in opposite directions in synchronism with one another. After an image has been impressed on the web, pressure roller 140 is disengaged to allow the web 560 and the blanket to move relative to one another. Immediately after disengagement, the dancer 554 is moved downwards at the same time as the dancer 556 is moved up. Though the remainder of the web continues to move forward at its normal speed, the movement of the dancers 554 and 556 has the effect of moving a short length of the web 560 backwards through the gap between the impression cylinder 502 and the blanket 102 from which it is disengaged. This is done by taking up slack from the run of the web following impression cylinder 502 and transferring it to the run preceding the impression cylinder. The motion of the dancers is then reversed to return them to their illustrated position so that the section of the web at the impression cylinder is again accelerated up to the speed of the blanket. Pressure roller 140 can now be re-engaged to impress the next image on the web but without leaving large blank areas between the images printed on the web.

FIG. 5 shows a printer having only a single impression roller, for printing on only one side of a web. To print on both sides, a tandem system can be provided with two impression rollers, and a web inverter mechanism may be provided between the impression rollers to allow turning over of the web for double sided printing. Alternatively, if the width of the blanket exceeds twice the width of the web, it is possible to use the two halves of the same blanket and impression cylinder to print on the opposite sides of different sections of the web at the same time.

Referring now to FIGS. 6 to 8, in order to allow access to the various components of the printing system for maintenance, the image forming system 300 and the blanket system 100, are mounted on a common gantry 900, that is movable vertically relative to a base 910 that houses the substrate transport system 500, the gantry remaining horizontal and parallel to the impression cylinder(s) at all times as it is raised. The gantry 900 is a rigid structure to which the individual print bar frames 304 are secured. The print bar frames 304 overhang the base 910 of the printing system, the overhanging region being used to retain print bars that are not in current use. A motorized mechanism is provided within each frame 304 to move the associated print bar between its operative position overlying the blanket system 100 and the overhanging parked position.

The gantry 900 is supported on the base 910 of the printing system by means of hydraulic jacks 930 of which there are four, arranged one at each corner of the base 910. Each hydraulic jack 930 has a cylinder of which the upper end is secured to the gantry 900 by means of clamps 932 and a lower end secured to the blanket system 100 by means of clamps 934. The piston rod of each hydraulic jack 930 is movably secured to the base 910 of the printing system, a small degree of relative movement being provided to permit correct alignment of the blanket system 100 with the substrate transport system 500 when the printing system is in operation.

The piston rod of each jack is hollow and a coupling is provided at its lower end to permit hydraulic fluid to be introduced into, and drained from, the working chamber of the hydraulic jack. Because the hydraulic coupling is connected to a part of the printing system that is stationary, there is no need to resort to flexible pipes in the hydraulic circuit of the jacks 930.

Because the gantry 900 overhangs the base 910 of the printing system, its center of gravity does not lie symmetrically between the lifting jacks 930. In order to withstand the tendency of the gantry to tilt as it is being lowered and raised, it is possible to make the hydraulic jacks 930 of unequal hydraulic capacity. For example, in FIG. 6, if the hydraulic jacks 930 on the right of the base 910 are formed with a larger diameter working chamber than the hydraulic jacks on the left then the center of lift can be shifted to the right into closer alignment with the center of gravity of the gantry 900. The illustrated embodiment, however, resorts to additional hydraulic jacks which extend from the overhanging region of the gantry 900 to the ground.

In the operating position of the blanket system 100, it needs to be in correct alignment with the substrate transport system 500 and clamped to it. This may be achieved in the manner shown schematically in FIG. 7 which shows a locking mechanism similar to that used to lock together the halves of a mold of an injection molding machine. The alignment is achieved by means of a cone 950 on the blanket system 100 that is received within a conical depression 952 in the base 910. The conical angle of the cone 950 and the depression 952 are relatively large (greater than) 5° to avoid the risk of taper lock. Locking is achieved by a hydraulically or mechanically retractable tongue 956 that engages in a lateral notch in a catch 954 secured to the blanket system 100. The shape of the notch in the catch 954 defines an over center position for the tongue 956 to enable the blanket system to withstand the pressure applied at the nip that compresses the substrate against the blanket.

The printing systems in FIGS. 5 and 6 are shown with the blanket system 100 lowered into the position in which it contacts the substrate transport system 500. In this position images can be impressed on a substrate and the correct spacing is achieved between the blanket system 100 and the image forming system 300 for an ink image to be laid down accurately on the blanket. While in operation, a cover 960, shown as being semi-transparent in FIG. 8, encloses the image forming system 300 and blanket system 100, the cover being secured to the gantry 900 so as move up and down relative to the base 910 as the gantry 900 is raised and lowered.

The gantry 900 further slidably supports a display screen 970 that lies on the front of the printing system and is substantially as wide as the blanket system, or at least greater than one half of its width. This large area display screen 970 is used to display information to the operator and it may also be designed as a touch screen to enable the operator to input commands into the printing system. Rails 975 that slidably support the display screen 970 are mounted directly on the gantry 900 as shown in FIG. 6. Though the rails 975 are illustrated in this figure as having vertical orientation, thereby allowing the display screen to slide up and down so as either to block or to provide access to the inner parts of the printing system, the rails may instead be horizontal. Further details of suitable mounting of display screens and of method of use of display devices in connection with printing systems such as the herein disclosed are provided in co-pending PCT application No. PCT/IB2013/050245 (Agent's reference LIP 15/001 PCT).

Advantages Offered by the Suggested Process

The described and illustrated embodiments provide several advantages both in terms of the process itself and the quality of the end product.

The aqueous ink compositions render the printing process more environmentally friendly.

Freezing the ink droplets impacting the intermediate transfer member enable formation of dried color dots that are thinner than those resulting from previously used printing processes or techniques, being typically no more than 500 nm or 600 nm or 700 nm or 800 nm in thickness. Aside from using less ink, the film is so thin that it closely follows the contours of the surface of the substrate and does not change its surface texture. Thus printing on a glossy substrate will produce a glossy image and when printing on a matte substrate the print areas will not be substantially glossier than non-print areas.

When each ink drop is flattened into a film, because it rests on a hydrophobic surface which is not solvated by the liquid in the image, surface tension will act to impart a smooth outline to the droplet. That sharp regular outline is retained as the droplet is dried, and is reflected in the shape of the ink dots of the printed image on the substrate. Furthermore, the flattened shape has a more uniform color than dried color elements that are formed from droplets with a less uniform thickness.

When this is combined with the film forming characteristic of the polymer in the ink, the ink droplets and their uniform thinness provides a more ideal vehicle for forming high quality, high resolution images.

The combination of an aqueous ink and a hydrophobic release layer ensures that the surface of the blanket does not absorb any of the carrier. By contrast, in certain prior art processes, such absorption causes swelling of the blanket and distortion of its surface, which in turn imparts a textured or rough surface to the ink residue, detracting from the quality of the final printed image.

This is to be contrasted with the situation where each ink droplet wets the surface on which it lands, as for example, for colorants with organic carriers that utilize a hydrophobic transfer member or for transfer members that absorb the liquid or are hydrophilic and used in combination with aqueous inks. Such undesired excessive wetting causes the droplet to spread further into any irregularities that exist in the surface of the transfer member (and may cause such irregularities to form), with the result that each ink dot in the printed image is spidery, with tentacles and rivulets greatly increasing its perimeter as compared with that of a well-rounded dot of the same area. The thickness of the film in such tentacles is necessarily thinner than at the center of each dot and the combination of these effects is to produce a blurred and ill-defined ink dot.

The film created by each droplet is impressed more reliably onto the substrate than a thicker layer of softened residue, as the risk of the layer splitting into two and part of it remaining on the blanket is reduced.

In general, ink jets printers require a trade-off between purity of the color, the ability to produce complete coverage of a surface and the density of the inkjet nozzles. If the dot created by each ink droplet is small, then, in order to obtain complete coverage, it is necessary to have closely spaced inkjet nozzles. In the described process, to achieve full coverage, the separation of the inkjet nozzles need only be comparable with the size of the largest image dot that can be created by an ink droplet after it has been flattened by impacting the surface of the transfer member or at least after its size stabilizes.

Since the ink dots are distinct and adopt their final form in a very short time, the amount of bleeding between colors and interaction between droplets of the same color is reduced.

A printing system for printing on substrate sheets is shown in FIG. 9A which operates on the same principle as that of FIG. 1 but has an alternative architecture. The printing system of FIG. 9A comprises at least one high-speed motor 288 associated with at least some of a plurality of rollers 232A-232J for moving an endless intermediate transfer member 210 (also referred to hereinafter as “a belt”). Intermediate transfer member 210 cycles through an image forming station 212, a drying station 214, an impression station 216, and a cooling station 218. The image forming station 212 of FIG. 9A is similar to the previously described image forming system 300, illustrated for example in FIG. 1.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image forming station 212 configured to retain a plurality of print heads opposite a region of flexible intermediate transfer member 210 and configured to enable deposit of ink droplets to form an image on a portion of flexible intermediate transfer member 210. In the illustrated example, image forming station 212 includes four separate print bars 222 each incorporating one or more print heads that use inkjet technology to deposit aqueous ink droplets of different colors onto the surface of the intermediate transfer member 210. Though the illustrated embodiment has four print bars, each able to deposit one of the typical four different colors (namely Cyan (C), Magenta (M), Yellow (Y) and Black (K)), it is possible for the image forming station to have a different number of print bars and for the print bars to deposit different shades of the same color (e.g., various shades of gray including black) or for two print bars or more to deposit the same color (e.g., black). In a further embodiment, the print bar can be used for pigmentless liquids (e.g., decorative or protective varnishes) and/or for specialty colors (e.g., achieving a visual effect, such as metallic, sparkling, glowing, or glittering look or even scented effect). Following each print bar 222 in the image forming station, an intermediate drying system 224 may be provided to blow hot gas (usually air) onto the surface of the intermediate transfer member 210 to dry the ink droplets partially. This hot gas flow assists in preventing blockage of the inkjet nozzles and also prevents the droplets of different color inks on the intermediate transfer member 210 from merging into one another. In the drying station 214, the ink droplets on the intermediate transfer member 210 are exposed to radiation and/or hot gas in order to dry the ink more thoroughly, driving off most, if not all, of the liquid carrier and leaving behind only a layer of resin and coloring agent which is heated to the point of being rendered tacky.

Consistent with the present disclosure, impression station 216 may be spaced from image forming station 212 and configured to enable substantial transfer of the deposited image to a substrate. For example, the end of image forming station 212 may be spaced from the end of impression station 216 by no greater than about two meters and not lesser than about one meter (e.g., about 1.75 meters or about 1.5 meters), thereby enabling the deposited image leaving image forming station 216 to reach impression station 212 in about 1.5 seconds, about two seconds, about 2.5 seconds, about three seconds or less. Unless indicated otherwise, the term “about” with regards to a numeric value is defined as a variance of up to 5% with respect to the stated value. As illustrated, when intermediate transfer member 210 is in impression station 216 it may pass between an impression cylinder 220 and a pressure cylinder 220A that carries a compressible blanket 219. The length of the blanket 219 may be equal to or greater than the maximum length of a sheet 226 of a substrate on which printing is to take place. The impression cylinder 220 may have twice the diameter of the pressure cylinder 220A and can support two sheets 226 at the same time. Sheets 226 may be carried by a suitable transport mechanism (not shown in FIG. 9A) from a supply stack 228 and passed through the nip between the impression cylinder 220 and the pressure cylinder 220A. Within the nip, the surface of the belt 220 carrying the ink image is pressed firmly by the blanket 219 of the pressure cylinder 220A against the substrate so that the ink image is impressed onto the substrate and separated neatly from the surface of the belt. The substrate is then transported to an output stack 230. In addition, the printing system may include a heater 231 before the nip between the two cylinders 220A and 220B of image impression station 216 to assist in rendering the ink film tacky, so as to facilitate transfer to the substrate.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the printing system may include a plurality of rollers configured to support and move the loop-shaped, flexible intermediate transfer member 210 of at least 10 meters in length along a printing system path. For example, the flexible intermediate transfer member may be of 12.5 meters in length, 15 meters in length, or between 10 meters and 20 meters in length. As described below, rollers 232B-232E may be oriented to oppose at least some of the plurality of print bars 222 on one side of flexible intermediate transfer member 210 during image deposition on an opposite side of flexible intermediate transfer member 210. Consistent with the present disclosure, the plurality of rollers may include at least 6 rollers, at least 10 rollers, or at least 15 rollers. In the illustrated example 10 rollers are depicted, however, one skilled in the art would recognize that a longer belt may require a larger number of rollers in order to maintain a require tension in intermediate transfer member 210. In one embodiment, not all the plurality of rollers are necessarily controlled by at least one high-speed motor 288. For example in the depicted configuration of the printing system, roller 232F may be motorized but the roller 232A may be not, and the rollers 232B to 232E may have another purpose which is not moving intermediate transfer member 210 and they rotate due to their friction with the intermediate transfer member 210.

Consistent with the present disclosure, at least one high-speed motor 288 may be associated with at least some of the plurality of rollers 232 and configured to move the loop-shaped flexible intermediate transfer member 210 of at least 10 meters in length at a speed of at least about one meter per second. Alternatively, at least one high-speed motor 288 may be configured to move intermediate transfer member 210 at a speed of at least about 1.5 meters per second, at least about 2 meters per second, or at least about 3 meters per second. In FIG. 9A, a single high-speed motor 288 is illustrated and it is connected only to rollers 232F and 232G. However, a person skilled in the art would recognize that more than one high-speed motor may be included in the printing system and each high-speed motor may be connected to all or some of the rollers. Examples of at least one high-speed motor 288 may include electric motors 160, 162 described above with references to FIG. 3. Consistent with one embodiment, the printing system may include a plurality of high-speed motors 288, the motors 288 may operate at the same speed, to maintain the same tension in the upper and lower runs of flexible intermediate transfer member 210. Alternatively, motors 288 may operate in such a manner as to maintain a higher tension in the upper run of flexible intermediate transfer member 210 where the ink image is formed and a lower tension in the lower run of flexible intermediate transfer member 210. In some embodiment, at least one high-speed motor 288 may be configured to move flexible intermediate transfer member 210 along a continuous loop travel path having an upper loop region including image forming station 212 and drying station 214, and a lower loop region including impression station 216 and cooling station 218. In one example, intermediate transfer member 210 may be more than 10 meters in length and at least one high-speed motor 288 may be configured to move the intermediate transfer member loop such that a cycle is completed in less than 7.5 seconds, less than 5 seconds, or less than 4 seconds.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the printing system may include guiding channels located on opposing sides of the printing system path and configured for exerting a lateral tensioning force on the loop-shaped flexible intermediate transfer member as the intermediate transfer member is received within the guiding channels and circulates at the speed of at least about one meter per second. As shown schematically in FIGS. 11 and 12, the lateral edges of intermediate transfer member 210 can be provided with formations in the form of spaced projections 270 which on each side are received in a respective guiding channel 280 (shown in section in FIG. 12) in order to maintain the belt taut in its width ways dimension. The projections 270 may be the teeth of one half of a zip fastener that is sewn or otherwise secured to the lateral edge of the belt. As an alternative to spaced projections, a continuous flexible bead of greater thickness than intermediate transfer member 210 may once again be provided along each side. To reduce friction, the guiding channel 280 may, as shown in FIG. 12, have rolling bearing elements 282 to retain the projections 270 or the beads within guiding channel 280. In general, guiding channels 280 ensure accurate placement of the ink droplets on intermediate transfer member 210. Likewise, guiding channels in the impression station 216 ensure accurate placement of the image on the substrate. In other areas, such as within the drying station 214, lateral guiding channels are desirable but less important. In regions where intermediate transfer member 210 has slack, no guiding channels are present.

Returning to FIG. 9A and consistent with the present disclosure, the printing system may also include drying station 214 located downstream of image forming station 212 and between image forming station 212 and impression station 216. Drying station 214 may be configured to enable the deposited image to be dried in less than about two seconds while the image travels from image forming station 212 toward the impression station 216. For example, drying station 214 may be configured to enable the deposited image to be dried in less than about 1.5 seconds or less than about a second when at least one high-speed motor 288 moves the intermediate transfer member loop such that a cycle is completed in less than less than 5 seconds. In one embodiment, the intermediate transfer member loop may be organized such that the plurality of print heads in image forming station 212 are configured to deposit at least a portion of a first image on intermediate transfer member 210 while drying station 214 is drying at least a portion of a second image, and while impression station 216 is transferring at least a portion of a third image to a substrate.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the printing system may also include cooling station 218 for retaining a coolant, spaced from impression station 216 and from image forming station 212, configured to revert intermediate transfer member 210 to a temperature in the first temperature range by exposing intermediate transfer member 210 to the coolant, to thereby enable return of intermediate transfer member 210, in the first temperature range, to image forming station 212. In one example, cooling station 218 may be configured to cause intermediate transfer member 210 to revert to a first temperature of between 40° Celsius and 160° Celsius and wherein drying station 214 is configured to cause intermediate transfer member 210 to reach a second temperature of between 80° Celsius and 220° Celsius. In another example, cooling station 218 may be configured to cause intermediate transfer member 210 to revert to a first temperature of between 60° Celsius and 90° Celsius and wherein drying station 214 is configured to cause intermediate transfer member 210 to reach a second temperature of between 100° Celsius and 160° Celsius. Cooling station 218 may be configured to cause a temperature of the coolant to be in a range of between 40° Celsius and 90° Celsius. In embodiments in which a treatment solution is applied to the surface of the belt, the treatment station may serve as cooling station 218. A particularly advantageous manner of applying the treatment solution is to direct a spray of the solution onto the surface of the belt and then to use an air knife to remove most, if not all, of the applied solution to leave only a coating of molecular thickness. In this case, both the spraying of the treatment solution and the removal of the surplus liquid would have a cooling effect on the surface of the belt.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the printing system may also include a processing device 290 configured to control and coordinate the operation of the different stations. For example, processing device 290 may change the speed of intermediate transfer member 210 and/or change the heat flux provided in drying station 214. In FIG. 9A, processing device 290 is illustrated as being connected only to high-speed motor 288 and drying station 214. However, a person skilled in the art would recognize that more than one processing device 290 may be included in the printing system and each processing device 290 may be control a different part of the printing system. Processing device 290, shown in FIG. 9A, may include at least one processor configured to execute computer programs, applications, methods, processes, or other software to perform embodiments described in the present disclosure. The term “processing device” refers to any physical device having an electric circuit that performs a logic operation. For example, the processing device may include one or more integrated circuits, microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part of a central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digital signal processor (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or other circuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logic operations. The processing device may include at least one processor configured to perform functions of the disclosed methods such as a microprocessor manufactured by Intel™ or manufactured by AMD™. The processing device may include a single core or multiple core processors executing parallel processes simultaneously. In one example, the processing device may be a single core processor configured with virtual processing technologies. The processing device may implement virtual machine technologies or other technologies to provide the ability to execute, control, run, manipulate, store, etc., multiple software processes, applications, programs, etc. In another example, the processing device may include a multiple-core processor arrangement (e.g., dual, quad core, etc.) configured to provide parallel processing functionalities to allow a device associated with the processing device to execute multiple processes simultaneously. It is appreciated that other types of processor arrangements could be implemented to provide the capabilities disclosed herein.

The above description of the embodiment of FIG. 9A is simplified and provided only for the purpose of enabling an understanding of the disclosed embodiment. For a successful printing system, the physical and chemical properties of the inks, the chemical composition and possible treatment of the release surface of the intermediate transfer member 210, and the control of the various stations of the printing system, are all important but need not be considered in detail in the present context.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9B, which depicts an exemplary method 9000 for printing on substrate sheets. In one exemplary embodiment, all of the steps of method 9000 may be performed by a printing system with architecture similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 9A. In the following description, reference is made to certain components and stations of the printing system for purposes of illustration. It will be appreciated, however, that other implementations are possible and that other parts may be utilized to implement the exemplary method. It will be readily appreciated that the illustrated method can be altered to modify the order of steps, delete steps, or further include additional steps.

At step 9002, the printing system may rotate rotating, about a travel path, flexible intermediate transfer member 210 arranged in a loop, wherein a length of the loop is at least 10 meters. For example, the length of the loop may be about 12.5 meters, about 15 meters, about 17.5 meters, or about 20 meters. At step 9004, the printing system may cause laterally stretching, during rotating, of flexible intermediate transfer member 210 to exert a lateral tension on intermediate transfer member 210 transverse to a direction of travel about the travel path. At step 9006, the printing system (e.g., in image forming station 212) may deposit ink droplets, with a plurality of print heads opposite a region of laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member 210, to form an image on a portion of laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member 210. At step 9008, the printing system (e.g., in impression station 216) may transfer the deposited image from laterally stretched intermediate transfer member 210 to a substrate. At step 9010, the printing system (e.g., using at least one high-speed motor 288) may move the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member loop of at least 10 meters in length at a speed of at least about one meter per second. For example, laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member 210 may move at a speed of at least about 1.5 meters per second, at least about 1.75 meters per second, or at least about two meters per second.

In related embodiment, method 9000 may be executed when intermediate transfer member 210 is at least twice as flexible in a lateral direction than in a direction of the intermediate transfer member travel. In addition, flexible intermediate transfer member 210 may be more than 10 meters in length and method 9000 further includes moving the flexible intermediate transfer member loop such that a cycle is completed in less than about seven seconds, less than about five seconds, or less than about three seconds. Moreover, printing method 9000 may include controlling (e.g., using processing device 290) the speed of intermediate transfer member 210 such that image forming station 212 deposits at least a portion of a first image on intermediate transfer member 210 while drying station 214 is drying at least a portion of a second image, and while impression station 216 is transferring at least a portion of a third image to a substrate.

In order for the ink to separate neatly from the surface of the intermediate transfer member 210 it is necessary for the latter surface to have a hydrophobic release layer. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, this hydrophobic release layer is formed as part of a thick blanket that also includes a compressible conformability layer which is necessary to ensure proper contact between the release layer and the substrate at the impression station. The resulting blanket is a very heavy and costly item that needs to be replaced in the event a failure of any of the many functions that it fulfills.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the hydrophobic release layer forms part of a separate element from the thick blanket 219 that is needed to press it against the substrate sheets 226. In FIG. 9A, the hydrophobic release layer is formed on the flexible thin inextensible intermediate transfer member 210 that may be fiber reinforced for increased tensile strength in its lengthwise dimension. The printing system of FIG. 9A, which is described in greater detail in co-pending patent application PCT/IB2013/051718 (Agent's reference LIP 5/006 PCT) comprises an endless intermediate transfer member 210 that cycles through an image forming station 212, a drying station 214, and an impression station 216.

As shown schematically in FIGS. 11 and 12, the lateral edges of the intermediate transfer member 210 are provided in some embodiments of the disclosure with spaced formations or projections 270 which on each side are received in a respective guiding channel 280 (shown in section in FIG. 12 and as track 180 in FIGS. 3-4) in order to maintain the belt taut in its width ways dimension. The projections 270 may be the teeth of one half of a zip fastener that is sewn or otherwise secured to the lateral edge of the belt. As an alternative to spaced projections, a continuous flexible bead of greater thickness than the intermediate transfer member 210 may be provided along each side. To reduce friction, the guiding channel 280 may, as shown in FIG. 12, have rolling bearing elements 282 to retain the projections 270 or the beads within the channel 280.

The projections may be made of any material able to sustain the operating conditions of the printing system, including the rapid motion of the belt. Suitable materials can resist elevated temperatures in the range of about 50° C. to 250° C. Advantageously, such materials are also friction resistant and do not yield debris of size and/or amount that would negatively affect the movement of the belt during its operative lifespan. For example, the lateral projections can be made of polyamide reinforced with molybdenum disulfide.

All the steps taken to guide the intermediate transfer member 210 are equally applicable to the guiding of the blanket 102 in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 8, where the guiding channel 280 was also referred to as track 180.

In one embodiment, intermediate transfer member 210 move with a constant speed through the image forming station 212 as any hesitation or vibration will affect the registration of the ink droplets of different colors. In one embodiment, guiding channels may assist in guiding intermediate transfer member 210 smoothly, friction is reduced by passing the belt over rollers 232B-232E adjacent each print bar 222 instead of sliding the belt over stationary guide plates. The rollers 232B-232E need not be precisely aligned with their respective print bars. They may be located slightly (e.g., few millimeters) downstream of the print head jetting location. The frictional forces maintain the belt taut and substantially parallel to print bars. The underside of the belt may therefore have high frictional properties as it is only ever in rolling contact with all the surfaces on which it is guided. The lateral tension applied by the guiding channels need only be sufficient to maintain the intermediate transfer member 210 flat and in contact with rollers 232B-232E as it passes beneath the print bars 222. Aside from the inextensible reinforcement/support layer, the hydrophobic release surface layer and high friction underside, the intermediate transfer member 210 is not required to serve any other function. It may therefore be a thin light inexpensive belt that is easy to remove and replace, should it become worn.

To achieve intimate contact between the hydrophobic release layer and the substrate, the intermediate transfer member 210 passes through the impression station 216 which comprises the impression and pressure cylinders 220B and 220A. The replaceable blanket 219, releasably clamped onto the outer surface of the pressure cylinder 220A, provides the conformability required to urge the release layer of the intermediate transfer member 210 into contact with the substrate sheets 226. Rollers 232H and 232I on each side of the impression station ensure that the belt is maintained in a desired orientation as it passes through the nip between the cylinders 220A and 220B of the impression station 216.

As explained above, temperature control is of paramount importance to the printing system if printed images of high quality are to be achieved. This is considerably simplified in the embodiment of FIG. 9A in that the thermal capacity of the belt is much lower than that of the blanket 102 in the embodiments of FIGS. 1 to 8.

It has also been proposed above in relation to the embodiment using a thick blanket 102 to include additional layers affecting the thermal capacity of the blanket in view of the blanket being heated from beneath. The separation of the intermediate transfer member 210 from the blanket 219 in the embodiment of FIG. 9A allows the temperature of the ink droplets to be dried and heated to the softening temperature of the resin using much less energy in the drying station 214. Furthermore, the belt may cool down before it returns to the image forming station which reduces or avoids problems caused by trying to spray ink droplets on a hot surface running very close to the inkjet nozzles. Alternatively and additionally, a cooling station may be added to the printing system to reduce the temperature of the belt to a desired value before the belt enters the image forming station. Cooling may be effected by passing the intermediate transfer member 210 over a roller of which the lower half is immersed in a coolant, which may be water or a cleaning/treatment solution, by spraying a coolant onto the belt of by passing the intermediate transfer member 210 over a coolant fountain.

Though, as explained, the temperature at various stages of the process may vary depending on the exact composition of the intermediate transfer member and inks being used, and may even fluctuate at various locations along a given station, in some embodiments of the disclosure the temperature on the outer surface of the transfer member at the image forming station is in a range between 40° C. and 160° C., or between 60° C. and 90° C. In some embodiments of the disclosure, the temperature at the dryer station is in a range between 90° C. and 300° C., or between 150° C. and 250° C., or between 200° C. and 225° C. In some embodiments, the temperature at the impression station is in a range between 80° C. and 220° C., or between 100° C. and 160° C., or of about 120° C., or of about 150° C. If a cooling station is desired to allow the transfer member to enter the image forming station at a temperature that would be compatible to the operative range of such station, the cooling temperature may be in a range between 40° C. and 90° C.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the release layer of the intermediate transfer member 210 has hydrophobic properties to ensure that the tacky ink residue image peels away from it cleanly in the impression station. However, at the image forming station, the same hydrophobic properties are undesirable because aqueous ink droplets can move around on a hydrophobic surface and, instead of flattening on impact to form droplets having a diameter that increases with the mass of ink in each droplet, the ink tends to ball up into spherical globules. In embodiments with a release layer having a hydrophobic outer surface, steps therefore need to be taken to encourage the ink droplets first to flatten out into a disc on impact then to retain their flattened shape during the drying and transfer stages.

To achieve this objective, in some embodiments of the disclosure, it is desirable for the liquid ink to comprise a component chargeable by Brønsted-Lowry proton transfer, to allow the liquid ink droplets to acquire a charge subsequent to contact with the outer surface of the belt by proton transfer so as to generate an electrostatic interaction between the charged liquid ink droplets and an opposite charge on the outer surface of the belt. Such an electrostatic charge will fix the droplets to the outer surface of the belt and resist the formation of spherical globule.

The Van der Waals forces resulting from the Brønsted-Lowry proton transfer may result either from an interaction of the ink with a component forming part of the chemical composition of the release layer, such as amino silicones, or with a treatment solution, such as a high charge density PEI, that is applied to the surface of the intermediate transfer member 210 prior to its reaching the image forming station 212 (e.g., if the belt to be treated has a release layer comprising silanol-terminated polydialkylsiloxane silicones).

Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it is believed that upon evaporation of the ink carrier, the reduction of the aqueous environment lessens the respective protonation of the ink component and of the release layer or treatment solution thereof, thus diminishing the electrostatic interactions therebetween allowing the dried ink image to peel off from the belt upon transfer to substrate.

It is possible for the intermediate transfer member 210 to be seamless, that is it to say without discontinuities anywhere along its length. Such a belt would considerably simplify the control of the printing system as it may be operated at all times to run at the same surface velocity as the circumferential velocity of the two cylinders 220A and 220B of the impression station. Any stretching of the belt with ageing would not affect the performance of the printing system and would merely require the taking up of more slack by tensioning rollers 232G and 232J, detailed below.

It is however less costly to form the belt as an initially flat strip of which the opposite ends are secured to one another, for example, by a zip fastener, or possibly by a strip of hook and loop tape, or possibly by soldering the edges together, or possibly by using tape (e.g., Kapton® tape, RTV liquid adhesives, or PTFE thermoplastic adhesives with a connective strip overlapping both edges of the strip). In such a construction of the belt, it is essential to ensure that printing does not take place on the seam and that the seam is not flattened against the substrate 226 in the impression station 216.

The impression cylinder 220B and pressure cylinder 220A of the impression station 216 may be constructed in the same manner as the blanket and impression cylinders of a conventional offset litho press. In such cylinders, there is a circumferential discontinuity in the surface of the pressure cylinder 220A in the region where the two ends of the blanket 219 are clamped. There are also discontinuities in the surface of the impression cylinder which accommodate grippers that serve to grip the leading edges of the substrate sheets to help transport them through the nip. In the illustrated embodiments of the disclosure, the impression cylinder circumference is twice that of the pressure cylinder and the impression cylinder has two sets of grippers, so that the discontinuities line up twice every cycle for the impression cylinder.

If the intermediate transfer member 210 has a seam, then it is necessary to ensure that the seam always coincides in time with the gap between the cylinders of the impression station 216. For this reason, it is desirable for the length of the intermediate transfer member 210 to be equal to a whole number multiple of the circumference of the pressure cylinder 220A.

However, even if the belt has such a length when new, its length may change during use, for example with fatigue or temperature, and should that occur, the phase of the seam during its passage through the nip will change every cycle.

To compensate for such change in the length of the intermediate transfer member 210, it may be driven at a slightly different speed from the cylinders of the impression station 216. The intermediate transfer member 210 is driven by two separately powered rollers 232F and 232A. By applying different torques through the rollers 232F and 232A driving the belt, the run of the belt passing through the image forming station is maintained under controlled tension. The speed of the two rollers 232F and 232A can be set to be different from the surface velocity of the cylinders 220A and 220B of the impression station 216. Alternatively or additionally, the belt may be driven or moved by supporting surfaces that need not be cylindrical. For instance, instead of a rotating roller, the supporting surface may be planar and operative to cause a linear displacement of part of the belt. Independently of shape and type of movement generated on the supported portion of the belt, such guiding or driving means may be referred to collectively as supporting surfaces.

Two powered tensioning rollers, or dancers, 232G and 232J are provided one on each side of the nip between the cylinders of the impression station. These two dancers 232G and 232J are used to control the length of slack in the intermediate transfer member 210 before and after the nip and their movement is schematically represented by double sided arrows adjacent the respective dancers.

If the intermediate transfer member 210 is slightly longer than a whole number multiple of the circumference of the pressure cylinder, then if in one cycle the seam does align with the enlarged gap between the cylinders 220A and 220B of the impression station then in the next cycle the seam will have moved to the right, as viewed in FIG. 1. To compensate for this, the belt is driven faster by the rollers 232F and 232A so that slack builds up to the right of the nip and tension builds up to the left of the nip. To maintain the intermediate transfer member 210 at the correct tension, the dancer 232G is moved down and at the same time the dancer 232J is moved up. When the discontinuities of the cylinders of the impression station face one another and a gap is created between them, the dancer 232J is moved down and the dancer 232G is moved up to accelerate the run of the belt passing through the nip and bring the seam into the gap.

To reduce the drag on the intermediate transfer member 210 as it is accelerated through the nip, the pressure cylinder 220A may, as shown in FIG. 5, be provided with rollers within the discontinuity region between the ends of the blanket.

The need to correct the phase of the belt in this manner may be sensed either by measuring the length of the intermediate transfer member 210 or by monitoring the phase of one or more markers on the belt relative to the phase of the cylinders of the impression station. The marker(s) may, for example, be applied to the surface of the belt that may be sensed magnetically or optically by a suitable detector. Alternatively, a marker may take the form of an irregularity in the lateral projections that are used to tension the belt and maintain it under tension, for example, a missing tooth, hence serving as a mechanical position indicator.

It is further possible to incorporate into the belt an electronic circuit, for example a microchip similar to those to be found in “chip and pin” credit cards, in which data may be stored. The microchip may comprise only read only memory, in which case it may be used by the manufacturer to record such data as where and when the belt was manufactured and details of the physical or chemical properties of the belt. The data may relate to a catalog number, a batch number, and any other identifier allowing providing information of relevance to the use of the belt and/or to its user. This data may be read by the controller of the printing system during installation or during operation and used, for example, to determine calibration parameters. Alternatively, or additionally, the chip may include random access memory to enable data to be recorded by the controller of the printing system on the microchip. In this case, the data may include information such as the number of pages or length of web that have been printed using the belt or previously measured belt parameters such as belt length, to assist in recalibrating the printing system when commencing a new print run. Reading and writing on the microchip may be achieved by making direct electrical contact with terminals of the microchip, in which case contact conductors may be provided on the surface of the belt. Alternatively, data may be read from the microchip using radio signals, in which case the microchip may be powered by an inductive loop printed on the surface of the belt.

The printing system shown in FIG. 9A is intended for printing on individual substrate sheets. It is possible to use a similar system to print on a continuous web and in this case, the pressure cylinder may, instead of having a blanket wrapped around part of its circumference, have a compressible continuous outer surface. Furthermore, no grippers need be incorporated in the impression cylinder.

Similar principles can be incorporated in printing presses employing a duplex mechanism, by providing, for example, two impression stations associated with the same intermediate transfer member with a perfecting mechanism between the two impression stations for turning the substrate onto its reverse side or double-sided printing using a single impression station and a duplex mechanism configured for inverting a substrate sheet that has already passed through the impression station and returning it to pass a second time through the same impression station for an image to be printed onto the reverse side of the substrate sheet.

One example for a duplex mechanism is disclosed in co-pending PCT application No. PCT/IB2014/064277 the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Further details of monitoring methods suitable for printing systems such as the herein disclosed are provided in co-pending PCT application No. PCT/IB2013/051727 (Agent's reference LIP 14/001 PCT).

A further important advantage of printing systems of embodiments of the disclosure is that they may be produced by modification to existing lithographic printing presses. The ability to adapt existing equipment, while retaining much of the hardware already present, considerably reduces the investment required to convert from technology in common current use. In particular, in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 1, the modification of a tower would involve replacement of the plate cylinder by a set of print bars and replacement of the pressure cylinder by an image transfer drum having a hydrophobic outer surface or carrying a suitable blanket. In the case of the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the plate cylinder would be replaced by a set of print bars and a belt passing between the existing plate and pressure cylinders. The substrate handling system would require little modification, if any. Color printing presses are usually formed of several towers and it is possible to convert all or only some of the towers to digital printing towers. Various configurations are possible offering different advantages. For example each of two consecutive towers may be configured as a multicolor digital printer to allow duplex printing if a perfecting cylinder is disposed between them. Alternatively, multiple print bars of the same color may be provided on one tower to allow an increased speed of the entire press.

The contents of all of the above mentioned applications of the Applicant are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

The present disclosure has been described using detailed descriptions of embodiments thereof that are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The described embodiments comprise different features, not all of which are required in all embodiments of the invention. Some embodiments of the present invention utilize only some of the features or possible combinations of the features. Variations of embodiments of the present invention that are described and embodiments of the present invention comprising different combinations of features noted in the described embodiments will occur to persons skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.

In the description and claims of the present disclosure, each of the verbs, “comprise” “include” and “have”, and conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb. As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “an impression station” or “at least one impression station” may include a plurality of impression stations.

Although the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification, are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.

Claims

1. A printing system, comprising: a plurality of rollers configured to support and move a loop-shaped, flexible intermediate transfer member of at least 10 meters in length along a printing system path;an image forming station configured to retain a plurality of print heads opposite a region of the flexible intermediate transfer member and configured to enable deposit of ink droplets to form an image on a portion of the flexible intermediate transfer member;an impression station spaced from the image forming station configured to enable substantial transfer of the deposited image to a substrate;at least one high-speed motor associated with the plurality of rollers and configured to move the loop-shaped flexible intermediate transfer member of at least 10 meters in length at a speed of at least about one meter per second; andguiding channels located on opposing sides of the printing system path and configured for exerting a lateral tensioning force on the loop-shaped flexible intermediate transfer member as the intermediate transfer member is received within the guiding channels and circulates at the speed of at least about one meter per second.
2. The printing system of claim 1, wherein each of at least some of the plurality of rollers are oriented to oppose at least some of the plurality of print heads on one side of the flexible intermediate transfer member during image deposition on an opposite side of the flexible intermediate transfer member.
3. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of rollers configured to support and move the flexible intermediate transfer member includes at least six rollers.
4. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of rollers configured to support and move the flexible intermediate transfer member includes at least 10 rollers.
5. The printing system of claim 1, wherein an end of the image forming station is spaced from the end of the impression station by no greater than about two meters, thereby enabling the deposited image leaving the image forming station to reach the impression station in about two seconds or less.
6. The printing system of claim 1, wherein an end of the image forming station is spaced from the end of the impression station by no greater than about two meters, thereby enabling the deposited image leaving the image forming station to reach the impression station in about 2.5 seconds or less.
7. The printing system of claim 1, wherein an end of the image forming station is spaced from the end of the impression station by no greater than about two meters, thereby enabling the deposited image leaving the image forming station to reach the impression station in about three seconds or less.
8. The printing system of claim 1 further comprising a drying station downstream of the image forming station and between the image forming station and the impression station, the drying station being configured to enable the deposited image to be dried in less than about two seconds while the image travels from the image forming station toward the impression station.
9. The printing system of claim 1 further comprising a drying station downstream of the image forming station and between the image forming station and the impression station, the drying station being configured to enable the deposited image to be dried in less than about 1.5 seconds while the image travels from the image forming station toward the impression station.
10. The printing system of claim 1 further comprising a drying station downstream of the image forming station and between the image forming station and the impression station, the drying station being configured to enable the deposited image to be dried in less than about a second while the image travels from the image forming station toward the impression station.
11. The printing system of claim 10, wherein the plurality of print heads in the image forming station are configured to deposit at least a portion of a first image on the flexible image transfer member while the drying station is drying at least a portion of a second image, and while the impression station is transferring at least a portion of a third image to a substrate.
12. The printing system of claim 10, wherein the drying station is configured to cause the flexible intermediate transfer member to reach a temperature in a first temperature range and the printing system further comprises a cooling station downstream of the impression station and between the impression station and the image forming station for retaining a coolant configured to revert the flexible intermediate transfer member to a temperature in a second temperature range, cooler than the first temperature range, by exposing the flexible intermediate transfer member to the coolant.
13. The printing system of claim 12, wherein the first temperature range is between 80° Celsius and 220° Celsius and the second temperature range between 60° Celsius and 90°.
14. The printing system of claim 12, wherein the at least one high-speed motor is configured to move the flexible intermediate transfer member loop along a continuous loop travel path having an upper loop region including the image forming station and the drying station, and a lower loop region including the impression station and the cooling station.
15. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the at least one high-speed motor is configured to move the flexible intermediate transfer member at a speed of at least about 1.5 meters per second.
16. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the at least one high-speed motor is configured to move the intermediate transfer member at a speed of at least about 2 meters per second.
17. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the at least one high-speed motor is configured to move the intermediate transfer member at a speed of at least about 3 meters per second.
18. The printing system of claim 1, wherein the flexible intermediate transfer member is more than 10 meters in length and the at least one high-speed motor configured to move the flexible intermediate transfer member loop such that a cycle is completed in less than 5 seconds.
19. A printing method, comprising: rotating, about a travel path, a flexible intermediate transfer member arranged in a loop, wherein a length of the loop is at least 10 meters;laterally stretching, during rotating, the flexible intermediate transfer member to exert a lateral tension on the intermediate transfer member transverse to a direction of travel about the travel path;depositing ink droplets, with a plurality of print heads opposite a region of the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member, to form an image on a portion of the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member;transferring the deposited image from the laterally stretched intermediate transfer member to a substrate; andmoving the laterally stretched flexible intermediate transfer member loop of at least 10 meters in length at a speed of at least about one meter per second.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the intermediate transfer member is at least twice as flexible in a lateral direction than in a direction of the intermediate transfer member travel.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the flexible intermediate transfer member is more than 10 meters in length and the method further includes moving the flexible intermediate transfer member loop such that a cycle is completed in less than five seconds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/674,811, filed on Aug. 11, 2017 which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/175,275, filed Jun. 7, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,776,391), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/382,751, filed on Sep. 3, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,381,736), which is a U.S. national application of PCT International Application No. PCT/IB2013/051716, filed Mar. 5, 2013, that claims the benefit of the following U.S. provisional Applications: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/640,642, filed Apr. 30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/640,637, filed Apr. 30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/640,493, filed Apr. 30, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/637,301, filed Apr. 24, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/635,156, filed Apr. 18, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/619,546, filed Apr. 3, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/611,505, filed Mar. 15, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/611,286, filed Mar. 15, 2012; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/606,913, filed Mar. 5, 2012, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/674,811, filed on Aug. 11, 2017 is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/917,527, filed Mar. 8, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,782,993), which is a U.S. national application of PCT International Application No. PCT/IB2014/064444, filed on Sep. 11, 2014 that claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 61/876,753, filed on Sep. 11, 2013, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

US Referenced Citations (449)

Number	Name	Date	Kind
2839181	Renner	Jun 1958	A
3697551	Thomson	Oct 1972	A
3697568	Boissieras et al.	Oct 1972	A
3889802	Jonkers	Jun 1975	A
3898670	Erikson et al.	Aug 1975	A
3947113	Buchan et al.	Mar 1976	A
4009958	Kurita et al.	Mar 1977	A
4093764	Duckett et al.	Jun 1978	A
4293866	Takita et al.	Oct 1981	A
4401500	Hamada et al.	Aug 1983	A
4535694	Fukuda	Aug 1985	A
4538156	Durkee et al.	Aug 1985	A
4642654	Toganoh et al.	Feb 1987	A
4853737	Hartley et al.	Aug 1989	A
4976197	Yamanari et al.	Dec 1990	A
5012072	Martin et al.	Apr 1991	A
5039339	Phan et al.	Aug 1991	A
5099256	Anderson	Mar 1992	A
5106417	Hauser et al.	Apr 1992	A
5128091	Agur et al.	Jul 1992	A
5190582	Shinozuka et al.	Mar 1993	A
5198835	Ando et al.	Mar 1993	A
5246100	Stone et al.	Sep 1993	A
5264904	Audi et al.	Nov 1993	A
5305099	Morcos	Apr 1994	A
5349905	Taylor et al.	Sep 1994	A
5352507	Bresson et al.	Oct 1994	A
5365324	Gu et al.	Nov 1994	A
5406884	Okuda et al.	Apr 1995	A
5471233	Okamoto et al.	Nov 1995	A
5532314	Sexsmith et al.	Jul 1996	A
5552875	Sagiv et al.	Sep 1996	A
5587779	Heeren et al.	Dec 1996	A
5608004	Toyoda et al.	Mar 1997	A
5613669	Grueninger	Mar 1997	A
5614933	Hindman et al.	Mar 1997	A
5623296	Fujino et al.	Apr 1997	A
5660108	Pensavecchia	Aug 1997	A
5677719	Granzow	Oct 1997	A
5679463	Visser et al.	Oct 1997	A
5698018	Bishop et al.	Dec 1997	A
5723242	Woo et al.	Mar 1998	A
5733698	Lehman et al.	Mar 1998	A
5736250	Heeks et al.	Apr 1998	A
5772746	Sawada et al.	Jun 1998	A
5777576	Zur et al.	Jul 1998	A
5777650	Blank	Jul 1998	A
5841456	Takei et al.	Nov 1998	A
5859076	Kozma et al.	Jan 1999	A
5880214	Okuda	Mar 1999	A
5883144	Bambara et al.	Mar 1999	A
5883145	Hurley et al.	Mar 1999	A
5884559	Okubo et al.	Mar 1999	A
5891934	Moffatt et al.	Apr 1999	A
5895711	Yamaki et al.	Apr 1999	A
5902841	Jaeger et al.	May 1999	A
5923929	Ben Avraham et al.	Jul 1999	A
5929129	Feichtinger	Jul 1999	A
5932659	Bambara et al.	Aug 1999	A
5935751	Matsuoka et al.	Aug 1999	A
5978631	Lee	Nov 1999	A
5978638	Tanaka et al.	Nov 1999	A
5991590	Chang et al.	Nov 1999	A
6004647	Bambara et al.	Dec 1999	A
6009284	Weinberger et al.	Dec 1999	A
6024018	Darel et al.	Feb 2000	A
6024786	Gore	Feb 2000	A
6033049	Fukuda	Mar 2000	A
6053438	Romano, Jr. et al.	Apr 2000	A
6055396	Pang	Apr 2000	A
6059407	Komatsu et al.	May 2000	A
6071368	Boyd et al.	Jun 2000	A
6072976	Kuriyama et al.	Jun 2000	A
6078775	Arai et al.	Jun 2000	A
6094558	Shimizu et al.	Jul 2000	A
6102538	Ochi et al.	Aug 2000	A
6103775	Bambara et al.	Aug 2000	A
6108513	Landa et al.	Aug 2000	A
6109746	Jeanmaire et al.	Aug 2000	A
6132541	Heaton	Oct 2000	A
6143807	Lin et al.	Nov 2000	A
6166105	Santilli et al.	Dec 2000	A
6195112	Fassler et al.	Feb 2001	B1
6196674	Takemoto	Mar 2001	B1
6213580	Segerstrom et al.	Apr 2001	B1
6214894	Bambara et al.	Apr 2001	B1
6221928	Kozma et al.	Apr 2001	B1
6234625	Wen	May 2001	B1
6242503	Kozma et al.	Jun 2001	B1
6257716	Yanagawa et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6261688	Kaplan et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6262137	Kozma et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6262207	Rao et al.	Jul 2001	B1
6303215	Sonobe et al.	Oct 2001	B1
6316512	Bambara et al.	Nov 2001	B1
6332943	Herrmann et al.	Dec 2001	B1
6354700	Roth	Mar 2002	B1
6357869	Rasmussen et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6357870	Beach et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6358660	Agler et al.	Mar 2002	B1
6363234	Landa et al.	Mar 2002	B2
6364451	Silverbrook	Apr 2002	B1
6383278	Hirasa et al.	May 2002	B1
6386697	Yamamoto et al.	May 2002	B1
6390617	Iwao	May 2002	B1
6397034	Tarnawskyj et al.	May 2002	B1
6400913	De Jong et al.	Jun 2002	B1
6402317	Yanagawa et al.	Jun 2002	B2
6409331	Gelbart	Jun 2002	B1
6432501	Yang et al.	Aug 2002	B1
6438352	Landa et al.	Aug 2002	B1
6454378	Silverbrook et al.	Sep 2002	B1
6471803	Pelland et al.	Oct 2002	B1
6530321	Andrew et al.	Mar 2003	B2
6530657	Polierer	Mar 2003	B2
6531520	Bambara et al.	Mar 2003	B1
6551394	Hirasa et al.	Apr 2003	B2
6551716	Landa et al.	Apr 2003	B1
6554189	Good	Apr 2003	B1
6559969	Lapstun	May 2003	B1
6575547	Sakuma	Jun 2003	B2
6586100	Pickering et al.	Jul 2003	B1
6590012	Miyabayashi	Jul 2003	B2
6608979	Landa et al.	Aug 2003	B1
6623817	Yang et al.	Sep 2003	B1
6630047	Jing et al.	Oct 2003	B2
6639527	Johnson	Oct 2003	B2
6648468	Shinkoda et al.	Nov 2003	B2
6678068	Richter et al.	Jan 2004	B1
6682189	May et al.	Jan 2004	B2
6811840	Cross	Jan 2004	B1
6685769	Karl et al.	Feb 2004	B1
6704535	Kobayashi et al.	Mar 2004	B2
6709096	Beach et al.	Mar 2004	B1
6716562	Uehara et al.	Apr 2004	B2
6719423	Chowdry et al.	Apr 2004	B2
6720367	Taniguchi et al.	Apr 2004	B2
6755519	Gelbart et al.	Jun 2004	B2
6761446	Chowdry et al.	Jul 2004	B2
6770331	Mielke et al.	Aug 2004	B1
6789887	Yang et al.	Sep 2004	B2
6827018	Hartmann et al.	Dec 2004	B1
6881458	Ludwig et al.	Apr 2005	B2
6898403	Baker et al.	May 2005	B2
6912952	Landa et al.	Jul 2005	B1
6916862	Ota et al.	Jul 2005	B2
6917437	Myers et al.	Jul 2005	B1
6966712	Trelewicz et al.	Nov 2005	B2
6970674	Sato et al.	Nov 2005	B2
6974022	Saeki	Dec 2005	B2
6982799	Lapstun	Jan 2006	B2
6983692	Beauchamp et al.	Jan 2006	B2
7025453	Ylitalo et al.	Apr 2006	B2
7057760	Lapstun et al.	Jun 2006	B2
7084202	Pickering et al.	Aug 2006	B2
7128412	King et al.	Oct 2006	B2
7160377	Zoch et al.	Jan 2007	B2
7204584	Lean et al.	Apr 2007	B2
7213900	Ebihara	May 2007	B2
7224478	Lapstun et al.	May 2007	B1
7265819	Raney	Sep 2007	B2
7271213	Hoshida et al.	Sep 2007	B2
7296882	Buehler et al.	Nov 2007	B2
7300133	Folkins et al.	Nov 2007	B1
7300147	Johnson	Nov 2007	B2
7304753	Richter et al.	Dec 2007	B1
7322689	Kohne et al.	Jan 2008	B2
7334520	Geissler et al.	Feb 2008	B2
7348368	Kakiuchi et al.	Mar 2008	B2
7360887	Konno	Apr 2008	B2
7362464	Kitazawa	Apr 2008	B2
7459491	Tyvoll et al.	Dec 2008	B2
7527359	Stevenson et al.	May 2009	B2
7575314	Desie et al.	Aug 2009	B2
7612125	Muller et al.	Nov 2009	B2
7655707	Ma	Feb 2010	B2
7655708	House et al.	Feb 2010	B2
7699922	Breton et al.	Apr 2010	B2
7708371	Yamanobe	May 2010	B2
7709074	Uchida et al.	May 2010	B2
7712890	Yahiro	May 2010	B2
7732543	Loch et al.	Jun 2010	B2
7732583	Annoura et al.	Jun 2010	B2
7808670	Lapstun et al.	Oct 2010	B2
7810922	Gervasi et al.	Oct 2010	B2
7845788	Oku	Dec 2010	B2
7867327	Sano et al.	Jan 2011	B2
7876345	Houjou	Jan 2011	B2
7910183	Wu	Mar 2011	B2
7919544	Matsuyama et al.	Apr 2011	B2
7942516	Ohara et al.	May 2011	B2
7977408	Matsuyama et al.	Jul 2011	B2
7985784	Kanaya et al.	Jul 2011	B2
8002400	Kibayashi et al.	Aug 2011	B2
8012538	Yokouchi	Sep 2011	B2
8025389	Yamanobe et al.	Sep 2011	B2
8038284	Hori et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8042906	Chiwata et al.	Oct 2011	B2
8059309	Lapstun et al.	Nov 2011	B2
8095054	Nakamura	Jan 2012	B2
8109595	Tanaka et al.	Feb 2012	B2
8122846	Stiblert et al.	Feb 2012	B2
8147055	Cellura et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8162428	Eun et al.	Apr 2012	B2
8177351	Taniuchi et al.	May 2012	B2
8186820	Chiwata	May 2012	B2
8192904	Nagai et al.	Jun 2012	B2
8215762	Ageishi	Jul 2012	B2
8242201	Goto et al.	Aug 2012	B2
8256857	Folkins et al.	Sep 2012	B2
8263683	Gibson et al.	Sep 2012	B2
8264135	Ozolins et al.	Sep 2012	B2
8295733	Imoto	Oct 2012	B2
8303072	Shibata et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8304043	Nagashima et al.	Nov 2012	B2
8353589	Ikeda et al.	Jan 2013	B2
8434847	Dejong et al.	May 2013	B2
8460450	Taverizatshy et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8469476	Mandel et al.	Jun 2013	B2
8474963	Hasegawa et al.	Jul 2013	B2
8536268	Karjala et al.	Sep 2013	B2
8546466	Yamashita et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8556400	Yatake et al.	Oct 2013	B2
8693032	Goddard et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8711304	Mathew et al.	Apr 2014	B2
8714731	Leung et al.	May 2014	B2
8746873	Tsukamoto et al.	Jun 2014	B2
8779027	Idemura et al.	Jul 2014	B2
8802221	Noguchi et al.	Aug 2014	B2
8867097	Mizuno	Oct 2014	B2
8885218	Hirose	Nov 2014	B2
8891128	Yamazaki	Nov 2014	B2
8894198	Hook et al.	Nov 2014	B2
8919946	Suzuki et al.	Dec 2014	B2
9004629	De Jong et al.	Apr 2015	B2
9186884	Landa et al.	Nov 2015	B2
9229664	Landa et al.	Jan 2016	B2
9264559	Motoyanagi et al.	Feb 2016	B2
9284469	Song et al.	Mar 2016	B2
9290016	Landa et al.	Mar 2016	B2
9327496	Landa et al.	May 2016	B2
9353273	Landa et al.	May 2016	B2
9381736	Landa et al.	Jul 2016	B2
9446586	Matos et al.	Sep 2016	B2
9505208	Shmaiser et al.	Nov 2016	B2
9517618	Landa	Dec 2016	B2
9568862	Shmaiser et al.	Feb 2017	B2
9643400	Landa et al.	May 2017	B2
9643403	Landa et al.	May 2017	B2
9776391	Landa et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9782993	Landa et al.	Oct 2017	B2
9849667	Landa	Dec 2017	B2
9884479	Landa et al.	Feb 2018	B2
9902147	Shmaiser et al.	Feb 2018	B2
9914316	Landa et al.	Mar 2018	B2
10065411	Landa et al.	Sep 2018	B2
10190012	Landa et al.	Jan 2019	B2
20010022607	Takahashi et al.	Sep 2001	A1
20020041317	Kashiwazaki et al.	Apr 2002	A1
20020064404	Iwai	May 2002	A1
20020102374	Gervasi et al.	Aug 2002	A1
20020121220	Lin	Sep 2002	A1
20020150408	Mosher et al.	Oct 2002	A1
20020164494	Grant et al.	Nov 2002	A1
20020197481	Jing et al.	Dec 2002	A1
20030004025	Okuno et al.	Jan 2003	A1
20030018119	Frenkel et al.	Jan 2003	A1
20030030686	Abe et al.	Feb 2003	A1
20030032700	Morrison et al.	Feb 2003	A1
20030043258	Kerr et al.	Mar 2003	A1
20030054139	Ylitalo et al.	Mar 2003	A1
20030055129	Alford	Mar 2003	A1
20030063179	Adachi	Apr 2003	A1
20030081964	Shimura	May 2003	A1
20030118381	Law	Jun 2003	A1
20030129435	Blankenship et al.	Jul 2003	A1
20030186147	Pickering et al.	Oct 2003	A1
20030214568	Nishikawa et al.	Nov 2003	A1
20030234849	Pan et al.	Dec 2003	A1
20040003863	Eckhardt	Jan 2004	A1
20040020382	McLean et al.	Feb 2004	A1
20040047666	Imaizumi et al.	Mar 2004	A1
20040087707	Zoch et al.	May 2004	A1
20040173111	Okuda	Sep 2004	A1
20040228642	Iida et al.	Nov 2004	A1
20040246324	Nakashima	Dec 2004	A1
20040246326	Dwyer et al.	Dec 2004	A1
20050082146	Axmann	Apr 2005	A1
20050110855	Taniuchi et al.	May 2005	A1
20050134874	Overall et al.	Jun 2005	A1
20050150408	Hesterman	Jul 2005	A1
20050195235	Kitao	Sep 2005	A1
20050235870	Ishihara	Oct 2005	A1
20050266332	Pavlisko et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20050272334	Wang et al.	Dec 2005	A1
20060004123	Wu et al.	Jan 2006	A1
20060135709	Hasegawa et al.	Jun 2006	A1
20060164488	Taniuchi et al.	Jul 2006	A1
20060233578	Maki et al.	Oct 2006	A1
20060286462	Jackson et al.	Dec 2006	A1
20070014595	Kawagoe	Jan 2007	A1
20070025768	Komatsu et al.	Feb 2007	A1
20070029171	Nemedi	Feb 2007	A1
20070054981	Yanagi et al.	Mar 2007	A1
20070120927	Snyder et al.	May 2007	A1
20070123642	Banning et al.	May 2007	A1
20070134030	Lior et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070144368	Barazani et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070147894	Yokota et al.	Jun 2007	A1
20070166071	Shima	Jul 2007	A1
20070176995	Kadomatsu et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070189819	Uehara et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070199457	Cyman et al.	Aug 2007	A1
20070229639	Yahiro	Oct 2007	A1
20070285486	Harris et al.	Dec 2007	A1
20080006176	Houjou	Jan 2008	A1
20080030536	Furukawa et al.	Feb 2008	A1
20080032072	Taniuchi et al.	Feb 2008	A1
20080044587	Maeno et al.	Feb 2008	A1
20080055356	Yamanobe	Mar 2008	A1
20080055381	Doi et al.	Mar 2008	A1
20080074462	Hirakawa	Mar 2008	A1
20080112912	Springob et al.	May 2008	A1
20080138546	Soria et al.	Jun 2008	A1
20080166495	Maeno et al.	Jul 2008	A1
20080167185	Hirota	Jul 2008	A1
20080175612	Oikawa et al.	Jul 2008	A1
20080196612	Rancourt et al.	Aug 2008	A1
20080196621	Ikuno et al.	Aug 2008	A1
20080236480	Furukawa et al.	Oct 2008	A1
20080253812	Pearce et al.	Oct 2008	A1
20090022504	Kuwabara et al.	Jan 2009	A1
20090041932	Ishizuka et al.	Feb 2009	A1
20090074492	Ito	Mar 2009	A1
20090082503	Yanagi et al.	Mar 2009	A1
20090087565	Houjou	Apr 2009	A1
20090098385	Kaemper et al.	Apr 2009	A1
20090116885	Ando	May 2009	A1
20090148200	Hara et al.	Jun 2009	A1
20090165937	Inoue et al.	Jul 2009	A1
20090190951	Torimaru et al.	Jul 2009	A1
20090202275	Nishida et al.	Aug 2009	A1
20090211490	Ikuno et al.	Aug 2009	A1
20090220873	Enomoto et al.	Sep 2009	A1
20090237479	Yamashita et al.	Sep 2009	A1
20090256896	Scarlata	Oct 2009	A1
20090279170	Miyazaki et al.	Nov 2009	A1
20090315926	Yamanobe	Dec 2009	A1
20090317555	Hori	Dec 2009	A1
20090318591	Ageishi et al.	Dec 2009	A1
20100012023	Lefevre et al.	Jan 2010	A1
20100053292	Thayer et al.	Mar 2010	A1
20100053293	Thayer et al.	Mar 2010	A1
20100066796	Yanagi et al.	Mar 2010	A1
20100075843	Ikuno et al.	Mar 2010	A1
20100086692	Ohta et al.	Apr 2010	A1
20100091064	Araki et al.	Apr 2010	A1
20100111577	Soria et al.	May 2010	A1
20100231623	Hirato	Sep 2010	A1
20100239789	Umeda	Sep 2010	A1
20100282100	Okuda et al.	Nov 2010	A1
20100285221	Oki et al.	Nov 2010	A1
20100303504	Funamoto et al.	Dec 2010	A1
20100310281	Miura et al.	Dec 2010	A1
20110044724	Funamoto et al.	Feb 2011	A1
20110058001	Gila et al.	Mar 2011	A1
20110085828	Kosako et al.	Apr 2011	A1
20110128300	Gay et al.	Jun 2011	A1
20110141188	Morita	Jun 2011	A1
20110150509	Komiya	Jun 2011	A1
20110150541	Michibata	Jun 2011	A1
20110169889	Kojima et al.	Jul 2011	A1
20110195260	Lee et al.	Aug 2011	A1
20110199414	Lang	Aug 2011	A1
20110234683	Komatsu	Sep 2011	A1
20110234689	Saito	Sep 2011	A1
20110249090	Moore et al.	Oct 2011	A1
20110269885	Imai	Nov 2011	A1
20110279554	Dannhauser et al.	Nov 2011	A1
20110304674	Sambhy et al.	Dec 2011	A1
20120013693	Tasaka et al.	Jan 2012	A1
20120013694	Kanke	Jan 2012	A1
20120013928	Yoshida et al.	Jan 2012	A1
20120026224	Anthony et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120039647	Brewington et al.	Feb 2012	A1
20120094091	Van et al.	Apr 2012	A1
20120098882	Onishi et al.	Apr 2012	A1
20120105561	Taniuchi et al.	May 2012	A1
20120105562	Sekiguchi et al.	May 2012	A1
20120113180	Tanaka et al.	May 2012	A1
20120113203	Kushida et al.	May 2012	A1
20120127250	Kanasugi et al.	May 2012	A1
20120127251	Tsuji et al.	May 2012	A1
20120140009	Kanasugi et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120156375	Brust et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120156624	Rondon et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120162302	Oguchi et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120163846	Andoh et al.	Jun 2012	A1
20120194830	Gaertner et al.	Aug 2012	A1
20120237260	Sengoku et al.	Sep 2012	A1
20120287260	Lu et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120301186	Yang et al.	Nov 2012	A1
20120314077	Clavenna, II et al.	Dec 2012	A1
20130044188	Nakamura et al.	Feb 2013	A1
20130057603	Gordon	Mar 2013	A1
20130088543	Tsuji et al.	Apr 2013	A1
20130120513	Thayer et al.	May 2013	A1
20130201237	Thomson et al.	Aug 2013	A1
20130242016	Edwards et al.	Sep 2013	A1
20130338273	Shimanaka et al.	Dec 2013	A1
20140001013	Takifuji et al.	Jan 2014	A1
20140011125	Inoue et al.	Jan 2014	A1
20140043398	Butler et al.	Feb 2014	A1
20140104360	Häcker et al.	Apr 2014	A1
20140232782	Mukai et al.	Aug 2014	A1
20140267777	Le Clerc et al.	Sep 2014	A1
20140339056	Iwakoshi et al.	Nov 2014	A1
20150022602	Landa et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150024648	Landa et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150025179	Landa et al.	Jan 2015	A1
20150072090	Landa et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150085036	Liu et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150085037	Liu et al.	Mar 2015	A1
20150118503	Landa et al.	Apr 2015	A1
20150195509	Phipps	Jul 2015	A1
20150210065	Kelly et al.	Jul 2015	A1
20150304531	Rodriguez et al.	Oct 2015	A1
20150336378	Guttmann et al.	Nov 2015	A1
20160075130	Landa et al.	Mar 2016	A1
20160207306	Landa et al.	Jul 2016	A1
20160222232	Landa et al.	Aug 2016	A1
20160286462	Gohite et al.	Sep 2016	A1
20160297190	Landa et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20160297978	Landa et al.	Oct 2016	A1
20170028688	Dannhauser et al.	Feb 2017	A1
20170080705	Shmaiser et al.	Mar 2017	A1
20170104887	Nomura	Apr 2017	A1
20170192374	Landa et al.	Jul 2017	A1
20170244956	Stiglic et al.	Aug 2017	A1
20170361602	Landa et al.	Dec 2017	A1
20180065358	Landa et al.	Mar 2018	A1
20180093470	Landa et al.	Apr 2018	A1
20180117906	Landa et al.	May 2018	A1
20180126726	Shmaiser et al.	May 2018	A1
20180134031	Shmaiser et al.	May 2018	A1
20180259888	Mitsui et al.	Sep 2018	A1
20190023000	Landa et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190023919	Landa et al.	Jan 2019	A1
20190084295	Shmaiser et al.	Mar 2019	A1

Foreign Referenced Citations (212)

Number	Date	Country
1200085	Nov 1998	CN
1493514	May 2004	CN
1720187	Jan 2006	CN
1261831	Jun 2006	CN
1809460	Jul 2006	CN
1289368	Dec 2006	CN
101177057	May 2008	CN
101835611	Sep 2010	CN
101873982	Oct 2010	CN
102555450	Jul 2012	CN
102925002	Feb 2013	CN
103991293	Aug 2014	CN
104618642	May 2015	CN
102010060999	Jun 2012	DE
0457551	Nov 1991	EP
0606490	Jul 1994	EP
0609076	Aug 1994	EP
0613791	Sep 1994	EP
0530627	Mar 1997	EP
0784244	Jul 1997	EP
0843236	May 1998	EP
0854398	Jul 1998	EP
1013466	Jun 2000	EP
1146090	Oct 2001	EP
1158029	Nov 2001	EP
0825029	May 2002	EP
1247821	Oct 2002	EP
0867483	Jun 2003	EP
1454968	Sep 2004	EP
1503326	Feb 2005	EP
2028238	Feb 2009	EP
2065194	Jun 2009	EP
2228210	Sep 2010	EP
2270070	Jan 2011	EP
2042318	Feb 2011	EP
2042325	Feb 2012	EP
2683556	Jan 2014	EP
2075635	Oct 2014	EP
748821	May 1956	GB
1496016	Dec 1977	GB
1520932	Aug 1978	GB
1522175	Aug 1978	GB
2321430	Jul 1998	GB
S567968	Jan 1981	JP
S6076343	Apr 1985	JP
S60199692	Oct 1985	JP
H05147208	Jun 1993	JP
H05297737	Nov 1993	JP
H06100807	Apr 1994	JP
H06171076	Jun 1994	JP
H07112841	May 1995	JP
H07238243	Sep 1995	JP
H08112970	May 1996	JP
2529651	Aug 1996	JP
H09123432	May 1997	JP
H09281851	Oct 1997	JP
H09314867	Dec 1997	JP
H11503244	Mar 1999	JP
H11106081	Apr 1999	JP
2000108320	Apr 2000	JP
2000169772	Jun 2000	JP
2001206522	Jul 2001	JP
2002169383	Jun 2002	JP
2002229276	Aug 2002	JP
2002234243	Aug 2002	JP
2002278365	Sep 2002	JP
2002304066	Oct 2002	JP
2002326733	Nov 2002	JP
2002371208	Dec 2002	JP
2003057967	Feb 2003	JP
2003114558	Apr 2003	JP
2003211770	Jul 2003	JP
2003219271	Jul 2003	JP
2003246484	Sep 2003	JP
2003292855	Oct 2003	JP
2004009632	Jan 2004	JP
2004019022	Jan 2004	JP
2004025708	Jan 2004	JP
2004034441	Feb 2004	JP
2004077669	Mar 2004	JP
2004114377	Apr 2004	JP
2004114675	Apr 2004	JP
2004148687	May 2004	JP
2004231711	Aug 2004	JP
2004524190	Aug 2004	JP
2004325782	Nov 2004	JP
2005014255	Jan 2005	JP
2005014256	Jan 2005	JP
2005114769	Apr 2005	JP
2005215247	Aug 2005	JP
2005319593	Nov 2005	JP
2006001688	Jan 2006	JP
2006095870	Apr 2006	JP
2006102975	Apr 2006	JP
2006137127	Jun 2006	JP
2006143778	Jun 2006	JP
2006152133	Jun 2006	JP
2006243212	Sep 2006	JP
2006263984	Oct 2006	JP
2006347081	Dec 2006	JP
2006347085	Dec 2006	JP
2007041530	Feb 2007	JP
2007069584	Mar 2007	JP
2007190745	Aug 2007	JP
2007216673	Aug 2007	JP
2007253347	Oct 2007	JP
2007334125	Dec 2007	JP
2008006816	Jan 2008	JP
2008018716	Jan 2008	JP
2008019286	Jan 2008	JP
2008142962	Jun 2008	JP
2008532794	Aug 2008	JP
2008201564	Sep 2008	JP
2008246990	Oct 2008	JP
2008255135	Oct 2008	JP
2009045794	Mar 2009	JP
2009083314	Apr 2009	JP
2009083317	Apr 2009	JP
2009083325	Apr 2009	JP
2009096175	May 2009	JP
2009148908	Jul 2009	JP
2009154330	Jul 2009	JP
2009190375	Aug 2009	JP
2009202355	Sep 2009	JP
2009214318	Sep 2009	JP
2009214439	Sep 2009	JP
2009226852	Oct 2009	JP
2009233977	Oct 2009	JP
2009234219	Oct 2009	JP
2010054855	Mar 2010	JP
2010105365	May 2010	JP
2010173201	Aug 2010	JP
2010184376	Aug 2010	JP
2010214885	Sep 2010	JP
2010228192	Oct 2010	JP
2010234681	Oct 2010	JP
2010241073	Oct 2010	JP
2010247528	Nov 2010	JP
2010258193	Nov 2010	JP
2010260204	Nov 2010	JP
2010260287	Nov 2010	JP
2010260302	Nov 2010	JP
2010286570	Dec 2010	JP
2011002532	Jan 2011	JP
2011025431	Feb 2011	JP
2011133884	Jul 2011	JP
2011144271	Jul 2011	JP
2011173325	Sep 2011	JP
2011173326	Sep 2011	JP
2011186346	Sep 2011	JP
2011189627	Sep 2011	JP
2011224032	Nov 2011	JP
2012042943	Mar 2012	JP
2012086499	May 2012	JP
2012111194	Jun 2012	JP
2012126123	Jul 2012	JP
2012139905	Jul 2012	JP
2013001081	Jan 2013	JP
2013060299	Apr 2013	JP
2013103474	May 2013	JP
2013121671	Jun 2013	JP
2013129158	Jul 2013	JP
2180675	Mar 2002	RU
2282643	Aug 2006	RU
8600327	Jan 1986	WO
9307000	Apr 1993	WO
WO-9604339	Feb 1996	WO
WO-9631809	Oct 1996	WO
WO-9707991	Mar 1997	WO
9736210	Oct 1997	WO
9821251	May 1998	WO
9855901	Dec 1998	WO
WO 9942509	Aug 1999	WO
WO-9943502	Sep 1999	WO
WO-0154902	Aug 2001	WO
0170512	Sep 2001	WO
WO-02078868	Oct 2002	WO
WO-02094912	Nov 2002	WO
2004113082	Dec 2004	WO
2004113450	Dec 2004	WO
WO-2006051733	May 2006	WO
2006069205	Jun 2006	WO
2006073696	Jul 2006	WO
2006091957	Aug 2006	WO
2007009871	Jan 2007	WO
WO-2007145378	Dec 2007	WO
WO-2008078841	Jul 2008	WO
2009025809	Feb 2009	WO
WO-2009134273	Nov 2009	WO
WO-2010042784	Jul 2010	WO
WO-2011142404	Nov 2011	WO
WO-2012014825	Feb 2012	WO
WO-2012148421	Nov 2012	WO
WO 2013060377	May 2013	WO
2013087249	Jun 2013	WO
2013132339	Sep 2013	WO
2013132356	Sep 2013	WO
2013132418	Sep 2013	WO
2013132419	Sep 2013	WO
2013132420	Sep 2013	WO
2013132424	Sep 2013	WO
2013132432	Sep 2013	WO
2013136220	Sep 2013	WO
WO-2013132340	Sep 2013	WO
WO-2013132343	Sep 2013	WO
WO-2013132345	Sep 2013	WO
WO-2013132438	Sep 2013	WO
WO-2013132439	Sep 2013	WO
2015036864	Mar 2015	WO
2015036960	Mar 2015	WO
WO-2015036906	Mar 2015	WO
WO-2016166690	Oct 2016	WO

Non-Patent Literature Citations (143)

Entry
JP2010-173201 Abstract; Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 12, 2010; Richo Co Ltd.
JP2010228192 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Oct. 14, 2010 Fuji Xerox.
JP2010-241073 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 28, 2010; Canon Inc.
JP2010-286570 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Dec. 24, 2010 Nakamura, Sharp KK.
JP2011-025431 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Feb. 10, 2011; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2011-173325 Abstract; Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 8, 2011; Canon Inc.
JP2011-173326 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 8, 2011; Canon Inc.
JP2011186346 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Sep. 22, 2011 Seiko Epson Corp, Nishimura et al.
JP2011224032 Machine Translation (by EPO & Google)—published Jul. 5, 2012 Canon KK.
JP2012-086499 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 10, 2012; Canon Inc.
JP2012-111194 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 14, 2012; Konica Minolta.
JP201242943 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Mar. 1, 2012—Xerox Corporation.
JPH05147208 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 15, 1993—Mita Industrial Co Ltd.
JPS56-7968 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation); published on Jun 28, 1979, Shigeyoshi et al.
Machine Translation (by EPO and Google) of JPH70112841 published on May 2, 1995 Canon KK.
Thomas E. F., “CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition, vol. 1” CRC Press LLC, 1972, p. 231.
WO2013/087249 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 20, 2013; Koenig & Bauer AG.
BASF , “JONCRYL 537”, Datasheet , Retrieved from the Internet : Mar. 23, 2007 p. 1.
CN101177057 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 14, 2008 - Hangzhou Yuanyang Industry Co.
CN101835611 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 15, 2010—RR Donnelley.
CN102925002 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Feb. 13, 2013; Jiangnan University, Fu et al.
CN1720187 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google): published on Jan. 11, 2006, Rocoh KK, Hideo et al.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/871,797, filed Jan. 15, 2018.
DE102010060999 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 6, 2012; Wolf, Roland, Dr.-Ing.
JP2000-169772 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 20, 2000; Tokyo Ink MFG Co Ltd.
JP2001/206522 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Jul. 31, 2001; Nitto Denko Corp, Kato et al.
JP2002-169383 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Jun. 14, 2002 Richo KK.
JP2002-234243 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 20, 2002; Hitachi Koki Co Ltd.
JP2002-278365 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Sep. 27, 2002 Katsuaki, Ricoh KK.
JP2002-326733 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Nov. 12, 2002; Kyocera Mita Corp.
JP2002-371208 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Dec. 26, 2002; Canon Inc.
JP2003-114558 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Apr. 18, 2003 Mitsubishi Chem Corp, Yuka Denshi Co Ltd. et al.
JP2003-211770 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jul. 29, 2003 Hitachi Printing Solutions.
JP2003-246484 Machine Translation (English machine translation)—published Sep, 2, 2003 Kyocera Corp.
JP2004-114377 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 15, 2004; Konica Minolta Holdings Inc, et al.
JP2004-114675 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 15, 2004; Canon Inc.
JP2004-231711 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 19, 2004; Seiko Epson Corp.
JP2005-014255 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 20, 2005; Canon Inc.
JP2005-014256 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 20, 2005; Canon Inc.
JP2006-102975 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 20, 2006; Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd.
JP2006-137127 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 1, 2006; Konica Minolta Med & Graphic.
JP2006-347081 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Dec. 28, 2006; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2007-069584 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Mar. 22, 2007 Fujifilm.
JP2007190745 Machine Translation (by EPO & Google machine translation)—published Aug. 2, 2007 Fuji Xerox Co.
JP2007-216673 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 30, 2007 Brother Ind.
JP2007334125 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Dec. 27, 2007 Ricoh KK; Nisshin Kagaku Kogyo KK.
JP2008-006816 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 7. 2008; Fujifilm Corp.
JP2008-018716 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 31, 2008; Canon Inc.
JP2008019286 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Jan. 31, 2008 Fujifilm Corp.
JP2008-142962 Machine Translation (by EPO and Goog(e)—published Jun. 26, 2008; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2008-201564 Machine Translation (English machine translation)—published Sep. 4, 2008 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2008-255135 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 23, 2008; Fujifilm Corp.
JP2008532794 Machine Translation (by EPO & Google machine translation)—published Oct. 13. 2011 E.I. Dupont De Nemours and Company.
JP2009-045794 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Mar. 5, 2009; Fujifilm Corp.
JP2009-083317 Abstract; Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 23, 2009; Fuji Film Corp.
JP2009-083325 Abstract; Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 23, 2009 Fujifilm.
JP2009096175 Machine Translation (EPO, PlatPat and Google) published on May 7, 2009 Fujifilm Corp.
JP2009-154330 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jul. 16, 2009; Seiko Epson Corp.
JP2009-190375 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 27, 2009; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2009-202355 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 10, 2009; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2009-214318 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 24, 2009 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2009214439 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Sep. 24, 2009 Fujifilm Corp.
JP2009-226852 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 8, 2009; Hirato Katsuyuki, Fujifilm Corp.
JP2009-233977 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct, 15, 2009; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2009-234219 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 15, 2009; Fujifilm Corp.
JP2010-054855 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Mar. 11, 2010 Itatsu, Fuji Xerox Co.
JP2010-105365 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 13, 2010; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
“Amino Functional Silicone Polymers”, in Xiameter.COPYRGT. 2009 Dow Corning Corporation.
Clariant, “Ultrafine Pigment Dispersion for Design and Creative Materials : Hostafine Pigment Preparation” Retrieved from the Internet : URL: http://www.clariant.com/C125720D002B963C/4352D0BC052E90CEC1257479002707D9/$FILE/DP6208E_0608_FL_Hostafinefordesignandcreativematerials.pdf Jun. 19, 2008.
CN101873982A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 27, 2010; Habasit AG, Delair et al.
CN102555450A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jul. 11, 2012; Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd, Motoharu et al.
CN103991293A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 20, 2014; Miyakoshi Printing Machinery Co., Ltd, Junichi et al.
CN104618642 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google); published on May 13, 2015, Yulong Comp Comm Tech Shenzhen.
CN1493514A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 5, 2004; GD SPA, Boderi et al.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/203,472, filed Nov. 28, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/219,582, filed Dec. 13, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/220,193, filed Dec. 14, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/226,726, filed Dec. 20, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/231,693, filed Dec. 24, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/258,758, filed Jan. 28, 2019.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/303,613, filed Nov. 20, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/303,615, filed Nov. 20, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/303,631, filed Nov. 20, 2018.
Handbook of Print Media, 2001, Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp. 127-136,748—With English Translation.
IP.com Search, 2018, 2 pages.
JP2000108320 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Apr. 18, 2000 Brother Ind. Ltd.
JP2002304066A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 18, 2002; PFU Ltd.
JP2003219271 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google); published on Jul. 31, 2003, Japan Broadcasting.
JP2003292855(A) Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 15, 2003; Konishiroku Photo Ind.
JP2004009632(A) Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 15, 2004; Konica Minolta Holdings Inc.
JP2004019022 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 22, 2004; Yamano et al.
JP2004025708(A) Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jan. 29, 2004; Konica Minolta Holdings Inc.
JP2004034441(A) Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Feb. 5, 2004; Konica Minolta Holdings Inc.
JP2004077669 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Mar. 11, 2004 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2004148687A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 27, 2014; Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd.
JP2004325782A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Nov. 18, 2004; Canon KK.
JP2005114769 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Apr, 28, 2005 Ricoh KK.
JP2005215247A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 11, 2005; Toshiba Corp.
JP2006001688 Machine Translation (by PlatPat.English machine translation)—published Jan. 5, 2006 Ricoh KK.
JP2006095870(A) Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 13, 2006; Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd.
JP2006-143778 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Jun. 8, 2006 Sun Bijutsu Insatsu KK et al.
JP2006-152133 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Jun. 15, 2006 Seiko Epson Corp.
JP2006243212 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Sep. 14, 2006 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2006-263984 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Oct. 5, 2006 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd.
JP2006-347085 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Dec. 28, 2006 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2007041530A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Feb. 15, 2007; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2009-083314 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Apr. 23, 2009 Fujifilm Corp.
JP2009148908A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jul. 9, 2009; Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JP2010-184376 Machine Translation (by EPO, PlatPat and Google)—published Aug. 26, 2010 Fujifilm Corp.
JP2010214885A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 30, 2010; Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd.
JP2011002532 Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Jun. 1, 2011 Seiko Epson Corp.
JP2011-144271 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jun. 28, 2011 Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co Ltd.
JP2011189627 Machine Translation (by Google Patents)—published Sep. 29, 2011; Canon KK.
JPH06100807 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 12, 1994; Seiko Instr Inc.
JPH07238243(A) Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Sep. 12, 1995; Seiko Instr Inc.
JPH08112970 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 7, 1996; Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd.
JPH09281851A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 31, 1997; Seiko Epson Corp.
JPH09314867A Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Dec. 9, 1997, Toshiba Corp.
JPH11106081A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 20, 1999; Ricoh KK.
JPH5-297737 Machine Translation (by EPO & Google machine translation)—published Nov. 12, 1993 Fuji Xerox Co Ltd.
JPS6076343A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Apr. 30, 1985; Toray Industries.
Marconi Studios, Virtual SET Real Time; http://www.marconistudios.il/pages/virtualset_en.php.
“Solubility of Alcohol”, in http://www.solubilityoflhings.com/water/alcohol; downloaded on Nov. 30, 2017.
Poly(vinyl acetate) data sheet. PolymerProcessing.com. Copyright 2010. http://polymerprocessing .com/polymers/PV AC.html.
Royal Television Society, The Flight of the Phoenix; https://rts.org.uk/article/flight-phoenix, Jan. 27, 2011.
RU2180675 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Mar. 20, 2002; Zao Rezinotekhnika.
RU2282643 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 27, 2006; Balakovorezinotekhnika Aoot.
JP2004524190A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Aug. 12, 2004; Avery Dennison Corp.
JP2010234681A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 21, 2010; Riso Kagaku Corp.
JP2010260302A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Nov. 18, 2010; Riso Kagaku Corp.
JPH06171076A Machine Translation (by PlatPat English machine translation)—published Jun. 21, 1994, Seiko Epson Corp.
JPS60199692A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 9, 1985; Suwa Seikosha KK.
WO2006051733A1 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 18, 2006; Konica Minolta Med & Graphic.
CN1809460A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Jul. 26, 2006; Canon KK.
JP2007253347A Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 4, 2007; Ricoh KK, Matsuo et al.
JP2529651(B2)Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—issued Aug. 28, 1996; Osaka Sealing Insatsu KK.
Units of Viscosity' published by Hydramotion Ltd. 1 York Road Park, Malton, York Y017 6YA, England; downloaded from www.hydramotion.com website on Jun. 19, 2017.
JP2005319593 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Nov. 17, 2005, Jujo Paper Co Ltd.
JP2008246990 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Oct. 16, 2008, Jujo Paper Co Ltd.
JP2010260287 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published Nov. 18, 2010, Canon KK.
JPH09123432 Machine Translation (by EPO and Google)—published May 13, 1997, Mita Industrial Co Ltd.
Flexicon., “Bulk Handling Equipment and Systems: Carbon Black,” 2018, 2 pages.
The Engineering Toolbox., “Dynamic Viscosity of Common Liquids,” 2018, 4 pages.

Related Publications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	20180079201 A1	Mar 2018	US

Provisional Applications (10)

Number	Date	Country
61640642	Apr 2012	US
61640637	Apr 2012	US
61640493	Apr 2012	US
61637301	Apr 2012	US
61635156	Apr 2012	US
61619546	Apr 2012	US
61611505	Mar 2012	US
61611286	Mar 2012	US
61606913	Mar 2012	US
61876753	Sep 2013	US

Continuations (1)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	14382751		US
Child	15175275		US

Continuation in Parts (3)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	15674811	Aug 2017	US
Child	15827538		US
Parent	15175275	Jun 2016	US
Child	15674811		US
Parent	14917527		US
Child	15674811		US

Digital printing process

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

Field of Search

CPC

International Classifications

Disclaimer

Abstract