Disinfecting lighting device

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 10357582
  • Patent Number
    10,357,582
  • Date Filed
    Thursday, February 1, 2018
    6 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, July 23, 2019
    4 years ago
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a device which inactivates microorganisms. The device includes a light emitter and at least one light-converting material arranged to convert at least a portion of light from the light emitter. Any light emitted from the light emitter and converted light emitted from the at least one light-converting material mixes to form a combined light, the combined light having a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm range of greater than approximately 10 percent. In another embodiment, the device includes a light emitter configured to emit light with wavelengths in a range of 380 to 420 nm, and at least one light-converting material including at least one optical brightener and configured to emit a second light. The first light exiting the device and the second light exiting the device mix to form a combined light, the combined light being white.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure concerns a light-emitting device capable of emitting light that can be perceived as white or a hue of white, and more particularly, a light emitting device capable of emitting light that can be perceived as white or a hue of white while simultaneously causing the inactivation of microorganisms.


BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Light-emitting devices are a primary requirement in most indoor occupied environments to provide illumination of the area, of tasks being completed in the area, and of the area's occupants and objects. Lighting technologies range widely for use indoors, from incandescent and halogen bulbs, to fluorescent and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs and devices, among many other technologies. The primary purpose of these lighting technologies to date is to provide light that can be observed by humans as what is considered “white” light, which can effectively illuminate different colors, textures, and features of objects in a manner pleasing to humans.


While many technologies are commercially used in lighting, LED lighting is growing as a technology to provide efficient, high quality white light illumination at an effective cost point. Some common LEDs for general illumination use a semiconductor junction that is energized to emit blue light and that is combined with a phosphor material, such as cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) to convert a portion of that blue light to other wavelengths of light, such as yellow wavelengths. When balanced properly, the combined light emitted from the semiconductor junction and the phosphor material is perceived as white or a hue of white. Blue light-emitting semiconductors are used currently for many reasons, including relatively high efficiency, relatively low cost, and relatively desirable color benefits of the blue light contribution to the overall spectrum of light (as compared to light-emitting semiconductors that emit light of another color).


Some alternative LED technologies use semiconductor junctions that emit UV, near UV, or violet light instead of blue light. A phosphor material is combined to convert a portion of the blue, violet, or UV light to other wavelengths of light and the two components are balanced appropriately to provide white or a hue of white light. Violet LEDs are used less frequently due to typically lower efficiency and cost performance, but have commercially been shown to be able to provide an adequate visual quality of light in some characteristics like the Color Rendering Index (CRI).


With both of these LED technologies, achieving a relatively high luminous efficacy of emitted radiation is balanced against achieving desirable color characteristics (CRI, correlated color temperature (CCT), Gamut, etc.) of the emitted radiation. In other words, the wavelength of combined light emitted from the lighting device is chosen, in relation to the spectral sensitivity of the human eye, to achieve high efficiency, while minimizing the sacrifice of desired color characteristics.


Alternative light sources have been created with additional performance factors in mind that utilize emitted light in different manners. Lighting fixtures and devices for horticulture, health, warmth, and disinfection have been demonstrated. In addition to being tuned for luminous efficacy of radiation, these lighting fixtures and devices are tuned to provide increased outputs of certain regions of radiation to accomplish the additional performance factor.


These lighting fixtures and devices provide a dual or multiple function of lighting through the use of various alternative functions of light such as photochemical, photobiological, radiant energy, and others. Typically, radiant energy outputs are attempted to be optimized for specific regions matching absorption or activation spectrums of the added function. For example, light fixtures and devices for horticulture are attempted to be optimized for emitting light matching absorption or activation spectrums of chlorophyll and other plant based photo-activated mechanisms. Light fixtures and devices for assisting circadian rhythm are attempted to be optimized for emitting light matching absorption or activation spectrums of melatonin.


In these lighting fixtures and devices that emit light for multiple functions, the light emissions can be balanced to achieve an acceptable level of each function. One of the functions can be general illumination (e.g., when the multiple-function lighting fixtures and devices are used in spaces occupied by humans), in which case, achieving a relatively high luminous efficacy of the emitted light is balanced not only against achieving desirable color characteristics of the emitted light, but also of achieving the one or more other functions to an acceptable or desired level.


BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein may include a device which inactivates microorganisms, the device including a light emitter and at least one light converting material arranged to convert at least a portion of light from the light emitter, wherein any light emitted from the light emitter and the at least a portion of converted light emitted from the at least one light-converting material mixes to form a combined light, the combined light having a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm wavelength range of greater than approximately 20%.


Embodiments of the disclosure herein may include a device which inactivates microorganisms, the device including a light emitter and at least one light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the first light. The light emitter is configured to emit a first light within a range of 380 nm to 420 nm, and the at least one light-converting material is configured to emit a second light in response to the first light being incident on the at least one light-converting material. The first light exiting the device and the second light exiting the device mix to form a combined light, the combined light being white. The at least one light-converting material includes at least one optical brightener which emits light in the wavelength range of 440 nm to 495 nm.


Embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein may include a light emitting device comprising at least two light emitters, wherein the at least two light emitters are configured to emit light having a same wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 420 nm; each of the at least two light emitters includes a light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from a given light emitter; each light-converting material being arranged to convert the wavelength of the light emitted from the given light emitter to a wavelength different therefrom; and the light emitted from each of the light-converting materials combines to form white light.


Embodiments of the disclosure herein may include a light emitting device comprising at least two light emitters, wherein the at least two light emitters are configured to emit light having a same wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 420 nm; one or more of the at least two light emitters includes a light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from a given light emitter; each light-converting material being arranged to convert the wavelength of the light emitted from the given light emitter to a wavelength different therefrom with the exception that the wavelength of light emitted from at least one light emitter is not converted to a wavelength different therefrom; and the light from any light emitter not passing through a light-converting material combines with the light emitted from each of the light-converting materials to form white light.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the disclosure will be more readily understood from the following detailed description of the various aspects of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings that depict various aspects of the disclosure.



FIG. 1 illustrates a light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light-emitting device including a light emitter, and a light-converting material contained by an encapsulant).



FIG. 2 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including a light emitter, and a light-converting material contained by a lens).



FIG. 3 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including an array of light emitters with a light-converting material thereover).



FIG. 4 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including an array of light emitters with a different light-converting material over each light emitter).



FIG. 5 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including a light emitter and a light-converting material contained by an encapsulant).



FIG. 6 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including a light emitter and light-converting material contained by a lens).



FIG. 7 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including a light emitter and conformal light-converting material contained by a lens).



FIG. 8 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device including an array of light emitters and a light-converting material contained by an encapsulant).



FIG. 9 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a light bulb including a light emitter and an outer light-converting filter).



FIG. 10 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a light bulb including a light emitter and a light-converting filter contained by an outer bulb).



FIG. 11 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a light bulb including a light emitter and a light-converting filter on top of the light emitter).



FIG. 12 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a light bulb including a light emitter and a light-converting filter surrounding the light emitter).



FIG. 13 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a spot lamp including a light emitter, a light-converting filter on the light emitter and a lens).



FIG. 14 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a spot lamp including a light emitter, a light-converting filter not in contact with the light emitter but in contact with a lens).



FIG. 15 illustrates another light-emitting device according to various embodiments (the light emitting device being in the form of a spot lamp including a light emitter and a light-converting filter not in contact with the light emitter).



FIG. 16 illustrates an ANSI C78.377A LED Standards with accepted x-y coordinates at selected CCTs that are color coordinate ranges for light-emitting devices in some embodiments of the disclosure.



FIG. 17 illustrates a light-emitting device having all violet light emitters wherein at least one of the emitters remains uncovered by a light-converting material.



FIG. 18 illustrates another light-emitting device having all violet light emitters wherein all of the emitters have a light-converting material arranged thereover.



FIG. 19 illustrates another light-emitting device, similar to that of FIG. 18 but with a lens containing the light-converting material.



FIG. 20 illustrates another light-emitting device, similar to that of FIG. 18 but with an encapsulant containing the light-converting material.



FIG. 21 illustrates an ANSI C78.377-2017 White Light Standards with accepted x-y coordinates at selected CCTs that are color coordinate ranges for light-emitting devices in some embodiments of the disclosure.





It is noted that the drawings may not be to scale. The drawings are intended to depict only typical aspects of the disclosure, and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the disclosure. In the drawings, like numbering represents like elements between the drawings. The detailed description explains embodiments of the disclosure, together with advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to various embodiments, a lighting device is disclosed that is capable of emitting light that can be perceived as white or a hue of white and simultaneously is capable of emitting certain concentrations of light with specific wavelengths that are associated with the inactivation of at least some microorganisms.


The light-emitting device is composed of a light emitter (e.g., LEDs, OLEDs, semiconductor dies, lasers), or in some cases two or more light emitters, and one or more light-converting materials (e.g., phosphors, optical brighteners, quantum dots, phosphorescent materials, fluorophores, fluorescent dyes, conductive polymers) assembled in a manner that light emitted from a light emitter will be directed into the light-converting material(s) and at least a portion of this light directed into the light-converting material(s) will be converted by the light-converting material(s) to light having a different quality (e.g., a different peak wavelength). Light can be converted by the light-converting material(s) by absorbing the light, which energizes or activates the light-converting material(s) to emit light of a different quality (e.g., a different peak wavelength). In one embodiment, a combined light emitted by the light emitter(s) and the light-converting material(s) has a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm wavelength range of greater than approximately 20%. In another embodiment, a combined light emitted by the light emitter(s) and the light-converting material(s) is white and has one or more of the following properties: (a) a proportion of spectral energy measured in an approximately 380 nm to approximately 420 nm wavelength range of greater than approximately 10%, (b) a correlated color temperature (CCT) value of 1000 K to 8000 K, (c) a color rendering index (CRI) value of 55 to 100, (d) a color fidelity (Rf) value of 60 to 100, and (e) a color gamut (Rg) value of 60 to 140.


The light emitter(s) and light-converting material(s) may be assembled in many different manners, such as, but not limited to the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 1-15 and 17-20. Light emitted by the light emitter(s) and the light-converting material(s) can be modified by optics, reflectors, or other assembly components to facilitate the combined light emitted by the light-emitting device being perceived as white or a hue of white.


Referring to FIG. 1, a light-emitting device 10 is illustrated that includes a pump LED 12 as the light emitter, a light-converting material 14, an encapsulant 16, and a substrate 18. The light-converting material 104 may be dispersed within encapsulant 106. Pump LED 12 and light-conversion material 104 are supported on the substrate 108.



FIG. 2 illustrates a light-emitting device 20 that includes a packaged pump LED 22 as the light emitter, a light-converting material 24, a lens 26 containing the light-converting material 24, and a substrate or base 28.



FIG. 3 illustrates a light-emitting device 30 that includes an array of pump LEDs 32 contained by a light-converting material 34 that is evenly distributed within an encapsulant 36.



FIG. 4 illustrates a light-emitting device 40 that includes an array of LEDs 42 with light-converting materials 44 that convert light to red, green, blue, and amber light. The light-converting materials 44 are shown dispersed, or contained, in an encapsulant 46. LEDs 42 and encapsulant 46 are shown supported on a substrate 48.



FIG. 5 illustrates a light-emitting device 50 that includes LED 52 contained by a light-converting material 54 that is contained by an encapsulant 56, all of which is supported on a substrate 58.



FIG. 6 illustrates a light-emitting device 60 that includes a packaged LED 62 contained by a light-converting material 64 that is contained by a lens 66. LED 62, light-converting material 64, and lens 66 are supported by a base or substrate 68.



FIG. 7 illustrates a light-emitting device 70 that includes a packaged LED 72 contained by conformally coated light-converting material 74 that is contained by a lens 76. LED 72, light-converting material 74, and lens 76 are supported on a base or substrate 78.



FIG. 8 illustrates a light-emitting device 80 that includes an array of LEDs 82 contained by a light converting-material 84 that is contained by an encapsulant 86. LEDs 82, light-converting material 84, and encapsulant 86 are supported on a substrate 88.



FIG. 9 illustrates a light-emitting device 90 that is a light bulb including LED 92, an outer light-converting filter 94, a base 97, and a pedestal 98. Base 97 and pedestal 98 support LED 92.



FIG. 10 illustrates a light-emitting device 100 that is a light bulb including an LED 102, a light-converting filter 104 contained by an outer bulb 106, a base 107, and a pedestal 108. Light-converting filter 104 can directly contact outer bulb 106.



FIG. 11 illustrates a light-emitting device 110 that is a light bulb including an LED 112, a light-converting filter 114 on top of the pump LED 112, an outer bulb 116, a base 117, and a pedestal 118. Light-converting filter 114 can be directly on the pump LED 112.



FIG. 12 illustrates a light-emitting device 120 that is a light bulb including an LED 122, a light-converting filter 124 surrounding the pump LED 122, an outer bulb 126, a base 127, and a pedestal 128. Light-converting filter 124 can directly contact pump LED 122.



FIG. 13 illustrates a light-emitting device 130 that is a spot lamp including an LED 132, a light-converting filter 134 on pump LED 132, a reflector 135, a lens 136, and a base 137. Light-converting filter 134 can be directly on pump LED 132.



FIG. 14 illustrates a light-emitting device 140 that is a spot lamp including, an LED 142, a light-converting filter 144, a reflector 145, a lens 146 on light-converting filter 144, and a base 147. Lens 146 can be directly on light-converting filter 144.



FIG. 15 illustrates a light-emitting device 150 that is a spot lamp including an LED 152, a light-converting filter 154, a reflector 155, and a base 157.



FIG. 16 serves as an example of color coordinates and ranges of color coordinates that could be achieved in practice in some embodiments of the disclosure. More specifically, FIG. 16 illustrates an ANSI C78.377A LED Standards with accepted x-y coordinates at selected CCTs.



FIG. 17 illustrates a light-emitting device 170 that includes two light emitters 172, a light-converting material 174, and a substrate 176. Light emitters 172 and light-conversion material 174 are supported on substrate 176. While only two light emitters 172 are shown in FIG. 17, there may be three, four, five, etc. light emitters 172 present in light-emitting device 170. In the embodiment of FIG. 17, all light emitters 172 emit light having a same wavelength, for instance a same wavelength in the range of 380 nm to 420 nm. As shown in FIG. 17, one light emitter 172 includes light-converting material 174 arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from light emitter 172 thereunder, while the other light emitter 172 remains uncovered by a light-converting material 174. Any number of light emitters 172 present in light-emitting device 170 may include a light-converting material 174 thereover.



FIG. 18 illustrates a light-emitting device 180 that includes two light emitters 182, light-converting materials 184a and 184b, and substrate 176. The embodiment of FIG. 18 differs from FIG. 17 in that all of light emitters 182 present in light-emitting device 180 include a light-converting material 184 thereover. As also illustrated in FIG. 18, while light emitters 182 are the same, each light emitter 182 has a unique light-converting material 184 thereover, for instance light-converting material 184a over a first light emitter 182 and light-converting material 184b over a second light emitter 182, and so on. The different light-converting materials capable of use in embodiments of the disclosure are described below.



FIG. 19 illustrates a light-emitting device 190 like that of FIG. 18 with the addition of a lens 196 containing light-converting materials 194a and 194b and light emitters 192.



FIG. 20 illustrates a light-emitting device 200 like that of FIG. 18 with the addition of an encapsulant 206 containing light-converting materials 204a and 204b and light emitters 202.



FIG. 21 illustrates ANSI C78.377-2017 white light standards with accepted x-y coordinates at selected CCTs, including 7-step MacAdam ellipses, and that shows quadrangles at various color temperatures for light-emitting devices in some embodiments of the disclosure. The ANSI C78.377-2017 standard states: “The purposes of this standard are, first, to specify the range of chromaticities recommended for general lighting with solid-state lighting products to ensure high-quality white light and, second, to categorize chromaticities with given tolerances so that the white light chromaticity of the products can be communicated to consumers.” Thus, the noted ANSI standard tries to define a chromaticity range (defined as “4-step” or “7-step” Quadrangles in the CIE 1931 x,y diagram, or the CIE 1976 u′,v′ diagram) for high quality white lights at different CCT values. The quadrangles set color consistency bounds so that LED to LED, or even fixture to fixture, lights look consistent. The 4-step or 7-step Quadrangles also help establish how far away from a particular CCT a light can be and still be considered that particular nominal CCT. The device disclosed enables a disinfecting white light that can fall within the bounds of the Quadrangles at various color temperatures through the precise combination of selected emitters and light converting materials as described in embodiments of this disclosure. More specifically, the combined white light emitted from a light emitting device of the present disclosure can be quantified using (x,y) coordinates falling on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity diagram. The color temperature of the combined white light can vary between 1000 K to 8000 K for different embodiments. The (x,y) coordinates can be determined from a measured Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) graph of the emitted white light spectrum. When graphed, these determined (x,y) coordinates will fall within the bounds of a quadrangle for the color temperature of each embodiment, and thus the combined light emitted can be defined as white light using the ANSI C78.377-2017 standard.


Though illustrated in FIGS. 1-15 as an LED, the light emitter of FIGS. 1-15 as well as FIGS. 17-20 can be any known emitter, including but not limited to a substrate and an LED (e.g., pump LED), a packaged LED, an array of LEDs, an organic LED (OLED), a spot lamp, a laser, a semiconductor die and traditional light bulbs either with an LED replacement fixture or other light bulbs. Each LED can include one or more semiconductor dies that are emitters within an LED package. The light emitter can have a peak wavelength/majority of light output in the 380-420 nm wavelength range of light.


In embodiments with multiple light emitters (e.g., an array of LEDs), the light emitters can all emit light of approximately the same wavelength. For example, the array of LEDs 32 shown in FIG. 3, the array of LEDs 42 shown in FIG. 4, the light emitters 172 shown in FIG. 17, the light emitters 182 shown in FIG. 18, the light emitters 192 shown in FIG. 19 and the light emitters 202 shown in FIG. 20 can all emit light within the range of 380-420 nm. In some embodiments, the array of LEDs 32, 42 and the light emitters 172, 182, 192, 202 can all emit light within the wavelength range of 390-415 nm, and in other embodiments 400 nm-410 nm.


Light-converting material, as used herein, constitutes a broad category of materials, substances, or structures that have the capability of absorbing a certain wavelength of light and re-emitting it as another wavelength of light. Light-converting materials should be noted to be different from light-emitting materials and light-transmitting/filtering materials. Light-emitting materials can be broadly classified as materials, substances, or structures/devices that convert a non UV-VIS-IR form of energy into a UV-VIS-IR light emission. Non ultraviolet-visible-infrared (UV-VIS-IR) forms of energy may be, and are not limited to: electricity, chemical reactions/potentials, microwaves, electron beams, and radioactive decay. Light-converting materials may be contained in or deposited on a medium, making a light-converting medium. It should be understood that light-converting materials, light-converting mediums, light-converting filters, phosphors, and any other terms regarding the conversion of light are meant to be examples of the light-converting material disclosed.


In some embodiments, the light-converting material can be a phosphor, an optical brightener, a combination of phosphors, a combination of optical brighteners, or a combination of phosphor(s) and optical brightener(s). In some embodiments, the light-converting material can be quantum dots, a phosphorescent material, a fluorophore, a fluorescent dye, a conductive polymer, or a combination of any one or more types of light-converting materials. Optical brighteners are light-converting materials (e.g., chemical compounds) that absorb light in the ultraviolet and/or violet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region. Quantum dots are nanometer sized semiconductor particles that can emit light of one or more specific wavelengths when electricity or light is applied to them. The light emitted by quantum dots can be precisely tuned by changing the size, shape and/or material of the quantum dots. Quantum dots can have varying composition and structures that allow them to be classified into different types such as core-type quantum dots, core-shell quantum dots, and alloyed quantum dots. Core-type quantum dots are single component materials with uniform internal compositions, for example chalcogenides (selenides, sulfides or tellurides) of metals like cadmium, lead or zinc (e.g., CdTe or PbS). The photo- and electroluminescence properties of core-type quantum dots can be fine-tuned by changing the crystallite size. Core shell quantum dots have small regions of a first material (core) surrounded by a second material having a wider band gap than the first material (shell) and typically offer improved quantum yield; for example, e a CdSe core surrounded by a ZnS shell exhibits greater than 50% quantum yield. Alloyed quantum dots include both homogeneous and gradient internal structures and allow for tuning of both optical and electronic properties by changing the composition and internal structure without changing the crystallite size; for example, alloyed quantum dots of the composition CdSxSe1-x/ZnS (with 6 nm diameter) can emit light of different wavelengths by adjusting the composition. Light-converting materials can be capable of absorbing multiple different wavelengths of light and emitting multiple different wavelengths of light, in both scaled and not specifically scaled manners.


The phosphor or other light converting material may be deposited directly on the light emitter, as illustrated in at least FIGS. 1-8 and 17-20, or may be remote or further removed from the light emitter, as illustrated in at least FIGS. 9-10 and 14-15, which show a light-converting filter distanced from the light emitter. The remote phosphor configuration reduces flux density through the light-converting filter by increasing surface area of the flux. The physical separation of the light emitter and the light-converting filter, and the reduced flux can reduce the operating temperature of the light-converting filter by reducing conducted heat from the light emitter. The lower temperature of the light-converting filter educes thermal quenching of the output and other undesirable effects of elevated operating temperature. Light-converting materials can be deposited, for example, as conformal coatings, doped encapsulants or binder materials, and remote phosphors. The at least one light-converting material may be fully homogenized at different or identical ratios and used as a bulk mix, or the at least one light-converting materials may have some or all portions positioned or layered separately, affecting the absorption and emission of different materials that may not be compatible when mixed or that may absorb too much underlying light.


As mentioned above, the light emitter of the disclosure can include a light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted from a given light emitter. In other words, each light emitter can have its own independent light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of the light emitted therefrom. This allows for independent selection of light-converting material coverage for each and every light emitter.


In some embodiments, the CRI value of the combined light output or combined emitted light from the light-emitting device (e.g., light emitted from the light emitter mixed with light emitted from the light-conversion material) can have a CRI value of at least 55, 60, 65, or 70. In further embodiments, the CRI value can be at least 80, 85, 90, or 95, plus or minus approximately 5 (allowing for a CRI value of 100).


In some embodiments, the combined light output or combined emitted light from the light-emitting device can be white light. White light can be defined as light with a correlated color temperature (CCT) value of approximately 1000 kelvin (K) to approximately 8000 K, in some embodiments approximately 2000 K to approximately 6000 K, and in some embodiments approximately 2,500 K to approximately 5,000 K, wherein “approximately” can include plus or minus about 200 K.


White light can also be defined according to a variety of other industry standards such as but not limited to: the ANSI C78.377-2017 White Light Standard, described above, the Fidelity Index (Rf) which provides a color fidelity value, and the Gamut Index (Rg) which provides a color gamut value. Sometimes Rf and Rg values are reported in combination as the “TM-30-15” Standard. Rf represents how closely the color appearances of an entire sample set are reproduced (rendered) on average by a test light as compared to those under a reference illuminant. Thus, Rf combines the computed color differences for all test-color samples in one single average index value, and is only one aspect of color quality not considering perception/preference effects. Rg provides information about the relative range of colors that can be produced (via reflection) by a white light source. A score close to 100 indicates that, on average, the light source reproduces colors with similar levels of saturation as an incandescent bulb (2700 K) or daylight (5600 K/6500 K).


In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can have a spectral content of light output in the 380-420 nm wavelength range of at least 10%. The spectral content of light output in the 380-420 nm wavelength range is defined as the proportion of absolute irradiance value of light having wavelengths in the range of 380-420 nm relative to the absolute irradiance value of light having wavelengths in the range of 380-720 nm. Dividing the former value by the latter value yields the % spectral content of emitted light in the 380-420 nm wavelength range. The spectral output is defined as the radiometric energy. The absolute irradiance values can be measured by any now-known or later-developed means. In some embodiments, the absolute irradiance values are measured in mW of radiometric energy.


The spectral content in the 380-420 nm wavelength range can be utilized for the inactivation of bacterial pathogens. A 405 nm peak wavelength and a range of wavelengths above and below 405 nm (380-420 nm) have proven effective for the inactivation of bacterial pathogens.


As one example, the device may be assembled similarly to a “blue-phosphor” LED device. A blue-phosphor LED device is a single package electronic device capable of emitting light. The embodiment of the device depicted in FIG. 2, as well as several of the other figures, for example, could be architecturally similar to a “blue-phosphor” LED device. Typically, in a “blue-phosphor” LED device, a semiconductor LED capable of emitting blue light is covered or surrounded by a phosphor material or otherwise placed so that light emitted from the diode passes though the phosphor. The “blue-phosphor” LED device emits some portion of the original blue light from the LED, and some of the light from the phosphor which has been converted from blue light. The “blue-phosphor” LED device has a combined light emission ratio of the blue light and the light emitted from the phosphor to emit a light that is overall perceived as white.


In some embodiments of the disclosure, 10% or less blue light (440 nm-495 nm) is emitted within the entire emitted spectral energy of the light emitting devices of the disclosure. In some instances, below 7% blue light is emitted by the light emitting devices of the disclosure. This is a low value compared to a conventional blue pumped LED which typically contains 15-20% blue light emitted within the entire emitted spectral energy. Such low blue light content as emitted by the light emitting devices of the disclosure allows for minimal suppression of melatonin in humans which contributes to better sleep, improved behavior, and mood. Thus, the light emitting devices according to the disclosure can be used for circadian rhythm effects.


The LED device according to embodiments of the disclosure is assembled similarly to a “blue-phosphor” LED device but includes a semiconductor LED that emits a majority of light/peak of light within the 380-420 nm wavelength range rather than wavelengths within the conventional range of approximately 440-495 nm, which would be perceived as blue. Light in the 380-420 nm wavelength is capable of killing or deactivating microorganisms such as but not limited to Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, bacterial endospores, mold and yeast and filamentous fungi. Some Gram positive bacteria that can be killed or deactivated include Staphylococcus aureus (incl. MRSA), Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphyloccocus hyicus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium terrae, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus circulans and Streptococcus thermophilus. Some Gram negative bacteria include Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, Serratia spp. and Salmonella typhimurium. Some bacterial endospores include Bacillus cereus and Clostridium difficile. Some yeast and filamentous fungi include Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Light in the 380-420 nm wavelength has been effective against every type of bacteria tested, although it takes different amounts of time or dosages dependent on species. Based on known results it is expected to be effective against all gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to some extent over a period of time. It can also be effective against many varieties of fungi, although these will take longer to show an effect.


To kill or deactivate microorganisms on a target surface, a certain intensity of light from a lighting device/fixture is typically required. In some embodiments of the disclosure, a light emitting device emitting light with an intensity of at least 0.01 mW/cm2 (in the 380-420 nm range) on the target surface is attained.


The LED, according to embodiments of the disclosure, or the light emitter(s), according to other embodiments of the disclosure, are surrounded by a phosphor material capable of absorbing and converting some portion of that anti-microbial light emitted from the LED or light emitter(s) (380-420 nm) to an alternative wavelength or wavelengths. This LED or other light emitter(s)-containing device can have a combination of selected phosphors, such as but not limited to Lutetium Aluminum Garnet and Nitride, that when combined at the proper ratios can emit a light perceived as white or a hue of white. This example LED or other light emitter(s)-containing device can have a CRI equal to or greater than 70. In some embodiments, this example LED device can have a CRI equal to or greater than 80. A percentage of spectral content of light emitted from the example LED device with approximately 380-420 nm wavelength can be equal to or greater than 10%. In some embodiments, light with wavelengths in the range from approximately 380-420 nm may comprise at least approximately 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% of the total combined light emitted from the example LED device.


In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can be a surface mount LED device, which includes an LED and a light-conversion material. The surface mount LED device can be mounted onto a printed circuit board (“PCB”) or otherwise configured to be capable of transferring power to the light-emitting device and to the LED. The LED can be coupled to the PCB through bond wires or leads which enable an electrical connection from the LED to the outside of the device. The device may have a lens, encapsulant, or other protective cover. The embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-8 and FIGS. 17-20 can be embodied as surface mount LED devices by arranging them with wires or leads connected to the respective LEDs and configured to be connected to a PCB.


In additional embodiments, the light-emitting device can be a through-hole LED device, which is similar to a surface mount package but is intended to be mounted to a PCB board or otherwise configured to be capable of transferring power into the device and the light emitter via conductive legs which mate with matched holes or vias on the PCB or similar structure. The legs are coupled to the PCB or similar structure through solder or another conductive medium.


In some embodiments, the light-emitting device can be a chip-on-board LED arrangement, which is a package with one or more light sources and a light converting-material. The one or more light sources can be mounted directly to a substrate, and the light-converting material can be placed so a desired portion of emitted light is converted by the light converting material.


In another embodiment, the light-emitting device can be a chip scale package (CSP) or a flip chip CSP, both of which packages the emitters without using a traditional ceramic/plastic package and/or bond wires, allowing the substrate to be attached directly to the printed circuit board.


Unlike previous attempts with devices to produce acceptable light spectrums, which required multiple different light emitters to be incorporated into a device to achieve white light of acceptable characteristics, embodiments of the disclosure do not require multiple different light emitters, which would each require its emitted light to be combined through optics or housing structures, which in turn would require increased electronics, controls, optics, and housing structures. The additional features and increased cost metrics associated with multiple-light-emitter light-emitting devices make color mixing methods inherently cumbersome for these light-emitting devices as compared to light-emitting devices with single light emitters, which can produce a combined light spectrum out of a single assembly.


As mentioned above, typical multiple light emitter devices require the emitted light to be combined/mixed in an optical chamber (by way of, e.g., optics or housing structures). While some embodiments of the disclosure do not require multiple different emitters (i.e., one/single light emitter devices), other embodiments of the disclosure can include multiple-light-emitter light-emitting devices and such multiple light emitter devices of the disclosure do not combine/mix the emitted light in an optical chamber. Multiple light emitter devices of the disclosure are configured such that the emitted light is combined/mixed before it exits a given LED package and thus does not require combining/mixing in the optical chamber.


In one embodiment, a device is disclosed which comprises a unit that uses only violet LEDs (approximately 405 nm) to create white light (see e.g., FIG. 17 through FIG. 20), while maintaining the disinfection capabilities of the desired spectrum. Color temperatures of 2700 k, 3500 k, and 4100 k, with CRI above 80 are possible with a single light emitter (e.g., LED) according to embodiments of the disclosure. Generally, a CCT range of 2700-5000 k with minimum CRI of 70, and violet spectral content above 10% is possible. In some embodiments, the use of two or more light-converting materials can achieve these values. In some embodiments, phosphors that convert light to each of red (620-750 nm), green (495-570 nm), and blue (440-495 nm) wavelengths can be used, such as Nitride, Lutetium Aluminum Garnet, and Ca2PO4Cl:Eu2+, respectively.


A difficult aspect to overcome is a lack of blue light emission in contrast to conventional LED white lights. While violet light can be combined with other colors to create white, it has been found that differences in perception from person to person exist for violet light. This means different people see a combined light differently; some might see too much violet, while others might see not enough violet; causing a misrepresentation of the color of white light overall. In addition, without enough blue light it is more difficult to achieve a high CRI. Previous attempts have utilized blue LEDs mixed with the other colors to boost CRI and balance the color of the mixed light output. Even with this approach some people still see the light differently depending on their sensitivity, but it has shown reduced differentiation of observed color overall of combined spectrums. Some embodiments herein instead add blue light through the use of phosphors, optical brighteners, or other blue emitting materials. These materials can absorb violet light and emit blue light, without the use of a discrete blue LED.


Some phosphor material compositions include aluminate phosphors (e.g., calcium aluminate, strontium aluminate, yttrium aluminate), silicate phosphors, garnet phosphors, nitride phosphors, oxynitride phosphors, Calcium Sulfide, Ca2PO4Cl:Eu2+, LSN (La3Si6N11:Ce3+), LYSN ((La,Y)3Si6N11:Ce3+), CASN (CaAlSiN3:Eu2+), SCASN ((Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu2+), KSF (K2SiF6:Mn4+), CSO (CaSc2O4:Ce3+), β-SiAlON ((Si,Al)3(O,N)4:Eu2+), Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG: Y3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce3+), Lutetium Aluminum Garnet (LuAG: Lu3Al5O12:Ce3+) and SBCA ((Sr,Ba)10(PO4)6Cl2:Eu2+). Some optical brightening agents are chemical derivatives of stilbene, coumarin, 1, 3 diphenyl pyrazoline, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid, and cinnamic acid, Additional light converting materials for use with OLEDs include, for example, phosphorescent materials, fluorophores, fluorescent dyes, conductive polymers, and organometallic phosphors.



FIGS. 16 and 21 serve as examples of color coordinates and ranges of color coordinates that could be achieved in practice in some embodiments of the disclosure. It should be understood that these are examples of some existing standards of color coordinates that can be achieved; other standards that exist or may be developed in the future for white light may be used. Additionally, the disclosed device may be approximately matched in color coordinates to CIE standard illuminants and/or standard illuminant families; it should be noted that the disclosed device may not match all defined characteristics of a standard illuminant, but in some embodiments will approximately match the xy color coordinates. Some of these additional CIE standard illuminants include but are not limited to A, B, C, D50, D55, D65, D75, E, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12.


In another aspect of the disclosure, a light emitting device of the disclosure which contains at least two light emitters, each with their own light-converting material, can be configured such that the light emitted from a first light emitter (e.g., a first semiconductor die) and through a first light-converting material (e.g., a first phosphor) ultimately emits at one color temperature (e.g., 2200 K) and the light emitted from a second light emitter (e.g., a second semiconductor die) and through a second light-converting material (e.g., a second phosphor) ultimately emits at another color temperature (e.g., 6500 K). In such an example device, the amount of power provided to each light emitter (e.g., each semiconductor die within one single LED package) can vary independently of each other. This allows the white light emitting device, in one embodiment, to be color temperature tunable. In the case of the example, tunable between 2200 K (warm) and 6500 K (cool).


The foregoing description of various aspects of the disclosure has been presented for the purpose of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed, and obviously, many modifications and variations are possible. Such variations and modifications that may be apparent to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims.

Claims
  • 1. A light emitting device that inactivates microorganisms on a surface, the light emitting device comprising: at least two light emitters configured to emit light having a first wavelength in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and having an intensity sufficient to initiate inactivation of microorganisms on the surface;a first light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of light emitted from a first light emitter of the at least two light emitters and configured to convert at least a portion of the light emitted from the first light emitter of the at least two light emitters to a second wavelength different from the first wavelength; anda second light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of light emitted from a second light emitter of the at least two light emitters and configured to convert at least a portion of the light emitted from the second light emitter of the at least two light emitters to a third wavelength different from the first wavelength, such that light emitted from the first light-converting material and the second light-converting material combine to form white light.
  • 2. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first light-converting material or the second light-converting material comprises one or more-of a phosphor, an optical brightener, a quantum dot, a phosphorescent material, a fluorophore, a fluorescent dye, or a conductive polymer.
  • 3. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the white light has a correlated color temperature (CCT) value within a range of 1000 K to 8000 K.
  • 4. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the white light has a color rendering index (CRI) value within a range of 55 to 100.
  • 5. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the white light has a color fidelity (Rf) value within a range of 60 to 100 and a color gamut (Rg) value within a range of 60 to 140.
  • 6. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the white light has a proportion of spectral energy measured in a 380 nm to 420 nm wavelength range of greater than 10%.
  • 7. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the white light has a proportion of spectral energy measured in a 440 nm to 495 nm wavelength range of 10% or less.
  • 8. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first light emitter or the second light emitter comprises one of a light-emitting diode (LED), an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), a semiconductor die, or a laser.
  • 9. The light emitting device of claim 1, wherein the intensity is at least 0.01 milliwatts per centimeter squared (mW/cm2).
  • 10. A light emitting device that inactivates microorganisms on a surface, the light emitting device comprising: at least two light emitters, wherein:the at least two light emitters are configured to emit a first light having a first wavelength in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and having an intensity sufficient to initiate inactivation of microorganisms;a first light emitter of the at least two light emitters includes a first light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of light emitted from the first light emitter and configured to convert at least a portion of the light emitted from the first light emitter to a second light with a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;a second light emitter of the at least two light emitters includes a second light-converting material arranged to be in a direct path of light emitted from the second light emitter and configured to convert at least a portion of the light emitted from the second light emitter to a third light with a third wavelength different from the first wavelength; andthe first light combines with the second light and the third light to form white light.
  • 11. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the first light-converting material or the second light-converting material comprises one or more of a phosphor, an optical brightener, a quantum dot, a phosphorescent material, a fluorophore, a fluorescent dye, or a conductive polymer.
  • 12. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the white light has a correlated color temperature (CCT) value within a range of 1000 K to 8000 K.
  • 13. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the white light has a color rendering index (CRI) value within a range of 55 to 100.
  • 14. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the white light has a color fidelity (Rf) value within a range of 60 to 100 and a color gamut (Rg) value within a range of 60 to 140.
  • 15. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the white light has a proportion of spectral energy measured in a 380 nm to 420 nm wavelength range of greater than 10%.
  • 16. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the white light has a proportion of spectral energy measured in a 440 nm to 495 nm wavelength range of 10% or less.
  • 17. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the first light emitter or the second light emitter comprises one or more of a light-emitting diode (LED), an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), a semiconductor die, or a laser.
  • 18. The light emitting device of claim 10, wherein the intensity is at least 0.01 milliwatts per centimeter squared (mW/cm2).
  • 19. A light emitting device that inactivates microorganisms on a surface, the light emitting device comprising: at least two light emitters configured to emit a first light having a first wavelength in a range of 380 nm to 420 nm and having an intensity sufficient to initiate inactivation of microorganisms, andat least two light-converting materials arranged to convert a portion of light emitted from a first light emitter of the at least two light emitters to a second light having a second wavelength different from the first wavelength and convert a portion of light emitted from a second light emitter of the at least two light emitters to a third light having a third wavelength different from the first wavelength,wherein the first light, the second light, and the third light mix to form a combined light, the combined light being white, having a color rendering index (CRI) value of at least 70, and having correlated color temperature (CCT) between 1,000 K to 8,000 K.
  • 20. The light emitting device of claim 19, wherein the combined light has a proportion of spectral energy measured in a 380 nm to 420 nm wavelength range of greater than 10%.
Parent Case Info

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/223,134, filed Jul. 29, 2016, currently allowed.

US Referenced Citations (201)
Number Name Date Kind
1493820 Miller et al. May 1924 A
2622409 Stirnkorb Dec 1952 A
2773715 Lindner Dec 1956 A
3314746 Millar Apr 1967 A
3670193 Thorington et al. Jun 1972 A
3791864 Steingroever Feb 1974 A
3926556 Boucher Dec 1975 A
3992646 Corth Nov 1976 A
4121107 Bachmann Oct 1978 A
4461977 Pierpoint et al. Jul 1984 A
4867052 Cipelletti Sep 1989 A
4892712 Roberton et al. Jan 1990 A
4910942 Dunn et al. Mar 1990 A
5231472 Marcus et al. Jul 1993 A
5489827 Xia Feb 1996 A
5530322 Ference et al. Jun 1996 A
5559681 Duarte Sep 1996 A
5668446 Baker Sep 1997 A
5721471 Begemann et al. Feb 1998 A
5725148 Hartman Mar 1998 A
5800479 Thiberg Sep 1998 A
5901564 Comeau, II May 1999 A
5962989 Baker Oct 1999 A
6031958 McGaffigan Feb 2000 A
6166496 Lys et al. Dec 2000 A
6183500 Kohler Feb 2001 B1
6242752 Soma et al. Jun 2001 B1
6246169 Pruvot Jun 2001 B1
6251127 Biel Jun 2001 B1
6379022 Amerson et al. Apr 2002 B1
6477853 Khorram Nov 2002 B1
6524529 Horton, III Feb 2003 B1
6551346 Crossley Apr 2003 B2
6554439 Teicher et al. Apr 2003 B1
6627730 Burnie Sep 2003 B1
6676655 McDaniel Jan 2004 B2
6791259 Stokes et al. Sep 2004 B1
6902807 Argoitia et al. Jun 2005 B1
7015636 Bolta Mar 2006 B2
7175807 Jones Feb 2007 B1
7190126 Paton Mar 2007 B1
7198634 Harth et al. Apr 2007 B2
7201767 Bhullar Apr 2007 B2
7213941 Sloan et al. May 2007 B2
7438719 Chung et al. Oct 2008 B2
7503675 Demarest et al. Mar 2009 B2
7516572 Yang et al. Apr 2009 B2
7521875 Maxik Apr 2009 B2
7611156 Dunser Nov 2009 B2
7612492 Lestician Nov 2009 B2
7658891 Barnes Feb 2010 B1
7955695 Argoitia Jun 2011 B2
8035320 Sibert Oct 2011 B2
8214084 Ivey et al. Jul 2012 B2
8232745 Chemel et al. Jul 2012 B2
8357914 Caldwell Jan 2013 B1
8398264 Anderson et al. Mar 2013 B2
8476844 Hancock et al. Jul 2013 B2
8481970 Cooper et al. Jul 2013 B2
8506612 Ashdown Aug 2013 B2
8508204 Deurenberg et al. Aug 2013 B2
8886361 Harmon et al. Nov 2014 B1
8895940 Moskowitz et al. Nov 2014 B2
8999237 Tumanov Apr 2015 B2
9024276 Pugh et al. May 2015 B2
9027479 Raksha et al. May 2015 B2
9028084 Maeng et al. May 2015 B2
9039966 Anderson et al. May 2015 B2
9046227 David et al. Jun 2015 B2
9078306 Mans et al. Jul 2015 B2
9119240 Nagazoe Aug 2015 B2
9173276 Van Der Veen et al. Oct 2015 B2
9257059 Raksha et al. Feb 2016 B2
9283292 Kretschmann Mar 2016 B2
9313860 Wingren Apr 2016 B2
9323894 Kiani Apr 2016 B2
9333274 Peterson et al. May 2016 B2
9368695 David et al. Jun 2016 B2
9410664 Krames et al. Aug 2016 B2
9420671 Sugimoto et al. Aug 2016 B1
9433051 Snijder et al. Aug 2016 B2
9439271 Ku et al. Sep 2016 B2
9439989 Lalicki et al. Sep 2016 B2
9492576 Cudak et al. Nov 2016 B1
9581310 Wu et al. Feb 2017 B2
9623138 Pagan et al. Apr 2017 B2
9625137 Li et al. Apr 2017 B2
9681510 van de Ven Jun 2017 B2
20020074559 Dowling et al. Jun 2002 A1
20020122743 Huang Sep 2002 A1
20030009158 Perricone Jan 2003 A1
20030019222 Takahashi et al. Jan 2003 A1
20030023284 Gartstein et al. Jan 2003 A1
20030124023 Burgess et al. Jul 2003 A1
20030178632 Hohn et al. Sep 2003 A1
20030231485 Chien Dec 2003 A1
20040008523 Butler Jan 2004 A1
20040010299 Tolkoff et al. Jan 2004 A1
20040024431 Carlet Feb 2004 A1
20040039242 Tolkoff et al. Feb 2004 A1
20040047142 Goslee Mar 2004 A1
20040147986 Baumgardner et al. Jul 2004 A1
20040158541 Notarianni et al. Aug 2004 A1
20040159039 Yates et al. Aug 2004 A1
20040230259 De Matteo Nov 2004 A1
20040262595 Mears et al. Dec 2004 A1
20040266546 Huang Dec 2004 A1
20050055070 Jones et al. Mar 2005 A1
20050104059 Friedman et al. May 2005 A1
20050107849 Altshuler et al. May 2005 A1
20050107853 Krespi et al. May 2005 A1
20050159795 Savage et al. Jul 2005 A1
20050207159 Maxik Sep 2005 A1
20050267233 Joshi Dec 2005 A1
20060006678 Herron Jan 2006 A1
20060009822 Savage et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060022582 Radkov Feb 2006 A1
20060071589 Radkov Apr 2006 A1
20060085052 Feuerstein et al. Apr 2006 A1
20060138435 Tarsa Jun 2006 A1
20060186377 Takahashi et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060230576 Meine Oct 2006 A1
20060247741 Hsu et al. Nov 2006 A1
20060262545 Piepgras et al. Nov 2006 A1
20070023710 Tom et al. Feb 2007 A1
20070061050 Hoffknecht Mar 2007 A1
20070115665 Mueller et al. May 2007 A1
20070164232 Rolleri et al. Jul 2007 A1
20070258851 Fogg et al. Nov 2007 A1
20080008620 Alexiadis Jan 2008 A1
20080015560 Gowda et al. Jan 2008 A1
20080091250 Powell Apr 2008 A1
20080278927 Li et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080305004 Anderson et al. Dec 2008 A1
20090018621 Vogler et al. Jan 2009 A1
20090034236 Reuben Feb 2009 A1
20090076115 Wharton et al. Mar 2009 A1
20090231832 Zukauskas et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090285727 Levy Nov 2009 A1
20100001648 De Clercq et al. Jan 2010 A1
20100071257 Tsai Mar 2010 A1
20100090935 Tseng et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100107991 Elrod et al. May 2010 A1
20100121420 Fiset et al. May 2010 A1
20100148083 Brown et al. Jun 2010 A1
20100179469 Hammond et al. Jul 2010 A1
20100232135 Munehiro et al. Sep 2010 A1
20100246169 Anderson et al. Sep 2010 A1
20110084614 Eisele et al. Apr 2011 A1
20110256019 Gruen et al. Oct 2011 A1
20120025717 Klusmann et al. Feb 2012 A1
20120043552 David Feb 2012 A1
20120161170 Dubuc et al. Jun 2012 A1
20120280147 Douglas Nov 2012 A1
20120281408 Owen et al. Nov 2012 A1
20120315626 Nishikawa et al. Dec 2012 A1
20120320607 Kinomoto et al. Dec 2012 A1
20130045132 Tumanov Feb 2013 A1
20130077299 Hussell et al. Mar 2013 A1
20130200279 Chuang Aug 2013 A1
20130298445 Aoki et al. Nov 2013 A1
20130313516 David et al. Nov 2013 A1
20130313546 Yu Nov 2013 A1
20140061509 Shur et al. Mar 2014 A1
20140209944 Kim et al. Jul 2014 A1
20140225137 Krames Aug 2014 A1
20140254131 Osinski et al. Sep 2014 A1
20140301062 David Oct 2014 A1
20140328046 Aanegola et al. Nov 2014 A1
20150062892 Krames et al. Mar 2015 A1
20150068292 Su Mar 2015 A1
20150086420 Trapani Mar 2015 A1
20150129781 Kretschmann May 2015 A1
20150148734 Fewkes et al. May 2015 A1
20150150233 Dykstra Jun 2015 A1
20150182646 Anderson et al. Jul 2015 A1
20150219308 Dross et al. Aug 2015 A1
20150233536 Krames et al. Aug 2015 A1
20150273093 Holub et al. Oct 2015 A1
20160000950 Won Jan 2016 A1
20160015840 Gordon Jan 2016 A1
20160030610 Peterson et al. Feb 2016 A1
20160091172 Wu et al. Mar 2016 A1
20160249436 Inskeep Aug 2016 A1
20160271280 Liao et al. Sep 2016 A1
20160271281 Clynne et al. Sep 2016 A1
20160273717 Krames et al. Sep 2016 A1
20160276550 David et al. Sep 2016 A1
20160324996 Bilenko et al. Nov 2016 A1
20160345569 Freudenberg et al. Dec 2016 A1
20160375161 Hawkins et al. Dec 2016 A1
20160375162 Marry et al. Dec 2016 A1
20160375163 Hawkins et al. Dec 2016 A1
20170014538 Rantala Jan 2017 A1
20170094960 Sasaki Apr 2017 A1
20170281812 Dobrinsky et al. Oct 2017 A1
20180117189 Yadav et al. May 2018 A1
20180117190 Bailey May 2018 A1
20180117193 Yadav et al. May 2018 A1
20180124883 Bailey May 2018 A1
20180180226 Van Bommel Jun 2018 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (44)
Number Date Country
201396611 Feb 2010 CN
102213382 Oct 2011 CN
205360038 Jul 2016 CN
106937461 Jul 2017 CN
102015207999 Nov 2016 DE
0306301 Mar 1989 EP
1693016 Aug 2006 EP
1887298 Feb 2008 EP
1943880 Apr 2013 EP
2773715 Jul 1999 FR
2003-332620 Nov 2003 JP
2003339845 Dec 2003 JP
2004261595 Sep 2004 JP
2004275927 Oct 2004 JP
2007511279 May 2007 JP
2009-004351 Jan 2009 JP
2011-513996 Apr 2011 JP
2013-045896 Mar 2013 JP
2013-093311 May 2013 JP
2015-015106 Jan 2015 JP
2015-035373 Feb 2015 JP
20130096965 Sep 2013 KR
101526261 Jun 2015 KR
101648216 Aug 2016 KR
20160127469 Nov 2016 KR
101799538 Nov 2017 KR
M530654 Oct 2016 TW
0114012 Mar 2001 WO
03037504 May 2003 WO
03063902 Aug 2003 WO
03084601 Oct 2003 WO
03089063 Oct 2003 WO
2004033028 Apr 2004 WO
2005048811 Jun 2005 WO
2005049138 Jun 2005 WO
2006023100 Mar 2006 WO
2006100303 Sep 2006 WO
2006126482 Nov 2006 WO
2007012875 Feb 2007 WO
2007035907 Mar 2007 WO
2008071206 Jun 2008 WO
2009056838 May 2009 WO
2015066099 May 2015 WO
2016019029 Feb 2016 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (89)
Entry
LEDs Magazine, “ANSI works to update the solid-state lighting standard for chromaticity,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/print/volume-12/issue-2/features/standards/ansi-works-to-update-the-ssl-chromaticity-standard.html, Published Feb. 23, 2015, 5 pages.
LEDs Magazine, “ANSI continue advancements on SSL chromaticity standard,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at : http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/print/volume-12/issue-11/features/standards/ansi-continues-advancements-on-ssl-chromaticity-standard.html, Published Dec. 8, 2015, 6 pages.
LEDs Magazine, “ANSI evaluates revisions to SSL chromaticity standard,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at : http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2011/07/ansi-evaluates-revisions-to-ssl-chromaticity-standard-magazine.html, Published Jul. 18, 2011, 4 pages.
Bache et al., “Clinical Studies of the High-Intensity Narrow-Spectrum Light Environmental Decontamination System (HINS-light EDS), for continuous disinfection in the burn unit unpatient and outpatient settings,” Burns 38 (2012), pp. 669-676.
Color Phenomena, “CIE-1931 Chromaticity Diagram,” last updated Aug. 22, 2013, retrieved from www.color-theory-phenomena.nl/10.02htm on Jan. 20, 2016, 3 pages.
Dai et al., “Blue light for infectious diseases: Propionibacterium acnes, Helicobacter pylori, and beyond?,” Drug Resist Updat., 15(4): 223-236 (Aug. 2012).
Halstead et al., “The antibacterial activity of blue light against nosocomial wound pathogens growing planktonically and as mature biofilms,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Apr. 2016, 38 pages, retrieved from: http://aem.asm.org/.
International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in connection with corresponding PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/036704 dated Dec. 8, 2016, 20 pages.
LEDs Magazine, “Lumination Vio LED combines 405 nm chip with new phosphors,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2007/06/lumination-vio-led-combines-405-nm-chip-with-new-phosphors.html, Published Jun. 14, 2007, 2 pages.
R. S. McDonald et al., “405 nm Light Exposure of Osteoblasts and Inactivation of Bacterial Isolates from Arthroplasty Patients: Potential for New Disinfection Applications?,” European Cells and Materials vol. 25, (2013), pp. 204-214.
Patent Cooperation Treaty, Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority and International Search Report for PCT/GB2008/003679 dated Oct. 31, 2008, 11 pages.
SORAA, “PAR30L,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.soraa.com/products/22-PAR30L, 6 pages.
SORAA, “PAR30L 18.5W,” retrieved from the Internet on Apr. 20, 2017 at: http://www.soraa.com/products, 5 pages.
Tomb et al., “Inactivation of Streptomyces phage ϕ C31 by 405 nm light,” Bacteriophage, 4:3, Jul. 2014, retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/bact.32129, 7 pages.
Tsukada et al., “Bacterial Action of Photo-Irradiated Aqueous Extracts from the Residue of Crushed Grapes from Winemaking,” Biocontrol Science, vol. 21, No. 2, (2016), pp. 113-121, retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304628914.
Patent Cooperation Treaty, Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority and International Search Report for PCT/US2015/042678 dated Nov. 2, 2015, 13 pages.
Patent Cooperation Treaty, Search Report—Written Opinion, International Application No. PCT/US16/44634, dated Oct. 20, 2016, 14 pages.
Patent Cooperation Treaty, International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/GB2008/003679 dated May 4, 2010, 9 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/223,134, Third Party Submission submitted filed Jun. 6, 2017, 25 pages.
Feng-Chyi Duh et al., “Innovative Design of an Anti-bacterial Shopping Cart Attachment”, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST), Oct. 10, 2015, vol. 2 Issue 10, http://www.jmest.org/wp-content/uploads/JMESTN42351112.pdf.
Drew Prindle, “This UV-Emitting Door Handle Neutralizes Bacteria, Helps Fight the Spread of Disease”, Digital Trends, Jun. 19, 2015, https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/uv-door-handle-kills-germs/.
Jun. 29, 2018—(DE) Office Action—App 112016003453.9.
Apr. 19, 2018—U.S. Non-Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/886,366.
Yi, Notice of Allowance and Fee(s) due for U.S. Appl. No. 14/501,931 dated Jan. 20, 2016, 8 pages.
Yu, J. et al., “Efficient Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Disinfection on Sulfur-Doped Nanocrystalline Titania,” Environ. Sic. Technol., 39, 2005, pp. 1175-1179.
Demidova, T. et al., “Photodynamic Therapy Targeted to Pathogens,” International Journal of Immunipathology and Pharmacology, 17(3), pp. 245-254.
Ashkenazi, H. et al., “Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light,” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 35, pp. 17-24.
Elman, M. et al., “The Effective Treatment of Acne Vulgaris by a High-intensity, Narrow Band 405-420 nm Light Source,” Cosmetic & Laser Ther, 5, pp. 111-116.
Sikora, A. et al., “Lethality of visable light for Escherichia colihemH1 mutants influence of defects in DNA repair,” DNA Repair, 2, pp. 61-71.
Huffman, D. et al., “Inactivation of Bacteria, Virus and Cryptospordium by a Point-of-use Device Using Pulsed Broad Spectrum White Light, ” Wat. Res. 34(9), pp. 2491-2498.
Papageorgiou, P. et al., “Phototherapy with Blue (415 nm) and Red (660 nm) Light in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris,” British Journal of Dermatology, 2000, pp. 973-978.
Burchard, R. et al., “Action Spectrum for Carotenogenesis in Myxococcus xanthus,” Journal of Bateriology, 97(3), 1969, pp. 1165-1168.
Wainwright, “Photobacterial activity of phenothiazinium dyes against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus,” Oxford University Press Journals, retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12908.x on Jul. 23, 2015, 8 pages.
Yoshimura et al., “Antimicrobial effects of phototherapy and photochemotherapy in vivo and in vitro,” British Journal of Dermatology, 1996, 135: 528-532.
Wilson et al., “Killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by low-power laser light,” J. Med, Microbiol., vol. 42 (1995), pp. 62-66.
Kawada et al., “Acne Phototherapy with a high-intensity, enhanced, narrow-band, blue light source: an open study and in vitro investigation,” Journal of Dermatological Science 30 (2002) pp. 129-135.
Maclean et al., “High-intensity narrow-spectrum light inactivation and wavelength sensitivity of Staphylococcus auresu,” FEMS Microbiol. Lett., vol. 285 (2008) pp. 227-232.
Reed, “The History of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Air Disinfection,” Public Health Reports, Jan.-Feb. 2010, vol. 125, 13 pages.
Ward, “Experiments on the Action of Light on Bacillus anthracis,” 10 pages.
Hamblin et al., “Helicobacter pylori Accumulates Photoactive Porphyrins and Is Killed by Visable Light,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Jul. 2005, pp. 2822-2827.
Dai et al., “Blue Light Rescues Mice from Potentially Fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn Infection: Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanism of Action,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Mar. 2013, vol. 57(3), pp. 1238-1245.
Holzman, “405-nm Light Proves Potent at Decontaminating Bacterial Pathogens,” retrieved from: http://forms.asm.org/microbe/index.asp?bid=64254 on Aug. 6, 2015, 34 pages.
Guffey et al., “In Vitro Bactericidal Effects of 405-nm and 470-nm Blue Light,” Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, vol. 24, No. 6, retrieved from: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2006.24.684 on Mar. 23, 2018, 2 pages, abstract only provided.
Kristoff et al., “Loss of photoreversibility for UV mutation in E coli using 405 nm or near-US challenge,” Mutat Res., May 1983, 109(2): 143-153, 2 pages, abstract only provided.
Turner et al., “Comparative Mutagenesis and Interaction Between Near-Ultraviolet (313- to 405-nm) and Far-Ultraviolet (254-nm) Radiation in Escherichia coli Strains with Differeing Repair Capabilities,” Journal of Bacteriology, Aug. 1981, pp. 410-417.
Knowles et al., “Near-Ultraviolet Mutagenesis in Superoxide Dismutase-deficient Strains of Escherichia coli,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 102(1), Jan. 1994, pp. 88-94.
Jagger, “Photoreactivation and Photoprotection,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 3, Issue 4, Dec. 1964, retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.11116.1751-1097.1964.tb08166.x on Mar. 23, 2018, 4 pages, abstract only provided.
Chukuka et al., “Visible 405 nm SLD light photo-destroys metchicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, vol. 40, Issue 10, Dec. 8, 2008, retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lsm.20724 on Mar. 23, 2018, 4 pages, abstract only provided.
Bek-Thomsen, M., “Acne is Not Associated with Yet-Uncultured Bacteria,” J. Clinical Microbiol., 2008, 46(10), 9 pages.
Harrison, A.P., “Survival of Bacteria,” Annu. Rev. Microbiol, 1967, p. 143, vol. 21.
Feuerstein et al., “Phototoxic Effect of Visible Light on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum: An In Vitro Study,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 80, Issue 3, Apr. 30, 2007, retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00106.x on Mar. 23, 2018, abstract only.
Pochi, P.E., “Acne: Androgens and microbiology,” Drug Dev, Res., 1988, vol. 13, 4 pages, abstract only provided.
Burkhart, C. G. et al., “Acne: a review of immunologic and microbiologic factors,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, 1999, vol. 75, pp. 328-331.
Jappe, U., “Pathological mechanisms of acne with special emphasis on Propionibacterium acnes and related therapy,” Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 2003, vol. 83, pp. 241-248.
Burkhart, C. N. et al., “Assesment of etiologic agents in acne pathogenesis,” Skinmed, 2003, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 222-228.
Tong, Y., et al. “Population study of atmospheric bacteria at the Fengtai district of Beijing on two representative days,” Aerobiologica, 1993, vol. 9, 1 page, Abstract only provided.
Tong, Y. et al., “Solar radiation is shown to select for pigmented bacteria in the ambient outdoor atmosphere,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1997, vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 103-106.
Marshall, J. H., et al., “Pigments of Staphylococcus aureus, a series of triterpenoid carotenoids,” J. Bacteriology, 1981, vol. 147, No. 3, pp. 900-913.
Pelz, A. et al., “Structure and biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin production of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2012, vol. 35, No. 1, 9 pages.
Sakai, K., et al., “Search for inhibitors of staphyloxanthin production by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2012, vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 48-53.
Clauditz, A. et al., “Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of Staphylococcus aureusand its ability to cope with oxidative stress,” Infection and Immunity, 2006, vol. 74, No. 8, 7 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/886,420, Office Action dated May 9, 2018, 9 pages.
Kundrapu et al. “Daily disinfection of high touch surfaces in isolation rooms to reduce contamination of healthcare workers' hands”. Journal of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology; vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1039-1042, published Oct. 2012.
Sofia Pitt and Andy Rothman, “Bright idea aims to minimize hospital-acquired infections”, CNBC News website, published on Dec. 9, 2014 and retrieved from website: https://www.cnbc.com/2014/12/09/bright-idea-aims-to-minimize-hospital-acquired-infections.html. 6 pages.
Sarah Ward, “LED Retrofit Health ROI? See VitalVio”, Poplar Network website, published on Aug. 13, 2014 and retrieved from website: https://www.poplarnetwork.com/news/led-retrofit-health-roi-see-vitalvio. 3 pages.
International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in connection with corresponding PCT application PCT/US17/68749 dated Mar. 6, 2018.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for corresponding International Application No. PCT/US17/68755 dated Apr. 16, 2018, 17 pages.
Wang, Shun-Chung, et al.; “High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast With Intelligent Energy-Saving Control for Ultraviolet Drinking-Waler Treatment Systems”; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics; vol. 55; Issue 1; Dale of Publication Jan. 4, 2008; Publisher IEEE.
Berezow Alex, How to Kill Insects With Visible Light, Real Clear Science, Jan. 11, 2015, pp. 1-4, <https://www.realclearscience.com/journal_club/2015/01/12/how_to_kill_insects_with_visible_light_109021.html>.
Hori Masatoshi et al., Lethal Effects of Short-Wavelength Visible Light on Insects, Scientific Reports, Dec. 9, 2014, pp. 1-6, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. <https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Lethal-effects-of-short-wavelength-visible-light-o-Hori-Shibuya/2c11cb3f70a059a051d8ed02fff0e8a967a4c4d4>.
Master Blaster, Tohoku University Team Discovers Blue Light is Effect at Killing Insects, Sora News 24, Dec. 12, 2014, pp. 1-5, Japan, <https://en.rocketnews24.com/2014/12/12/tohoku-university-team-discovers-blue-light-is-effective-at-killing-insectst>.
Jul. 19, 2018—U.S. Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/856,971.
Oct. 1, 2018—U.S. Advisory Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/856,971.
Jul. 17, 2018—U.S. Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/857,128.
Oct. 1, 2018—U.S. Advisory Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/857,128.
Sep. 21, 2018—U.S. Non-Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 16/022,440.
Sep. 13, 2018—U.S. Non-Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/940,127.
Nov. 15, 2018—U.S. Non-Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 16/000,690.
Dec. 3, 2018—U.S. Restriction Requirement—U.S. Appl. No. 15/856,971.
Dec. 3, 2018—U.S. Non-Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/857,128.
DORNOB, “Healthy Handle: Self-Sanitizing UV Dorr Knob Kils Germs”, Dornob.com, Dec. 5, 2018, pp. 1-3, https://dornob.com/healthy-handle-self-sanitizing-uv-door-knob-kills-germs/.
Kickstarter, “Orb, The World's First Germ-Killing BLue/UV Light Ball”, Dec. 10, 2018, pp. 1-10,<https://www..kickstarter.com/projects/572050089078660/orbtm-the-worlds-first-germ-killing-uv-light-ball>.
Nutone, “QTNLEDB LunAura Collection 110 CFM Fan,Light,LED Nightlight, with Tinted Light Panel, Energy Star® Certified Ventilation Fans”, Dec. 11, 2018, p. 1, http://www.nutone.com/products/product/a6da75af-8449-4d4d-8195-7011ce977809.
Nutone, “NuTone Bath and Ventilation Fans”, Dec. 11, 2018, pp. 1-2, http://www.nutone.com/products/filter/qt-series-fanlights-25a05450-d47bq-4ab8-9992-f8c2cdat7b90.
Nutone, “ULTRA PRO™ Series Single-Speed Fans and Fan/Lights”, Dec. 11, 2018, p. 1, http://www.nutone.com/products/filter/ultra-pro-series-fanlights-eb590f89-dca2-40e7-af39-06e4cccb96ca.
Dec. 12, 2018—U.S. Final Office Action—U.S. Appl. No. 15/886,420.
Nov. 27, 2018—Japanese Office Action—JP 2018-525520.
Jan. 9, 2019—U.S. Notice of Allowance amd Fee(s) Due—U.S. Appl. No. 15/940,127.
Jan. 4, 2019—Taiwan Office Action—ROC (Taiwan) Pat. Appl. No. 104124977.
Provisional Applications (1)
Number Date Country
62198726 Jul 2015 US
Continuation in Parts (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 15223134 Jul 2016 US
Child 15886366 US