Patent Application
20080315787
This application relates to a lighting control system including a dimmer circuit, which utilizes different algorithms dependent on the type of bulb that is being dimmed.
Lighting control systems are known, and may include dimmer circuits. As known, a dimmer circuit limits the light intensity of a bulb in some manner.
In modern buildings, there may be incandescent bulbs and fluorescent bulbs. Historically, residential lighting was provided more by incandescent bulbs, however, fluorescent bulbs are being mandated by government regulation.
Fluorescent lights are different than incandescent lights. As an example, they light up at different rates, and have other differing characteristics. However, to date, lighting control systems have not utilized different algorithms dependent on bulb type.
In an aspect of this invention, a dimmer circuit is provided with controls which are able to provide a dimming control to a light which is different dependent on the bulb type. In a disclosed embodiment, there is a different dimming algorithm utilized when an incandescent bulb is being dimmed, compared to when a fluorescent bulb is being dimmed.
These and other features of the present invention can be best understood from the following specification and drawings, the following of which is a brief description.
The receiver 24 communicates with a microcontroller 26, which in turn communicates with dimmer circuit 28. The dimmer circuits 28 (only one of which is shown) control the intensity of lights 30A, 30B, etc.
One example embodiment of the dimmer circuit is illustrated in
The MOSFETs 346 in one example operate according to a known reverse phase control strategy when the gate and source of each is coupled with a sufficient voltage to set the MOSFETs 346 into an operative state (e.g., turn them on) so that they allow power from a source 356 (e.g., line AC) to be supplied to the load 36. In the reverse phase control example, the MOSFETs 346 are turned on at 0 volts and turned off at a high voltage. In another example a forward phase control strategy is used where the MOSFETs 346 turn on at a high voltage and off at 0 volts. Another example includes turning the MOSFETs 346 on at a non-zero voltage and turning them off at another non-zero voltage.
The dimming portion 342 controls when the power train portion 344 is on and, therefore, controls the amount of power provided to the load 36. Controlling the amount of power provided to a light bulb controls the intensity of light emitted by the bulb, for example.
In this example, an isolated DC voltage source 360 is selectively coupled directly to the gate and source of the MOSFETs 346 for setting them to conduct for delivering power to the load. The isolated DC voltage source 360 has an associated floating ground 362. A switch 364 responds to the timing control signal input from the microcontroller 326 and enters an operative state (e.g., turns on) to couple the isolated DC voltage source 360 to the MOSFETs 346. In the illustrated example, the switch 364 comprises an opto-coupler component. Other examples include a relay switch or a transformer component for selectively coupling the isolated DC voltage source 360 to the MOSFETs 346.
In one example, the isolated DC voltage source 360 provides 12 volts. In another example, a lower voltage is used. The voltage of the isolated DC voltage source 360 is selected to be sufficient to turn on the MOSFETs 346 to the saturation region. One example includes using an isolated DC-DC converter to achieve the isolated DC voltage source 360. Another example includes a second-stage transformer. Those skilled in the art who have the benefit of this description will realize what components will work best for including an isolated DC voltage source in their particular embodiment.
The illustrated example includes voltage controlling components for controlling the voltage that reaches the gate and source of the MOSFETs 346. The illustrated example includes resistors 366 and 368 and a zener diode 370. The resistor 366 sets the turn on speed or the time it takes to turn on the MOSFETs 346. The resistors 366 and 368 set the turn off speed or the time it takes to turn off the MOSFETs 346. In one example, the resistor 368 has a much higher resistance compared to that of the resistor 366 such that the resistor 368 effectively sets the turn off time for the MOSFETs 346. Selecting an off speed and on speed allows for avoiding oscillation of the MOSFETs 346 and avoiding generating heat if the MOSFETs 346 were to stay in a linear operation region too long.
The zener diode 370 provides over voltage protection to shield the MOSFETs from voltage spikes and noise, for example. The zener diode 370 is configured to maintain the voltage provided to the MOSFET gate and source inputs at or below the diode's reverse breakdown voltage in a known manner. One example does not include a zener diode.
One advantage to the disclosed example is that the MOSFETs can be fully controlled during an entire AC cycle without requiring a rectifier. The disclosed example is a more efficient circuit arrangement compared to others that relied upon RC circuitry and a rectifier for controlling the MOSFETs.
The inductive load sensor circuit need not necessarily be incorporated into the dimmer circuit. If such a circuit is included, it may be any type inductive load sensor if one is included. One reliable circuit is described below.
The output 35 of the dimmer circuit passes toward the load 36. The load 36 may be a lamp plugged into the terminals of an electrical outlet. On the other hand, the load may be hard-wired. The inductive load sensor determines when something other than a light is at the load. In such cases, it may be desirable to prevent any dimming.
A pair of diodes 450 and 452 (TVSs) are positioned on a line 480 parallel to load 36. The TVS 450 preferably has a high impedance, until a low voltage limit is met. The low voltage limit may be on the order of 5 volts, however, any other voltage may be utilized. The TVS 452 has a high impedance until a much higher voltage limit is met, on the order of hundreds of volts, for example. Again, the specific voltage should not be limiting on this invention, however in one embodiment, it was in the area of 200 volts for 120 volt AC power.
As long as there is no voltage spike received back upstream from the load 36, the dimming of the power directed through output 447 should occur normally. Line 480 effectively clamps the power. If an inductive load, such as a vacuum cleaner motor, is plugged into the load 36, then there will be back EMF pulses, when the load is “dimmed,” which create voltage spikes.
When voltage spikes exceed the sum of the voltage limits of the TVS 450, and TVS 452, a voltage of the value of the TVS 450 will be supplied downstream into the signal circuit, and through an optical coupler 454 and resistor 463. The purpose of the capacitor 456 and resistor 458 is to provide a low pass filtering. Resistor 463, resistor 458 and capacitor 456 together provide time constant control over the output to an output indicator line 460. A resistor 461 is provided to limit the current.
The voltage from the TVS diode 450 is coupled to the resistor 463, and creates a signal on the line 460.
As shown for example in the box 340, the line 460 can communicate back into the intersection of resistors 465 and 467. This is but one way of achieving turning the dimming circuitry off such that full power is delivered to the output 447 when a signal is put on the output line 460. Any other method of using the signal on line 460 to stop dimming may be used.
The load 36 may be a hard-wired light socket, or may be an electrical outlet that may receive a plugged in light. As mentioned above, in modern lighting, incandescent bulbs are often utilized but so are fluorescent bulbs. It may be that the microcontroller 26 is provided with separate control schemes for controlling the dimming of an incandescent bulb and a fluorescent bulb. Thus, a bulb detection circuit 38 is provided to detect the bulb type on the load 36. The output of the bulb detection circuit 38 goes to a line 40 to the microcontroller 26.
In one proposed dimming control, a different control algorithm and parameters in the software may be used for dimming one type of bulb relative to the other. As an example, should a fluorescent bulb be identified, the pulse width modulated signal may be controlled so that starting voltage and energy is high enough that it will start the bulb. Also, for achieving soft-on or soft-off, a different set of time constant control parameters may be required since a fluorescent bulb needs a longer time to start and a longer time to change from one light level to another light level compared to an incandescent bulb. As an example, for soft light for a fluorescent bulb, the light level may be maintained at a lowest permitted level for at lest a period of time (one second, for example) and then the soft-on starts. The time constant for each light level during soft-on and off, can be relatively short (16 ms or longer, for example). Various brands of fluorescent bulbs may have a recommended minimum energy level, and it may well be that dimming below that minimum level is not advised. Thus, as an example, it may well be that the pulse width modulation voltage is only dimmed down to a low level (22%, for example).
Typically, the light assembly to be dimmed may include fluorescent bulbs that have their own ballast. However, it may be that a ballast is incorporated into the control circuit of this invention.
As shown in
The use of the circuit 38 to identify a bulb type will now be explained. The bulb type is distinguished by its resistance. The resistance is translated to a discharge time measurement of an RC circuit. In many applications, such as the dimmer circuit of
To determine the bulb type on the load 136, a low voltage, controlled by a pulse width modulation input such as at 30, is applied to the load. The voltage is applied for a short time T (T>R44*C42), and low enough that a fluorescent bulb will not get started at all by this voltage. The applied voltage is then cut off, and capacitor 42 begins to discharge. The resistance of resistor 46 is much larger than the resistance of resistor 44 (e.g., R46>10*R44), and the resistance of the resistor 44 is normally around several kilo-ohms.
If the load is an incandescent bulb, the discharge time should be approximately equal to R44*C42 since R46 is >>R44 and Rincandescent is <<R44.
If the load is a fluorescent bulb or if there is no load at all, the discharge time should be approximately R46*C42. This is true since the input resistance of a fluorescent bulb which has not been started is much larger than R46. By setting a time constant predetermined level or threshold between R44*C42 and R46*C42, the circuit can identify whether an incandescent bulb is received at the load 136. The signal is passed downstream through the optical coupler, to the control 126.
If an incandescent light is not indicated, the next step is to determine whether there is no load at all or a fluorescent bulb in the load 136.
A voltage is again applied by the pulse width modulation signal 30 to the load. This voltage is high enough and applied long enough so that a fluorescent bulb will begin to light. The applied voltage is cut off at a peak value, and the capacitor 42 starts to discharge. If there is no load, the discharge time constant should be approximately R46*C42. If there is a fluorescent bulb in the load, C42 will discharge much faster through R44 until the fluorescent bulb becomes shut back down due to the low voltage input. Then, C42 will discharge through R46. Therefore, the overall discharge time in this case will be much shorter than R46*C42. By setting a time constant threshold that is close to R46*C42, one can identify whether there is an open circuit on the load or fluorescent bulb.
The optical coupler and resistor 52 translate the discharge time measurement to a pulse width modulated output signal. The measurement accuracy can be increased by putting a large resistor R in parallel with capacitor 42 (e.g., R>10*R46).
While one circuit is disclosed, any method and circuit for bulb detection would come within the scope of this invention. In addition, while a bulb detection circuit may be utilized to detect the type of bulb, an operator switch as shown schematically at 200 in
The short circuit detection could be summarized with the following description. When a load is shorted, the capacitor 42 will never get charged up, or it will discharge through resistor 44 if the capacitor 42 had an initial voltage at the time the circuit becomes shorted. When a voltage is applied to the load, there should be a logic high signal appearing at the outlet 140 after a maximum delay of R44*C42. If such a signal is not seen after applying a voltage to the load for the time constant R44*C42, a short circuit can be identified. By selecting the values of R44 and C42 so that the time constant is shorter than the time period under which a protected component could be subject to damage from the short circuit, the electrical component such as a MOSFET, can be effectively protected.
While the diodes in the optical coupler 50 and diodes 48 are shown for detecting a positive voltage cycle, the circuit can be reversed to detect a negative voltage cycle by reversing the directions of the diodes.
A circuit like circuit 38 can be utilized to measure resistance, for purposes other than bulb detection. Similarly, independent of what is at the load 136, a circuit 38 can identify the presence of a short circuit in any circuit application.
As a method of measuring resistance, the circuit provides an indirect way of measurement where the direct resistance measurement is difficult or expensive to implement. As a general short circuit detector, the response time can be much faster than other methods, such as fast reaction fuses. This method may have wide application in situations where direct resistance or current monitoring is difficult or expensive, or response time to a short circuit must be very fast. One example might be a MOSFET short circuit protection such as in a dimmer application. Even fast reaction fuses may sometimes be too slow to protect the MOSFET when there is a short circuit. With any short circuit detection, a control can shut off power to protect the circuit or any part thereof.
Further, while the invention is disclosed for controlling dimming of incandescent and fluorescent bulbs, other bulb types may also be utilized with the teachings of this invention. As an example, light bulbs utilizing LEDs have recently been developed. The term “bulb” as utilized in this application and claims, would also extend to LEDs, used singularly, or in an array.
Although embodiments of this invention have been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this invention. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.
