Patent Application
20080309538
This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2005-0105729, filed on Nov. 5, 2005 and 10-2005-0110121, filed on 17 Nov. 2005 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a digital/analog converting driver and, more particularly, to a digital/analog converting driver including a resistor string converter and a capacitor converter.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Recently, as the size of a display panel such as used in a television is being increased, the number of digital/analog converters necessary for driving the panel in a source driver IC is also increasing.
Accordingly, as the semiconductor chip area of the digital/analog converter increases, the chip area of the source driver in the display device also increases. This problem seems to be more serious in a 10-bit system for displaying high definition television signals.
Referring to
When the bit number of the digital data DTA input to the resistor string converter 10 is n, the resistor string 12 includes 2n−1 resistors R1, R2, . . . , and R2n−1 which are connected in series. A maximum voltage Vmax and a minimum voltage Vmin are applied across the resistor string 12.
The respective voltages Vi1, Vi2, . . . , and Vik across the resistors R1, R2, . . . , and R2n−1 have voltages between the maximum voltage Vmax and the minimum voltage Vmin.
The decoder 14 receives the digital data OTA and selects and outputs a voltage corresponding to the received digital data DTA from the voltages Vi1, Vi2, . . . , and Vik of the resistor string 12.
The voltages Vo1, Vo2, . . . , and Vok selected by the decoder 14 are supplied to an external device through respective buffers in a buffer unit 20 as analog voltages.
The conventional resistor string converter of
For example, if the size of a decoder in a 6-bit system is 100, the size of a decoder in an 8-bit system is 400 (100×22). Similarly, the size of a decoder in a 10-bit system is 1600(100×24) and the size of a decoder in a 12-bit system is 3200(100×26).
Accordingly, the resistor string converter is not suitable for a high level of integration and cannot be used in the 10-bit system, for example.
In order to address this problem, a capacitor digital/analog converter, hereinafter, referred to as capacitor converter has been proposed.
Referring to
The inputting unit 32 includes switches Sd1 and Sd2, and selects reference voltage Va or Vb according to the logical level of a bit in the input digital data DTA and outputs the selected reference voltage to the converting unit 34.
The converting unit 34 includes a first capacitor C1, a second capacitor C2, and switches Sc1, Sc2, and Sc3. The converting unit 34 repeatedly performs charging and charge distributing operations and outputs an analog voltage V0 having a level corresponding to the input digital data DTA.
The capacitor converter 30 operates as follows.
First, an initial switch Sc3 discharges the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 prior to conversion. The inputting unit 32 outputs either one of the reference voltages Va or Vb to the converting unit 34 according to the logical level of a first bit of the input digital data DTA.
A charging switch Sc1 is closed so that the first capacitor C1 is charged by the reference voltage Va or Vb output from the inputting unit 32.
Next, the charging switch Sc1 is opened and a distribution switch Sc2 is closed such that the charges stored in the first capacitor C1 are distributed to the second capacitor C2. At this time, the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 have the same voltage Va/2 or Vb/2.
Next, the first capacitor C1 is charged by any one of the reference voltages Va and Vb according to the logical level of a second bit of the digital data DTA and the charges are then distributed to the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2.
When digital data having n bits is used, the above processes are performed n times and, thus, an analog voltage Vo having a level corresponding to the input digital data DTA is generated.
Since the conventional capacitor converter includes only a predetermined number of switches and two capacitors regardless of bit number of the digital data, the area thereof is reduced relative to that of the resistor string converter.
When the 10-bit system is composed of the capacitor converter, the area thereof is the same as that of the 6-bit system composed of the resistor string converter.
Since the capacitor converter generates a desired analog voltage through charge distribution from a least significant bit to a most significant bit in the digital data as described above, however, an error may be generated when decoding the most significant bit.
More specifically, if only the logical level of the most significant bit is different from that of the other bits, such as “01111111” or “10000000”, the error probability will be increased.
Referring back to
The charging and distributing operations of the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 are performed by the logical level “1” of the first bit of the digital data DTA (the least significant bit is the first bit to be input) and, thus, the analog voltage Vo becomes 2.5 V.
Next, when the voltage of 5 V is input according to the logical level “1” of a second bit of “101111111”, the voltage division between the first capacitor C1 having 5 V and the second capacitor C2 having 2.5 V are performed and, thus, the analog voltage Vo becomes 3.75 V.
The above process is repeatedly performed. Thereafter, when decoding the logical level “1” of an n−1th bit, a voltage close to the reference voltage (5 V) is output. In other words, after an n−1th converting process, the second capacitor C2 is charged by a voltage close to the maximum Va, which is 5 V.
When the first capacitor C1 is charged by the reference voltage (0 V) according to the logical level “0” of an nth bit and the voltage division between the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 is performed, however, a switching error is typically generated due to a large voltage difference between the capacitors C1 and C2.
Since the switching error is generated when converting the most significant bit for generating a final analog voltage corresponding to the digital data, the error probability is large. As the bit number of the digital data increases, the voltage difference between the capacitors C1 and C2 increases. Thus, the error probability increases even further.
According to the conventional capacitor converter as the bit number of the digital data increases, the error generation frequency also increases. Thus, it is impossible to ensure stability of a multi-bit system using the conventional capacitor converter.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a digital/analog converting driver that can increase area efficiency while ensuring operating accuracy and stability.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a digital/analog converting method that can increase area efficiency while ensuring operating stability.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a digital/analog converting driver that includes a sample-and-hold unit that can select different voltages in a sample mode and a hold mode.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a digital/analog converting method that includes a sample-and-hold operation that can select different voltages in a sample mode and in a hold mode.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention there is provided a digital/analog converting driver that is a combination of a resistor string converter and a capacitor converter and that converts digital data having M+N (M and N are integers) bits into an analog voltage. The digital/analog converting driver includes a first converting unit, a second converting unit, and an analog voltage outputting unit. The first converting unit converts successive M bits of the digital data into a first voltage. The second converting unit converts successive N bits of the digital data into a second voltage. The analog voltage outputting unit adds the first voltage and the second voltage and outputs the added voltage as the analog voltage.
The output range of the first voltage is different from that of the second voltage.
The M bits may be lower M bits of the digital data, and the N bits may be upper N bits of the digital data.
The output range of the first voltage may be smaller than that of the second voltage. The first converting unit and the second converting unit may be different kinds of digital/analog converters.
The first converting unit may be a capacitor converter and the second converter may be a resistor string converter. The capacitor converter may include an inputting unit and a converting unit. The inputting unit may include switches and can output an upper or lower reference voltage corresponding to the logical level of the successive M bits of the digital data
The converting unit of the first converting unit may include a first capacitor, a second capacitor, and switches, and can output the first voltage by performing charging and dividing operations by the upper or lower reference voltage received from the inputting unit.
The resistor string converter may include a resistor string and a decoder.
The resistor string may include a plurality of resistors arranged in a line and having respective reference voltages. The decoder may output one of the reference voltages corresponding to the successive N bits of the digital data as the second voltage.
A difference between the upper and lower reference voltages of the capacitor converter may be the same as a difference between the adjacent reference voltages of the resistor string converter. The first capacitor and the second capacitor may have the same capacitance.
The resistor string may include 2N resistors.
The analog voltage outputting unit may be a buffer. The buffer may include an operational amplifier and a switch. The operational amplifier may include an inverting terminal connected to one end of the second capacitor and a non-inverting terminal that receives the second voltage, and an output terminal connected to the other end of the second capacitor and outputs the analog voltage. The switch may be connected to the output terminal and the inverting terminal of the operational amplifier.
As an example, when M+N is 10, M may be 7 and N may be 3. When M+N is 12, M may be 8 and N may be 4.
The digital/analog converting driver may further include a data dividing unit that divides the digital data into the M bits and the N bits and supplies the M bits and the N bits to the first converting unit and the second converting unit, respectively.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a digital/analog converting method including the steps of inputting digital data having M+N bits to a digital/analog converting driver; dividing the digital data by the M bits and the N bits; converting the M bits and the N bits into corresponding voltages; adding the converted voltages; and outputting the added voltage as an analog voltage.
In the converting of the bits, the M bits and the N bits may be converted using different converting methods. The M bits are the upper M bits of the digital is data and the N bits are the tower N bits of the digital data.
In the converting of the bits, the M bits may be converted using a capacitor converter and the N bits may be converted using a resistor string converter.
In the converting of the bits, the output ranges of the voltages corresponding to the M bits and the N bits may be different from one another.
For example, M may be 7 and N may be 3, or M may be 8 and N may be 4.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a digital/analog converting driver that converts digital data having M+N (M and N are integers) bits into an analog voltage. The digital/analog converting driver includes a first converting unit, a second converting unit, and a sample-and-hold unit.
The first converting unit converts M bits of the digital data into a first voltage. The second converting unit converts N bits of the digital data into a second voltage. The sample-and-hold unit samples the second voltage in a sample mode, and outputs the analog voltage by adding the first voltage and the second voltage in a hold mode.
The sample-and-hold unit may receive an initial reference voltage and sample the second voltage in the sample mode, the sample-and-hold unit may receive the first voltage and output the analog voltage in the hold mode. Here, the initial reference voltage and the first voltage may have different voltage levels.
The digital/analog converting driver may further include a voltage selecting unit. The voltage selecting unit may receive the first voltage from the first converting unit and selectively output the initial reference voltage or the first voltage to the sample-and-hold unit.
An interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage may be different from an interval between the voltage levels of the second voltage. The interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage may be smaller than the interval between the voltage levels of the second voltage.
The M bits may be lower M bits of the digital data and the N bits may be upper N bits of the digital data.
The first converting unit may be a resistor string converter that includes a plurality of resistors connected in series and having the same resistance. The second converting unit may be a resistor string converter that includes a plurality of resistors connected in series and the same resistance.
The first converting unit may include 2M resistors connected in series between the first reference voltage and the initial reference voltage, the second converting unit may include 2N resistors connected in series between the second reference voltage and the initial reference voltage, and the second reference voltage may be 2N times the first reference voltage.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a digital/analog converting driver that converts digital data having M+N (M and N are integers) bits into an analog voltage. The digital/analog converting driver includes a first converting unit, a second converting unit, and an analog voltage outputting unit. The first converting unit converts successive M bits of the digital data into a first voltage. The second converting unit converts successive N bits of the digital data into a second voltage. The analog voltage outputting unit adds the first voltage and the second voltage and outputs the added voltage as the analog voltage. Here, an interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage may be different from an interval between the voltage levels of the second voltage.
The interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage may be smaller than the interval between the voltage levels of the second voltage. The M bits may be lower M bits of the digital data and the N bits may be upper N bits of the digital data.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a digital/analog converting method that converts digital data having M+N (M and N are integers) bits into an analog voltage. The digital/analog converting method includes a first converting operation, a second converting operations and a sample-and-hold operation. In the first converting operation M bits of the digital data are converted into a first voltage. In the second converting unit, N bits of the digital data are converted into a second voltage. In the sample-and-hold operation, the second voltage is sampled in a sample mode, the first voltage and the second voltage are added in a hold mode, and the analog voltage is output.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be understood in more detail from the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the attached drawings in which:
The attached drawings for illustrating exemplary embodiments of the present invention are referred to in order to gain a sufficient understanding of the present invention, the merits thereof and the objectives accomplished by the implementation of the present invention.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail by explaining exemplary embodiments of the invention with reference to the attached drawings, Like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements.
Referring to
The first converting unit 120 converts successive M bits of the digital data DTA into a first voltage V1. The second converting unit 140 converts successive N bits of the digital data OTA into a second voltage V2.
The digital/analog converting driver 100 may further include a data dividing unit 180 that divides the digital data DTA into the M bits and the N bits and supplies the M bits and the N bits to the first converting unit 120 and the second converting unit 140, respectively.
Referring to
In other words, the first converting unit 120 converts the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0] of the digital data DTA and the second converting unit 140 converts the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M−1] of the digital data OTA.
Referring back to
Referring to
The inputting unit 122 includes switches S1221 and S1222 and outputs an upper reference voltage Vup or a lower reference voltage Vdown according to the logical level “0” or “1” of each bit of the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0] of the digital data DTA.
Referring to
When the input bit value is a logical level “1”, the NMOS transistor S1221 is turned on and, thus, the upper reference voltage Vup is supplied to the converting unit 124. When the input bit value is a logical level “0”, the PMOS transistor S1222 is turned on and, thus, the lower reference voltage Vdown is supplied to the converting unit 124.
Referring back to
The converting unit 124 operates as follows. When the upper or lower reference voltage Vup or Vdown is supplied from the inputting unit 122, the first capacitor C1 is charged by the upper or lower reference voltage Vup or Vdown.
When the input bit value is the logical level “0”, the first capacitor C1 is charged by the lower reference voltage Vdown. When the input bit value is the logical level “1”, the first capacitor C1 is charged by the upper reference voltage Vup.
The second capacitor C2 becomes connected to the first capacitor C1 upon the occurrence of a specific control signal (not shown). The control signal is generated by inputting the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0] of the digital data DTA to the inputting unit 122. This control signal controls switch S1241.
Then, charges are distributed from the first capacitor C1 to the second capacitor C2 upon closing switch S1241 in response to the control signal fed thereto. When the capacitance of the first capacitor C1 is equal to that of the second capacitor C2, the same amount of charges are stored in the first capacitor C1 as in the second capacitor C2.
When the above process is repeatedly performed, the amount of the charges stored in the second capacitor C2 increases or decreases according to the logical level of each bit of the input lower M bits DTA[M−1:0]. When the above process is repeatedly performed M times, the second capacitor C2 is charged by a voltage corresponding to the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0].
As the result the first voltage V1 is generated according to the amount of the charges stored in the second capacitor C2.
The capacitor converter 120 may further include a switch S1242 that is connected in parallel with the second capacitor C2 and that discharges and initializes the first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2.
Referring to
The switch S164 is connected between the non-inverting terminal and the output terminal of the operational amplifier 162. The switch S164 is turned on so that the inverting terminal voltage of the operational amplifier 162 is initialized to the non-inverting terminal voltage, that is the second voltage V2. Thereafter when the switch S164 is turned off in response to the control signal, the first voltage V1 is applied to the inverting terminal.
Accordingly, the analog voltage outputting unit 160 outputs the analog voltage VANL that is the sum of the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2.
Referring to
As described above, the resistor string converter 140 converts the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M−1] of the digital data DTA. The resistor string 142 includes 2N resistors connected in series, and a maximum voltage Vmax and a minimum voltage Vmin in the output range of the second voltage V2 are applied across the resistor string 142.
In the resistor string 142, the 2N resistors R1, R2, . . . , and R2N−1 are arranged in series and have reference voltages Vr1, V2r, . . . , and Vr2N across them, respectively. The decoder 144 selects one of the reference voltages Vr1, V2r, . . . , and Vr2N.
At this time, since 2N voltage levels are necessary for converting the upper N bits, the reference voltages of the resistor string converter 140 are multiples of a value obtained by dividing a difference (Vmax−Vmin) between the maximum voltage Vmax and the minimum voltage Vmin by 2N.
When the resistor string converter 140 receives the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M−1] of the digital data DTA, the decoder 144 outputs a reference voltage according to each of the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M−1] as the second voltage V2.
Referring to
The output ranges of the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2 are different from each other. In particular, the output range of the first voltage V1 may be smaller than that of the second voltage V2. For example, the first voltage V1 may have the voltage level in the output range of 5 mV, and the second voltage V2 may have the voltage level in the output range of 5 V.
Referring back to
For example, when M+N, that is, the bit number of the digital data DTA is 10, M is 7 and N is 3, and, when M+N is 12, M is 8 and N is 4.
Suppose that the error rate of the capacitor converter unit in the 10-bit or 12-bit system is 1. The above examples are selected in order to reduce the error rate to about 10% when converting the 10-bit or 12-bit digital data by the digital/analog converting driver according to an exemplary embodiments of the present embodiment.
Accordingly, when M+N is 10, M may be smaller than 7 and, when M+N is 12, M may be smaller than 8. When M becomes smaller than a predetermined number, however, the number of the upper N bits that will be processed in the resistor string converter increases.
Thus, M and N must be determined in consideration of the principle that the area of the digital/analog converting driver increases as the value of M decreases.
When M and N are determined to be the above values, the area of the converter according to the exemplary embodiment is about a half of that of the conventional resistor string converter of the 8-bit system. Furthermore, since a most significant bit that can generate a largest error is converted by the resistor string converter, the stability of the system is greatly improved.
Referring to
The digital/analog converting method according to the exemplary embodiment has the same technical spirit as that of the digital/analog converting driver and corresponds to the operation of the digital/analog converting driver described above. Accordingly, the digital/analog converting method according to the exemplary embodiment can be easily understood from the above description by those of ordinary skill in the art and, thus, their description will be omitted.
Referring to
The first converting unit 220 converts M bits of the digital data OTA fed in through a data dividing unit 210 into a first voltage V1. The second converting unit 240 converts N bits of the digital data OTA into a second voltage V2.
The sample-and-hold unit 250 samples the second voltage V2 in a sample mode and outputs the analog voltage VANL by adding the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2 in a hold mode. In the sample mode, the sample-and-hold unit 250 receives an initial reference voltage VREF_INIT through the voltage selecting unit 230 and samples the second voltage V2 in the sample mode. In the hold mode, the sample-and-hold unit 250 receives the first voltage V1 and adds the second voltage V2 and the first voltage V1 thereby outputting the analog voltage VANL.
The initial reference voltage VREF_INIT and the first voltage VA have different voltage levels. Thus, the sample-and-hold unit 250 in the digital/analog converting driver 200 according to the exemplary embodiment performs a sample-and-hold function using the different voltages in the sample mode and the hold mode.
The digital/analog converting driver 200 further includes the voltage selecting unit 230. The voltage selecting unit 230 receives the first voltage V1 from the first converting unit 220 and selectively outputs the initial reference VREF_INIT or the first voltage V1 to the sample-and-hold unit 250.
The digital/analog converting driver 200 further includes the data dividing unit 210 that divides the digital data DTA into M bits and N bits and supplies the M bits and the N bits to the first converting unit 220 and the second converting unit 240, respectively.
Referring to
The plurality of resistors RA1 to RA2M of the first converting unit 220 are connected to one another in series between a first reference voltage VREF1 and the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT. Furthermore, the plurality of resistors RB1 to RB2N of the second converting unit 240 are connected to one another in series between a second reference voltage VREF2 and the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT. The second reference voltage VREF2 is 2N times the first reference voltage VREF1.
The initial reference voltage VREF_INIT indicates a predetermined reference voltage and may be a ground voltage. For convenience sake, supposing that the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT is the ground voltage, the operation of the digital/analog converting driver 200 will be described.
The plurality of resistors RA1 to RA2M of the first converting unit 220 may all have the same resistance value. The plurality of resistors RB1 to RB2N of the second converting unit 240 may also all have the same resistance value.
The resistor string of the first converting unit 220 outputs 2M voltages VA1 to VA2M through nodes between the plurality of resistors RA1 to RA2M. The 2M voltages VA1 to VA2M are divided voltages between the first reference voltage VREF1 and the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT. The first decoder 225 selects and outputs a voltage corresponding to the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0] of the digital data DTA from the 2M voltages VA1 to VA2M. Accordingly, the first converting unit 220 converts the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0] of the digital data DTA into the first voltage V1.
The resistor string of the second converting unit 240 outputs 2N voltages VB1 to VB2N through nodes between the plurality of resistors RB1 to RB2N. The 2N voltages VB1 to VB2N are divided voltages between the second reference voltage VREF2 and the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT. The second decoder 245 selects and outputs a voltage corresponding to the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M−1] of the digital data DTA from the 2N voltages VB1 to VB2N. Accordingly, the second converting unit 240 converts the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M−1] of the digital data DTA into the second voltage V2.
Referring to
Accordingly, the interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage V1 is different from the interval between the voltage levels of the second voltage V2. More specifically, the interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage V1 may be smaller than the interval between the voltage levels of the second voltage V2.
The second converting unit 240 converts the upper N bits DTA[M+N−1:M] of the digital data DTA into the second voltage V2 having a relatively large voltage level interval and the first converting unit 220 converts the lower M bits DTA[M−1:0] of the digital data DTA into the first voltage V1 having a relatively small voltage level interval.
The analog voltage VANL output from the digital/analog converter 200 has a resolution that corresponds to the interval between the voltage levels of the first voltage V1.
Furthermore, the second reference voltage VREF2 may be 2N times the first reference voltage VREF1. In this case, the interval between the adjacent voltage levels of the second voltage V2 is the same as the first reference voltage VREF1 of the first converting unit 220.
Referring back to
The sample-and-hold unit 250 includes an operational amplifier OP1, a holding capacitor C_HOLD, a first switch SW1, a second switch SW2, and a third switch SW3. The sample-and-hold unit 250 operates in the sample mode and the hold mode. Hereinafter, the operation of the sample-and-hold unit 250 in each mode will be described in detail.
Hereinafter, for convenience sake, assuming that the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT is a ground voltage, the operation of the sample-and-hold unit will be described.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The initial reference voltage VREF and the first voltage V1 are different from each other. Accordingly, the sample-and-hold unit 250 of the digital/analog converting driver 200 according to the exemplary embodiment performs the sample-and-hold function using the different voltages in the sample mode and the hold mode. In other words, in the sample modes the sample-and-hold unit 250 receives the initial reference voltage VREF_INIT and outputs the second voltage V2 having a large voltage level interval. In the hold mode, the sample-and-hold unit 250 receives the first voltage V1 and outputs the sum of the first voltage V1 having a small voltage level interval and the second voltage V2.
The digital/analog converting driver 200 according to the exemplary embodiment can output the analog voltage having the same resolution as that of the digital/analog converter 100, while occupying a smaller circuit area than that of the digital/analog converter 100.
Referring to
Referring to
More specifically, in
Accordingly, the digital/analog converting driver 200 includes the smaller number of the resistors than the resistors in the digital/analog converter 100 by 2K−2(k/2+1) and has the same resolution as that of VREF/2K.
Referring to
The digital data converting operation 610 includes a first converting operation for converting the M bits of the digital data into a first voltage and a second converting operation for converting the N bits of the digital data into a second voltage.
The sample and hold operations 620 and 630 include a sample operation and a hold operation, respectively. In the sample operation 620, an initial voltage is input and the second voltage is sampled. In the hold operation 630, the first voltage is input and the sum of the first voltage and the second voltage is output as the analog voltage.
The digital/analog converting method 600 according to the exemplary embodiment has the same technical spirit as that of the digital/analog converting driver 200 and corresponds to the operation of the digital/analog converting driver 200. Accordingly, the digital/analog converting method 600 according to the exemplary embodiment can be easily understood from the above description by those of ordinary skill in the art and, thus a description thereof will be omitted.
As described above, by using the digital/analog converting device and the digital/analog converting method according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to reduce the area of the converter while maintaining the same resolution as that of a general digital/analog converter.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2005-0105729 | Nov 2005 | KR | national |
| 10-2005-0110121 | Nov 2005 | KR | national |
