Dihydrostilbene alkanoic acid derivatives

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to pharmaceutical agents (compounds) which are αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 integrin antagonists and as such are useful in pharmaceutical compositions and in methods for treating conditions mediated by αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 integrins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The integrin αVβ3 (also known as vitronectin receptor), is a member of the integrin family of heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein complexes that mediate cellular adhesion events and signal transduction processes. Integrin αVβ3 is expressed in number of cell types and has been shown to mediate several biologically relevant processes, including adhesion of osteoclasts to the bone matrix, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and angiogenesis.

[0004] The integrin αVβ3 has been shown to play a role in various conditions or disease states including tumor metastasis, solid tumor growth (neoplasia), osteoporosis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia, angiogenesis, including tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, retinopathy including macular degeneration, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease, psoriasis and smooth muscle cell migration (e.g. restenosis artherosclerosis). The compounds of the present invention are αVβ3 antagonists and can be used, alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents, in the treatment or modulation of various conditions or disease states described above. Additionally, it has been found that such agents would be useful as antivirals, antifungals and antimicrobials.

[0005] The integrin αVβ5 is thought to play a role in neovascularization. M. C. Friedlander, et al., Science, 270, 1500-1502 (1995) disclose that a monoclonal antibody for αVβ5 inhibits VEFG-induced angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea and the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Therefore compounds which act as antagonists of the αVβ5 integrin will inhibit neovascularization and will be useful for treating and preventing angiogenesis metastasis, tumor growth, macular degeneration and diabetic retionopathy.

[0006] Certain compounds may antagonize both the αVβ5 and the αVβ3 receptor and therefore are referred to as “mixed αVβ5/αVβ3 antagonists” or “dual αVβ3/αVβ5 antagonists”. Such dual or mixed antagonists are useful for treating or preventing angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, tumor growth, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, atherosclerosis and osteoporosis

[0007] It has been shown that the αVβ3 integrin and other αV containing integrins bind to a number of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) containing matrix macromolecules. Compounds containing the RGD sequence mimic extracellular matrix ligands so as to bind to cell surface receptors. However, it is also known that RGD peptides in general are non-selective for RGD dependent integrins. For example, most RGD peptides which bind to αVβ3 also bind to αVβ5, αVβ1 and αIIbβ3. Antagonism of platelet αIIbβ3 (also known as the fibrinogen receptor) is known to block platelet aggregation in humans. In order to avoid bleeding side-effects when treating the conditions or disease states associated with the integrin αVβ3 it would be beneficial to develop compounds which are selective antagonists of αVβ3 as opposed to αIIbβ3.

[0008] Tumor cell invasion occurs by a three step process: 1) tumor cell attachment to extracellular matrix; 2) proteolytic dissolution of the matrix; and 3) movement of the cells through the dissolved barrier. This process can occur repeatedly and can result in metastases at sites distant from the original tumor.

[0009] Seftor et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 89 (1992) 1557-1561) have shown that the αVβ3 integrin has a biological function in melanoma cell invasion. Montgomery et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 91 (1994) 8856-60) have demonstrated that the integrin αVβ3 expressed on human melanoma cells promotes a survival signal, protecting the cells from apoptosis. Mediation of the tumor cell metastatic pathway by interference with the αVβ3 integrin cell adhesion receptor to impede tumor metastasis would be beneficial.

[0010] Further, with the discovery that αVβ3 plays a role in the process of lymphatic dissemination via adhesion of melanoma cells to lymph node by binding the vitronectin receptor (Nip et al., J Clin Invest 1992, 90, 1406), inhibitors of αVβ3 may also be useful for making alterations in lymphatic endothelial-tumor cell adhesion, thereby further reducing the potential for tumor metastasis.

[0011] Brooks et al (Cell, Vol. 79 (1994) 1157-1164) have demonstrated that antagonists of αVβ3 provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of neoplasia (inhibition of solid tumor growth) since systemic administration of αVβ3 antagonists causes dramatic regression of various histologically distinct human tumors.

[0012] The compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment, including prevention of angiogenic disorders. The term angiogenic disorders include conditions involving abnormal neovascularization. The growth of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, also contributes to pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy including macular degeneration (Adamis et al., Amer. J. Ophthal., Vol.118, (1994) 445-450) and rheumatoid arthritis (Peacock et al., J. Exp. Med., Vol.175, (1992), 1135-1138). Therefore, αVβ3 antagonists would be useful therapeutic agents for treating such conditions associated with neovascularization (Brooks et al., Science, Vol. 264, (1994), 569-571).

[0013] It has been reported that the cell surface receptor αVβ3 is the major integrin on osteoclasts responsible for attachment to bone (for a review, see Rodan and Rodan, 1997, J. Endocrinol. 154, S47, Nakamura et al., J. Cell Science, 1999 112, 3985). Osteoclasts cause bone resorption and when such bone resorbing activity exceeds bone forming activity it leads to an increased number of bone fractures, incapacitation and increased mortality. Antagonists of αVβ3 have been shown to be potent inhibitors of osteoclastic activity both in vitro (Sato et al., J. Cell. Biol., Vol.111 (1990) 1713-1723) and in vivo (Fisher et al., Endocrinology, Vol. 132 (1993) 1411-1413). Antagonism of αVβ3 leads to decreased bone resorption and therefore restores a normal balance of bone forming and resorbing activity. Thus it would be beneficial to provide antagonists of osteoclast αVβ3 which are effective inhibitors of bone resorption and therefore are useful in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis.

[0014] The role of the αVβ3 integrin in smooth muscle cell migration also makes it a therapeutic target for prevention or inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia which is a leading cause of restenosis after vascular procedures (Choi et al., J. Vasc. Surg. Vol. 19(1) (1994)125-34). Prevention or inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by pharmaceutical agents to prevent or inhibit restenosis would be beneficial.

[0015] White (Current Biology, Vol. 3(9)(1993) 596-599) has reported that adenovirus uses αVβ3 for entering host cells. The integrin appears to be required for endocytosis of the virus particle and may be required for penetration of the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm. Thus compounds which inhibit αVβ3 would find usefulness as antiviral agents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The compounds of this invention are 1) αVβ3 integrin antagonists; or 2) αVβ5 integrin antagonists; or 3) mixed or dual αVβ3/αVβ5 antagonists. The present invention includes compounds which inhibit the respective integrins and also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. The present invention further provides for methods for treating or preventing conditions mediated by the αVβ3 and/or αVβ3 receptors in a mammal in need of such treatment comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the present invention and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Administration of such compounds and compositions of the present invention inhibits angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, tumor growth, osteoporosis, Paget's disease, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, retinopathy, macular degeneration, arthritis, periodontal disease, smooth muscle cell migration, including restenosis and artherosclerosis, and viral diseases.

[0017] Further, it has been found that the selective antagonism of the αVβ3 integrin is desirable in that the αVβ6 integrin may play a role in normal physiological processes of tissue repair and cellular turnover that routinely occur in the skin and pulmonary tissue, and αVβ8 may play a role in the regulation of growth in the human pathway. Therefore, compounds which selectively inhibit the αVβ3 integrin as opposed to the αVβ6 and/or the αVβ8 integrin have reduced side-effects associated with inhibition of the αVβ6 and/or the αVβ8 integrin. It is therefore another object of the present invention to provide compounds that are selective antagonists of αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 as opposed to αVβ6, and it is yet another object of the present invention to provide compounds that are selective antagonists of CVD3 and/or αVβ5 as opposed to αVβ8.

[0018] The present invention relates to a class of compounds represented by the Formula 1.

[0019] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0020] is a 4-8 membered monocyclic or a 7-12 membered bicyclic ring, optionally containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from the group consisting of O, N or S; optionally saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxy, nitro, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, thioalkyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylsulfonamide, acyl, acylamino, sulfone, sulfonamide, allyl, alkenyl, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, alkynyl, carboxamide, cyano, and —(CH2)n COR wherein n is 0-2 and R is hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl or amino;

[0021] A1 is a 5-9 membered monocyclic or 7-14 membered polycyclic heterocycle of the formula

[0022] containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally 1 to 4 heteroatoms or groups selected from O, N, S, SO2 or CO; optionally saturated or unsaturated; optionally substituted by one or more Rk selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, thioalkyl, haloalkyl, cyano, amino, alkylamino, halogen, acylamino, sulfonamide and —COR wherein R is hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl or amino;

[0023] include the following heterocyclic ring systems containing at least one nitrogen atom:

[0024] wherein Za is H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amine, alkylamine, dialkylamine, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, halogen or haloalkyl and R1 is H, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyl, haloalkyl or alkoxycarbonyl. More specifically some examples of embodiments include pyridylamino, imidazolylamino, morpholinopyridine, tetrahydronaphthyridine, oxazolylamino, thiazolylamino, pyrimidinylamino, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, imidazopyridine, benzimidazole, pyridone or quinolone.

[0025] The following heteroaryls include the ring systems described above.

[0026] For the pyridyl derived heterocycle, the substituents X4 and X5 are selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, branched alkyl, alkylamino, alkoxyalkylamino, haloalkyl, thioalkyl, halogen, amino, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxy, cyano or acylamino groups. In another embodiment of the invention, the substituents X4 and X5 can be methyl, methoxy, amine, methylamine, trifluoromethyl, dimethylamine, hydroxy, chloro, bromo, fluoro and cyano. X6 may preferentially be H, alkyl, hydroxy, halogen, alkoxy and haloalkyl. Alternately, the pyridyl ring can be fused with a 4-8 membered ring, optionally saturated or unsaturated. Some examples of these ring systems include tetrahydronaphthyridine, quinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, azaquinoline, morpholinopyridine, imidazo-pyridine and the like. The monocyclic ring systems such as imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyrazole, and the like, may contain an amino or alkylamino substituent at any position within the ring.

[0027] In another embodiment of the present invention, when Z1 of Formula I is CO or SO2, the linkage A1-Z2 of Formula I includes the heterocycle derived ring systems such as: pyridine, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, benzimidazole, imidazopyridine and the like.

[0028] Other heterocycles for A1-Z2 of the present invention include

[0029] wherein X4 is as defined above.

[0030] or

[0031] wherein Y1 is selected from the group consisting of N—R2, O, and S;

[0032] R2 is selected from the group consisting of H; alkyl; aryl; hydroxy; alkoxy; cyano; alkenyl; alkynyl; amido; alkylcarbonyl; arylcarbonyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aryloxycarbonyl; haloalkylcarbonyl; haloalkoxycarbonyl; alkylthiocarbonyl; arylthiocarbonyl; acyloxymethoxycarbonyl;

[0033] R2 taken together with R7 forms a 4-12 membered dinitrogen containing heterocycle optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, thioalkyl, alkylamino, hydroxy, keto, alkoxy, halo, phenyl, amino, carboxyl or carboxyl ester, and fused phenyl;

[0034] or

[0035] R2 taken together with R7 forms a 4-12 membered heterocycle containing one or more heteroatom selected from O, N and S optionally unsaturated;

[0036] or

[0037] R2 taken together with R7 forms a 5 membered heteroaromatic ring fused with a aryl or heteroaryl ring;

[0038] R7 (when not taken together with R2) and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; aralkyl; amino; alkylamino; hydroxy; alkoxy; arylamino; amido, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aryloxy; aryloxycarbonyl; haloalkylcarbonyl; haloalkoxycarbonyl; alkylthiocarbonyl; arylthiocarbonyl; acyloxymethoxycarbonyl; cycloalkyl; bicycloalkyl; aryl; acyl; benzoyl;

[0039] or

[0040] NR7 and R8 taken together form a 4-12 membered mononitrogen containing monocyclic or bicyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from lower alkyl, carboxyl derivatives, aryl or hydroxy and wherein said ring optionally contains a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S;

[0041] R5 is selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl;

[0042] or

[0043] wherein y2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; cycloalkyl; bicycloalkyl; aryl; monocyclic heterocycles;

[0044] Z1 is selected from the group consisting of CH2, CH2O, O, NH, CO, S, SO, CH(OH) and SO2;

[0045] Z2 is a 1-5 carbon linker optionally containing one or more heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, S and N; alternatively Z1-Z2 may further contain a carboxamide, sulfone, sulfonamide, alkenyl, alkynyl, or acyl group;

[0046] wherein the carbon and nitrogen atoms of Z1-Z2 are optionally substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylsulfone, aryl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkylamino, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyalkyl, halogen, haloalky or acylamino;

[0047] n is an integer 0, 1 or 2;

[0048] Rc is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; halogen, hydroxy, nitro, alkoxy, amino, haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, thioalkyl, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, acyl, acylamino, alkylsulfone, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, allyl, alkenyl, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, alkynyl, alkynylalkyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxamido, cyano, and —(CH2)nCOR wherein n is 0-2 and R is selected from hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl and amino;

[0049] Rd is selected from a group consisting of H, alkyl, hydroxy, aryl, or alkoxy;

[0050] X is selected from the group consisting of —CHRe—, —NRf—, —O—, —S—, —SO2—, and CO wherein Re is H, lower alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxy, alkynyl, alkenyl, haloalkyl, thioalkyl or aryl; wherein when Re is hydroxy the hydroxy can optionally form a lactone with the carboxylic acid function of the chain; wherein Rf is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, benzyl and haloalkyl;

[0051] Y is selected from the group consisting of —CR9— or —N— wherein R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, and carboxyalkyl;

[0052] optionally the group X-Y can contain a moiety selected from the group consisting of acyl, alkyl, sulfonyl, amino, ether, thioether, carboxamido, sulfonamido and olefin;

[0053] Rb is X2—Rh wherein X2 is selected from the group consisting of O, S and NRj wherein Rh and Rj are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyl, and alkoxyalkyl; and

[0054] Ra is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkynyl, alkynylalkyl, alkenylalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, carboxyl, amino, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxamido, hydroxy, cyano, alkoxy, thioalkyl, acyclamino, sulfonylamino, alkylsulfonyl, and —(CH2)n CORb wherein n is 0-2 and Rb is as defined above.

[0055] It is another object of the invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the Formula 1. Such compounds and compositions are useful in selectively inhibiting or antagonizing the αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 integrins and therefore in another embodiment the present invention relates to a method of selectively inhibiting or antagonizing the αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 integrin. The invention further involves treating or inhibiting pathological conditions associated therewith such as osteoporosis, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget's disease, tumor metastasis, solid tumor growth (neoplasia), angiogenesis, including tumor angiogenesis, retinopathy including macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease, psoriasis, smooth muscle cell migration and restenosis in a mammal in need of such treatment. Additionally, such pharmaceutical agents are useful as antiviral agents, and antimicrobials. The compounds of the present invention may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] The present invention relates to a class of compounds represented by the Formula 1, described above.

[0057] In another embodiment of the present invention

[0058] is aryl, heteroaryl or fused aryl optionally substituted by one or more substituent selected from lower alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino or methylsulfonamide.

[0059] Other embodiments of

[0060] include the following heterocyclic ring systems containing at least one nitrogen atom:

[0061] wherein Za is H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, halogen or haloalkyl and R is H, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyl, haloalkyl or alkoxycarbonyl. More specifically some preferred embodiments include pyridylamino, imidazolylamino, oxazolylamino, thiazolylamino, pyrimidinylamino, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, imidazopyridine, benzimidazole, pyridone or quinolone.

[0062] The following heteroaryls include the ring systems described above.

[0063] For the pyridyl derived heterocycle, the substituents X4 and X5 are preferentially H, alkyl, branched alkyl, alkylamino, alkoxyalkylamino, haloalkyl, thioalkyl, halogen, amino, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxy, cyano or acylamino groups. In another embodiment of the invention, the substituents X4 and X5 can be methyl, methoxy, amine, methylamine, trifluoromethyl, dimethylamine, hydroxy, chloro, bromo, fluoro and cyano. X6 may preferentially be H, alkyl, halogen, alkoxy or haloalkyl. Alternately, the pyridyl ring can be fused with a 4-8 membered ring, optionally saturated or unsaturated. Some examples of these ring systems include quinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, azaquinoline, imidazopyridine and the like. The monocyclic ring systems such as imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, and the like, may contain an amino or alkylamino substituent at any position within the ring.

[0064] In another embodiment of the present invention, when Z1 of Formula 1 is CO or SO2, the linkage A-Z2 of Formula 1 preferentially includes the following heterocycle derived ring systems: pyridine, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, benzimidazole, imidazopyridine and the like.

[0065] Other heterocycles for A1-Z2 of the present invention include

[0066] wherein X4 is as defined above.

[0067] The substituent Rc is preferably alkyl, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy, haloalkyl, cyano, a carboxyl derivative or methyl sulfonamide. Re is preferably H, methyl, hydroxy or methoxy and Rf is preferably H or alkyl.

[0068] X-Y is preferentially selected from the group consisting of —CHRe—CH—, —CHReN—, —CO—CRg—, —NRfCH—, —CRe═C—, —OCRg—, —SCRg—, —SO2—CRg— or —SO2N— wherein Re, Rf and Rg are as defined above.

[0069] In another embodiment, Ra is an aryl or a heteroaryl group selected from phenyl, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, 1,3-benzodioxole, 1,4-benzodioxane, benzopyran, quinolone, imidazopyridine, tetrahydroquinoline, benzotriazole, dihydroindole, dihydrobenzofuran, furan, thiophene, phenyl, oxazole, thiazole, isoxazole, pyrazole, imidazole, pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridone, triazole, thiadiazole and the like. The aryl system can be optionally substituted at one or more position with alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, halogen or haloalkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention, Ra may be an amine, alkylamine, acylamine, aminosulfone (NHSO2R), arylamine, alkoxyalkylamine, aralkylamine, or heterocyclic amine.

[0070] The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds of Formula1.

[0071] The invention also relates to a method of selectively inhibiting or antagonizing the αVβ3 integrin and/or the αVβ5 integrin and more specifically relates to a method of inhibiting bone resorption, periodontal disease, osteoporosis, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget's disease, tumor metastasis, solid tumor growth (neoplasia), angiogenesis, including tumor angiogenesis, retinopathy including macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, smooth muscle cell migration and restenosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the Formula 1 to achieve such inhibition together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0072] The following is a list of definitions of various terms used herein:

[0073] As used herein, the terms “alkyl” or “lower alkyl” refer to a straight chain or branched chain hydrocarbon radicals having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and the like.

[0074] As used herein the terms “alkenyl” or “lower alkenyl” refer to unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing at least one double bond and 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, which carbon-carbon double bond may have either cis or trans geometry within the alkenyl moiety, relative to groups substituted on the double bond carbons. Examples of such groups are ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl and the like.

[0075] As used herein the terms “alkynyl” or “lower alkynyl” refer to acyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing one or more triple bonds and 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such groups are ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl and the like.

[0076] The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein means saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic carbon radicals containing 3 to about 8 carbon atoms and more preferably 4 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such cycloalkyl radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl, and the like.

[0077] The term “aryl” as used herein denotes aromatic ring systems composed of one or more aromatic rings. Preferred aryl groups are those consisting of one, two or three aromatic rings. The term embraces aromatic radicals such as phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, thiophene, furan, biphenyl and the like.

[0078] As used herein, the term “cyano” is represented by a radical of the formula 3

[0079] The terms “hydroxy” and “hydroxyl” as used herein are synonymous and are represented by a radical of the formula 4

[0080] The term “lower alkylene” or “alkylene” as used herein refers to divalent linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon radicals of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.

[0081] As used herein the term “alkoxy” refers to straight or branched chain oxy containing radicals of the formula —OR20, wherein R20 is an alkyl group as defined above. Examples of alkoxy groups encompassed include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, isopropoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy and the like.

[0082] As used herein the terms “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl” refer to a radical of the formula 5

[0083] wherein R21 is aryl as defined above and R22 is an alkylene as defined above. Examples of aralkyl groups include benzyl, pyridylmethyl, naphthylpropyl, phenethyl and the like.

[0084] As used herein the term “nitro” is represented by a radical of the formula 5

[0085] As used herein the term “halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

[0086] As used herein the term “haloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups as defined above substituted with one or more of the same or different halo groups at one or more carbon atom. Examples of haloalkyl groups include trifluoromethyl, dichloroethyl, fluoropropyl and the like.

[0087] As used herein the term “carboxyl” or “carboxy” refers to a radical of the formula —COOH.

[0088] As used herein the term “carboxyl ester” refers to a radical of the formula —COOR23 wherein R23 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl as defined above.

[0089] As used herein the term “carboxyl derivative” refers to a radical of the formula 7

[0090] wherein Y6 and Y7 are independently selected from the group consisting of O, N or S and R23 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl as defined above.

[0091] As used herein the term “amino” is represented by a radical of the formula —NH2.

[0092] As used herein the term “alkylsulfonyl” or “alkylsulfone” refers to a radical of the for

[0093] formula 6 wherein R24 is alkyl as defined above.

[0094] As used herein the term “alkylthio” refers to a radical of the formula —SR24 wherein R24 is alkyl as defined above.

[0095] As used herein the term “sulfonic acid” refers to a radical of the

[0096] formula 7 wherein R is alkyl as defined above.

[0097] As used herein the term “sulfonamide” or “sulfonamido” refers to a radical of the formula

[0098] 8 wherein R7 and R8 are as defined above.

[0099] As used herein the term “fused aryl” refers to an aromatic ring such as the aryl groups defined above fused to one or more phenyl rings. Embraced by the term “fused aryl” is the radical naphthyl and the like.

[0100] As used herein the terms “monocyclic heterocycle” or “monocyclic heterocyclic” refer to a monocyclic ring containing from 4 to about 12 atoms, and more preferably from 5 to about 10 atoms, wherein 1 to 3 of the atoms are heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur with the understanding that if two or more different heteroatoms are present at least one of the heteroatoms must be nitrogen. Representative of such monocyclic heterocycles are imidazole, furan, pyridine, oxazole, pyran, triazole, thiophene, pyrazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, and the like.

[0101] As used herein the term “fused monocyclic heterocycle” refers to a monocyclic heterocycle as defined above with a benzene fused thereto. Examples of such fused monocyclic heterocycles include benzofuran, benzopyran, benzodioxole, benzothiazole, benzothiophene, benzimidazole and the like.

[0102] As used herein the term “methylenedioxy” refers to the radical

[0103] and the term “ethylenedioxy” refers to the radical

[0104] 910 As used herein the term “4-12 membered dinitrogen containing heterocycle refers to a radical of the formula

[0105] 11 wherein m is 1 or 2 and R19 in H, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl and more preferably refers to 4-9 membered ring and includes rings such as imidazoleline.

[0106] As used herein the term “5-membered optionally substituted heteroaromatic ring” includes for example a radical of the formula

[0107] and “5-membered heteroaromatic ring fused with a phenyl” refers to such a “5-membered heteroaromatic ring” with a phenyl fused thereto. Representative of such 5-membered heteroaromatic rings fused with a phenyl is benzimidazole.

[0108] As used herein the term “bicycloalkyl” refers to a bicyclic hydrocarbon radical containing 6 to about 12 carbon atoms which is saturated or partially unsaturated.

[0109] As used herein the term “acyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0110] 12 wherein R26 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or aralkyl and optionally substituted thereon as defined above. Encompassed by such radical are the groups acetyl, benzoyl and the like.

[0111] As used herein the term “thio” refers to a radical of the formula 13

[0112] As used herein the term “sulfonyl” refers to a radical of the formula 14

[0113] 14 wherein R27 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl as defined above.

[0114] As used herein the term “haloalkylthio” refers to a radical of the formula —S—R28 wherein R28 is haloalkyl as defined above.

[0115] As used herein the term “aryloxy” refers to a radical of the formula

[0116] 15 wherein R29 is aryl as defined above.

[0117] As used herein the term “acylamino” refers to a radical of the formula

[0118] wherein R30 is alkyl, aralkyl or aryl as defined above.

[0119] As used herein the term “amido” refers to a radical of the formula

[0120] 16.

[0121] As used herein the term “alkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NHR32 wherein R32 is alkyl as defined above.

[0122] As used herein the term “dialkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NR33R34 wherein R33 and R34 are the same or different alkyl groups as defined above.

[0123] As used herein the term “trifluoromethyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0124] As used herein the term “trifluoroalkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula

[0125] 18 wherein R35 is a bond or an alkylene as defined above.

[0126] As used herein the term “alkylaminosulfonyl” or “aminosulfonyl” refers to a radical of the formula 19

[0127] wherein R36 is alkyl as defined above.

[0128] As used herein the term “alkylsulfonylamino” or “”alkylsulfonamide” refers to a radical of the formula 20

[0129] wherein R36 is alkyl as defined above.

[0130] As used herein the term “trifluoromethylthio” refers to a radical of the formula

[0131] 21

[0132] As used herein the term “trifluoromethylsulfonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0133] 22.

[0134] As used herein the term “4-12 membered mono-nitrogen containing monocyclic or bicyclic ring” refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic or bicyclic ring of 4-12 atoms and more preferably a ring of 4-9 atoms wherein one atom is nitrogen. Such rings may optionally contain additional heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Included within this group are morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, thiomorpholine, pyrrolidine, proline, azacycloheptene and the like.

[0135] As used herein the term “benzyl” refers to the radical

[0136] 23.

[0137] As used herein the term “phenethyl” refers to the radical

[0138] 24.

[0139] As used herein the term “4-12 membered mono-nitrogen containing monosulfur or monooxygen containing heterocyclic ring” refers to a ring consisting of 4 to 12 atoms and more preferably 4 to 9 atoms wherein at least one atom is a nitrogen and at least one atom is oxygen or sulfur. Encompassed within this definition are rings such as thiazoline and the like.

[0140] As used herein the term “arylsulfonyl” or “arylsulfone” refers to a radical of the formula

[0141] wherein R37 is aryl as defined above.

[0142] As used herein the terms “alkylsulfoxide” or “arylsulfoxide” refer to radicals of the formula

[0143] 26 wherein R38 is, respectively, alkyl or aryl as defined above.

[0144] As used herein the term “arylthio” refers to a radical of the formula 27

[0145] wherein R42 is aryl as defined above.

[0146] As used herein the term “monocyclic heterocycle thio” refers to a radical of the formula

[0147] 28 wherein R43 is a monocyclic heterocycle radical as defined above.

[0148] As used herein the terms “monocyclic heterocycle sulfoxide” and “monocyclic heterocycle sulfone” refer, respectively, to radicals of the formula 29 30

[0149] wherein R43 is a monocyclic heterocycle radical as defined above.

[0150] As used herein the term “alkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0151] 31 wherein R50 is alkyl as defined above.

[0152] As used herein the term “arylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0153] 32 wherein R51 is aryl as defined above.

[0154] As used herein the term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0155] 33 wherein R52 is alkoxy as defined above.

[0156] As used herein the term “aryloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0157] 34 wherein R51 is aryl as defined above.

[0158] As used herein the term “haloalkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0159] 35 wherein R53 is haloalkyl as defined above.

[0160] As used herein the term “haloalkylcarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0161] 36 wherein R53 is haloalkyl as defined above.

[0162] As used herein the term “alkylthiocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0163] 37 wherein R50 is alkyl as defined above.

[0164] As used herein the term “arylthiocarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0165] 38 wherein R51 is aryl as defined above.

[0166] As used herein the term “acyloxymethoxycarbonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0167] 39 wherein R54 is acyl as defined

[0168] As used herein the term “arylamino” refers to a radical of the formula R51—NH— wherein R51 is aryl as defined above.

[0169] As used herein the term “acyloxy” refers to a radical of the formula R55—O— wherein R55 is acyl as defined above.

[0170] As used herein the term “alkenylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula R50—R57— wherein R50 is an alkenyl as defined above and R57 is alkylene as defined above.

[0171] As used herein the term “alkenylene” refers to a linear hydrocarbon radical of 1 to about 8 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond.

[0172] As used herein the term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula R56—R57— wherein R56 is alkoxy as defined above and R57 is alkylene as defined above.

[0173] As used herein the term “alkynylalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula R59—R60— wherein R59 is alkynyl as defined as above and R60 is alkylene as defined as above.

[0174] As used herein the term “alkynylene” refers to divalent alkynyl radicals of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.

[0175] As used herein the term “allyl” refers of a radical of the formula —CH2CH═CH2.

[0176] As used herein the term “aminoalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula H2N—R61 wherein R61 is alkylene as defined above.

[0177] As used herein the term “benzoyl” refers to the aryl radical C6H5—CO—.

[0178] As used herein the term “carboxamide” or “carboxamido” refer to a radical of the formula —CO—NH2.

[0179] As used herein the term “carboxyalkyl” refers to a radical HOOC—R62— wherein R62 is alkylene as defined as above.

[0180] As used herein the term “carboxylic acid” refers to the radical —COOH.

[0181] As used herein the term “ether” refers to a radical of the formula R63—O— wherein R63 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

[0182] As used herein the term “haloalkylsulfonyl” refers to a radical of the formula

[0183] wherein the R64 is haloalkyl as defined above.

[0184] As used herein the term “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl radical contain at least one heteroatom.

[0185] As used herein the term “hydroxyalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula HO—R65— wherein R65 is alkylene as defined above.

[0186] As used herein the term “keto” refers to a carbonyl group joined to 2 carbon atoms.

[0187] As used herein the term “lactone” refers to an anhydro cyclic ester produced by intramolecular condensation of a hydroxy acid with the elimination of water.

[0188] As used herein the term “olefin” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon radical of the type CnH2n.

[0189] As used herein the term “sulfone” refers to a radical of the formula R66—SO2—.

[0190] As used herein the term “thioalkyl” refers to a radical of the formula R77—S— wherein R77 is alkyl as defined above.

[0191] As used herein the term “thioether” refers to a radical of the formula R78—S— wherein R78 is alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.

[0192] As used herein the term “trifluoroalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical as defined above substituted with three halo radicals as defined above.

[0193] The term “composition” as used herein means a product which results from the mixing or combining of more than one element or ingredient.

[0194] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier”, as used herein means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a chemical agent.

[0195] The term “therapeutically effective amount” shall mean that amount of drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system or animal that is being sought by a researcher or clinician.

[0196] The following is a list of abbreviations and the corresponding meanings as used interchangeably herein:

[0197]

1
H-NMR=proton nuclear magnetic resonance

[0198] AcOH=acetic acid

[0199] Ar=Argon

[0200] BOC=tert-butoxycarbonyl

[0201] BuLi=butyl lithium

[0202] Cat.=catalytic amount

[0203] CH2Cl2=dichloromethane

[0204] CH3CN=acetonitrile

[0205] CH3l=iodomethane

[0206] CHN analysis=carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen elemental analysis

[0207] CHNCl analysis=carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen/chlorine elemental analysis

[0208] CHNS analysis=carbon/hydrogen/nitrogen/sulfur elemental analysis

[0209] DEAD=diethylazodicarboxylate

[0210] DIAD=diisopropylazodicarboxylate

[0211] DI water=deionized water

[0212] DMA=N,N-dimethylacetamide

[0213] DMAC=N,N-dimethylacetamide

[0214] DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide

[0215] EDC=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride

[0216] Et=ethyl

[0217] Etl=ethyl iodide

[0218] Et2O=diethyl ether

[0219] Et3N=triethylamine

[0220] EtOAc=ethyl acetate

[0221] EtOH=ethanol

[0222] FAB MS=fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy

[0223] g=gram(s)

[0224] HCl=hydrochloric acid

[0225] HOBT=1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate

[0226] hplc=high performance liquid chromatography

[0227] HPLC=high performance liquid chromatography

[0228] i-Pr=iso propyl

[0229] i-Prop=iso propyl

[0230] K2CO3=potassium carbonate

[0231] KF=potassium fluoride

[0232] KMnO4=potassium permanganate

[0233] KOH=potassium hydroxide

[0234] KSCN=potassium thiocyanate

[0235] L=Liter

[0236] LiOH=lithium hydroxide

[0237] Me=methyl

[0238] MeOH=methanol

[0239] mg=milligram

[0240] MgSO4=magnesium sulfate

[0241] ml=milliliter

[0242] mL=milliliter

[0243] MS=mass spectroscopy

[0244] NaH—sodium hydride

[0245] NaHCO3=sodium bicarbonate

[0246] NaOH=sodium hydroxide

[0247] NaOMe=sodium methoxide

[0248] NH4+HCO2−=ammonium formate

[0249] NH4OH=ammonium hydroxide

[0250] NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance

[0251] Pd=palladium

[0252] Pd/C=palladium on carbon

[0253] Ph=phenyl

[0254] psi=pressure per square inch

[0255] Pt=platinum

[0256] Pt/C=platinum on carbon

[0257] RP HPLC=reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

[0258] RT=room temperature

[0259] t-BOC=tert-butoxycarbonyl

[0260] TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

[0261] THF=tetrahydrofuran

[0262] TLC=thin layer chromatography

[0263] TMS=trimethylsilyl

[0264] Δ=heating the reaction mixture

[0265] The compounds as shown above can exist in various isomeric forms and all such isomeric forms are meant to be included. Tautomeric forms are also included as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such isomers and tautomers.

[0266] In the structures and formulas herein, a bond drawn across a bond of a ring can be to any available atom on the ring.

[0267] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt prepared by contacting a compound of Formula I with an acid whose anion is generally considered suitable for human consumption. For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention are non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.” Salts encompassed within the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid. Representative salts include the following: benzenesulfonate, hydrobromide and hydrochloride. Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts. All of the pharmacologically acceptable salts may be prepared by conventional means. (See Berge et al., J Pharm. Sci., 66(1), 1-19 (1977) for additional examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts).

[0268] The compounds of the present invention can have chiral centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures, and as individual diastereomers or enantiomers, with all isomeric forms included in the present invention. Therefore, where a compound is chiral, the separate enantiomers or diastereomers, substantially free of the other, are included within the scope of the present invention; further included are all mixtures of the enantiomers or diastereomers. Also included within the scope of the invention are polymorphs, or hydrates or other modifiers of the compounds of invention.

[0269] The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of this invention which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. For example, prodrugs of a carboxylic acid may include an ester, an amide, an ortho-ester, or heterocycles such as tetrazole. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention, the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various conditions described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs,” ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Metabolites of these compounds include active species produced upon introduction of compounds of this invention into the biological milieu.

[0270] For the selective inhibition or antagonism of αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 integrins, compounds of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, or by inhalation spray, or topically in unit dosage formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal, transmuscular infusion techniques or intraperitonally.

[0271] The compounds of the present invention are administered by any suitable route in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment intended. Therapeutically effective doses of the compounds required to prevent or arrest the progress of or to treat the medical condition are readily ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art using preclinical and clinical approaches familiar to the medicinal arts.

[0272] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of treating conditions mediated by selectively inhibiting or antagonizing the αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 cell surface receptor which method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the class of compounds depicted in the above formulas, wherein one or more compound is administered in association with one or more non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants (collectively referred to herein as “carrier” materials) and if desired other active ingredients. More specifically, the present invention provides a method for selective inhibition of the αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 cell surface receptors with a reduced αVβ6 inhibition. Most preferably the present invention provides a method for inhibiting bone resorption, treating osteoporosis, inhibiting humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, treating Paget's disease, inhibiting tumor metastasis, inhibiting neoplasia (solid tumor growth), inhibiting angiogenesis including tumor angiogenesis, treating retinopathy including macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, inhibiting arthritis, psoriasis and periodontal disease, and inhibiting smooth muscle cell migration including restenosis.

[0273] Based upon standard laboratory experimental techniques and procedures well known and appreciated by those skilled in the art, as well as comparisons with compounds of known usefulness, the compounds of Formula 1 can be used in the treatment of patients suffering from the above pathological conditions. One skilled in the art will recognize that selection of the most appropriate compound of the invention is within the ability of one with ordinary skill in the art and will depend on a variety of factors including assessment of results obtained in standard assay and animal models.

[0274] Treatment of a patient afflicted with one of the pathological conditions comprises administering to such a patient an amount of compound of the Formula 1 which is therapeutically effective in controlling the condition or in prolonging the survivability of the patient beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment. As used herein, the term “inhibition” of the condition refers to slowing, interrupting, arresting or stopping the condition and does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of the condition. It is believed that prolonging the survivability of a patient, beyond being a significant advantageous effect in and of itself, also indicates that the condition is beneficially controlled to some extent.

[0275] As stated previously, the compounds of the invention can be used in a variety of biological, prophylactic or therapeutic areas. It is contemplated that these compounds are useful in prevention or treatment of any disease state or condition wherein the αVβ3 and/or αVβ5 Integrin plays a role.

[0276] The dosage regimen for the compounds and/or compositions containing the compounds is based on a variety of factors, including the type, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition; the route of administration; and the activity of the particular compound employed. Thus the dosage regimen may vary widely. Dosage levels of the order from about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions.

[0277] Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 100 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day, and most preferably 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg/day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 200 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. A medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, preferably, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, preferred compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittant throughout the dosage regiment.

[0278] For administration to a mammal in need of such treatment, the compounds in a therapeutically effective amount are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants appropriate to the indicated route of administration. The compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, gelatin, acacia, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Alternatively, the compounds may be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known in the pharmaceutical art.

[0279] The pharmaceutical compositions useful in the present invention may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional pharmaceutical adjuvants such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers, etc.

[0280] The general synthetic sequences for preparing the compounds useful in the present invention are outlined in SCHEMES 1-8. Both an explanation of, and the actual procedures for, the various aspects of the present invention are described where appropriate. The following Schemes and Examples are intended to be merely illustrative of the present invention, and not limiting thereof in either scope or spirit. Those with skill in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes described in the Schemes and Examples can be used to synthesize the compounds of the present invention.

SCHEME 1

[0281] The compounds of formula A17 are generally prepared by reacting an intermediate of formula A16 with a compound of the formula A15. For example, when Z3 is OH, SH or NHR, A16 may be alkylated with A5 (Z4=Br or OMs) using a base such as sodium hydride or potassium hydride preferably in a solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide or DMF. These reactions may preferentially be carried at 0° C. to approximately 40° C. Alternatively, when Z3 and Z4 are both OH, the ether formation to product A17 may be accomplished by using Mitsunobu reaction. This reaction may preferentially be carried out using a triarylphosphine such as triphenylphoshine, and azodicarboxylate, such as diethyl azodicarboxylate, di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, di-iso-propyl azodicarboxylate, in solvents such as DMF, methylene chloride, THF and the like. When Z3 carries a carboxylic acid or a sulfonic acid and Z4 is an amine, the standard coupling conditions may be used to synthesize the carboxamide (CONH) or the sulfonamide (SO2NH) containing A17 compounds.

[0282] Alternately, the compounds of formula A17 may be prepared by starting with compounds of general formula A18. For example, when Z5 in A18 is NH2, cyclic or acyclic guanidino containing compounds of formula A17 may be synthesized by adopting the methodologies discussed in e. g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,210 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,646. Similarly, compounds of formula A18 (Z5=NH2) may be treated with appropriately substituted heteroaromatic systems, such as 2-chloropyridine N-oxide or 2-fluoropyridine, to give the compounds A17. This reaction may preferentially be carried out by refluxing the intermediate A18 and a 2-fluoropyridine, or 2-chloropyridine N-oxide, in solvents such as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-amyl alcohol in the presence of base, such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium bicarbonate. When compounds of the formula A17 contain N-oxide e.g., pyridine N-oxide, the deoxygenation is carried out using e.g., transfer hydrogenation conditions (cyclohexene/Pd on carbon) or ammonium formate and Pd on carbon. The hydrolysis of the resulting ester may be carried out using an aqueous base, such as sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in solvents such as methanol, ethanol or THF.

[0283] Compounds of the general formula A15, A16, A18 may be prepared by methodologies discussed in SCHEMES 2-8 below.

SCHEME 2

[0284] Compounds of the formula A4 may be prepared by starting with benzyl ketones A1. Using Wittig or Horner-Emmons reaction, the compound A1 is converted to the olefin containing intermediates A2 and A3. This reaction is carried out using a trialkyl phosphonoacetate, such as triethyl phosphonoacetate, trimethyl phosphonoacetate, and using a base such as sodium hydride, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide. This reaction is generally done at low temperatures (0-30° C.) and using THF or DMF as solvents. The isomeric mixtures of olefin containing compounds are hydrogenated using Pd on carbon or Pt on carbon as catalyst. This reduction is carried out under pressure of hydrogen (preferably 5-60 psi) to give the desired intermediate A4. The intermediates A2-A4 are processed to the compounds of Formula 1 using the synthetic transformations outlined in Scheme 1.

SCHEME 3

[0285] Compounds of formula A7 where R1 is a substituted alkyne may be prepared using the methodology outlined in Scheme 3. Reaction of 4-pentyn-1-ol with substituted benzyl bromide in ethereal solvents such as THF, diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane and using a base such as tert-butyl lithium at low temperatures (preferably −30 to −78° C.) gives the intermediate A6. Oxidation of the alcohol A6 using e. g., Jones reagent or 2,2-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy and bleach gives the intermediate A7. The preparative oxidation conditions described in literature (e.g., Tetrahedron 52, 11463, 1996; J. Org. Chem. 64, 2564, 1999) may be used to convert intermediate A6 to A7. When R6=SiMe3, the intermediate A6 may be desilylated (using e.g., KF, DMF, H2O) and coupled using Heck reaction to give aryl or heteroaryl (R6=Ar) substituted A7.

[0286] The intermediates A7 are processed to the compounds of Formula 1 by using the synthetic transformations outlined in Scheme 1.

SCHEME 4

[0287] Compounds of Formula 1 wherein X is nitrogen may be prepared as shown in general Scheme 4. Reductive amination of aniline A8 with the appropriate keto-ester A9 (e. g., ethyl acetoacetate or ethyl benzoylacetate) gives the intermediate A10. This reduction is preferentially carried out using e. g., sodium cyanoborohydride in alcoholic solvents such as methanol or ethanol. The methodology described in J. Med. Chem., 36, 2984, 1993 may be utilized for this reaction. Alkylation of A10 using suitable base (e. g., potassium carbonate or diisopropylethylamine) and alkyl or acyl halide gives A11.

[0288] The intermediates A10 and A11 are processed to the compounds of Formula 1 using the synthetic transformations outlined in Scheme 1

SCHEME 5

[0289] Compounds of Formula 1, wherein X-Y is an amide, sulfonamide or alkylamine may be prepared as shown in general Scheme 5. Reaction of the substituted benzoyl chloride or aryl sulfonyl chloride (A12, X1=COCI, SO2Cl), with alkyl or arylamine in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine gives the intermediate A13. Similarly starting with substituted benzaldehyde (X1=CHO), reductive amination with substituted aniline gives the intermediate A13. The reductive amination may be carried out using the conditions discussed in Scheme 4. Alkylation of A13 with e. g., ethyl bromoacetate in the presence of a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate, diisopropylethylamine, sodium hydride, gives the desired intermediate A14.

[0290] Intermediates A14 are processed to the compounds of Formula 1 using synthetic transformations outlined in Scheme 1.

[0291] The substituent Z6 in Schemes 2-5 may be Z3, protected Z3 or converted to Z3 by synthetic transformations. The reaction sequence may be modified using conventional reagents and methodologies depending upon the properties and reactivity of Z6.

SCHEME 6

[0292] The compounds of Formula 1, wherein A is substituted pyridyl may be prepared by using the methodology set forth in the general synthetic Scheme 6. For example, reaction of substituted 2-halopyridine N-oxide (such as A19a-A19d) with e. g. 3-aminopropanol gives the intermediates A20a-A20d. This reaction may preferentially be carried out by refluxing the intermediate 2-halopyridine N-oxide, such as 2-chloropyridine N-oxide in solvents such as tert-butyl alcohol, or tert-amyl alcohol in the presence of a base such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or potassium bicarbonate. The preparative conditions described in WO 99/15508 (PCT US 98/19466) may be used for this transformation.

[0293] Coupling of the intermediates A20a-A20d with A16 (as obtained in Schemes 2 and 3) using Mitsunobu reaction gives the compounds containing the ether link. This reaction may preferentially be carried out using a triarylphosphine, such as triphenylphoshine and a dialkylazodicarboxylate, such as diethyl azodicarboxylate, di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, or di-iso-propyl azodicarboxylate in solvents such as DMF, methylene chloride, or THF.

[0294] N-deoxygenation of resulting intermediates followed by hydrolysis of the ester gives the target compounds (A21a-A21d). Reduction of the N-oxide bond may be accomplished using e. g., transfer hydrogenation (cyclohexene/Pd on carbon) or ammonium formate and Pd on carbon. The nitro group in A21d may be hydrogenated using Pd on carbon or Pt on carbon as catalysts. This transformation may be carried out using solvents such as methanol, ethanol or THF. The hydrolysis of the ester group may be carried using an aqueous base, such as sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in solvents such as methanol, ethanol or THF.

[0295] Compounds of the Formula 1 containing heterocycles other than pyridyl can also be prepared using the methodology of Scheme 6 above. For example, reacting 2-bromopyrimidine or 1-chloroisoquinoline N-oxide with 3-aminopropanol gives the analogous intermediates as obtained in Step 1. The resulting intermediates could be elaborated as in Scheme 6 to give the pyrimidine and isoquinoline containing target compounds

SCHEME 7

[0296] Compounds of Formula 1 containing 6-amino substituents may be prepared as shown in Scheme 7. The intermediates A22b can be prepared as described in J. Med. Chem. 43, 22-26, 2000. Boc-protected 2-amino picoline A22a1 or its ethylated product A22c1 are elaborated to A22a and A22c as shown for example A22b in J. Med. Chem. 43, 22-26, 2000. The ethylated intermediate A22c1 may be prepared from A22a, by alkylation using e.g. Etl and a base such as potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate. This reaction may preferably be carried out in polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, or dimethylacetamide. Mitsunobu reaction of A16 with A22a-A22c as discussed in Scheme 6, gives the compounds containing the phenol ether. Removal of the Boc group using e. g., trifluoroacetic acid in solvents such as dichloromethane, followed by hydrolysis of the ester group as described in Scheme 6 above gives the target compounds (A23a-A23c).

SCHEME 8

[0297] Compounds of Formula 1, wherein Z1 is CO can be prepared as illustrated in Scheme 8. The starting material A24a can be purchased commercially and A24b can be prepared as described in J. Med. Chem 36, 320-330, 1993. Coupling of A24a or A24b with A25 using reagents such as isobutyl chloroformate, EDC, or HOBT gives the amide containing intermediates A26a and A26b. Reaction of benzyl ketone A26a and A26b with a trialkyl phosphonoacetate, such as triethyl phosphonoacetate, trimethyl phosphonoacetate using a base (e. g., sodium hydride, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide) gives the alkene intermediates as discussed in Scheme 2. The isomeric mixtures of olefin containing compounds are hydrogenated using e. g, Pd on carbon or Pt on carbon as catalyst. This reduction is carried under pressure of hydrogen (preferably 5-60 psi). The compounds A27a and A27b are prepared by hydrolysis of the resulting ester using e.g., 1N NaOH in alcoholic solvents such as ethanol.

EXAMPLE 1

[0298]

Step 1

[0299]

[0300] 3-hydroxycinnamic acid (4.0 g) was dissolved in saturated HCl/EtOH (60 mL) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow solid (4.6g). 1H NMR was consistent with the proposed structure.

[0301] The product of Step 1 (1.0 g, 5.2 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 mL). PPh3 (6.2 mmol) and 2-(3-hydroxypropyl amino)pyridine N-oxide (5.2 mmol) were added, followed by a dropwise addition of DEAD (5.3 mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel chromatography (eluents: 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane; 94:5:1 CH2Cl2, MeOH, NH4OH) to obtain a yellow oil (1 .02g). 1H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

Step 3

[0302]

[0303] The yellow oil from Step 2 (300 mg) was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol under Ar. 10% Pd/C (240 mgs) was added, followed by 2.4 mL of cyclohexene. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux and stirred overnight. The mixture was then cooled and filtered through a plug of celite. The filtrate was concentrated to give a colorless oil (248mg). 1H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

Step 4

[0304] The product from Step 3 was dissolved in MeOH (25 mL) and treated with 1N NaOH (25 mL). After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo and purified by reverse phase HPLC (H2/CH3CN). 90 mg of a colorless oil were obtained. 1H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis were consistent with the desired product.

1Elemental analysis calculated forC, 53.22; H, 5.31; N, 6.53C17H20N2O3.1.0 TFA, .0.8 H2O:Found:C, 53.30; H, 5.14; N, 6.42

EXAMPLE 2

[0305]

[0306] This compound was prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1, substituting 2-(4-hydroxybutylamino)pyridine N-oxide for 2-(3-hydroxypropylamino)pyridine N-oxide. 1H NMR, MS, and analytical analysis were consistent with the proposed structure.

2Elemental analysis calculated forC, 51.64; H, 4.95; N, 5.96C18H22N2O3.1.5 TFA,.0.2 H2O, .0.1 CH3CN:Found:C, 51.70; H, 5.25; N, 5.96

EXAMPLE 3

[0307]

[0308] 2-(5-hydroxypentylamino)pyridine N-oxide was prepared dissolving 2-chloropyridine N-oxide.HCl (18.07 mmol), 5-amino-1-pentanol (36.14 mmol), and NaHCO3 (90.36mmol) in tert-amyl alcohol (20 mL), then refluxing overnight under Ar. After cooling, the reaction was filtered and concentrated to a green oil. Purification by silica gel chromatography (eluent: 94:5:1 CH2Cl2, MeOH, NH4OH) yielded a yellow solid (3.07g). 1H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

Step 2

[0309] The title compound was prepared in the same manner as described in Steps 2, 3, and 4 of Example 1, substituting 2-(5-hydroxypentylamino) pyridine N-oxide for 2-(3-hydroxypropylamino)pyridine N-oxide. 1H NMR, MS, and analytical analysis were consistent with the proposed structure.

3Elemental analysis calculated forC, 55.23; H, 5.66; N, 6.08C19H24N2O3.1.1 TFA, .0.4 H2O:Found:C, 55.29; H, 5.62; N, 6.08

EXAMPLE 4

[0310]

Step 1

[0311]

[0312] A mixture of m-anisaldehyde (29.37 g, 21.57 mmol) and phenylacetic acid (29.37 g, 21.57 mmol) in acetic anhydride (200 mL) was stirred with triethylamine (30 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours, then cooled to 80-90° C., then water (500 mL) was added slowly. An oil separated, which upon stirring and cooling produced a light orange solid. The solid was filtered, washed with water and dried to afford the desired product (35 g, 64% yield). NMR was consistent with the structure.

[0313] Triethylamine (17 mL) was added to a mixture of 2-phenyl-m-methoxycinnamic acid (30.0 g, 118.0 mmol) and diphenylphosphorylazide (28 mL) in toluene (200 mL) at 0° C. After the reaction had been complete (3 hours), the reaction mixture was quenched with concentrated HCl (20 mL) and extracted with ether (200 mL). The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was stirred further with concentrated HCl (100 mL) and dioxane (100 mL) for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (400 mL) and was extracted with ether (3X300 mL). The ether layer was dried and concentrated to afford the desired product (10 g, 38% yield). 1H NMR was consistent with the structure.

[0314] Lithium hexamethyidisilazane (88.5 mL, 88.5 mmol) was added to THF (150 mL) at −78° C. After 15 minutes, ethyl acetate (7.79 g, 88.5 mmol) was added over 10 minutes and stirred at -78° C. for 30 minutes. The m-methoxybenzyl phenyl ketone in (10.0 g, 44.25 mmol) THF (100 mL) was added over 15 minutes and kept at that temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched at that temperature with saturated ammonium chloride (15 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with ether (200 mL) and the organic layer was washed with brine, (100 mL), dried and concentrated to afford the desired product (12 g, 86% yield). NMR was consistent with the desired structure.

Step 4

[0315]

[0316] A mixture of ethyl 4-(m-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-3-hydroxybutyrate (4.39 g, 13.98 mmol), palladium/carbon (10%, 2.5 g) hydrochloric acid (1.2 mL) in acetic acid (150 mL) was subjected to hydrogenation (50 psi) for 24 hours. The catalyst was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to afford the desired product (1.89 g; 45% yield). 1H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

[0317] Aluminum chloride (4.1 g, 30.75 mmol) was added to a cooled solution of ethyl 4-(m-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutyrate (1.83 g, 6.14 mmol) and ethyl mercaptan (2.3 mL) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and was slowly quenched with hydrochloric acid (3N, 50 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried and was concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (hexane:ethyl acetate, 3:1) to afford the desired product as an oil (1.56 g; 90% yield). 1H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

[0318] A solution of DEAD (1.91 g) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminopropanol (1.84 g, ) in DMF (10 mL) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-(m-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-phenylbutyrate (1.56 g, 5.49 mmol) and triphenyl-phosphine (2.876 g) in DMF (15 mL) over a period of 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford the desired product as an oil (1.40 g, 59% yield). 1H NMR was consistent with the desired product.

[0319] A mixture of ethyl 3-phenyl-4-[3-[3-(1-oxopyridin-2-yl)amino-1-propyloxy]-phenyl]butanoate (1.30 g, 2.98 mmol), palladium/C (0.30 g), cyclohexene (2.5 mL) in ethanol (25 mL) was heated at reflux over 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the residue was washed with an additional amount of ethanol (100 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was added to ethanol (5 mL) and sodium hydroxide (5 mL, 2.5 N) and stirred for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA). The desired product was obtained as its HCl (after treatment with diluted HCl) salt (0.90 g, 71% yield). 1H NMR and mass spectra were consistent with the desired product.

EXAMPLE 5

[0320]

Step 1

[0321]

[0322] To a suspension of sodium hydride (505 mg, 21.0 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL) at 0° C. was added triethyl phophonoacetate (4.7 g, 21.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. To this solution was added a solution of 3-methoxyphenylacetone (3.0 g, 18.3 mmol) in THF (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes and then at ambient temperature for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned between 1M aqueous HCl and ether. The aqueous solution was extracted with ether. The combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (9:1 hexane:ethyl acetate) to give the desired product, (2.6 g, 53% yield).

[0323] A solution of the product from Step 1(2.6 g, 11.1 mmol) and 5% Pd/C in ethanol at ambient temperature and 60 psi was hydrogenated for 1 hour. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the reaction solution was concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product, (2.4 g, 92% yield).

[0324] To a solution of the product from Step 2(2.4 g, 10.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 at −10° C. was added boron tribromide (20.4 mL of a 1M solution in CH2Cl2). The reaction mixture was warmed to 10° C. over 1 hour. Ethanol (10 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 1 hour. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography (5:1 hexane:ethyl acetate) to give the desired product, (1.5 g, 66% yield).

[0325] To a solution of the product from Step 3 (750 mg, 3.37 mmol) in DMF (9 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (885 mg, 3.37 mmol). The reaction solution was kept at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. To this solution was added a solution of 2-(3-hydroxypropylamino)pyridine N-oxide (567 mg, 3.37 mmol) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.53 mL, 3.37 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). The reaction solution was kept at room temperature for 17 hours and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The aqueous solution was back extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (99.5:0.25:0.25 CH2Cl2:MeOH:NH4OH) to give the desired product, (350mg, 28% yield).

[0326] To a solution of the product from Step 4 (350mg, 0.94 mmol) in isopropanol (12mL) was added cyclohexene (0.95mL, 9.4 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (10mg). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 18 hours. Additional cyclohexene (0.95mL) and Pd/C (10 mg) were added and the mixture heated at reflux for 8 hours. This addition and heating were repeated two more times to consume all the starting material. The mixture was cooled, filtered through a pad of Celite and the Celite pad washed with isopropanol. The organic solution was concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product, (330mg, 99% yield).

[0327] To a mixture of the product from Step 5 (330 mg, 0.92 mmol) in 1M aqueous NaOH solution (5 mL) was added methanol (3 mL) and THF (3 mL). The reaction solution was kept at room temperature for 4 hours. Volatiles were removed in vacuo and the aqueous solution was acidified to pH 3 with TFA. The aqueous solution was purified by RP HPLC (starting gradient 80:20 H2O/TFA:MeCN, retention time 14 minutes) to give the desired product, (300mg, 70% yield). Microanalytical: calcd for C19H24N2O3+1.2 TFA: C, 55.25; H, 5.46; N, 6.02. Found: C, 55.29; H, 5.75; N, 6.24.

EXAMPLE 6

[0328]

Step 1

[0329]

[0330] To a solution of the product from Example 5, Step 3 (720 mg, 3.24 mmol) in DMF (9 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (850 mg, 3.24 mmol). The reaction solution was kept at ambient temperature for 1 hour and a solution of 2-(4-hydroxybutylamino)pyridine N-oxide (590 mg, 3.24 mmol) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.51 mL, 3.24 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added. The reaction solution was kept at room temperature for 18 hours and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. The aqueous solution was back extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (98:1:1 CH2Cl2:MeOH:NH4OH) to give the desired product, (560mg, 45% yield).

[0331] To a solution of the product from Step 1 (560 mg 1.45 mmol) in isopropanol (16 mL) was added cyclohexene (1.5 mL, 14.5 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (15 mg). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 18 hours. Additional cyclohexene (1.5 mL) and Pd/C (15 mg) were added and the mixture heated at reflux for 8 hours. This addition and heating were repeated two more times to consume all the starting material. The mixture was cooled, filtered through a pad of Celite and the Celite pad washed with isopropanol. The organic solution was concentrated in vacuo to give the desired product, (515 mg, 96% yield).

[0332] To a mixture of the product from Step 2 (500 mg, 1.35 mmol) in 1M aqueous NaOH solution (7 mL) was added methanol (4 mL) and THF (4 mL). The reaction solution was kept at room temperature for 5 hours. Volatiles were removed in vacuo and the aqueous solution was acidified to pH 4 with TFA. The aqueous solution was purified by RP HPLC (starting gradient 80:20 H2O/TFA:MeCN, retention time 15 min) to give the desired product, (385 mg, 57% yield). Microanalytical: calcd for C20H26N2O3.1.4 TFA: C, 54.54; H, 5.50; N, 5.58. Found: C, 54.53; H, 5.85; N, 5.67.

EXAMPLE 7

[0333]

Step 1

[0334]

[0335] DL-3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid (5.4 g, 0.032 moles) was added to saturated HCl (100 ml) in ethanol. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature under nitrogen. HCl in ethanol was removed under vacuum to afford a residue. The concentrated residue was trituated with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate was then removed in vacuum and the procedure was repeated twice. The resulting residue was dried under high vacuum to give a yellow solid (7.4 g, 98.6% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.46-7.41 (m, 5H), 4.70 (m,1H), 4.16-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.11-2.96 (m, 2H), 1.19 (t, 3H, 7.18 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C11H15N1O2 194.1176, found 194.1210.

Step 2

[0336]

[0337] 3-Methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (3.03 g, 14.7 mmol) and the product of Step 1 (3.37 g, 14.7 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (50 ml). Triethylamine (2.97 g, 29 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. A solid formed which was filtered and washed with DMF. The filtrate was concentrated. The concentrated residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 60% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give a solid (4.12 g, 77.3% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.26-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.06 (m, 5H), 6.98-6.95(m,1H), 4.79-4.73 (m,1H), 4.01-3.95 (m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.64 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t, 3H, J=7.05 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C18H21N1O5S1 364.1213, found 364.1201.

[0338] A mixture of the product of Step 2 (4 g, 11 mmol) and ethanethiol (3.4 g, 55 mmol) in methylene chloride (100 ml) was cooled in ice-bath. Aluminum chloride (7.3 g, 55 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with 3N HCl (100 ml). The organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride (2×100 ml). The combined organic extracts were concentrated and dried to give a white solid (3.3 g, 85.9% yield). The material was used in the next reaction without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.16-7.04 (m, 8H), 6.84-6.82 (m, 1H), 4.72 (t,1H, J=7.56 Hz), 4.01-3.94 (m, 2H), 2.77-2.63 (m, 2H), 1.11 (t, 3H, J=7.18 Hz). Mass spectrometry: 350.1 (M+H)+.

[0339] The product produced in Step 3 (1 g, 2.86 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.5 g, 5.73 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (10 ml). 2-[(3-Hydroxy-1-propyl)amino]pyridine-N-oxide (0.97 g, 5.73 mmol) and diethyl azodi-carboxylate (1 g, 5.73 mmol) were dissolved in DMF then added to above solution at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred 18 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed. The crude reaction mixture was purified by reversed phase HPLC. Appropriate fractions were collected to give a brown color oil (1.97 g) which contain the desired compound. Mass spectrometry: 500.4 (M+H)+.

Step 5

[0340]

[0341] 5% Pd/C (0.4 g) was added to a solution of the product produced in Step 4 (0.42 g, 0.68 mmol) and cyclohexene (2 ml) in absolute EtOH (12 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux. After 16 hours, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The concentrated residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC to give a yellow oil (50 mg, 12.5% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 8.33 (d,1H, J=8.72 Hz), 7.84-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.23-6.92 (m,10H), 6.77 (t,1H, J=6.28 Hz), 4.61 (m,1H), 3.95 (t, 2H, J=6.02 Hz), 3.88-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.36 (m, 3H), 2.66-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.00 (t, 2H, J=6.28 Hz), 1.00 (t, 3H, J=7.05 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C25H29N3O5S1 484.1906, found 484.1922.

[0342] Lithium hydroxide (15 mg, 0.38 mol) was added to the product of Step 5 in 1:1/acetonitrile:water (4 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred several hours at room temperature then purified by 18 C reverse phase HPLC to give the desired compound (40 mg, 55.5% yield). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.90-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.79 (d, 1H), 7.29-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.10-6.98 (m, 8H), 6.86 (t, 1H, J=6.79 Hz), 4.74 (t, 1H, J=7.43 Hz), 4.05 (t, 2H, J=5.90 Hz), 3.55 (t, 2H, J=6.79 Hz), 2.76-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.13 (m, 2H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C23H25N3O5S1 456.1593, found 456.1581.

EXAMPLE 8

[0343]

[0344] The product produced in Step 3 of Example 7 (0.2 g, 0.55 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.15 g, 0.55 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (5 ml). 2-[(4-Hydroxy-1-butyl)amino]pyridine-N-oxide (0.1 g, 0.55 mmol) was added to above solution neat then followed by adding diethylazodicarboxylate (0.1 g, 0.55 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was purified by reversed phase HPLC. The appropriate fractions were collected to give an oil (0.3 g) which contained the desired compound (M+H: 514.3). The oil was dissolved in 5 ml ethanol and then 5% Pd/C (0.3 g) and cyclohexene (2 ml) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 18 hours. The Pd/C was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced vacuum. The concentrated residue was dissolved in 1:1/acetonitrile water (2 ml) with lithium hydroxide (50 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was acidified by adding TFA and then purified by reversed phase HPLC to give a white solid (20 mg, 6.2% yield). M+H: 470.05. NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.11 (t, 2H, J=7.18 Hz), 1.83 ((m, 4H), 2.64-2.77 (m, 2H), 3.48 (t, 2H, J=6.53 Hz), 3.92-4.01 (m, 4H), 4.75 (t, 1H, J=7.56 Hz), 6.79-6.83 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.16 (m, 7H), 7.21-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.74 (m, 1H), 8.15-8.17 (m, 1H).

EXAMPLE 9

[0345]

Step 1

[0346]

[0347] Ethyl 3-N-(3-metoxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate

[0348] Triethylamine (6.8 mL) was added to a solution of m-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl chloride (10.0 g, 48.40 mmol) and ethyl 3-amino-3-(3-pyridyl)-propionate (12.91 g, 48.40 mmol) in dimethylacetamide (600 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at rt. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (500 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (saturated, 400 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (400 mL) and dried (MgSO4) and was concentrated to afford 9.67 g (55%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 9.01 (s,1H), 8.63 (d,1H, J=5.5 Hz), 8.31 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 8.00 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.2-7.33 (m, 2H), 6.95-6.97 (m, 1H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 1.08 (t, 3H, J=7 Hz).

Step 2

[0349]

100

[0350] Methyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate

[0351] Boron tribromide (13.22 g, 5 mL, 52.72 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-N-(3-metoxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate (9.60 g, 26.36 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and was quenched with methanol and was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and was washed with sodium bicarbonate (200 mL), dried and was concentrated to afford 7 g (80%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.29 (m, 2H), 7.57 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.11-7.16 (m, 3H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 6.85 (m, 1H), 4.74 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 2.74 (m, 2H). Anal Calcd for C15H16N2O5S: Mol. Wt. 337.0858 (M+H). Found: Mol. Wt, 337.0852 (M+H, HRFABMS).

101

[0352] A solution of DEAD (1.03 g, 5.95 mmol) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminopropanol (1.0 g, 5.95) in DMF (10 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)amino-propionate (1.0 g, 2.975 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.64 g, 6.26 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) over a period of 1 min (mildly exothermic reaction) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 0.77 g of the desired product as its TFA salt as oil. 1H NMR is consistent with the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.52-8.58 (m, 2H), 8.14-8.17 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 5H), 6.77-6.81 (m, 1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 2.83 (m, 2H), 2.16 (m, 2H).

102

[0353] A mixture of methyl 3-[3-(2-N-oxypyridyl)amino]-1-propyloxyphenyl-3-(3-pyridyl)propionate (0.77 g), palladium/C (0.5 g), cyclohexene (2 mL) in ethyl alcohol (25 mL) was heated at reflux over 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the residue was washed with additional amount of ethyl alcohol (10 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was added ethanol (10 mL) and water (5 mL) and lithium hydroxide was added till the solution was slightly basic (pH 11) and stirred for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to afford 0.50 g of the desired product as its TFA salt. 1H NMR and mass spectra are consistent with the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, 1H, J=5.1 Hz), 8.31 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.75-7.89 (m, 3H), 7.05-7.37 (m, 5H), 6.86 (t,1H, J=6.6 Hz), 4.91 (m,1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 3.58 (m, 2H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLE 10

[0354]

103

Step 1

[0355]

104

[0356] A solution of DEAD (1.54 g, 8.92 mmol) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminobutanol (1.62 g, 8.92 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate (1.5 g, 4.46 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.46 g, 9.38 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) over a period of 1 min (mildly exothermic reaction) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 0.55 g of the desired product as its TFA salt as an oil. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.64 (d, 1H, J=5.5 Hz), 8.39 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 8.18 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 7.75-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.35 (m, 5H), 6.82 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 4.98 (t, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 4.02 (m, 2H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 1.86 (m, 4H).

105

[0357] A mixture of Methyl 3-N-[4-(2-N-oxypyridyl)amino]-1-butyloxyphenyl-sulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate (0.50 g,), palladium/C (0.5 g), cyclohexene (2 mL) in ethyl alcohol (25 mL) was heated at reflux over 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the residue was washed with additional amount of ethyl alcohol (10 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was added ethanol (10 mL) and water (5 mL) and lithium hydroxide was added till the solution was slightly basic (pH 11) and stirred for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to afford 0.40 g of the desired product as its TFA salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, 1H, J=5.9 Hz), 8.57 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.83-7.96 (m, 3H), 7.04-7.35 (m, 5H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 2.90 (m, 2H), 1.92 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 11

[0358]

106

Step 1

[0359]

107

[0360] Ethyl 3-N-(4-amino-1-butyloxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate

[0361] A solution of DEAD (2.92 g, 16.78 mmol) and 4-N-Boc-aminobutanol (3.36 g, 16.78 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate (2.82 g, 8.39 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (4.62 g, 8.39 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) over a period of 1 min (mildly exothermic reaction) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was treated with saturated ethanolic HCl and was stirred for 6 h amd was concentrated and the residue purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 2.5 g (73%)of the desired product as an oil as its TFA salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ? 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, 1H, J=5.5 Hz), 8.38 (d,1H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.83 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.50 (m, 4H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 3.92-4.08 (m, 4H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.84 (m, 2H), 1.86 (m, 4H), 1.12 (m, 3H).

Step 2

[0362]

108

[0363] A mixture of ethyl 3-(N-4-amino-1-butyloxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionate (0.50 g, 0.96 mmol), 2-thiomethyltetrahydro-pyrimidine hydroiodide (0.495 g, 1.93 mmol) and triethylamine (0.27 mL) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was heated at reflux for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and concentrated to afford a residue. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and water and added lithium hydroxide to pH 11 and was stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to afford 0.110 g of the desired product as its TFA salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.56-8.62 (m, 2H), 8.23 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.70 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.35 (m, 4H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.35 (m, 4H), 3.16-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.95 (m, 6H).

EXAMPLE 12

[0364]

109

[0365] 3-(4-(2-(5-hydroxy-tetrahydropyrimidinyl)aminobutyloxyphenyl-sulfonyl))-3-(3-pyridyl)aminopropionic Acid

[0366] A mixture of ethyl 3-N-(4-amino-1-butyloxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3-pyridyl)-aminopropionate (0.50 g, 0.96 mmol), 2-thiomethyl-5-hydroxy-tetrahydro-pyrimidine hydroiodide (0.495 g, 1.93 mmol) and triethylamine (0.27 mL) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was heated at reflux for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and concentrated to afford a residue. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and water and added lithium hydroxide to pH 11 and was stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc using reverse phase C18 column and 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA. The pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to afford 0.110 g of the desired product as its TFA salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.54-8.60 (m, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.35 (m, 4H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.41 (m, 6H), 2.81 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.87 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 13

[0367]

110

Step 1

[0368]

111

[0369] Ethyl 3-N-(3-methoxyphenylsulfonyl)-4-(3-pyridyl)aminobutanoate

[0370] Triethylamine (3.19 mL) was added to a solution of m-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl chloride (1.57 g, 7.62 mmol) and ethyl 3-amino-4-(3-pyridyl)-butanoate hydrochloride (2.14 g, 7.62 mmol) in dimethylformamide (20 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at rt. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (200 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (saturated, 100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL) and dried (MgSO4) and was concentrated to afford 2.1 g (73%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.2-8.35 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.42 (m, 6H), 3.79-4.11 (m, 6H), 2.45-2.90 (m, 4H), 1.2-1.4 (m, 3H).

Step 2

[0371]

112

[0372] Boron tribromide (1 mL) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-N-(3-methoxy-phenylsulfonyl)-4-(3-pyridyl)aminobutanoate (2.0 g, 5.29 mmol) in dichloro-methane (20 mL) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and was quenched with ethanol and was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and was washed with sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), dried and was concentrated to afford 1.40 g (73%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 6.8-8.35 (m, 8H), 3.79-4.11 (m, 3H), 2.45-2.90 (m, 4H), 1.16-1.2 (m, 3H).

113

[0373] A solution of DEAD (1.34 g, 7.701 mmol) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminobutanol (1.40 g, 7.69 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-4-(3-pyridyl)aminobutanoate (1.4 g, 3.846 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.12 g, 8.09 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) over a period of 1 min (mildly exothermic reaction) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 0.9 g (33%) of the desired product as its TFA salt as solid. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.64 (m,1H), 8.35 (m, 1H), 8.15 (m, 1H), 7.87 (m, 1H), 7.69 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.22 (m, 3H), 6.79 (m, 1H), 3.82-4.16 (m, 6H), 3.48 (m, 3H), 2.8-3.15 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 4H), 1.2-1.45 (m, 3H).

114

[0374] A mixture of Ethyl 3-N-[4-(2-N-pyridyl)amino]-1-butyloxyphenylsulfonyl)-4-(3-pyridyl)aminobutanoate (1.0 g,), palladium/C (0.2 g), cyclohexene (2 mL) in ethyl alcohol (25 mL) was heated at reflux over 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the residue was washed with additional amount of ethyl alcohol (10 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was added ethanol (10 mL) and water (5 mL) and lithium hydroxide was added till the solution was slightly basic (pH 11) and stirred for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to afford 0.29 g of the desired product as its TFA salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.60-8.62 (m, 2H), 8.30 (m, 1H), 7.80-7.88 (m, 3H), 6.8-7.4 (m, 6H), 3.82-4.16 (m, 3H), 3.43 (m, 2H), 3.1-3.2 (m, 1H), 2.8-2.9 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 4H). Anal. Calcd for C24H28N4SO5: Mol. Wt, 485.1859 (M+H). Found: Mol. Wt, 485.1865 (M+H, HRFABMS).

EXAMPLE 14

[0375]

115

Step 1

[0376]

116

[0377] Ethyl 3-N-(3-metoxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(phenethyl)aminopropionate

[0378] Triethylamine (4.68 mL) was added to a solution of m-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl chloride (3.46 g, 16.76 mmol) and ethyl 3-amino-3-(phenethyl)-propionate hydrochloride (4.0 g, 16.76 mmol) in dimethylacetamide (30 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at rt. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (200 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (saturated, 200 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL) and dried (MgSO4) and was concentrated to afford 4.2 g (64%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 6.97-7.46 (m, 9H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.6 (m, 1H), 2.3-2.6 (m, 4H), 1.6-1.8 (m. 2H), 1.1-1.2 (m, 3H).

117

[0379] Ethyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(phenethyl)aminopropionate

[0380] Boron tribromide (4 mL) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-N-(3-methoxy-phenylsulfonyl)-3-(phenethyl)aminopropionate (3.80 g, 9.38 mmol) in dichloromethane (75 mL) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and was quenched with ethanol and was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and was washed with sodium bicarbonate (200 mL), dried and was concentrated to afford 1.68 g (46%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 6.95-7.36 (m, 9H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 2H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 2.3-2.6 (m, 4H), 1.6-1.8 (m. 2H), 1.1-1.2 (m, 3H).

118

[0381] A solution of DEAD (0.89 g, 5.114 mmol) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminobutanol (0.931 g, 5.114 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(phenethyl)amino-propionate (1.0 g, 2.557 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.41 g, 5.37 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) over a period of 1 min (mildly exothermic reaction) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 0.8 g (56%) of the desired product as its TFA salt as a solid. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.14 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.46 (m, 3H), 6.75-7.20 (m, 8H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 4H), 3.59 (m,1H), 3.4-3.5 (m, 2H), 2.3-2.6 (m, 4H), 1.5-2.0 (m. 6H), 1.1-1.2(m, 3H).

119

[0382] A mixture of methyl 3-[3-(2-N-oxypyridyl)amino]-1-butyloxy-phenyl-3-(phenethyl)aminopropionate (0.77 g,), palladium/C (0.2 g), cyclohexene (2 mL) in ethyl alcohol (25 mL) was heated at reflux over 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the residue was washed with additional amount of ethyl alcohol (10 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was added ethanol (10 mL) and water (5 mL) and lithium hydroxide was added till the solution was slightly basic (pH 11) and stirred for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and the pure fractions were combined and lyophilized to afford 0.20 g of the desired product as its TFA salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.6-7.8 (m, 2H), 7.2-7.35 (m, 3H), 6.7-7.10 (m, 8H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m,1H), 3.26-3.3 (m, 2H), 2.2-2.5 (m, 4H), 1.5-2.0 (m. 6H. Anal. Calcd for C26H31N3SO5: Mol. Wt, 498.2063 (M+H). Found: 498.2081 (M+H, HRFABMS).

EXAMPLE 15

[0383]

120

Step A

[0384]

121

[0385] β-[[(3-methoxyphenyl)thio]methyl]benzenepropanoic Acid, Ethyl Ester

[0386] To a solution of 3-methoxy-thiophenol (1.4 g, 0.01 mol) and 2-phenylbutyro-lactone 2a (1.5 g, 0.0093 mol, (Tetrahedron 47, (8) 1525-40, 1991) in DMF (10.0 mL) were added potassium carbonate (1.4 g, 0.01 mol) and 18-crown-C (0.05 g), and the mixture was heated at 75° C. for 12 h under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture was cooled, and partioned between 5% citric acid (25 mL) and ethylacetate (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2×25 mL), dried dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a yellow syrup. This was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 20% EtOAc in hexane. Fractions containing the desired acid as monitored by ES mass spectrometry, [m/z=303 (M+H)] were combined and concentrated. This material was dissolved in EtOH (5 mL), added 4N HCl/dioxane (5.0 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h, and at 70° C. for 1 h. The resulting solution was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 20% EtOAc in hexane to give 1.2 g (40%) of the desired ester as a pale yellow liquid: 1H-NMR (400 Mz, CDCl3) δ 7.35-7.15 (m, 5H), 6.87 (m, m 1H), 6.85 (m, 1H), 6.70 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 3.77 (m, 3H), 3.18 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 2.92 (dd, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 2.65 (dd, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), and 1.11 (t, 3H, J=6.8 Hz); ES-MS m/z 331 (M+H)+; HR-MS Calcd C19H23O3S 331.1100, found 331.1377.

122

[0387] β-[[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]methyl]benzenepropanoic Acid Ethyl Ester

[0388] A mixture of the product from step A (0.66 g, 0.002 mol) and oxone (2.5 g) in ethanol (12.0 mL) and water (3.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to afford the sulphone (0.55 g, 76%) as a colorless syrup: 1H-NMR (400 Mz, CDCl3) δ 7.37 (m, 2H), 7.19 (m, 4H), 7.08 (m 3H), 3.99 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.73 (m 1H), 3.54 (dd, 1H), 3.43 (dd, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 2.98 (dd, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 2.69 (dd, 1H, J=8.8 Hz),and 1.11 (t, 3H, J=6.8 Hz); ES-MS m/z 363 (M+H)+. This material was dissolved in dichloromethane and added with boron-tribromide (0.3 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. It was then stirred at room temperature for another 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled, added cold EtOH (1.0 mL) and concentrated to dryness. The residue was treated with an additional 5 mL of ethanol and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The resulting substance was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 40% EtOAc in hexane to furnish 0.42 g (87%) of the desired phenol as a white solid: 1H-NMR (400 Mz, CDCl3) δ 7.33 (m,2H), 7.24-7.12, m, 4H), 7.07 (m, 3H), 6.27 (s,1H), 3.75 (m 2H), 3.46 (m, 1H), 3.33 (dd, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 3.19 (d, 1H, J=6.4 Hz), 2.73 (dd, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 2.46 (dd, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 1.1 (t, 3H, J=7.2 Hz); ES-MS m/z 366 (M+NH4)+; HR-MS calcd C18H21O5S 366.1375, found 366.1378.

123

[0389] To a solution of the product from step B (0.4 g, 0.00115 mol) in THF at 0° C., was added triphenylphosphine (0.45 g, 0.0017 mol) and stirred under an atmosphere of argon. After 15 min, added diisopropylazodicarboxylate (0.3 mL) and stirred for 10 min. To this mixture, was added a solution of 3c (0.3 g, 0.0017 mol) in DMF (3.0 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The solvents were distilled in vacuo, and the residue was purified by reverse-phase HPLC using 10-90% acetonitrile/water gradient (30 min) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min. The appropriate fractions as revealed by ES mass spectrometry (m/z=513) were combined and freeze dried to give 0.27 g of the desired product. This was dissloved in ethanol (10.0 mL), cyclohexene (0.3 mL) and Pd/C (10%, 0.3 g) were added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, and the filtrate was concentrated. The resulting residue was suspended in acetonitrile (0.5 mL),added 1M LiOH (1.5 mL) and the mixture was heated at 70° C. for 45 min. It was then cooled, diluted with water (1 mL), acidified with trifluoroacetic acid, and the product was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC using 10-90% acetonitrile/water gradient (30 min) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min. The appropriate fractions as revealed by ES mass spectrometry (m/z=469) were combined and freeze dried to give 0.09 g of the desired product: 1H-NMR (400 Mz, CD3OD) δ 7.85 (m, 1H), 7.8 m, 1H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.0 (m, 8H), 6.86 (t, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.68 (d, 2H, J=1.2 Hz), 3.58 (m,1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.84 (dd, 1H), 2.6 (dd, 1H), 1.92 (br s, 4H);ES-MS m/z 469 (M+H)+ HR-MS Calcd C25H29 N2O5S (M+H)+ 469.1797, found 469.1806.

EXAMPLE 16

[0390]

124

Step 1

[0391]

125

[0392] A mixture of commercially available 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene (10.22 g, 0.046mol), 2-butene-1,4-diol (6.07 g, 0.069 mol), K2CO3 (15.9 g, 0.115 mol) and (Bu)4NCI (12.79 g, 0.046 mol) in anhydrous DMF (56 mL) was added to a Fisher-Porter bottle. The bottle was sealed, evacuated and purged three times with nitrogen. Pd(OAc)2 (0.31 g, 0.0014 mol), was added and bottle was resealed, evacuated and charged with nitrogen (10 psi). The mixture was heated in an oil bath at 70° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After 3 h of heating, it was cooled and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (4×125 mL), the combined organic extracts were washed with water (2×150 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. The organic extracts were concentrated and purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 30% EtOAc in hexane to afford the desired β-4-fluoro-phenylbutyrolactol intermediate 6.5 g (78%). To a solution of lactol (2.96 g, 0.016 mol) in anhydrous toluene (82 mL) was added Ag2CO3 (18.02 g, 0.065 mol) and the suspension was heated in oil bath at 85° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After 1 h of heating the reaction was cooled and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 30% EtOAc in hexane to afford the desired lactone, as a yellow syrup, 2.8 g (95%). This was used as such in step B. MS and 1H-NMR were consistent with the desired structure. GC-MS: (m/z) (MH)+=181; 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 400 Hz) δ 7.0 (m, 2H), 4.6 (t, 1H), 4.2 (t, 1H), 3.8 (m, 1H), 2.9 (dd, 1H), 2.7 (dd, 1H).

126

[0393] To a solution of lactone, (2b), (2.0 g, 0.01 1 mol) and 3-methoxy thiophenol (2.3 g, 0.016 mol, see Ref. Tetrahedron 47 (8) 1525-40, 1991) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) were added potassium carbonate (2.3 g, 0.016 mol) and 18-crown-6 (0.20 g). The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 3 h under anhydrous conditions (CaSO4 dry tube). The reaction mixture was cooled and partitioned between acetic acid (2 eq) and EtOAc (50 mL). Organic extracts were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was rinsed with ethanol (20 mL), cooled and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated, dried and used as is. MS, m/z(M+NH4)=342. To a chilled solution (0° C.) of this crude material (2.67 g) in ethanol (15 mL) was added 4N HCl/dioxane (5 mL) and stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1.5 h and monitored by TLC for completion (25% EtOAc in hexane). The resulting solution was cooled and extracted with EtOAc and water. The organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to dryness. The yellow residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 25% EtOAc in hexane to afford desired ester, (4b), 2.4 g (63%). MS and 1H-NMR were consistent with the desired structure. 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 400 Hz) δ 7.1 (m, 3H), 6.9 (t, 2H), 6.84 (m, 2H), 6.72 (dd, 1H), 3.9 (q, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.28 (m, 3H), 2.8 (dd, 1H) 2.6 (dd, 1H), 1.07 (t, 3H). HR-MS (ES) m/z calcd C19H21O3SF (MH)+ 349.1274, found 349.1248.

127

[0394] A mixture of the ester (1.12 g 0.0032 mol) and oxone (2.96 g, 0.0048 mol) in ethanol (16 mL)/water (4 mL) was stirred in an ice bath for 3 h. It was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The milky yellow residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 30% EtOAc in hexane to afford the sulfone, β-[[(3-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]methyl]-4-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid ethyl ester 0.98 g (80%): 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 400 Hz) δ 7.4 (m, 1H), 7.3 (m,1H), 7.1 (m, 4H), 6.85 (t, 2H), 4.0 (q, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.65 (m, 3H), 2.85 (dd,1H) 2.6 (dd, 1H), 1.07 (t, 3H) HR-MS (ES) m/z calcd C19 H21O5SF (MH)+381.1172, found 381.1197. This material was used as such in the following step. To a cold solution of the sulphone, β-[[(3-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]methyl]-4-fluorobenzenepropanoic acid, ethyl ester (0.98 g. 0.0025 mol) in dichloro-methane (10 ml) was added borontribromide (0.5 mL) and stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then stirred at RT for 1.5 h and monitored by ES mass spectrometry for completion (M+H m/z=367). The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with EtOH (10 mL). The solution was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water. The organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 50% EtOAc in hexane to afford the desired phenol, (5b), 0.667 g (70%): 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 400 Hz) δ 7.3 (m, 1H), 7.1 (m, 5H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 3.9 (q, 2H), 3.6 (m, 3H), 2.8 (dd, 1H) 2.6 (dd, 1H), 1.07 (t, 3H); HR-MS (ES) m/z calcd C18 H19O5S F (MH)+367.1015, found 367.1052.

128

[0395] To a cold solution of the phenol, (5b), (0.355 g, 0.093 mol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (0.383 g, 0.00146 mol) and stirred at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After 5 minutes, diisopropylazodicarboxylate (0.27 g, 0.00136mol) was added dropwise and stirred for 15 min. Then added a cold solution of the pyridine N-oxide (0.266 g, 0.00146 mol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) and stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and at RT overnight. The solvent was distilled in vacuo and the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC using 5-95% acetontrile/water to 50-50% acetonitrile/water gradient (30 min) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min. The appropriate fractions were combined according to ES mass spectrometry (M+H=531) and freeze dried to give 0.54 g of the desired product. This was used as such in the following step. The product was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL), cyclohexene (0.39 g, 0.0048 mol) and Pd/C (10%, 0.5 g). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux (80° C.) for 3.5 h. The reaction was monitored by ES mass spectrometry for completion (M+H m/z=515 and M+H m/z=279). The mixture was cooled, filtered through a pad of celite, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue, 0.493 g, was suspended in 1 M LiOH (5 mL) and heated for 1 h at 80° C. The reaction was monitored by ES mass spectrometry for completion (M−H=485 M+H=279). The reaction mixture was cooled and extracted with dichloromethane and water to remove triphenylphosphinoxide. The aqueous layer (M−H=485) was concentrated and acidified with TFA. The product was isolated by reverse phase HPLC using 5-95% acetonitrile/water to 50-50% acetonitrile/water gradient (30 min) at a flow rate of 70 mL/min. The appropriate fractions were combined according to ES mass spectrometry (M+H=487) and freeze dried to afford the desired acid, (5.3 mg): 1H-NMR (CD3OD, 400 Hz) δ (7.82 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.1(m, 4H), 6.8 (m, 2H), 4.0 (m, 2H), 3.6 (m, 3H), 3.4 (m, 2H), 2.8 (dd, 2H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 1.91 (s, 4H). HR-MS (ES) m/z calcd C25H27N2O5 SF (MH)+487.1703, found 487.1722.

EXAMPLE 17

[0396]

129

Step 1

[0397]

130

[0398] To a solution of 4-bromobutylphthalimide (Aldrich, 20 g) and 3-bromomphenol (Aldrich, 12.3 g) in acetone (125 mL) was added potassium carbonate (Aldrich, 1 1 g). The mixture was stirred and heated to reflux for 16 hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to provide a colorless solid (27 g). The solid was dissolved in hot ethanol (300 mL). Hydrazine (Aldrich, 98%, 25 mL) and water (10 mL) were added to the solution. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 16 hours. The precipitated solid was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and 50% aqueous potassium carbonate. The organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound (1 2.5 g). 1H (CDCl3); δ 7.12 (1H, t); 7.06 (1H, dt); 7.04 (1H, m); 6.82 (1H, ddd); 3.95 (2H, t); 2.76 (2H, t); 1.81 (2H, p); 1.60 (2H, p); 1.30 (2H, br, s).

131

[0399] A mixture of the product of Example-1 (12.5 g), 2-fluoropyridine (Aldrich, 100 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (Aldrich, 9 mL) was heated to reflux for 48 hours. The volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic extract was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with ether and hexane to provide the title compound as a colorless solid. 1H (CDCl3); δ 8.07 (1H, ddd); 7.39 (1H, ddd); 7.10 (1H, t); 7.05 (1H, dt); 7.03 (1H, t); 6.80 (1H, ddd); 6.54 (1H, ddd); 6.35 (1H, dt); 4.74 (1H, br. t); 3.93 (2H, t); 3.32 (2H, q); 186 (2H, p); 1.77 (2H, p).

132

[0400] Potassium hydride (Aldrich, 3.5 g of a 35% mineral oil suspension) was washed with pentane and suspended in THF (85 mL) at 0° C. The product of Example-2 (8.4 g) was added as a solid all at once. The cooling bath was removed and the mixture stirred for 20 minutes. The mixture was cooled to −78° C. and tert.butyl lithium (Aldrich, 46 mL, 1.7 molar in hexane) was added over 2 minutes. After 10 minutes tributyltin chloride (Aldrich, 15 mL) was added over 2 minutes. The mixture was stirred at -780C for 20 minutes, 0° C. for 4h and at 23° C. for 1 h. Aqueous saturated ammonium chloride (12 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with water, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography to give the title product as a colorless oil. 1H (CDCl3): δ 8.08 (1H, ddd); 7.41 (1H, ddd); 7.24 (1H, dd); 7.03 (1H, t); 7.00 (1H, d); 6.82 (1H, ddd); 6.56 (1H, ddd); 6.37 (1H, dt); 4.53 (1H, br. t); 4.01 (2H, t); 3.36 (2H, q); 1.91 (2H, p); 1.82 (2H, p); 1.53 (6H, p); 1.33 (6H, h); 1.04 (6H, t); 0.88 (9H, t).

133

[0401] To a stirred solution of trimethylsilyl chlorosulfonate (Aldrich, 11. 1 mL) in carbon tetrachloride (Aldrich, 150 mL) at 0° C., was added the product of Example-3 (19 g) over 3 minutes. The cooling bath was removed after 1 hour and stirring continued for another 30 minutes. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (630 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring continued for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was extracted with ether and water. The aqueous phase was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was digested with boiling ethanol (2×150 mL) and filtered while hot. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was triturated with ether and filtered to give the sodium salt of the title product (6.6 g). The sodium salt was suspended in aqueous ethanol (50%, 100 mL) and shirred at 23° C. The mixture was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid to pH 4. The precipitated white solid was filtered and washed with aqueous ethanol (50%, 100 mL) followed by ether (100 mL) to provide the title product as a colorless solid. 1H (DMSO-d6); δ 7.92 (1H, d); 7.38 (1H, t); 7.29 (1H, t); 7.21 (1H, d); 7.17 (1H, s); 6.93 (1H, d); 6.49 (2H, m); 4.01 (2H, t); 3.27 (2H, t); 1.80 (2H, p); 1.67 (2H, p).

134

[0402] To a stirred suspension of the product of Example-4 (0.52 g), bromo-trispyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.75 g) and ethyl (3S)-3-aminopent-4-ynoate hydrochloride (Ref: WO 9802410, 0.285 g) in dimethyl ace amide (Aldrich, 4 mL) was added diisoproylethylamine (0.86 mL). After 16 h at 23° C., the solution was heated on a steam bath for 16 hours. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with water, saturated solution of NaHCO3, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was heated with 4N hydrochloric acid (5 mL) heated on a steam bath for 16 hours. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by HPLC to provide the title product as a gum. 1H (DMSO-d6): δ 8.78(1H, br. s); 8.34 (1H, d); 7.92 (1H, d); 7.88 (1H, t); 7.48 (1H, t); 7.37 (1H, d); 7.32 (1H, br. s); 7.19 (1H, dd); 7.04 (1H, d); 6.84 (1H, t); 4.27 (1H, qd); 4.09 (2H, t); 3.38 (2H, br. t); 3.07 (1H, d); 2.56 (2H, d); 1.85 (2H, p); 1.76 (2H, p).

EXAMPLE 18

[0403]

135

[0404] To a stirred solution of ethyl (3S)-3-aminopent-4-ynoate hydrochloride (Ref: WO 9802410, 20 g) in water (200 mL) at 23° C. was added sodium bicarbonate (20 g). Then ether (100 mL) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Aldrich, 25 g) were added. After 16 hours, the mixture was extracted with ether and water. The organic extract was washed with aqueous potassium hydrogen sulfate (0.5N, 200 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo to provide ethyl (3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]pent-4-ynoate as a clear liquid. A mixture of this product (3.6 g), iodobenzene (Aldrich, 2.041 g) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (Aldrich, 70 mg), copper(I) iodide (Aldrich, 10 mg) and diethylamine (Aldrich, 60 mL) in a pressure bottle was purged with nitrogen and heated to 65° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic extract was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography to provide the tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative of ethyl (3S)-3-amino-5-phenylpent-4-ynoate. This material was dissolved in 4 N HCL dioxane (Aldrich, 10 mL) and allowed to stand at 23° C. for 30 minutes. The volatiles were removed in vacuo to provide ethyl (3S)-3-amino-5-phenylpent-4-ynoate hydrochloride as colorless solid. 1H (DMSO-d6): δ 7.43 (5H, m); 4.61 1h, q); 4.13 (2H, q); 3.18 (1H, dd), 2.92 (1H, dd): 1.21 (3H, t). To a stirred suspension of this product (0.41 g) and the product of EXAMPLE 1, STEP 3 (0.52 g), bromo-trispyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (0.75 g) in dimethyl acetamide (Aldrich, 4 mL) was added diisoproylethylamine (0.86 mL). After 16 h at 23° C., the solution was heated on a steam bath for 16 hours. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with water, saturated solution of NaHCO3, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was heated with 4N hydrochloric acid (5 mL) heated on a steam bath for 16 hours. The solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by HPLC to provide the title product as a gum. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.87 (1H, t); 7.81 (1H, d); 7.50 (1H, d); 7.42 (2H, m); 7.22 (3H, m); 7.08 (1H, d); 7.02 (3H, m); 6.87 (1H, t); 4.67 (1H, t); 4.00 (2H, t); 3.37 (2H, t); 2.77 (2H, d); 1.83 (4H, m).

EXAMPLE 19

[0405]

136

[0406] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 18 was repeated using 1-iodo-3,5-bistrifluoromethyl)benzene (Aldrich) in the place of iodobenzene to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.90 (1H, s); 7.88 (1H, t); 7.82 (1H, d); 7.54 (2H, s); 7.52 (1H, d); 7.45 (1H, s); 7.42 (1H, t); 7.03 (2H, d); 6.87 (1H, t); 4.72 (1H, t); 4.02 (2H, br. t); 3.40 (2H, br. t); 2.82 (2H, d); 1.86 (4H, m).

EXAMPLE 20

[0407]

137

[0408] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 18 was repeated using 1,3-dichloro-5-iodobenzene (Aldrich) in the place of iodobenzene to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.88 (1H, t); 7.82 (1H, d); 7.50 (1H, d); 7.45 (1H, t); 7.43 (1H, s); 7.36 (1H, s); 7.10 (1H, d); 7.03 (1H, d); 6.91 (2H, s); 6.88 (1H, t); 4.68 (1H, t); 4.04 (2H, t); 3.40 (2H, t); 2.78 (2H, d); 1.87 (4H, m).

EXAMPLE 21

[0409]

138

[0410] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 18 was repeated using 2-iodobenzene-1-sulfonamide (Maybridge) in the place of iodobenzene to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.88 (2H, m); 7.81 (1H, d); 7.52 (1H, d); 7.44 (4H, m); 7.11 (1H, d); 7.05 (2H, m); 6.87 (1H, t); 4.68 (1H, t); 4.01 (2H, m); 3.37 (2H, m); 2.84 (2H, m); 1.82 (4H, m).

EXAMPLE 22

[0411]

139

[0412] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 17 was repeated using ethyl nipecotate (Aldrich) in the place of ethyl (3S)-3-aminopent-4-ynoate hydrochloride to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.88 (1H, t); 7.82 (1H, d); 7.52 (1H, t); 7.33 (1H, d); 7.24 (1H, s); 7.22 (1H, d); 7.06 (1H, d); 6.87 (1H, t); 4.13 (2H, t); 3.69 (1H, d); 3.47 (3H, m); 2.57 (2H, m); 2.45 (1H, t); 1.94 (5H, m); 1.80 (1H, br. d); 1.60 (1H, br. q); 1.41 (1H, br. q).

EXAMPLE 23

[0413]

140

[0414] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 17 was repeated using methyl isonipecotate (Aldrich) in the place of ethyl (3S)-3-aminopent-4-ynoate hydrochloride to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.86 (1H, d); 7.61 (1H, t); 7.49 (1H, t); 7.32 (1H, d); 7.24 (1H, s); 7.20 (1H, d); 6.74 (1H, d); 6.66 (1H, t); 4.12 (2H, t); 3.57 (2H, br. d); 3.37 (2H, t); 2.52 (2H, t); 2.27 (1H, tt); 1.94 (4H, m); 1.84 (2H, p); 1.71 (2H, br. q).

EXAMPLE 24

[0415]

141

[0416] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 17 was repeated using L-aspartic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride (Aldrich) in the place of ethyl (3S)-3-aminopent-4-ynoate hydrochloride to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.88 (1H, t); 7.82 (1H, d); 7.42 (3H, m); 7.13 (1H, m); 7.05 (1H, d); 6.87 (1H, t); 4.20 (1H, t); 4.12 (2H, t); 3.44 (2H, t); 2.71 (2H, m); 1.93 (4H, m).

EXAMPLE 25

[0417]

142

[0418] The procedure for the preparation of the product of EXAMPLE 17 was repeated using 3-amino-2,2-difluoro-3-phenyl-propionic acid ethyl ester (Ref: Chem.Pharm.Bull.; EN; 45; 11; 1997; 1793-1804) in the place of ethyl (3S)-3-aminopent-4-ynoate hydrochloride to provide the title product. 1H (CD3OD): δ 7.90 (1H, t); 7.75 (1H, d); 7.27 (3H, m); 7.18 (5H, m); 7.05 (1H, d); 6.84 (2H, m); 5.10 (1H, t, J=13.5 Hz); 4.03 (2H, t); 3.44 (2H, m); 1.91 (4H, m).

EXAMPLE 26

[0419]

143

[0420] The title compound was prepared according to the method described for the preparation of EXAMPLE 17. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.88 (t, 1H), 84 (d, 1H), 7.49 (t, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.04 (d, 1H), 6.88 (t, 1H), 4.14 (t, 2H), 3.47 (t, 2H), 3.11 (t, 2H), 2.48 (t, 2H), 1.98 m, 4H); MS (ESI+) for m/z394 (M+H)+.

EXAMPLE 27

[0421]

144

[0422] The title compound was prepared according to the method described for the preparation of EXAMPLE 17. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.92 (t, 1H), 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 6.90 (t, 1H), 4.14 (t, 2H), 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.46 (t, 2H), 2.38 (dd, 1H), 2.14 (dd, 1H), 1.97 (m, 4H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 0.87 (t, 6H);MS (ESI+) for m/z436 (M+H)+.

EXAMPLE 28

[0423]

145

[0424] The title compound was prepared according to the method described for the preparation of EXAMPLE 17. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.91 (t, 1H), 7.84 (d, 1H), 7.46 (m, 2H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.07 (d, 1H), 6.89 (t, 1H), 4.15 (m, 2H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.47 (t, 2H), 2.40 (dd, 1H), 2.16 (dd, 1H), 1.98 (m, 4H), 1.72 (m, 4H), 1.63 (m,1H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 1.40 (m, 1H), 1.15 (m, 2H), 1.08 (m, 1H), 0.89 (m, 1H); MS (ESI+) for m/z476 (M+H)+.

EXAMPLE 29

[0425]

146

[0426] The title compound was prepared according to the method described for the preparation of EXAMPLE 17. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.91 (t, 1H), 7.85 (d, 1H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.06 (m, 2H), 7.03-6.89 (m, 6H), 4.72 (t, 1H), 3.99 (m, 2H), 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.24 (m, 1H), 2.75 (dd, 1H), 2.67 (dd, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.93 (m, 4H); MS (ESI+) for m/z484 (M+H)+.

EXAMPLE 30

[0427]

147

148

[0428] To a solution of ethyl β-[[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]benzene-propanoate (1 g, 2.86 mmol) and PPh3 polymer (1 g, ˜3 mmol PPh3/g resin) in dry THF (10 mL) was added 4-(BOC-amino)-1-butanol (0.54 g, 2.86 mmol) and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (0.85 ml, 4.3 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Solid was filtered out. Filtrate was concentrated then treated with 4 N HCl in dioxane (10 mL). After 3 hours, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pessure. The residue was purified on reverse phase HPLC to give the title compound (0.6 g, 39%). MS (ES) m/e 421.24 (M+H)+. NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.22-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.14 (m, 6H), 6.96-6.98 (m, 1H), 4.75 (t, 1H, J=7.56 Hz), 3.95-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.92 (t, 2H, J=5.51 Hz), 2.99 (t, 2H, J=6.66 Hz), 2.64-2.78 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.12 (t, 3H, J=7.18 Hz).

Step 2

[0429] β-[[[3-[4-[(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]butoxy]phenyl]sulfonyl]-amino]benzenepropanoic Acid

[0430] To 2-methylthio-2-pyrimidin hydroiodide (0.58 g, 2.2 mmol) and β-[[[3-(4-aminobutoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]benzenepropanoic acid, ethyl ester, monohydrochloride (0.6 g, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added triethylamine (0.34 g, 3.4 mmol). The reaction was refluxed overnight. The solution was concentrated and purified on reverse phase HPLC to give ethyl ester (0. 19 g, 14%) of the title compound. The ethyl ester was dissolved in 50% acetonitrile in water (4 mL) and treated with LiOH (90 mg). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours then purified on reverse phase HPLC to give TFA salt (40 mg, 22%) of the title compound. HRMS: (MH+)=475.2002. NMR (400 MHz, DMSO/TFA) δ 1.55-160 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.77 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.61 (m, 2H), 3.08 (q, 2H, J=6.51 Hz), 3.18-3.20 (m, 4H) 3.83 (t, 2H, J=6.17 Hz), 4.59-4.61 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.95 (m, 2H), 7.01-7.24 (m, 8H), 7.62 (bs, 2H), 8.25 (d, 1H, J=8.73 Hz).

EXAMPLE 31

[0431]

149

150

[0432] To a solution of 3-Methoxybenzynesulfonyl chloride (4.94 g, 23.9 mmol) and ethyl-3-aminobutylate (3.29g, 25 mmol) in DMF (50 ml) was added triethylamine (3.5 ml, 25 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred 48 hours at room temperature. Solid was filtered and washed with DMF. Filtrate was concentrated and brought up to ethylacetate (300 ml). The organic solution was washed with 5% citric acid, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to dryness to give the title compound (8 g). The concentrated residue was used without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL3) δ 1.140 ( (d, 3H, J=6.66 Hz), 1.20 (t, 3H, J=7.05 Hz), 2.39 (d, 2H, J=5.38 Hz), 3.65-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.01-4.13 (m, 2H), 5.28 (d, 1H, J=8.23 Hz), 7.05-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.37-7.45 (m, 3H).

Step 2

[0433]

151

[0434] A mixture of β-[[(3-methoxypheyl)sulfonyl]amino]-butanoic acid, ethyl ester (7.8 g, 25.7 mmol) and ethanethiol (8 g, 0.13 mol) in methylenechloride (200 ml) was cooled in ice-bath. Aluminum chloride (17.2 g, 0.13 mol) was added to above soultion. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with 3N HCl (200 ml). Organic layer was separated. Aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride (2×100 ml). Combined organic solution was concentrated and dried to give the title compound (7 g, 94%). The material was used for the next reaction without further purification. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.06 (d, 3H, J=6.73 Hz), 1.23 (t, 3H, J=7.11 Hz), 2.31-2.49 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.74 (m, 1H), 4.01-4.16 (m, 2H), 7.00-7.04 (m, 1H), 7.2-7.41 (m, 3H).

152

[0435] To a solution of β-[[(3-methoxypheyl)sulfonyl]amino]butanoic acid, ethyl ester (1 g, 3.4 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.9 g, 3.4 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was added 2-[(3-Hydroxy-1-propyl)amino]pyridine-N-oxide (0.63 g, 3.4 mmol) followed by diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.6 g, 3.4 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred 4 hours at room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was purified on reverse phase HPLC to give the TFA salt of the title compound (0.74 g, 49%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.06 (d, 3H, J=6.73 Hz), 1.21 (t, 3H, J=7.11 Hz), 1.89-1.98 (m, 4H), 2.32-2.49 (m, 2H), 3.51 (t, 2H, J=6.63 Hz),3.66-3.73 (m,1H), 3.99-4.08 (m, 2H), 4.14 (t, 2H, J=5.76 Hz), 6.76-6.81 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.59-7.65 (m, 1H), 8.13-8.16 (m, 1H).

Step 4

[0436] 3-[[[3-[4-[(2-pyridinylamino)butoxy]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]-3-butanoic acid

[0437] To a solution of 3-[[[3-[4-[(1-oxido-2-pyridinyl)amino]butoxy]phenyl ]sulfonyl]-amino]-3-butanoic acid, ethyl ester (0.64 g, 0.15 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) was added 5% Pd/C (0.4 g) and cyclohexene (2 ml). The reaction mixture was heated at 70° C. for 18 hours. Pd/C was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced vacuum. The concentrated residue was dissolved in 2 ml of 1:1/acetonitrile: water with lithium hydroxide (0.18 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours then purified on reverse phase HPLC to give the TFA salt of the title compound (0.3 g, 39%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.03 (3H, J=6.66 Hz), 1.89-2.01 (m, 4H), 2.24-2.45 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, 2H, J=6.66 Hz), 3.60-3.65 (m,1H), 4.12 (t, 2H, J=5.64 Hz), 6.86(t, 1H, J=6.66 Hz), 7.03(d, 1H, J=9.23 Hz), 7.12-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.47(m, 3H), 7.79-7.80 (d, 1H, J=6.41 Hz), 7.84-7.89 (m, 1H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C19H25N3O5S1 408.1593, found 408.1580.

EXAMPLE 32

[0438]

153

Step 1

[0439]

154

[0440] The above compound was prepared according to methodologh of example 3-F, substituting an equivalent amount of β-[[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-amino]butanoate for β-[[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]benzene-propanoate. This afforded a TFA salt of the title compound (62%).

Step 2

[0441] 3-[[[3-[4-[(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]butoxy]phenyl]-sulfonyl]amino]butanoic Acid

[0442] The title compound was prepared according to methodology of EXAMPLE 21, substituting an equivalent amount of β-[[[3-(4-aminobutoxy)phenyl]-sulfonyl]amino]butanoic acid ethyl ester, monohydrochloride for ethyl β-[[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]benzenepropanoate. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.88 (bs, 4H), 2.51-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.96-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.43 (bs, 2H), 3.83-3.94 (m, 3H), 6.74-6.77 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.90 (m,1H), 6.92-7.17 (m, 5H), 7.41-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, 1H, J=8.45 Hz), 7.67-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.90-7.93 (m, 1H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C29H31N3O5S1 534.2063, found 534.2065.

EXAMPLE 33

[0443]

155

Step 1

[0444]

156

[0445] (S)-3-amino-5-hexynoic acid (1 g, 7.87 mmol) was dissolved in saturated HCl in ethanol (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated under reduced pressure. Dried to give HCl salt of the title compound (1.5 g, 99%). NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.22-(t, 3H, J=7.18 Hz), 2.63-2.68 (m, 3H), 2.70-2.89 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.75 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.22 (m, 2H).

Step 2

[0446]

157

[0447] To a solution of 3-methoxybenzensulfonyl chloride (1.1 g, 5.2 mmol) and (S)-ethyl-3-amino-5-hexynoic ester (1 g, 5.2 mmol) in dry DMF (15 mL) was added triethylamine (1.4 mL, 10.3 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. DMF was removed under reduced pressure. The concentrated residue was brought up to ethyl acetate (150 mL) and washed with 5% citric acid (100 mL). The organic layer was separated and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (30% ethyl acetate in hexane) to give the title compound (1.6 g, 92.5%). FB+=326.4 (M+H)+. NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.16-(t, 3H, J=7.05 Hz), 1.22 (t, 1H, J=7.05 Hz), 1.99-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.66 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.89-4.00 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.46 (m, 3H).

Step 3

[0448]

158

[0449] To a solution of methoxybenzensulfoamide (0.8 g, 2.5 mmol) in methylenechloride (20 mL) and ethane thiol (0.76 g, 12.3 mmol) in methylenechloride (20 mL) was added aluminum chloride (1.63 g, 12.2 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred at RT for 3 hours. The mixture was quenched with 3 N HCl (20 mL) at 0° C. slowly. The solution was extracted with methylenechloride (2×30 mL). Combined organic solution was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give the title compound (0.71 g). Compound was used for coupling reaction without further purification.

Step 4

[0450]

159

[0451] The hydroxyphenylsulfonamide compound (0.7 g, 2.2 mmol) and triphenylphosphine polymer 0.3 mmol per g (1.35g) were dissolved in THF (10 ml). 2-[(3-Hydroxy-1-propyl)amino]pyridine-N-oxide (0.74 g, 4.06 mmol) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.8 mL, 4.06 mmol) were added to above solution at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred 48 hours at room temperature. Solid was filtered out and filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified on reversed phase HPLC to give the title compound (0.6 g, 45%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.45 (t, 3H, J=7.18 Hz), 1.84-2.01 (m, 4H), 2.28-2.39 (m, 3H), 2.41-2.65 (m, 2H), 3.50 (t, 2H, J=6.79 Hz), 3.71-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.91-4.00 (m, 2H), 4.11 (t, 2H, J=5.71 Hz), 6.79-6.83 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.76 (m, 1H), 8.15-8.18 (m, 1H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C23H29N3O6S1 476.1855, found 476.1830.

Step 5

[0452]

160

[0453] A mixture of N-oxide compound (0.2 g, 0.35 mmol), PPh3 (92 mg, 0.35 mmol) and iron (29 mg, 0.52 mmol) in acetic acid (8 mL) was refluxed for 2 hours. Iron was filtered out. Filtrate was concentrated. The concentrated residue was purified on reverse phase HPLC to give the title compound (30 mg, 16%). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.16 (t, 3H, J=7.10 Hz), 1.94 (m, 4H), 2.29-2.67(m, 5H), 3,44 (t, 2H, J=6.51 Hz), 3.75 (t, 1H, J=6.44 Hz), 3.90-4.03 (m, 2H), 4.14 (t, 2H, J=5.56 Hz), 6.88 (t, 1H, J=6.73 Hz), 7.03 (d, 1H, J=9.08 Hz), 7.13-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.36 (d, 1H, J=1.76 Hz), 7.41-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.81 (d, 1H, J=5.71 Hz), 7.85-7.91 (m, 1H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C23H29N3O5S1 460.1906, found 460.1905.

Step 6

[0454] (3S)-3-[[[3-[4-(2-pyridinylamino)butoxy]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]-5-hexynoic Acid

[0455] To a solution of ethyl ester (30 mg, 0.04 mmol) of title compound in 30% water in acetonitrile (3 mL) was added LiOH (40 mg). The mixture was stirred one hour at room temperature. The solution was acidified by adding TFA in water then purified on reverse phase HPLC to give the TFA salt of the title compound (20 mg, 83%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.89-1.96 (m, 4H), 2.26 (t, 1H, J=2.69 Hz), 2.35 (dd, 2H, J=2.82 Hz), 2.38-2.62 (m, 2H), 3.42 (t, 2H, J=6.66 Hz), 3.71 (t, 1H, J=6.28 Hz), 4.12 (t, 2H, J=5.77 Hz), 6.84-6.88 (m, 1H), 7.03 (d, 1H, J=9.22 Hz), 7.12-7.15(m,1H), 7.36-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=6.41 Hz), 7.85-7.89 (m, 1H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C21H25N3O5S1 432.1593, found 432.1581.

EXAMPLE 34

[0456]

161

[0457] The title compound was prepared according to methodology of EXAMPLE 21, substituting an equivalent amount of 2-aminopyridine-pentanol for 2-aminopyridinebutanol to give the TFA salt of the title compound. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.59-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.92 (m, 4H), 2.62-2.77 (m, 2H), 3.37 (t, 2H, J=7.05 Hz), 3.92 (t, 2H, J=6.15 Hz), 4.74 (t, 1H, J=7.43 Hz), 6.83-6.86 (m, 1H), 6.94-6.97 (d, 1H), 7.05-7.09 (m, 7H), 7.11-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.78 (d, 1H, J=6.41 Hz), 7.86 (t, 1H, J=8.07 Hz). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C25H29N3O5S1 484,1906, found 494.1900.

EXAMPLE 35

[0458]

162

Step 1

[0459]

163

[0460] (S)-3-amino-4-(2-naphthyl)butyric acid (1 g, 4.4 moles) was dissolved in saturated HCl in ethanol (20 ml). The mixture was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature under nitrogen. Solution was concentrated under vacuum. Concentrated residue was trituated with ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate was removed and the procedure was repeated twice. Dried under high vacuum to give the HCl salt of the title compound (1.2 g) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.2-˜(t, 3H, J=7.18 Hz), 2.60-2.76 (m, 2H), 3.07-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.02-4.14 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.89 (m, 3H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C16H19N1O2 258.1494, found 258.1500.

164

[0461] To a solution of 3-Methoxybenzynesulfonyl chloride (1.2 g, 3.9 mmol) and (S)-ethyl-3-amino-4-(2-naphthyl)-butyrate, monohydrochloride (1.15 g, 3.9 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was added triethylamine (0.79 g, 7.8 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred 18 hours at room temperature. Solid was filtered and washed with DMF. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness to leave brown oil (1.75 g). A solution of the above material (1.5 g, 3.5 mmol) in CH2CL2 (20 ml) was added ethanethiol (1.1 g, 17 mmol) followed by AlCl3 (2.34 g, 17 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed up to room temperature. After 5 hours, the mixture was quenched with 3 N HCl (50 ml) at 0° C. Organic layer was separated. Aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml). Combined organic solution was concentrated and dried to give the title compound (1.8 g). The material was used for the next reaction without further purification. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ (1.2, t, 3H, J=7.11 Hz), 2.5 (d, 2H, J=6.53 Hz), 2.79-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.92-4.07 (m, 3H), 6.73-6.77 (m,1H), 6.98-7.07 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.68-7.82 (m, 3H). MS (ES) m/e 414.06 (M+H)+.

Step 3

[0462]

165

[0463] To a solution of (S)-ethyl β-[[3-(hydroxyphenyl)2-naphthalenebutyrate (0.5 g, 1.2 mmol) and triphenylphosphine polymer bound (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added 2-[(4-Hydroxy-1-butyl)amino]pyridine-N-oxide (0.27 g, 1.2 mmol)and azodicarboxylate (0.29 ml, 1.5 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Solid was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and purified on reverse phase HPLC. Appropriate fractions were collected to give clear oil (0.21 g). NMR and mass spect are consistent with the structure.

166

[0464] The above compound was prepared according to methodology of example 21, substituting an equivalent amount of (S)-ethyl β-[[3-(hydroxyphenyl)2-naphthalenebutyrate for ethyl β-[[(3-(hydroxypheyl)sulfonyl]amino]benzene-propanoate to give the TFA salt of the title compound. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 1.88 (bs, 4H), 2.51-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.96-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.43 (bs, 2H), 3.83-3.94 (m, 3H), 6.74-6.77 (m, 1H), 6.87-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.92-7.17 (m, 5H), 7.41-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.59 (d, 1H, J=8.45 Hz), 7.67-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.75-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.84-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.90-7.93 (m, 1H). HRMS (M+H) calculated for C29H31N3O5S1 534.2063, found 534.2065.

EXAMPLE 36

[0465]

167

Step 1

[0466]

168

[0467] 3-Methoxybenzenesulfonylchloride (2.21 g, 0.01 mol) and 3-(s)-amino-3-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dichloro)phenyl-propionic acid ethyl ester p-toluene sulfonate salt (4.68 g, 0.01 mol) were dissolved in DMA (30 mL). Triethyl amine (2.8mL, 0.02 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred 3 hours at room temperature and triethyl amine (1.4 mL, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction was stirred 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated residue was purified by 18° C. reverse phased HPLC to give the desired compound (0.8 g, 17.8% yield). The structure was confirmed by NMR.

Step 2

[0468]

169

[0469] The title compound is prepared using the methods described in Example 7.

EXAMPLE 37

[0470]

170

Step 1

[0471]

171

[0472] A mixture of m-anisaldehyde (29.37 g, 21.57 mmol) and phenylacetic acid (29.37 g, 21.57 mmol) in acetic anhydride (200 mL) was stirred with triethylamine (30 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 4h, then cooled to 80-90° C., then water (500 mL) was added slowly. Oil separated, which upon stirring and cooling produced a light orange solid. The solid was filtered, washed with water and dried to afford 35 g (64%) of the desired 2-phenyl-m-methoxycinnamic acid. Triethylamine (17 mL) was added to a mixture of 2-phenyl-m-methoxycinnamic acid (30.0 g, 118.0 mmol) and diphenylphosphorylazide (28 mL) in toluene (200 mL) at 0° C. After the reaction had been complete (3 h), the reaction mixture was quenched with concentrated HCl (20 mL) and extracted with ether (200 mL). The organic layer was concentrated and the residue was stirred further with Conc. HCl (100 mL) and dioxane (100 mL) for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (400 mL) and was extracted with ether (3×300 mL). The ether layer was dried and concentrated to afford 10 g (38%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.99-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.54 (m, 5H), 6.77-6.85 (m, 3H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H).

172

[0473] Lithium hexamethyldisilazane (88.5 mL, 88.5 mmol) was added to THF (150 mL) at −78° C. After 15 min, ethyl acetate (7.79 g, 88.5 mmol) was added over 10 min and stirred at −78° C. for 30 min. The m-methoxybenzyl phenyl ketone in (10.0 g, 44.25 mmol) THF (100 mL) was added over 15 min and kept at that temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenched at that temperature with saturated ammonium chloride (15 mL). The reaction mixture was diluted with ether (200 mL) and the organic layer was washed with brine, (100 mL), dried and was concentrated to afford 12 g (86%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.10-7.37 (m, 6H), 6.71-6.74 (m, 1H), 6.60-6.62 (m, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 3.95-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.72-3.07 (m, 4H), 1.06 (m, 3H).

Step 3

[0474]

173

[0475] A mixture of ethyl 4-(m-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-3-hydroxybutyrate (4.39 g, 13.98 mmol), palladium/carbon (10%, 2.5 g) hydrochloric acid (1.2 mL) in acetic acid (150 mL) was subjected to hydrogenation (50 psi) for 24 h. The catalyst was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to afford 1.89 g (45%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.10-7.27 (m, 6H), 6.63-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.39 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.68 (m, 2H), 1.10 (m, 3H).

174

[0476] Aluminum chloride (4.1 g, 30.75 mmol) was added to a cooled solution of ethyl 4-(m-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylbutyrate(1.83 g, 6.14 mmol) and ethyl mercaptan (2.3 mL) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., and was slowly quenched with hydrochloric acid (3 N, 50 mL). The reaction is very exothermic after an induction period of about 5 min. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried and was concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (hexane: ethyl acetate, 3:1) to afford 1.56 g (90%) of the desired product as oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.05-7.26 (m, 6H), 6.62 (m, 2H), 6.53 (s,1H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.39 (m,1H), 2.84-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.68 (m, 2H), 1.10 (m, 3H).

175

[0477] A solution of DEAD (1.91 g) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminopropanol (1.84 g, ) in DMF (10 mL) was added to a solution of ethyl 4-(m-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-phenylbutyrate (1.56 g, 5.49 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.876 g) in DMF (15 mL) over a period of 5 min and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 1.40 g (59%) of the desired product as oil. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.16 (m, 1H), 7.70 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.21 (m, 7H), 6.80 (m,1H), 6.63-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s,1H), 3.89-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.34 9m, 2H), 2.83-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.61 (m, 2H), 2.07 (m, 2H), 1.04 (t, 3H, J=7.0 Hz).

Step 6

[0478]

176

[0479] A mixture of ethyl 3-pheny-4-[3-{3-(1-oxopyridin-2-yl)amino-1-propyloxy}-phenyl]butanoate (1.30 g, 2.98 mmol), palladium/C (0.30 g), cyclohexene (2.5 mL) in ethanol (25 mL) was heated at reflux over 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the residue was washed with additional amount of ethanol (100 mL). The combined filtrates were concentrated. The residue was added ethanol (5 mL) and sodium hydroxide (5 mL, 2.5 N) and stirred for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in water (5 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 2 by the addition of TFA. This was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) and 0.90 g (71%) of the desired product was obtained as its HCl (after treatment with dil HCl) salt. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.84-7.87 (m, 1H), 7.83 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 7.02-7.22 (m, 7H), 6.84 (t,1H, J=6.6 Hz), 6.66-6.69 (m, 1H), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 6.56 (s, 1H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 2.6 (m, 2H), 2.11 (m, 2H). Anal. Calcd for C24H26N2O3: Mol. Wt, 391.2016 (M+H). Found: 391.2031 (M+H. HRMS).

EXAMPLE 38

[0480]

177

Step 1

[0481]

178

[0482] Ethyl 3-N-(3-metoxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)aminopropionate:

[0483] Triethylamine (13.5 mL) was added to a solution of m-methoxybenzene-sulfonyl chloride (10.0 g, 48.40 mmol) and ethyl 3-amino-3-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)propionate hydrochloride (14.63 9, 48.40 mmol) in dimethylacetamide (300 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (500 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (saturated, 400 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (400 mL) and dried (MgSO4) and was concentrated to afford 16.8 g (80%) of the desired product. 1H NMR is consistent with the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 6.93-7.41 (m, 7H), 4.72 (m, 1H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.65 (m,2H), 1.5 (m, 3H).

Step 2

[0484]

179

[0485] Ethyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)aminopropionate:

[0486] Boron tribromide (13.22 g, 5 mL, 52.72 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 3-N-(3-metoxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)aminopropionate (13.6 g, 31.18 mmol) in dichloromethane (200 mL) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h and was quenched with ethanol and was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (200 mL) and was washed with sodium bicarbonate (200 mL), dried and was concentrated to afford 11.8 g (90%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 6.83-7.36 (m, 7H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 4.0 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 1.14 (m, 3H).

180

[0487] A solution of DEAD (1.65 g, 9.48 mmol) and N-(2-pyridyl-N-oxide)-3-aminobutanol (1.72 g, 9.48 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 3-N-(3-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino-propionate (2.0 g, 4.74 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (2.61 g, 9.954 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) over a period of 1 min (mildly exothermic reaction) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h. DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by hplc (reverse phase C18, 10%-100% gradient of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% TFA) to afford 0.9 g (33%) of the desired product as its TFA salt as solid. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 8.16 (d, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 7.74 (m, 1H), 6.8-7.32 (m, 9H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 4H), 3.5 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.15 (m, 3H).

181

[0488] A mixture of ethyl 3-N-[4-(2-N-oxypyridyl)amino]-1-butyloxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)aminopropionate (0.580 g, 0.99 mmol), triphenylphosphine (0.260 g, 0.99 mmol) and iron powder (0.083 g, 1.5 mmol) in acetic acid was heated at reflux for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and was purified by hplc to afford 0.35 g (62%) of the desired product. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.79-7.89 (m, 2H), 6.85-7.30 (m, 9H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 3.96-4.1 (m, 4H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.15 (m, 3H).

182

[0489] A solution of ethyl 3-N-[4-(2-N-pyridyl)amino]-1-butyl-oxyphenylsulfonyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)aminopropionate (0.35 g) in ethanol/water (12 mL) was added lithium hydroxide (0.050 g) and after the reaction has been completed, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by hplc to afford 0.265 g of the desired product as solid. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ 7.79-7.89 (m, 2H), 6.84-7.30 (m, 9H), 4.71 (m, 1H), 3.96-4.1 (m, 2H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.71 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 4H). Anal. Calcd for C24H25N3SO5Cl2: Mol. Wt, 538.0970(M+H). Found: Mol. Wt, 538.0971 (M+H, HRFABMS).

Vitronectin Adhesion Assay

[0490] Materials

[0491] Human vitronectin receptors αVβ3 and αVβ5 were purified from human placenta as previously described [Pytela et al., Methods in Enzymology, 144:475-489 (1987)]. Human vitronectin was purified from fresh frozen plasma as previously described [Yatohgo et al., Cell Structure and Function, 13:281-292 (1988)]. Biotinylated human vitronectin was prepared by coupling NHS-biotin from Pierce Chemical Company (Rockford, Ill.) to purified vitronectin as previously described [Charo et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266(3):1415-1421 (1991)]. Assay buffer, OPD substrate tablets, and RIA grade BSA were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Anti-biotin antibody was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Nalge Nunc-Immuno microtiter plates were obtained from Nalge Company (Rochester, N.Y.).

Methods

Solid Phase Receptor Assays

[0492] This assay was essentially the same as previously reported [Niiya et al., Blood, 70:475-483 (1987)]. The purified human vitronectin receptors αVβ3 and αVβ5 were diluted from stock solutions to 1.0 μg/mL in Tris-buffered saline containing 1.0 mM Ca++, Mg++, and Mn++, pH 7.4 (TBS+++). The diluted receptors were immediately transferred to Nalge Nunc-Immuno microtiter plates at 100 μL/well (100 ng receptor/well). The plates were sealed and incubated overnight at 4° C. to allow the receptors to bind to the wells. All remaining steps were at room temperature. The assay plates were emptied and 200 μL of 1% RIA grade BSA in TBS+++(TBS+++/BSA) were added to block exposed plastic surfaces. Following a 2 hour incubation, the assay plates were washed with TBS+++using a 96 well plate washer. Logarithmic serial dilution of the test compound and controls were made starting at a stock concentration of 2 mM and using 2 nM biotinylated vitronectin in TBS+++/BSA as the diluent. This premixing of labeled ligand with test (or control) ligand, and subsequent transfer of 50 μL aliquots to the assay plate was carried out with a CETUS Propette robot; the final concentration of the labeled ligand was 1 nM and the highest concentration of test compound was 1.0×10−4 M. The competition occurred for two hours after which all wells were washed with a plate washer as before. Affinity purified horseradish peroxidase labeled goat anti-biotin antibody was diluted 1:2000 in TBS+++/BSA and 125 μL was added to each well. After 45 minutes, the plates were washed and incubated with OPD/H2O2 substrate in 100 mM/L Citrate buffer, pH 5.0. The plate was read with a microtiter plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm and when the maximum-binding control wells reached an absorbance of about 1.0, the final A450 were recorded for analysis. The data were analyzed using a macro written for use with the EXCEL spreadsheet program. The mean, standard deviation, and % CV were determined for duplicate concentrations. The mean A450 values were normalized to the mean of four maximum-binding controls (no competitor added)(B-MAX). The normalized values were subjected to a four parameter curve fit algorithm [Rodbard et al., Int. Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, pp 469 (1977)], plotted on a semi-log scale, and the computed concentration corresponding to inhibition of 50% of the maximum binding of biotinylated vitronectin (IC50) and corresponding R2 was reported for those compounds exhibiting greater than 50% inhibition at the highest concentration tested; otherwise the IC50 is reported as being greater than the highest concentration tested. β-[[2-[[5-[(aminoiminomethyl)amino]-1-oxopentyl]amino]-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-pyridinepropanoic acid [U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,155 Example 1] which is a potent αVβ3 antagonist (IC50 in the range 3-10 nM) was included on each plate as a positive control.

Purified IIb/IIIa Receptor Assay

[0493] Materials

[0494] Human fibrinogen receptor (IIb/IIIa) was purified from outdated platelets. (Pytela, R., Pierschbacher, M. D., Argraves, S., Suzuki, S., and Rouslahti, E. “Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid adhesion receptors”, Methods in Enzymology 144(1987):475-489.) Human vitronectin was purified from fresh frozen plasma as described in Yatohgo, T., Izumi, M., Kashiwagi, H., and Hayashi, M., “Novel purification of vitronectin from human plasma by heparin affinity chromatography,” Cell Structure and Function 13(1988):281-292. Biotinylated human vitronectin was prepared by coupling NHS-biotin from Pierce Chemical Company (Rockford, Ill.) to purified vitronectin as previously described. (Charo, I. F., Nannizzi, L., Phillips, D. R., Hsu, M. A., Scarborough, R. M., “Inhibition of fibrinogen binding to GP IIb/IIIa by a GP IIIa peptide”, J. Biol. Chem. 266(3)(1991): 1415-1421.) Assay buffer, OPD substrate tablets, and RIA grade BSA were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Anti-biotin antibody was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). Nalge Nunc-Immuno microtiter plates were obtained from (Rochester, N.Y.). ADP reagent was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.).

Methods

[0495] Solid Phase Receptor Assays

[0496] This assay is essentially the same reported in Niiya, K., Hodson, E., Bader, R., Byers-Ward, V. Koziol, J. A., Plow, E. F. and Ruggeri, Z. M., “Increased surface expression of the membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex induced by platelet activation: Relationships to the binding of fibrinogen and platelet aggregation”, Blood 70(1987):475-483. The purified human fibrinogen receptor (IIb/IIIa) was diluted from stock solutions to 1.0 μg/mL in Tris-buffered saline containing 1.0 mM Ca++, Mg++, and Mn++, pH 7.4 (TBS+++). The diluted receptor was immediately transferred to Nalge Nunc-Immuno microtiter plates at 100 μL/well (100 ng receptor/well). The plates were sealed and incubated overnight at 4° C. to allow the receptors to bind to the wells. All remaining steps were at room temperature. The assay plates were emptied and 200 μL of 1% RIA grade BSA in TBS+++ (TBS+++/BSA) were added to block exposed plastic surfaces. Following a 2 hour incubation, the assay plates were washed with TBS+++ using a 96 well plate washer. Logarithmic serial dilution of the test compound and controls were made starting at a stock concentration of 2 mM and using 2 nM biotinylated vitronectin in TBS+++/BSA as the diluent. This premixing of labeled ligand with test (or control) ligand, and subsequent transfer of 50 μL aliquots to the assay plate was carried out with a CETUS Propette robot; the final concentration of the labeled ligand was 1 nM and the highest concentration of test compound was 1.0×10−4 M. The competition occurred for two hours after which all wells were washed with a plate washer as before. Affinity purified horseradish peroxidase labeled goat anti-biotin antibody was diluted 1:2000 in TBS+++/BSA and 125 μL were added to each well. After 45 minutes, the plates were washed and incubated with ODD/H2O2 substrate in 100 mM/L citrate buffer, pH 5.0. The plate was read with a microtiter plate reader at a wavelength of 450 nm and when the maximum-binding control wells reached an absorbance of about 1.0, the final A450 were recorded for analysis. The data were analyzed using a macro written for use with the EXCELJ spreadsheet program. The mean, standard deviation, and % CV were determined for duplicate concentrations. The mean A450 values were normalized to the mean of four maximum-binding controls (no competitor added)(B-MAX). The normalized values were subjected to a four parameter curve fit algorithm, [Robard et al., Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp 469 (1977)], plotted on a semi-log scale, and the computed concentration corresponding to inhibition of 50% of the maximum binding of biotinylated vitronectin (IC50) and corresponding R2 was reported for those compounds exhibiting greater than 50% inhibition at the highest concentration tested; otherwise the lC50 is reported as being greater than the highest concentration tested. β-[[2-[[5-[(aminoimino-methyl)amino]-1-oxopentyl]amino]-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3-pyridinepropanoic acid [U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,155 Example 1] which is a potent αVβ3 antagonist (IC50 in the range 3-10 nM) was included on each plate as a positive control.

Human Platelet Rich Plasma Assays

[0497] Healthy aspirin free donors were selected from a pool of volunteers. The harvesting of platelet rich plasma and subsequent ADP induced platelet aggregation assays were performed as described in Zucker, M. B., “Platelet Aggregation Measured by the Photometric Method”, Methods in Enzymology 169(1989):117-133. Standard venipuncture techniques using a butterfly allowed the withdrawal of 45 mL of whole blood into a 60 mL syringe containing 5 mL of 3.8% trisodium citrate. Following thorough mixing in the syringe, the anti-coagulated whole blood was transferred to a 50 mL conical polyethylene tube. The blood was centrifuged at room temperature for 12 minutes at 200×g to sediment non-platelet cells. Platelet rich plasma was removed to a polyethylene tube and stored at room temperature until used. Platelet poor plasma was obtained from a second centrifugation of the remaining blood at 2000×g for 15 minutes. Platelet counts are typically 300,000 to 500,000 per microliter. Platelet rich plasma (0.45 mL) was aliquoted into siliconized cuvettes and stirred (1100 rpm) at 37° C. for 1 minute prior to adding 50 uL of pre-diluted test compound. After 1 minute of mixing, aggregation was initiated by the addition of 50 uL of 200 uM ADP. Aggregation was recorded for 3 minutes in a Payton dual channel aggregometer (Payton Scientific, Buffalo, N.Y.). The percent inhibition of maximal response (saline control) for a series of test compound dilutions was used to determine a dose response curve. All compounds were tested in duplicate and the concentration of half-maximal inhibition (IC50) was calculated graphically from the dose response curve for those compounds which exhibited 50% or greater inhibition at the highest concentration tested; otherwise, the IC50 is reported as being greater than the highest concentration tested.

Cell Assays for Potency and Selectivity

[0498] While the β3 subunit of αVβ3 is only known to complex with αV or αIIb, the αV subunit complexes with multiple α subunits. The three αV integrins most homologous with αVβ3 are αVβ1, αVβ5 and αVβ6 with 43%, 56% and 47% amino acid identity in the β subunits, respectively. To evaluate the selectivity of compounds between the integrins αVβ3 and αVβ6, cell-based assays were established using the 293 human embryonic kidney cell line. 293 cells express αVβ1, but little to no detectable αVβ3 or αVβ6. cDNAs for β3 and β6 were transfected separately into 293 cells to generate 293-β3 and 293-β6 cells, respectively. High surface expression of αVβ3 and αVβ6 was confirmed by flow cytometry. Conditions were established for each cell line in which cell adhesion to immobilized human vitronectin was mediated by the appropriate integrin, as determined by a panel of integrin-specific, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Briefly, cells were incubated with inhibitor in the presence of 200 uM Mn2+, allowed to adhere to immobilized vitronectin, washed, and adherent cells are detected endogenous alkaline phosphatase and para-nitrophenyl phosphate. An 8-point dose-response curve using either 10-fold or 3-fold dilutions of compound was evaluated by fitting a four-parameter logistic, nonlinear model (using SAS).

[0499] To evaluate compound potency for membrane-bound αVβ6 an additional cell-based adhesion assay was established using the HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell line. High surface expression of αVβ6 on HT-29 cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. Conditions were established in which cell adhesion to immobilized human latency associated peptide (LAP) was mediated by the αVβ6, as determined by a panel of integrin-specific, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Briefly, cells were incubated with inhibitor in the presence of 200 uM Mn2+, allowed to adhere to immobilized LAP, washed, and adherent cells are detected by quantifying endogenous alkaline phosphatase using para-nitrophenyl phosphate. An 8-point dose-response curve using either 10-fold or 3-fold dilutions of compound was evaluated by fitting a four-parameter logistic, nonlinear model (using SAS). The compounds evaluated were relatively ineffective at inhibition of αVβ6-mediated cell adhesion. The selective antagonism of the αVβ3 integrin is viewed as desirable in this class of compounds, as αVβ6 may also play a role in normal physiological processes of tissue repair and cellular turnover that routinely occur in the skin and pulmonary tissues.

Dihydrostilbene alkanoic acid derivatives

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