The present invention relates generally to data processing systems and, more particularly, to the discoverability and navigation of hyperlinks within a hypertext document using tabs.
Usage of the Internet has increased dramatically in the last few years. Most users of the Internet access Web pages that are stored at Web sites. The Web pages are typically hypertext documents that are downloaded from an Internet server to a client computer system. These hypertext documents are encoded in the hypertext markup language (HTML). HTML is a simple markup language that enables the development of hypertext documents that are platform independent.
HTML documents follow a particular syntax. An example document is helpful to illustrate this syntax.
As can be seen in the above example, hypertext documents typically contain a number of tags. The tags are delimited by “<” and “>.” Tags delimit elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, character highlighting, and links. Most HTML elements are identified in the document by a start tag, which gives the element name and attributes, followed by the content that, in turn, is followed by an end tag. Start tags are delimited by “<” and “>,” whereas end tags are delimited by “</” and “>.” An example of a start tag in the above example document is “<H1>” and an example of an end tag is “</H1>.” In the above example document, the tags are used to delimit lists, paragraphs, the head of the document, and the body of the document.
One of the elements that may be included in a document written in HTML is a hyperlink or link. A hyperlink enables the user to gain access to another Web site by activating the hyperlink. Each hyperlink includes an anchor and a URL. The anchor specifies the text or other content that will be displayed to a user when the hypertext document is displayed on the user's computer. The anchor may include text or graphics. The URL is a uniform resource locator that specifies the location of the associated Web site or Internet resource. An example of a URL is http://www.msn.com.
When a hypertext document is rendered on a user's computer, the hypertext document may include a number of hyperlinks. A user utilizes the hyperlink by positioning a mouse cursor to point within a hot region associated with the anchor and clicking a mouse button. The Web browser translates this action into a request to gain access to the resource specified by the URL contained within the hyperlink. In the simplest case, the hyperlink appears to the user as text that is differentiated from other text by being highlighted, boldfaced, or distinctly colored. The hyperlink, however, may also appear to the user as a graphical image. The hot region or the hyperlink may encompass the image. In such a case, if the user positions the mouse cursor to point within the hot region and clicks the mouse, the resource associated with the URL contained in the hyperlink will be accessed. In the most complex case, the hyperlink is contained within an image map. An image map is a construct that represents a set of hyperlinks. The image may appear as an image that is segmented into respective hot regions that are associated with respective hyperlinks. Thus, when the user positions the mouse cursor to point inside a given hot region that is part of an image map and clicks the mouse button, the resource identified by the URL for the associated hyperlink is accessed.
One of the difficulties with such hyperlinks is that they are often difficult to discover. Sometimes the visual cues for delineating hyperlinks within a hypertext document are not very effective. This problem is especially acute with image maps where it is difficult to discern the boundaries of the respective hot regions. Typically, a user is able to identify the presence of hyperlinks by moving the mouse cursor throughout the body of the document and noticing when the mouse cursor changes form. In at least one conventional system, the mouse cursor changes from an arrow to a hand when the hot region of a hyperlink is encountered. One limitation of this approach is that a user must navigate the entire document in order to be certain that he/she has located each hyperlink within the document in order to be certain that he/she has located each hyperlink within the document. In addition, a user may not know the extent of the hot region and which hyperlink is associated with a given portion of the screen. Furthermore, users who have difficulty using a mouse, such as handicapped users, cannot readily discern the location of the hot regions for the hyperlinks.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a method of navigating among hyperlinks is performed in a computer system having an output device and a document with hyperlinks. In accordance with this method, the document is displayed on the output device and a tab request is received. In response to receiving the tab request, focus is given to a first of the hyperlinks in the document.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a hypertext document is displayed on a video display that is part of a computer system. Hyperlinks within the hypertext document are organized into a sequence. When a user depresses a predefined key on an input device, a next one of the hyperlinks in the sequence is given focus.
In accordance with an additional aspect of the present invention, a method is performed in a computer system such that a visual representation of a hyperlink that is part of a hypertext document is displayed on a video display. Focus is given to the hyperlink and a non-rectangular focus shape is drawn around the visual representation of the hyperlink to indicate that the hyperlink has focus. The focus shape may be, for example, a circle or a non-rectangular polygon.
In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, an image map is provided at a client from a server. The image map includes multiple hyperlinks. The image map is displayed on a display device at the client. A user presses a selected key on an input device and, in response, a visual indication of the presence of a hyperlink in the image map is displayed.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a computer system has a server that downloads a hypertext document to a client computer system. The client computer system includes a display device on a keyboard. A method is performed such that a hypertext document is displayed on the display device of the client computer system. At least one image of the document is not immediately downloaded, but a placeholder for the image is displayed. The user uses the keyboard to indicate that the user does not wish for the image to be downloaded. In response, the system determines that the image should not be downloaded, and continues to display the document on the display device. The user may, for example, press a tab key to tab to the placeholder in order to indicate that it does not wish for the image to be downloaded.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below relative to the following figures.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a systematic approach to discovering and navigating among hot regions of hyperlinks within a hypertext document. A user may discover the hot regions of hyperlinks through the use of the keyboard rather than strictly through the use of a mouse. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the user presses the tab button on a keyboard to sequence through hyperlinks that are found within a given hypertext document. The outlines of the associated hot regions are drawn when a user tabs to the hyperlinks. Each hyperlink to which the user tabs gains focus and an associated focus shape is drawn. Focus in this context refers to an area of a window defining scope for processing keyboard input. As will be described in more detail below, the focus shape may be a circle, a rectangle, or a polygon. The preferred embodiment of the present invention thus enables users who cannot use a mouse to discover the presence of hyperlinks within a hypertext document and enables non-handicapped users to systematically identify each of the hyperlinks within a document.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the computing environment shown in
The preferred embodiment of the present invention is able to discover and navigate to hyperlinks that are associated with text, graphical images, or image maps.
As was mentioned above, the preferred embodiment of the present invention enables a user to tab through each of the hyperlinks in a hypertext document. The preferred embodiment draws a focus shape (bounded by a dotted line) around a hot region of a hyperlink when the hyperlink gains focus.
When a user presses the tab key on the keyboard or requests a tab programmatically, the Web browser sequences through the different elements that are displayed on the video display 20 to determine whether the elements warrant a tab stop or not. The elements that warrant a tab stop and that can receive focus are then given focus when tabbed to. The appearance of the element is changed accordingly to reflect having the focus (in most instances). The sequence in which the elements are given focus is defined by what is displayed by the browser and the hypertext document. In general, the elements that will accept the tab stop are certain types of controls and hyperlinks.
In order to gain a fuller understanding of how the preferred embodiment of the present invention sequences through the hyperlinks, it is helpful to review in more detail the underlying structures and programmatic steps that are performed.
In step 92 of
An element list 102 is associated with each frame. In grabbing the next element in step 92, the preferred embodiment of the present invention proceeds from the outermost frame into the innermost frame in sequence.
After the next element in the element list has been examined in step 92 of
In some instances, the element may not be a hyperlink (as decided in step 94). In such instances, the action that is taken is based upon the type of element (step 100 in
The sequence shown in
A user may also proceed backward through the list by pressing the shift key, along with the tab key. In such a case, the sequence is traversed in backward order. The shift and tab may be programmatically initiated. When the shift and tab keys are pressed, the steps that are performed are like those depicted in
In accordance with another aspect of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a user may selectively decide whether to download images that are part of a hypertext document. When a hypertext document is initially displayed on the video display 20 of the client computer system 10, a placeholder is displayed in place of an image while the data for the image is being downloaded. Since the image appears as an element on the element list that may receive a tab stop and that may have focus, a user may use the tab key to navigate to an image placeholder.
While the present invention has been described above in reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the intended scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims. For example, the tabbing may work with application programs other than the Web browser.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/812,772, filed Mar. 6, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,785,865, priority from the filing date of which is hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 120.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20030196174 A1 | Oct 2003 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 08812772 | Mar 1997 | US |
Child | 10439879 | US |