The present disclosure concerns a light-emitting device capable of emitting light that can be perceived as white or a hue of white, and more particularly, a light-emitting device capable of emitting light that can be perceived as white or a hue of white while simultaneously causing the inactivation of microorganisms.
Light-emitting devices are a primary requirement in most indoor occupied environments to provide illumination of the area, of tasks being completed in the area, and of the area's occupants and objects. Lighting technologies range widely for use indoors, from incandescent and halogen bulbs, to fluorescent and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs and devices, among many other technologies. The primary purpose of these lighting technologies to date is to provide light that can be observed by humans as what is considered “white” light, which can effectively illuminate different colors, textures, and features of objects in a manner pleasing to humans.
While many technologies are commercially used in lighting, LED lighting is growing as a technology to provide efficient, high quality white light illumination at an effective cost point. Some common LEDs for general illumination use a semiconductor junction that is energized to emit blue light and that is combined with a phosphor material, such as cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) to convert a portion of that blue light to other wavelengths of light, such as yellow wavelengths. When balanced properly, the combined light emitted from the semiconductor junction and the phosphor material is perceived as white or a hue of white. Blue light-emitting semiconductors are used currently for many reasons, including relatively high efficiency, relatively low cost, and relatively desirable color benefits of the blue light contribution to the overall spectrum of light (as compared to light-emitting semiconductors that emit light of another color).
Some alternative LED technologies use semiconductor junctions that emit UV, near UV, or violet light instead of blue light. A phosphor material is combined to convert a portion of the blue, violet, or UV light to other wavelengths of light and the two components are balanced appropriately to provide white or a hue of white light. Violet LEDs are used less frequently due to typically lower efficiency and cost performance, but have commercially been shown to be able to provide an adequate visual quality of light in some characteristics like the Color Rendering Index (CRI).
With both of these LED technologies, achieving a relatively high luminous efficacy of emitted radiation is balanced against achieving desirable color characteristics (CRI, correlated color temperature (CCT), Gamut, etc.) of the emitted radiation. In other words, the wavelength of combined light emitted from the lighting device is chosen, in relation to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, to achieve high efficiency, while minimizing the sacrifice of desired color characteristics.
Alternative light sources have been created with additional performance factors in mind that utilize emitted light in different manners. Lighting fixtures and devices for horticulture, health, warmth, and disinfection have been demonstrated. In addition to being tuned for luminous efficacy of radiation, these lighting fixtures and devices are tuned to provide increased outputs of certain regions of radiation to accomplish the additional performance factor.
These lighting fixtures and devices provide a dual or multiple function of lighting through the use of various alternative functions of light such as photochemical, photobiological, radiant energy, and others. Typically, radiant energy outputs are attempted to be optimized for specific regions matching absorption or activation spectrums of the added function. For example, light fixtures and devices for horticulture are attempted to be optimized for emitting light matching absorption or activation spectrums of chlorophyll and other plant based photo-activated mechanisms. Light fixtures and devices for assisting circadian rhythm are attempted to be optimized for emitting light matching absorption or activation spectrums of melatonin.
In these lighting fixtures and devices that emit light for multiple functions, the light emissions can be balanced to achieve an acceptable level of each function. One of the functions can be general illumination (e.g., when the multiple-function lighting fixtures and devices are used in spaces occupied by humans), in which case, achieving a relatively high luminous efficacy of the emitted light is balanced not only against achieving desirable color characteristics of the emitted light, but also of achieving the one or more other functions to an acceptable or desired level.
Embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein may include a device which inactivates microorganisms, the device including a light emitter and at least one light converting material arranged to convert at least a portion of light from the light emitter, wherein any light emitted from the light emitter and the at least a portion of converted light emitted from the at least one light-converting material mixes to form a combined light, the combined light having a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm wavelength range of greater than approximately 20%.
Embodiments of the disclosure herein may include a device which inactivates microorganisms, the device including a light emitter and at least one light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the first light. The light emitter is configured to emit a first light within a range of 380 nm to 420 nm, and the at least one light-converting material is configured to emit a second light in response to the first light being incident on the at least one light-converting material. The first light exiting the device and the second light exiting the device mix to form a combined light, the combined light being white. The at least one light-converting material includes at least one optical brightener which emits light in the wavelength range of 440 nm to 495 nm.
Embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein may include a light emitting device comprising at least two light emitters, wherein the at least two light emitters are configured to emit light having a same wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 420 nm; each of the at least two light emitters includes a light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from a given light emitter; each light-converting material being arranged to convert the wavelength of the light emitted from the given light emitter to a wavelength different therefrom; and the light emitted from each of the light-converting materials combines to form white light.
Embodiments of the disclosure herein may include a light emitting device comprising at least two light emitters, wherein the at least two light emitters are configured to emit light having a same wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 420 nm; one or more of the at least two light emitters includes a light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from a given light emitter; each light-converting material being arranged to convert the wavelength of the light emitted from the given light emitter to a wavelength different therefrom with the exception that the wavelength of light emitted from at least one light emitter is not converted to a wavelength different therefrom; and the light from any light emitter not passing through a light-converting material combines with the light emitted from each of the light-converting materials to form white light.
These and other features of the disclosure will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that depict various aspects of the disclosure.
It is noted that the drawings may not be to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the disclosure, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements between the drawings. The detailed description explains embodiments of the disclosure, together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings.
According to various embodiments, a lighting device is disclosed that is capable of emitting light that can be perceived as white or a hue of white and simultaneously is capable of emitting certain concentrations of light with specific wavelengths that are associated with the inactivation of at least some microorganisms.
The light-emitting device is composed of a light emitter (e.g., LEDs, OLEDs, semiconductor dies, lasers), or in some cases two or more light emitters, and one or more light-converting materials (e.g., phosphors, optical brighteners, quantum dots, phosphorescent materials, fluorophores, fluorescent dyes, conductive polymers) assembled in a manner that light emitted from a light emitter will be directed into the light-converting material(s) and at least a portion of this light directed into the light-converting material(s) will be converted by the light-converting material(s) to light having a different quality (e.g., a different peak wavelength). Light can be converted by the light-converting material(s) by absorbing the light, which energizes or activates the light-converting material(s) to emit light of a different quality (e.g., a different peak wavelength). In one embodiment, a combined light emitted by the light emitter(s) and the light-converting material(s) has a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm wavelength range of greater than approximately 20%. In another embodiment, a combined light emitted by the light emitter(s) and the light-converting material(s) is white and has one or more of the following properties: (a) a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm wavelength range of greater than approximately 10%, (b) a correlated color temperature (CCT) value of 1000K to 8000K, (c) a color rendering index (CRI) value of 55 to 100, (d) a color fidelity (Rf) value of 60 to 100, and (e) a color gamut (Rg) value of 60 to 140.
The light emitter(s) and light-converting material(s) may be assembled in many different manners, such as, but not limited to the embodiments depicted in
Referring to
Though illustrated in
In embodiments with multiple light emitters (e.g., an array of LEDs), the light emitters can all emit light of approximately the same wavelength. For example, the array of LEDs 32 shown in
Light-converting material, as used herein, constitutes a broad category of materials, substances, or structures that have the capability of absorbing a certain wavelength of light and re-emitting it as another wavelength of light. Light-converting materials should be noted to be different from light-emitting materials and light-transmitting/filtering materials. Light-emitting materials can be broadly classified as materials, substances, or structures/devices that convert a non UV-VIS-IR form of energy into a UV-VIS-IR light emission. Non ultraviolet-visible-infrared (UV-VIS-IR) forms of energy may be, and are not limited to: electricity, chemical reactions/potentials, microwaves, electron beams, and radioactive decay. Light-converting materials may be contained in or deposited on a medium, making a light-converting medium. It should be understood that light-converting materials, light-converting mediums, light-converting filters, phosphors, and any other terms regarding the conversion of light are meant to be examples of the light-converting material disclosed.
In some embodiments, the light-converting material can be a phosphor, an optical brightener, a combination of phosphors, a combination of optical brighteners, or a combination of phosphor(s) and optical brightener(s). In some embodiments, the light-converting material can be quantum dots, a phosphorescent material, a fluorophore, a fluorescent dye, a conductive polymer, or a combination of any one or more types of light-converting materials. Optical brighteners are light-converting materials (e.g., chemical compounds) that absorb light in the ultraviolet and/or violet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region. Quantum dots are nanometer sized semiconductor particles that can emit light of one or more specific wavelengths when electricity or light is applied to them. The light emitted by quantum dots can be precisely tuned by changing the size, shape and/or material of the quantum dots. Quantum dots can have varying composition and structures that allow them to be classified into different types such as core-type quantum dots, core-shell quantum dots, and alloyed quantum dots. Core-type quantum dots are single component materials with uniform internal compositions, for example chalcogenides (selenides, sulfides or tellurides) of metals like cadmium, lead or zinc (e.g., CdTe or PbS). The photo- and electroluminescence properties of core-type quantum dots can be fine-tuned by changing the crystallite size. Core shell quantum dots have small regions of a first material (core) surrounded by a second material having a wider band gap than the first material (shell) and typically offer improved quantum yield; for example, a CdSe core surrounded by a ZnS shell exhibits greater than 50% quantum yield. Alloyed quantum dots include both homogeneous and gradient internal structures and allow for tuning of both optical and electronic properties by changing the composition and internal structure without changing the crystallite size; for example, alloyed quantum dots of the composition CdSxSe1-x/ZnS (with 6 nm diameter) can emit light of different wavelengths by adjusting the composition. Light-converting materials can be capable of absorbing multiple different wavelengths of light and emitting multiple different wavelengths of light, in both scaled and not specifically scaled manners.
The phosphor or other light converting material may be deposited directly on the light emitter, as illustrated in at least
As mentioned above, the light emitter of the disclosure can include a light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from a given light emitter. In other words, each light emitter can have its own independent light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted therefrom. This allows for independent selection of light-converting material coverage for each and every light emitter.
In some embodiments, the CRI value of the combined light output or combined emitted light from the light-emitting device (e.g., light emitted from the light emitter mixed with light emitted from the light-conversion material) can have a CRI value of at least 55, 60, 65, or 70. In further embodiments, the CRI value can be at least 80, 85, 90, or 95, plus or minus approximately 5 (allowing for a CRI value of 100).
In some embodiments, the combined light output or combined emitted light from the light-emitting device can be white light. White light can be defined as light with a correlated color temperature (CCT) value of approximately 1000 kelvin (K) to approximately 8000K, in some embodiments approximately 2000K to approximately 6000K, and in some embodiments approximately 2500K to approximately 5000K, wherein “approximately” can include plus or minus about 200K.
White light can also be defined according to a variety of other industry standards such as but not limited to: the ANSI C78.377-2017 white light standard, described above, the Fidelity Index (Rf) which provides a color fidelity value, and the Gamut Index (Rg) which provides a color gamut value. Sometimes Rf and Rg values are reported in combination as the “TM-30-15” standard. Rf represents how closely the color appearances of an entire sample set are reproduced (rendered) on average by a test light as compared to those under a reference illuminant. Thus, Rf combines the computed color differences for all test-color samples in one single average index value, and is only one aspect of color quality not considering perception/preference effects. Rg provides information about the relative range of colors that can be produced (via reflection) by a white light source. A score close to 100 indicates that, on average, the light source reproduces colors with similar levels of saturation as an incandescent bulb (2700K) or daylight (5600K/6500K).
In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can have a spectral content of light output in the 380-420 nm wavelength range of at least 10%. The spectral content of light output in the 380-420 nm wavelength range is defined as the proportion of absolute irradiance value of light having wavelengths in the range of 380-420 nm relative to the absolute irradiance value of light having wavelengths in the range of 380-720 nm. Dividing the former value by the latter value yields the % spectral content of emitted light in the 380-420 nm wavelength range. The spectral output is defined as the radiometric energy. The absolute irradiance values can be measured by any now-known or later-developed means. In some embodiments, the absolute irradiance values are measured in mW of radiometric energy.
The spectral content in the 380-420 nm wavelength range can be utilized for the inactivation of bacterial pathogens. A 405 nm peak wavelength and a range of wavelengths above and below 405 nm (380-420 nm) have proven effective for the inactivation of bacterial pathogens.
As one example, the device may be assembled similarly to a “blue-phosphor” LED device. A blue-phosphor LED device is a single package electronic device capable of emitting light. The embodiment of the device depicted in
In some embodiments of the disclosure, 10% or less blue light (440 nm-495 nm) is emitted within the entire emitted spectral energy of the light emitting devices of the disclosure. In some instances, below 7% blue light is emitted by the light emitting devices of the disclosure. This is a low value compared to a conventional blue pumped LED which typically contains 15-20% blue light emitted within the entire emitted spectral energy. Such low blue light content as emitted by the light emitting devices of the disclosure allows for minimal suppression of melatonin in humans which contributes to better sleep, improved behavior, and mood. Thus, the light emitting devices according to the disclosure can be used for circadian rhythm effects.
The LED device according to embodiments of the disclosure is assembled similarly to a “blue-phosphor” LED device but includes a semiconductor LED that emits a majority of light/peak of light within the 380-420 nm wavelength range rather than wavelengths within the conventional range of approximately 440-495 nm, which would be perceived as blue. Light in the 380-420 nm wavelength is capable of killing or deactivating microorganisms such as but not limited to Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, bacterial endospores, mold and yeast and filamentous fungi. Some Gram positive bacteria that can be killed or deactivated include Staphylococcus aureus (incl. MRSA), Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphyloccocus hyicus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium terrae, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus circulans and Streptococcus thermophilus. Some Gram negative bacteria include Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, Serratia spp. and Salmonella typhimurium. Some bacterial endospores include Bacillus cereus and Clostridium difficile. Some yeast and filamentous fungi include Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Light in the 380-420 nm wavelength has been effective against every type of bacteria tested, although it takes different amounts of time or dosages dependent on species. Based on known results it is expected to be effective against all gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to some extent over a period of time. It can also be effective against many varieties of fungi, although these will take longer to show an effect.
To kill or deactivate microorganisms on a target surface, a certain intensity of light from a lighting device/fixture is typically required. In some embodiments of the disclosure, a light emitting device emitting light with an intensity of at least 0.01 mW/cm2 (in the 380-420 nm range) on the target surface is attained.
The LED, according to embodiments of the disclosure, or the light emitter(s), according to other embodiments of the disclosure, are surrounded by a phosphor material capable of absorbing and converting some portion of that anti-microbial light emitted from the LED or light emitter(s) (380-420 nm) to an alternative wavelength or wavelengths. This LED or other light emitter(s)-containing device can have a combination of selected phosphors, such as but not limited to Lutetium Aluminum Garnet and Nitride, that when combined at the proper ratios can emit a light perceived as white or a hue of white. This example LED or other light emitter(s)-containing device can have a CRI equal to or greater than 70. In some embodiments, this example LED device can have a CRI equal to or greater than 80. A percentage of spectral content of light emitted from the example LED device with approximately 380-420 nm wavelength can be equal to or greater than 10%. In some embodiments, light with wavelengths in the range from approximately 380-420 nm may comprise at least approximately 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of the total combined light emitted from the example LED device.
In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can be a surface mount LED device, which includes an LED and a light-conversion material. The surface mount LED device can be mounted onto a printed circuit board (“PCB”) or otherwise configured to be capable of transferring power to the light-emitting device and to the LED. The LED can be coupled to the PCB through bond wires or leads which enable an electrical connection from the LED to the outside of the device. The device may have a lens, encapsulant, or other protective cover. The embodiments shown in
In additional embodiments, the light-emitting device can be a through-hole LED device, which is similar to a surface mount package but is intended to be mounted to a PCB board or otherwise configured to be capable of transferring power into the device and the light emitter via conductive legs which mate with matched holes or vias on the PCB or similar structure. The legs are coupled to the PCB or similar structure through solder or another conductive medium.
In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can be a chip-on-board LED arrangement, which is a package with one or more light sources and a light converting-material. The one or more light sources can be mounted directly to a substrate, and the light-converting material can be placed so a desired portion of emitted light is converted by the light converting material.
In another embodiment, the light-emitting device can be a chip scale package (CSP) or a flip chip CSP, both of which packages the emitters without using a traditional ceramic/plastic package and/or bond wires, allowing the substrate to be attached directly to the printed circuit board.
Unlike previous attempts with devices to produce acceptable light spectrums, which required multiple different light emitters to be incorporated into a device to achieve white light of acceptable characteristics, embodiments of the disclosure do not require multiple different light emitters, which would each require its emitted light to be combined through optics or housing structures, which in turn would require increased electronics, controls, optics, and housing structures. The additional features and increased cost metrics associated with multiple-light-emitter light-emitting devices make color mixing methods inherently cumbersome for these light-emitting devices as compared to light-emitting devices with single light emitters, which can produce a combined light spectrum out of a single assembly.
As mentioned above, typical multiple light emitter devices require the emitted light to be combined/mixed in an optical chamber (by way of, e.g., optics or housing structures). While some embodiments of the disclosure do not require multiple different emitters (i.e., one/single light emitter devices), other embodiments of the disclosure can include multiple-light-emitter light-emitting devices and such multiple light emitter devices of the disclosure do not combine/mix the emitted light in an optical chamber. Multiple light emitter devices of the disclosure are configured such that the emitted light is combined/mixed before it exits a given LED package and thus does not require combining/mixing in the optical chamber.
In one embodiment, a device is disclosed which comprises a unit that uses only violet LEDs (approximately 405 nm) to create white light (see e.g.,
A difficult aspect to overcome is a lack of blue light emission in contrast to conventional LED white lights. While violet light can be combined with other colors to create white, it has been found that differences in perception from person to person exist for violet light. This means different people see a combined light differently; some might see too much violet, while others might see not enough violet; causing a misrepresentation of the color of white light overall. In addition, without enough blue light it is more difficult to achieve a high CRI. Previous attempts have utilized blue LEDs mixed with the other colors to boost CRI and balance the color of the mixed light output. Even with this approach some people still see the light differently depending on their sensitivity, but it has shown reduced differentiation of observed color overall of combined spectrums. Some embodiments herein instead add blue light through the use of phosphors, optical brighteners, or other blue emitting materials. These materials can absorb violet light and emit blue light, without the use of a discrete blue LED.
Some phosphor material compositions include aluminate phosphors (e.g., calcium aluminate, strontium aluminate, yttrium aluminate), silicate phosphors, garnet phosphors, nitride phosphors, oxynitride phosphors, Calcium Sulfide, Ca2PO4C1:Eu2+, LSN (La3Si6N11:Ce3+), LYSN ((La,Y)3Si6N11:Ce3+), CASN (CaAlSiN3:Eu2+), SCASN ((Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu2+), KSF (K2SiF6:Mn4+), CSO (CaSc2O4:Ce3+), β-SiAlON ((Si,Al)3(O,N)4:Eu2+), Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG:Y3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce3+), Lutetium Aluminum Garnet (LuAG: Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+) and SBCA ((Sr,Ba)10(PO4)6C12:Eu2+). Some optical brightening agents are chemical derivatives of stilbene, coumarin, 1, 3 diphenyl pyrazoline, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid, and cinnamic acid. Additional light converting materials for use with OLEDs include, for example, phosphorescent materials, fluorophores, fluorescent dyes, conductive polymers, and organometallic phosphors.
In another aspect of the disclosure, a light emitting device of the disclosure which contains at least two light emitters, each with their own light-converting material, can be configured such that the light emitted from a first light emitter (e.g., a first semiconductor die) and through a first light-converting material (e.g., a first phosphor) ultimately emits at one color temperature (e.g., 2200K) and the light emitted from a second light emitter (e.g., a second semiconductor die) and through a second light-converting material (e.g., a second phosphor) ultimately emits at another color temperature (e.g., 6500K). In such an example device, the amount of power provided to each light emitter (e.g., each semiconductor die within one single LED package) can vary independently of each other. This allows the white light emitting device, in one embodiment, to be color temperature tunable. In the case of the example, tunable between 2200K (warm) and 6500K (cool).
The foregoing description of various aspects of the disclosure has been presented for the purpose of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations are possible. Such variations and modifications that may be apparent to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims.
This patent is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/886,366, filed Feb. 1, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,357,582, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/223,134, filed Jul. 29, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,927,097, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/198,726, filed Jul. 30, 2015.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
1493820 | Miller et al. | May 1924 | A |
2622409 | Stimkorb | Dec 1952 | A |
2773715 | A.C. Lindner | Dec 1956 | A |
3314746 | Millar | Apr 1967 | A |
3670193 | Thorington et al. | Jun 1972 | A |
3791864 | Steingroever | Feb 1974 | A |
3926556 | Boucher | Dec 1975 | A |
3992646 | Corth | Nov 1976 | A |
4121107 | Bachmann | Oct 1978 | A |
4461977 | Pierpoint et al. | Jul 1984 | A |
4576436 | Daniel | Mar 1986 | A |
4867052 | Cipelletti | Sep 1989 | A |
4892712 | Robertson et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
4910942 | Dunn et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
5231472 | Marcus et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
5489827 | Xia | Feb 1996 | A |
5530322 | Ference et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5559681 | Duarte | Sep 1996 | A |
5668446 | Baker | Sep 1997 | A |
5721471 | Begemann et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5725148 | Hartman | Mar 1998 | A |
5800479 | Thiberg | Sep 1998 | A |
5901564 | Comeau, II | May 1999 | A |
5962989 | Baker | Oct 1999 | A |
6031958 | McGaffigan | Feb 2000 | A |
6166496 | Lys et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6183500 | Kohler | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6242752 | Soma et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6246169 | Pruvot | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6251127 | Biel | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6379022 | Amerson et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6477853 | Khorram | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6524529 | Horton, III | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6551346 | Crossley | Apr 2003 | B2 |
6554439 | Teicher et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6627730 | Burnie | Sep 2003 | B1 |
6676655 | McDaniel | Jan 2004 | B2 |
6791259 | Stokes et al. | Sep 2004 | B1 |
6902807 | Argoitia et al. | Jun 2005 | B1 |
7015636 | Bolta | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7175807 | Jones | Feb 2007 | B1 |
7190126 | Paton | Mar 2007 | B1 |
7198634 | Harth et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7201767 | Bhullar | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7213941 | Sloan et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
7438719 | Chung et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
7503675 | Demarest et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
7516572 | Yang et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7521875 | Maxik | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7611156 | Dunser | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7612492 | Lestician | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7658891 | Barnes | Feb 2010 | B1 |
7955695 | Argoitia | Jun 2011 | B2 |
8035320 | Sibert | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8214084 | Ivey et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8232745 | Chemel et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8357914 | Caldwell | Jan 2013 | B1 |
8398264 | Anderson et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
8476844 | Hancock et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8481970 | Cooper et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8506612 | Ashdown | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8508204 | Deurenberg et al. | Aug 2013 | B2 |
8761565 | Coleman et al. | Jun 2014 | B1 |
8886361 | Harmon et al. | Nov 2014 | B1 |
8895940 | Moskowitz et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8999237 | Tumanov | Apr 2015 | B2 |
9024276 | Pugh et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
9027479 | Raksha et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
9028084 | Maeng et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
9039966 | Anderson et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
9046227 | David et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
9078306 | Mans et al. | Jul 2015 | B2 |
9119240 | Nagazoe | Aug 2015 | B2 |
9173276 | Van Der Veen et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
9257059 | Raksha et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
9283292 | Kretschmann | Mar 2016 | B2 |
9313860 | Wingren | Apr 2016 | B2 |
9323894 | Kiani | Apr 2016 | B2 |
9333274 | Peterson et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
9368695 | David et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
9410664 | Krames et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9420671 | Sugimoto et al. | Aug 2016 | B1 |
9433051 | Snijder et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
9439271 | Ku et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
9439989 | Lalicki et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
9492576 | Cudak et al. | Nov 2016 | B1 |
9581310 | Wu et al. | Feb 2017 | B2 |
9623138 | Pagan et al. | Apr 2017 | B2 |
9625137 | Li et al. | Apr 2017 | B2 |
9681510 | van de Ven | Jun 2017 | B2 |
20020074559 | Dowling et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020122743 | Huang | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20030009158 | Perricone | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030019222 | Takahashi et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030023284 | Gartstein et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030124023 | Burgess et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030178632 | Hohn et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030231485 | Chien | Dec 2003 | A1 |
20040008523 | Butler | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040010299 | Tolkoff et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040024431 | Carlet | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040039242 | Tolkoff et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040047142 | Goslee | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040147984 | Altshuler et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040147986 | Baumgardner et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040158541 | Notarianni et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040159039 | Yates et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040162596 | Altshuler et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040230259 | Di Matteo | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040262595 | Mears et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20040266546 | Huang | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050055070 | Jones et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050104059 | Friedman et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050107849 | Altshuler et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050107853 | Krespi et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050159795 | Savage et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050207159 | Maxik | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050212397 | Murazaki et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050253533 | Lys | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050267233 | Joshi | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060006678 | Herron | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060009822 | Savage et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060022582 | Radkov | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060071589 | Radkov | Apr 2006 | A1 |
20060085052 | Feuerstein et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
20060138435 | Tarsa et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060186377 | Takahashi et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060230576 | Meine | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060247741 | Hsu et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060262545 | Piepgras et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20070023710 | Tom et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
20070061050 | Hoffknecht | Mar 2007 | A1 |
20070115665 | Mueller et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070164232 | Rolleri et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070258851 | Fogg et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20080008620 | Alexiadis | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080015560 | Gowda et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080091250 | Powell | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080278927 | Li et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080305004 | Anderson et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
20090018621 | Vogler et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090034236 | Reuben | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090076115 | Wharton et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090154167 | Lin | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090231832 | Zukauskas et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090285727 | Levy | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20090314308 | Kim et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100001648 | De Clercq et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100027259 | Simon et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100071257 | Tsai | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100090935 | Tseng et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100102252 | Harmon et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100107991 | Elrod et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
20100121420 | Fiset et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
20100148083 | Brown et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100179469 | Hammond et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100232135 | Munehiro et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100246169 | Anderson et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20110063835 | Rivas et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110084614 | Eisele et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110256019 | Gruen et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110316025 | Kuzuhara et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20120025717 | Klusmann et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120043552 | David et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120161170 | Dubuc et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120199005 | Koji et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120273340 | Felix | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120280147 | Douglas | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120281408 | Owen et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120315626 | Nishikawa et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20120320607 | Kinomoto et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
20130010460 | Peil et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130045132 | Tumanov | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130077299 | Hussell et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130200279 | Chuang | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130298445 | Aoki et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130313516 | David et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130313546 | Yu | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20140061509 | Shur et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140209944 | Kim et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140225137 | Krames et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
20140254131 | Osinski et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
20140301062 | David et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
20140328046 | Aanegola et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140334137 | Hasenoehrl et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20150062892 | Krames et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150068292 | Su et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150086420 | Trapani | Mar 2015 | A1 |
20150129781 | Kretschmann | May 2015 | A1 |
20150148734 | Fewkes et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
20150150233 | Dykstra | Jun 2015 | A1 |
20150182646 | Anderson et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
20150219308 | Dross et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20150233536 | Krames et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20150273093 | Holub et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20160000950 | Won | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160015840 | Gordon | Jan 2016 | A1 |
20160030610 | Peterson et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
20160091172 | Wu et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
20160114067 | Dobrinsky et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
20160249436 | Inskeep | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20160271280 | Liao et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160271281 | Clynne et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160273717 | Krames et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160276550 | David et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
20160324996 | Bilenko et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
20160345569 | Freudenberg et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160346565 | Rhodes et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160354502 | Simmons et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160375161 | Hawkins | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160375162 | Marry et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20160375163 | Hawkins et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
20170014538 | Rantala | Jan 2017 | A1 |
20170030555 | Lalicki et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
20170081874 | Daniels | Mar 2017 | A1 |
20170094960 | Sasaki et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170100494 | Dobrinsky et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170100607 | Pan et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
20170281812 | Dobrinsky et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
20170368210 | David | Dec 2017 | A1 |
20180113066 | Freitag et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
20180117189 | Yadav et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
20180117190 | Bailey | May 2018 | A1 |
20180117193 | Yadav et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
20180124883 | Bailey | May 2018 | A1 |
20180180226 | Van Bommel | Jun 2018 | A1 |
20180190625 | Steckel et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
20180209609 | Hikmet | Jul 2018 | A1 |
20180280723 | Enwemeka et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
201396611 | Feb 2010 | CN |
201396611 | Feb 2010 | CN |
102213382 | Oct 2011 | CN |
102213382 | Oct 2011 | CN |
105304801 | Feb 2016 | CN |
105304801 | Feb 2016 | CN |
205360038 | Jul 2016 | CN |
205360038 | Jul 2016 | CN |
102015207999 | Nov 2016 | CN |
106937461 | Jul 2017 | CN |
106937461 | Jul 2017 | CN |
102011001097 | Sep 2012 | DE |
102011001097 | Sep 2012 | DE |
102015207999 | Nov 2016 | DE |
0306301 | Mar 1989 | EP |
0306301 | Mar 1989 | EP |
1693016 | Aug 2006 | EP |
1693016 | Aug 2006 | EP |
1887298 | Feb 2008 | EP |
1887298 | Feb 2008 | EP |
1943880 | Apr 2013 | EP |
1943880 | Apr 2013 | EP |
2773715 | Jul 1999 | FR |
2773715 | Jul 1999 | FR |
2003-332620 | Nov 2003 | JP |
2003-332620 | Nov 2003 | JP |
2003339845 | Dec 2003 | JP |
2003339845 | Dec 2003 | JP |
2004261595 | Sep 2004 | JP |
2004261595 | Sep 2004 | JP |
2004275927 | Oct 2004 | JP |
2004275927 | Oct 2004 | JP |
2007511279 | May 2007 | JP |
2007511279 | May 2007 | JP |
2009-004351 | Jan 2009 | JP |
2009-004351 | Jan 2009 | JP |
2011-513996 | Apr 2011 | JP |
2011-513996 | Apr 2011 | JP |
2013-045896 | Mar 2013 | JP |
2013-045896 | Mar 2013 | JP |
2013-093311 | May 2013 | JP |
2013-093311 | May 2013 | JP |
2015-015106 | Jan 2015 | JP |
2015-015106 | Jan 2015 | JP |
2015-035373 | Feb 2015 | JP |
2015-035373 | Feb 2015 | JP |
20130096965 | Sep 2013 | KR |
20130096965 | Sep 2013 | KR |
101526261 | Jun 2015 | KR |
101526261 | Jun 2015 | KR |
101648216 | Aug 2016 | KR |
101648216 | Aug 2016 | KR |
20160127469 | Nov 2016 | KR |
20160127469 | Nov 2016 | KR |
101799538 | Nov 2017 | KR |
101799538 | Nov 2017 | KR |
M530654 | Oct 2016 | TW |
M530654 | Oct 2016 | TW |
0114012 | Mar 2001 | WO |
0114012 | Mar 2001 | WO |
03037504 | May 2003 | WO |
03037504 | May 2003 | WO |
03063902 | Aug 2003 | WO |
03063902 | Aug 2003 | WO |
03084601 | Oct 2003 | WO |
03084601 | Oct 2003 | WO |
03089063 | Oct 2003 | WO |
03089063 | Oct 2003 | WO |
2004033028 | Apr 2004 | WO |
2004033028 | Apr 2004 | WO |
2005048811 | Jun 2005 | WO |
2005048811 | Jun 2005 | WO |
2005049138 | Jun 2005 | WO |
2005049138 | Jun 2005 | WO |
2006023100 | Mar 2006 | WO |
2006023100 | Mar 2006 | WO |
2006100303 | Sep 2006 | WO |
2006100303 | Sep 2006 | WO |
2006126482 | Nov 2006 | WO |
2006126482 | Nov 2006 | WO |
2007012875 | Feb 2007 | WO |
2007012875 | Feb 2007 | WO |
2007035907 | Mar 2007 | WO |
2007035907 | Mar 2007 | WO |
2008071206 | Jun 2008 | WO |
2008071206 | Jun 2008 | WO |
2009056838 | May 2009 | WO |
2009056838 | May 2009 | WO |
2010110652 | Sep 2010 | WO |
2010110652 | Sep 2010 | WO |
2015066099 | May 2015 | WO |
2015066099 | May 2015 | WO |
2015189112 | Dec 2015 | WO |
2015189112 | Dec 2015 | WO |
2016019029 | Feb 2016 | WO |
2016019029 | Feb 2016 | WO |
2017009534 | Jan 2017 | WO |
2017009534 | Jan 2017 | WO |
2017205578 | Nov 2017 | WO |
2017205578 | Nov 2017 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Knowles et al., “Near-Ultraviolet Mutagenesis in Superoxide Dismutase-deficient Strains of Escherichia coli,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 102{1), Jan. 1994, pp. 88-94. |
Kristoff et al., “Loss of photoreversibility for UV mutation in E. coli using 405 nm or near-US challenge,” Mutat Res., May 1983, 109{2): 143-153, 2 pages, abstract only provided. |
Kundrapu et al. “Daily disinfection of high touch surfaces in isolation rooms to reduce contamination of healthcare workers' hands”. Journal of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology; vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1039-1042, published Oct. 2012. |
LEDs Magazine, “ANSI continues advancements on SSL chromaticity standard,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http:/lwww.ledsmagazine.com/articles/print/volume-12/issue-11/features/standards/ansi-continues-advancements-on-ssl-chromaticity-standard.html, Published Dec. 8, 2015, 6 pages. |
LEDs Magazine, “ANSI evaluates revisions to SSL chromaticity standard,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www .ledsmagazine.com/articles/2011/07/ansi-evaluates-revisions-to-ssl-chromaticity-standard-magazine.html, Published Jul. 18, 2011, 4 pages. |
LEDs Magazine, “ANSI works to update the solid-state lighting standard for chromaticity,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/print/volume-12/issue-2/features/standards/ansi-works-to-update-the-ssl-chromaticity-standard.html, Published Feb. 23, 2015, 5 pages. |
LEDs Magazine, “Lumination Vio LED combines 405 nm chip with new phosphors,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.leds.magazine.com/articles/2007/06/lumination-vio-led-combines-405-nm-chip-with-new-phosphors.html, Published Jun. 14, 2007, 2 pages. |
Maclean et al., “High-intensity narrow-spectrum light inactivation and wavelength sensitivity of Staphylococcus auresu,” FEMS Microbial. Lett., vol. 285 (2008) pp. 227-232. |
Marshall, J. H., et al., “Pigments of Staphylococcus au reus, a series of triterpenoid carotenoids,” J. Bacteriology, 1981, vol. 147, No. 3, pp. 900-913. |
Master Blaster, Tohoku University Team Discovers Blue Light is Effect at Killing Insects, Sora News 24, Dec. 12, 2014, pp. 1-5, Japan, <https://en.rocketnews24.com/2014/12/12/tohoku-university-team-discovers-blue-light-is-effective-at-killing-insects/>. |
Nussbaum, et al., Effects of 630-, 660-, 810-, and 905-nm Laser Irradiation, Delivering Radiant Exposure of 1-50 J/cm2 on Three Species of Bacteria in Vitro, journal, 2002, 9 pp., vol. 20, No. 6, 2002, Journal of Clinical LaserMedicine & Surgery, Canada. |
NuTone, “NuTone Bath and Ventilation Fans”, Dec. 11, 2018, pp. 1-2, http://www.nutone.com/products/filter/qt-series-fanlights-25a05450-d47b-4ab8-9992-f8c2cd3f7b90. |
NuTone, “QTNLEDB LunAura Collection 110 CFM Fan,Light,LED Nightlight, with Tinted Light Panel, Energy Star® Certified Ventilation Fans”, Dec. 11, 2018, p. 1, http://www.nutone.com/products/product/a6da75af-8449-4d4d-8195-7011ce977809. |
NuTone, “Ultra Pro™ Series Single-Speed Fans and Fan/Lights”, Dec. 11, 2018, p. 1, http://www.nutone.com/products/filter/ultra-pro-series-fanlights-eb590f89-dca2-40e7-af39-06e4cccb96ca. |
Papageorgiou, P. et al., “Phototherapy with Blue (415 nm) and Red (660 nm) Light in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,” British Journal of Dermatology, 2000, pp. 973-978. |
Pelz, A. et al., “Structure and biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin production of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Bioi. Pharm. Bull., 2012, val. 35, No. 1, 9 pages. |
Pochi, P.E., “Acne: Androgens and microbiology,” Drug Dev, Res., 1988, val. 13, 4 pages, abstract only provided. |
R.S. Mcdonald et al., “405 nm Light Exposure of Osteoblasts and Inactivation of Bacterial Isolates From Arthroplasty Patients: Potential for New Disinfection Applications?,” European Cells and Materials vol. 25, (2013), pp. 204-214. |
Reed, “The History of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Air Disinfection,” Public Health Reports, Jan.-Feb. 2010, vol. 125, 13 pages. |
Rita Giovannetti, The Use of Spectrophotometry UV-Vis for the Study of Porphyrins, article, 2012, 23 pp., InTech Europe, Croatia. |
Sakai, K., et al. “Search for inhibitors of staphyloxanthin production by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2012, val. 35, No. 1, pp. 48-53. |
Sarah Ward, “LED Retrofit Health ROI? See VitalVio”, Poplar Network website, published on Aug. 13, 2014 and retrieved from website: https://www.poplarnetwork.com/news/led-retrofit-health-roi-see-vitalvio. 3 pages. |
Sikora, A. et al., “Lethality of visable light for Escherichia colihemH 1 mutants influence of defects in DNA repair,” DNA Repair, 2, pp. 61-71. |
Sofia Pitt and Andy Rothman, “Bright idea aims to minimize hospital-acquired infections”, CNBC News website, published on Dec. 9, 2014 and retrieved from website: https://www.cnbc.com/2014/12/09/bright-idea-aims-to-minimize-hospital-acquired-infections.html. 6 pages. |
Soraa, “PAR3OL 18.5W,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.soraa.com/products, 5 pages. |
Soraa, “PAR3OL,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www_soraa.com/products/22-PAR3OL, 6 pages. |
Tomb et al., “Inactivation of Streptomyces phage C31 by 405 nm light,” Bacteriophage, 4:3, Jul. 2014, retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/bact.32129, 7 pages. |
Tong, Y. et al., “Solar radiation is shown to select for pigmented bacteria in the ambient outdoor atmosphere,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1997, val. 65, No. 1, pp. 103-106. |
Tong, Y., et al. “Population study of atmospheric bacteria at the Fengtai district of Beijing on two representative days,” Aerobiologica, 1993, vol. 9, 1 page, Abstract only provided. |
Tsukada et al., “Bactericidal Action of Photo-Irradiated Aqueous Extracts from the Residue of Crushed Grapes from Winemaking,” Biocontrol Science, vol. 21, No. 2, (2016), pp. 113-121, retrieved from: https:/lwww.researchgate.net/publication/304628914. |
Turner et al., “Comparative Mutagenesis and Interaction Between Near-Ultraviolet {313- to 405-nm) and Far-Ultraviolet 254-nm) Radiation in Escherichia coli Strains with Differeing Repair Capabilities,” Journal of Bacteriology, Aug. 1981 , pp. 410-417. |
Wainwright, “Photobacterial activity of phenothiazinium dyes against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus,” Oxford University Press Journals, retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12908.x on Jul. 23, 2015, 8 pages. |
Wang, Shun-Chung, et al.; “High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast With Intelligent Energy-Saving Control for Ultraviolet Drinking-Waler Treatment Systems”; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics; vol. 55; Issue 1; Dale of Publication Jan. 4, 2008; Publisher IEEE. |
Ward, “Experiments on the Action of Light on Bacillus anthracis,” Received Dec. 15, 1892, 10 pages. |
Wilson et al., “Killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by low-power laser light,” J. Med, Microbial., vol. 42 (1995), pp. 62-66. |
Yi, Notice of Allowance and Fee(s) due for U.S. Appl. No. 14/501,931 dated Jan. 20, 2016, 8 pages. |
Yoshimura et al., “Antimicrobial effects of phototherapy and photochemotherapy in vivo and in vitro,” British Journal of Dermatology, 1996, 135: 528-532. |
Yu, J. et al., “Efficient Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Disinfection on Sulfur-Doped Nanocrystalline Titania,” Environ. Sic. Technol., 39, 2005, pp. 1175-1179. |
Oct. 31, 2008—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/GB2008/003679. |
May 4, 2010—(WO) IPRP—App PCT/GB2008/003679. |
Nov. 2, 2015—(WO) WO & ISR—App PCT/US2015/042678. |
Dec. 8, 2016—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/US2016/036704. |
Oct. 20, 2016—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/US2016/44634. |
Jun. 6, 2017—(US) Third Party Submission—U.S. Appl. No. 15/223,134. |
Apr. 16, 2018—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/US2017/068755. |
Jun. 29, 2018—(DE) Office Action—App 112016003453.9. |
Mar. 6, 2018—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/US2017/068749. |
Nov. 27, 2018—(JP) Office Action—JP 2018-525520. |
Apr. 15, 2019—(CA) Examiner's Report—App 2,993,825. |
Feb. 11, 2019—(WO) ISR—App PCT/US2018/061859. |
Feb. 28, 2019—(WO) ISR—App PCT/US2018/061843. |
Feb. 28, 2019—(WO) ISR—App PCT/US2018/061856. |
Jan. 4, 2019—(TW) Office Action—App 104124977. |
Jul. 8, 2019—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/US2019/024593. |
Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Tetraphenylporphyrin§ and Metallo-Tetraphenylporphyrin, article, 2005, 11 pp., Atomic, Molecular and Supramolecular Studies. |
Ashkenazi, H. et al., “Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light,” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 35, pp. 17-24. |
Ayat M. Ali, Effect of MRSA Irradiation by 632, 532, and 405 nm (Red, Blue, and Green) Diode Lasers on Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests, Article, Jun. 2007, 7 pp, vol. 59, No. 2 , 2017, J Fac Med Baghdad. |
Bache et al., “Clinical studies of the High-Intensity Narrow-Spectrum light Environmental Decontamination System (HINS-light EDS), for continuous disinfection in the burn unit inpatient and outpatient settings,” Bums 38 (2012), pp. 69-76. |
Bek-Thomsen, M., “Acne is Not Associated with Yet-Uncultured Bacteria,” J. Clinical Microbial., 2008, 46{10), 9 pages. |
Berezow Alex, How to Kill Insects With Visible Light, Real Clear Science, Jan. 11, 2015, pp. 1-4, <https://www.realclearscience.com/journal_club/2015/01/12/how_to_kill_insects_with_visible_light_109021.html>. |
Burchard, R. et al., “Action Spectrum for Carotenogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus,” Journal of Bateriology, 97(3), 1969, pp. 1165-1168. |
Burkhart, C. G. et al., “Acne: a review of immunologic and microbiologic factors,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, 1999, vol. 75, pp. 328-331. |
Burkhart, C. N. et al., “Assesment of etiologic agents in acne pathogenesis,” Skinmed, 2003, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 222-228. |
Chukuka et al., Visible 405 nm SLD light photo-destroys metchicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus {MRSA) in vitro, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 40, Issue 10, Dec. 8, 2008, retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lsm.20724 on Mar. 23, 2018, 4 pages, abstract only provided. |
Clauditz, A. et al., “Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of Staphylococcus aureusand its ability to cope with oxidative stress,” Infection and Immunity, 2006, vol. 74, No. 8, 7 pages. |
Color Phenomena, “CIE-1931 Chromaticity Diagram,” last updated Aug. 22, 2013, retrieved from www.color-theory-phenomena.nl/10.02.htm on Jan. 20, 2016, 3 pages. |
Dai et al., “Blue light for infectious diseases: Propionibacterium acnes, Helicobacter pylon, and beyond?,” Drug Resist Update, 15(4): 223-236 {Aug. 2012). |
Dai et al., “Blue Light Rescues Mice from Potentially Fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn Infection: Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanism of Action,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Mar. 2013, vol. 57{3), pp. 1238-1245. |
Dayer, et al., Band Assignment in Hemoglobin Porphyrin Ring Spectrum: Using Four-Orbital Model of Gouterman, article, Sep. 8, 2009, 7 pp., Protein & Peptide Letters, 2010, vol. 17, No. 4, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Tehran, Iran. |
Demidova, T. et al., “Photodynamic Therapy Targeted to Pathogens,” International Journal of Immunipathology and Pharmacology, 17(3), pp. 245-254. |
Dornob, “Healthy Handle: Self-Sanitizing UV Dorr Knob Kils Germs”, Dornob.com, Dec. 5, 2018, pp. 1-3, https://dornob.com/healthy-handle-self-sanitizing-uv-door-knob-kills-germs/. |
Drew Prindle, “This UV-Emitting Door Handle Neutralizes Bacteria, Helps Fight the Spread of Disease”, Digital Trends, Jun. 19, 2015, https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/uv-door-handle-kills-germs/. |
Elman, M. et al., “The Effective Treatment of Acne Vulgaris by a High-intensity, Narrow Band 405-420 nm Light Source,” Cosmetic & Laser Ther, 5, pp. 111-116. |
Feng-Chyi Duh et al., “Innovative Design of an Anti-bacterial Shopping Cart Attachment”, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), Oct. 10, 2015, vol. 2 Issue 10, http://www.jmest.org/wp-content/uploads/JMESTN42351112.pdf. |
Feuerstein et al., “Phototoxic Effect of Visible Light on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: An In Vitro Study,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 80, Issue 3, Apr. 30, 2007, retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00106.x on Mar. 23, 2018, abstract only. |
Guffey et al., “In Vitro Bactericidal Effects of 405-nm and 470-nm Blue Light,” Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, vol. 24, No. 6, retrieved from: https:/lwww.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2006.24.684 on Mar. 23, 2018, 2 pages, abstract only provided. |
Halstead et al., “The antibacterial activity of blue light against nosocomial wound pathogens growing planktonically and as mature biofilms,” Appl. Environ, Microbial., Apr. 2016, 38 pages, retrieved from: http://aem.asm.org/. |
Hamblin et al., “Helicobacter pylori Accumulates Photoactive Porphyrins and Is Killed by Visable Light,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Jul. 2005, pp. 2822-2827. |
Harrison, A.P., “Survival of Bacteria,” Annu. Rev. Microbial, 1967, p. 143, vol. 21. |
Holzman, “405-nm Light Proves Potent at Decontaminating Bacterial Pathogens,” retrieved from: http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=64254 on Aug. 6, 2015, 34 pages. |
Hori Masatoshi et al., Lethal Effects of Short-Wavelength Visible Light on Insects, Scientific Reports, Dec. 9, 2014, pp. 1-6, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. <https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Lethal-effects-of-short-wavelength-visible-light-o-Hori-Shibuya/2c11cb3f70a059a051d8ed02fff0e8a9b7a4c4d4>. |
Huffman, D. et al., “Inactivation of Bacteria, Virus and Cryptospordium by a Point-of-use Device Using Pulsed Broad Spectrum White Light,” Wat. Res. 34(9), pp. 2491-2498. |
Jagger, “Photoreactivation and Photoprotection,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 3, Issue 4, Dec. 1964, retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1964.tb08166.x on Mar. 23, 2018, 4 pages, abstract only provided. |
Jappe, U., “Pathological mechanisms of acne with special emphasis on Propionibacterium acnes and related therapy,” Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 2003, vol. 83, pp. 241-248. |
Josefsen, et al., Unique Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines in Photodynamic Therapy, Imaging and Theranostics, article, Oct. 4, 2012, 51 pp., 2012; 2(9):916-966. doi: 10.7150/thno.4571, Ivyspring International Publisher, Department of Chemistry, The University Of Hull, Kingston-Upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, U. |
Kawada et al., “Acne Phototherapy with a high-intensity, enhanced, narrow-band, blue light source: an open study and in vitro investigation,” Journal of Dermatological Science 30 (2002) pp. 129-135. |
Kickstarter, “Orb, The World's First Germ-Killing BLue/UV Light Ball”, Dec. 10, 2018, pp. 1-10,<https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/572050089078660/orbtm-the-worlds-first-germ-killing-uv-light-ball>. |
Kim, et al., In Vitro Bactericidal Effects of 625, 525, and 425nm Wavelength (Red, Green, and Blue) Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation, article, 2013, 9 pp., vol. 31, No. 11, 2013, Department of Oral Pathology Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders School of Dentistry Dental Science Research Institute, Korea. |
Josefsen, et al., Unique Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines in Photodynamic Therapy, Imaging and Theranostics, article, Oct. 4, 2012, 51 pp., 2012; 2(9):916-966. doi: 10.7150/thno.4571, Ivyspring International Publisher, Department of Chemistry, The University Of Hull, Kingston-Upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, U.K. |
Apr. 16, 2018—(WO) ISR & WO—App PCT/U52017/068755. |
Bache et al., “Clinical studies of the High-Intensity Narrow-Spectrum light Environmental Decontamination System (HINS-Iight EDS), for continuous disinfection in the burn unit inpatient and outpatient settings,” Bums 38 (2012), pp. 69-76. |
Dai et al., “Blue light for infectious diseases: Propionibacterium acnes, Helicobacter pylori, and beyond?,” Drug Resist Update, 15(4): 223-236 {Aug. 2012). |
Demidova, T. et al., “Photodynamic Therapy Targeted to Pathogens,” International Journal of lmmunipathology and Pharmacology, 17(3), pp. 245-254. |
Sikora, A. et al., “Lethality of visable light for Escherichia colihemH 1 mutants inftuence of defects in DNA repair,” DNA Repair, 2, pp. 61-71. |
Soraa, “PAR30L 18.5W,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://wwvv.soraa.com/products, 5 pages. |
Soraa, “PAR30L,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www_soraa.com/products/22-PAR30L, 6 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20190321501 A1 | Oct 2019 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62198726 | Jul 2015 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 15886366 | Feb 2018 | US |
Child | 16456537 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 15223134 | Jul 2016 | US |
Child | 15886366 | US |