Patent Application
20180085325
The invention relates to a novel anaesthetic cartridge for use with an inhalation device; a method of delivering volatilised anaesthetic using the cartridge of the invention in combination with an inhalation device; an inhalation device comprising the afore mentioned cartridge; formulations comprising an anaesthetic control release medium and at least one anaesthetic for use in the cartridge of the invention.
Ethically, the delivery of combined anaesthesia and analgesia is mandatory for surgical procedures in even the most difficult situations, or underdeveloped countries of the world. In order to facilitate surgery, approximately 27 million anaesthetics are given each year in the USA and 8 million are given each year in the UK. A worldwide estimate of activity suggests that over 200 million anaesthetics are given each year globally. Volatile anaesthetic agents can not only provide full anaesthesia, but also sedation and some degree of analgesia. Other drugs for sedation and analgesia are often co-administered.
Simplification of the anaesthetic process would be of great benefit, in terms of both patient safety and expense to healthcare systems. Moreover, a simple and effective way to administer anaesthesia would mean that pre-hospital care or ambulatory medicine could include important procedures that a patient presently may find too uncomfortable to tolerate outside of an operating theatre. Additionally, it could also facilitate sedation of a badly injured person whilst they were transported, in some instances over hostile terrain, to a healthcare facility.
With this in mind we have developed a novel solution for the delivery of anaesthetic agents. The system that we have developed is:
In particular we have devised a system that is compatible with human or veterinary use, is of low volume (thus reducing bulk to enable safe anaesthesia), is physically stable during storage, functions rapidly and the anaesthetic is completely volatilized for patient safety.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an anaesthetic cartridge for use with an inhalation device to deliver an inhalational or volatilised anaesthetic to a patient wherein said cartridge comprises or consists of: an adjustable stirrer or agitator; an anaesthetic control release medium and at least one selected inhalation anaesthetic, wherein the amount of said medium relative to said anaesthetic is such that when using said adjustable stirrer or agitator anaesthetic is delivered at a selected Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), at a substantially constant or controllable rate, within the range of 0.125−4.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) thereby allowing for either i) induction and/or maintenance of anaesthesia or ii) sedation.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention adjustment of said stirer or agitator enables a user to select any MAC value within said range, including but not limited to all 0.05 MAC intervals. Typically increased stirring or agitation increases the amount of anaesthetic released and so the effective MAC value, whereas decreased stirring or agitation decreases the amount of anaesthetic released and so decreases the effective MAC value. Preferably said MAC value is selected from the group comprising: 0.125, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.7, 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 1.70, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC).
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided an anaesthetic cartridge for use with an inhalation device to deliver an inhalational or volatilised anaesthetic to a patient wherein said cartridge comprises or consists of: a stirrer or agitator; an anaesthetic control release medium and at least one selected inhalation anaesthetic and further wherein the amount of said medium relative to said anaesthetic is such that when using said cartridge in an inhalation device and so using the stirrer or agitator at a selected rate anaesthetic is delivered at a substantially constant or controllable rate within the range of 0.125−4.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) thereby allowing for either i) induction of anaesthesia or ii) maintenance of anaesthesia or iii) sedation.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the amount of said medium relative to said anaesthetic is such that when using said cartridge in an inhalation device anaesthetic is delivered at a substantially constant or controllable rate within said range, including but not limited to all 0.05 MAC intervals. Preferably said MAC value is selected from the group comprising: 0.125, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.7, 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 1.70, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC).
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said stirrer or agitator is adjustable whereby the shearing force generated thereby is adjustable.
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) referred to herein is the concentration of vapour (measured as a percentage at 1 atmosphere, i.e. the partial pressure) that prevents the reaction to a standard surgical stimulus (traditionally a skin incision by a surgical knife) in 50% of subjects. This measurement is done at steady state (assuming a constant alveolar concentration for 15 minutes), under the assumption that this allows for an equilibration between the gasses in the alveoli, the blood and the brain. MAC is accepted as a valid measure of potency of inhalational general anaesthetics because it remains fairly constant for a given species even under varying conditions. The MAC values referred to herein are for an average adult male at age 40 years.
MAC values vary for different volatile agents. A MAC value of 1 for sevoflurane is (release level) 2 volume %, a MAC value of 1 for isoflurane is 1.2 volume %, a MAC value of 1 for halothane is 0.76 volume %, a MAC value of 1 for enflurane is 1.6 volume % and a MAC value of 1 for desflurane is 6 volume %.
Accordingly, in an anaesthetic cartridge of the invention having a MAC value of 1 the amount of said anaesthetic control release medium is such that said anaeastheic is released at 2 volume % for sevoflurane, 1.2 volume %, for isoflurane, 0.76 volume % for halothane, 1.6 volume % for enflurane and 6 volume % for desflurane.
In the instance of sevoflurane, this can be achieved in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min per 120 ml formulation using e.g. 15 ml of sevoflurane and 105 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 7 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100. In the instance of isoflurane, this can be achieved in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min per 110 ml formulation using e.g. 12 ml of isoflurane and 98 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 12 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100; or, using e.g. per 100 ml formulation using 9 ml of isoflurane and 91 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 11 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100 .
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention can be worked using formulation volumes of 120 ml, 110 ml or 100 ml as afore described or corresponding millilitre multiples and/or fractions thereof, or indeed, any of the formulation volumes described herein including the corresponding millilitre multiples and/or fractions thereof.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said anaesthetic cartridge delivers anaesthetic at a substantially constant or controllable rate of 1.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), and so has a MAC value of 1, and comprises, or consists of, any of the formulations herein described with said MAC value of 1 or any of the other formulations which are stirred, agitated or sheared to have a MAC value of 1.
In alternative embodiments of the invention said anaesthetic cartridge delivers at a substantially constant rate of 0.125, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.7, 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 1.70, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and so has a MAC value of 0.125, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.7, 1.0, 1.33, 1.5, 1.70, 1.75, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0, resectively, and comprises, or consists of, any of the formulations herein described with said corresponding MAC value or any of the other formulations which are stirred, agitated or sheared to have said corresponding MAC value.
In an anaesthetic cartridge of the invention having a MAC value of 2 the amount of said anaesthetic control release medium is such that said anaeastheic is released at 4 volume % for sevoflurane, 2.4 volume %, for isoflurane, 1.52 volume % for halothane, 3.2 volume % for enflurane and 12 volume % for desflurane.
For example, in the instance of sevoflurane, this can be achieved in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min per 160 ml formulation using e.g. 50 ml of sevoflurane and 110m1 of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 18 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100. For example, in the instance of isoflurane, this can be achieved in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min per 100 ml formulation using e.g. 15 ml of isoflurane and 85 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 22 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100.
MAC values up to and including 4 MAC may be obtained. For example, as shown in
Alternatively, in a system having a flow rate of 4 L/min, 2 MAC can be achieved for sevoflurane using a formulation consisting of 70 ml Sevoflurane and 90 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 25 wt % surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100, as shown in Table 8 and
For sedation purposes lower MAC values are sufficient. For example, in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min for sevoflurane sustained release at 0.25 MAC can be achieved per 90 ml formulation using e.g. 5.5 ml of sevoflurane and 84.5 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 8 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100, as shown in table 5. For example, in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min in the instance of isoflurane this can be achieved per 80 ml formulation using e.g. 2.5 ml of isoflurane and 77.5 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 13 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100, as shown in table 5.
For example, in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min for sevoflurane sustained release at 0.5 MAC can be achieved per 120 ml formulation using e.g. 7.5 ml of sevoflurane and 112.5 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 4 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100 as shown in table 5. For example, in a system having a flow rate of 1 L/min in the instance of isoflurane this can be achieved per 100 ml formulation using e.g. 4.5 ml of isoflurane and 95.5 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 8 wt % of surfactant, preferably Zonyl FSN-100, as shown in table 5.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention can be worked using formulation volumes as afore described or corresponding millilitre multiples and/or fractions thereof or, indeed, any of the formulation volumes described herein including the corresponding millilitre multiples and/or fractions thereof.
Reference herein to a substantially constant or controllable rate is reference to release of volatilised aneasthetic at a given MAC value or vol % to within 0.2% of drift or to adjustment of release of volatilised aneasthetic to an alternative MAC value or vol % again within 0.2% of drift, respectively.
The selection of a cartridge providing a given MAC value can vary according to the physiological status of the patient, their age and the co-administration of other drugs or medicines. At low concentrations of anaesthetic, or low MAC values, the risk is that insufficient anaesthetic is delivered to the patient to maintain anaesthesia. At high concentrations, volatile anaesthetic agents have a depressant effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Physiological parameters are therefore carefully monitored during anaesthesia to judge that the correct dose is administered. Typically, to maintain anaesthesia, an adult is likely to receive 1×MAC, whereas a child may receive up to 2×MAC of the equivalent of an adult. However, cartridges with MAC values less than 1 may be used for the purpose of sedation. Thus, in use, a cartridge is selected having regard to the most appropriate MAC value for the patient and use in question. However, to ensure some flexibility of administration the cartridge, in a first aspect of the invention, is provided with an adjustable stirrer or agitator and, in the second aspect of the invention, is, ideally, further provided with an adjustable stirrer or agitator whereby the amount of stirring or agitating of the anaesthetic control release medium and the anaesthetic can be varied, thus influencing the release level of the anaesthetic and so, temporarily, or for a time period equal to the adjusted level of stirring or agitating, said MAC value can be raised or lowered.
In the examples disclosed herein the cartridge of the invention includes an adjustable stirrer which is a conventional bar magnet stirrer 6 cm×1 cm.
For example, when using sevoflurane: for each 120 ml formulation of 15 ml of sevoflurane and 105 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 7 wt % of surfactant, a stirring rate of 250 rpm will release anaesthetic at a 1 MAC value, but if the stirring is increased to 500 rpm the MAC value increases to 1.7 MAC. Also, decreasing the stirring rate to 100 rpm gives 0.35 MAC (0.7 vol %). Please see
In another example, in the instance of isoflurane: for each 120 ml formulation using 20 ml of isoflurane and 100 ml of said anaesthetic control release medium containing 16 wt % of surfactant a stirring rate of 200 rpm will release anaesthetic at a 0.5 MAC value, but if the stirring is increased to 315 rpm or more, i.e. up to 375 rpm the MAC value increases to 4 MAC, as shown in table 11.
In one embodiment of the invention said adjustable stirrer is made to operate between 50-1000 rpm including all 1 rpm increments in between, and, ideally, between 200-500 rpm including all 1 rpm increments in between. In this embodiment of the invention said stirrer is a conventional bar magnet stirrer 6 cm×1 cm. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other forms of stirrers, or agitators may be used such as, without limitation, a paddle stirrer, a propeller etc., of different sizes, blade pitch, surface area etc. or an agitator such as a vibrational agitator. Each stirrer or agitator, depending upon the shear forces created, would be used at different stirring or agitation rates for a given volume % release of anaesthetic or MAC value. However the determination of this stirring or agitation rates by each stirrer or agitator would be understood and achievable by those skilled in the art. Thus, in use, each cartridge is calibrated having regard to the shearing device to be used therein so that the invention described herein, including all the formulations given as examples, releases a certain amount of volatilised anaesthetic when stirred or agitated using a given stirrer or agitator at a given rate.
When using only an inhalational anaesthetic to induce and maintain anaesthesia, it is common practice to start with up to 4 times MAC, which is generally administered until loss of consciousness, and then to reduce the concentration of the inhalational anaesthetic to 0.25-2.0 MAC with a view to maintaining anaesthesia, but this is dependent on the physiological response of the patient. As mentioned above, to maintain anaesthesia a child is likely to require a higher concentration of anaesthetic than an adult who is likely to need 1×MAC to maintain anaesthesia, whereas a child is likely to need 2×MAC of the equivalent of an adult to maintain anaesthesia.
Thus the invention can be used in such a way that stirring or agitation is set to provide for administration of anaesthetic at 4 MAC until unconsciousness is achieved and then the stirring or agitation can be adjusted to ensure a selected lower MAC, such as 1×MAC for and an adult and 2×MAC of the equivalent of an adult for a child to maintain anaesthesia. As is also mentioned above, the anaesthetic release cartridge is calibrated having regard to the type of stirrer or agitator used and, typically, instructions are provided concerning the required stirring or agitating of cartridge contents for each MAC value.
As an alternative, an intravenous injection of anaesthetic may be used to achieve unconsciousness and so, when using both an intravenous anaesthetic and an inhalation anaesthetic, after intravenous induction of unconsciousness, an initial 4×MAC concentration of the inhalational agent is generally not required, so adjustment of a stirring device in a given MAC cartridge is typically not required to maintain unconsciousness.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the total volume of anaesthetic agent required for each patient will also depend on the flow of gas (oxygen, air or nitrous oxide) into the cartridge/inhalation device and delivered to the patient (as well as the anaesthetic requirements of the patient). Typically a flow rate of 1 L/min is used. Flow rates depend on the type of anaesthetic breathing system used to deliver the gases to the patient, with the design of the breathing system dictating efficiency of the removal of the patient's exhaled carbon dioxide gas. Typical flow rates might be 1 Lmin−1 for a circle breathing system and 3-5 Lmin−1 for a Mapleson A breathing system. The cartridges of the invention are therefore calibrated with this in mind.
As surgical procedures continue for varying lengths of time the invention encompasses different volume cartridges. Thus, in the above referred to formulations, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention can be worked using formulation volumes as herein described or corresponding millilitre multiples and/or fractions thereof. Additionally, or alternatively, the invention comprises the use of multiple cartridges per MAC value of a standard size where each additional cartridge used is referred to as a “plug in” extra cartridge.
In one embodiment of the invention we have calculated that the required volume of selected inhalation anaesthetic for an adult e.g. sevoflurane is about 12.5 ml to maintain 2% for one hour, which at a formulation content of between 5 and 50% by volume gives us approximately 25-150 ml of anaesthetic control release medium per hour.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the amount of said medium relative to said anaesthetic is such that when using said inhalation device a large dose of said anaesthetic is delivered within a first short interval to achieve a requisite Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of 1-4×MAC for the said anaesthetic and the remaining amount of anaesthetic is delivered at a substantially constant or controllable rate of 0.25-2.0×MAC over a second long interval thereby allowing for initial overpressure of the anaesthetic during the induction of anaesthesia, followed by an anaesthesia maintenance phase. Please see
Overpressure of anaesthesia is desirable to anaethetise a patient and is the accepted term for the administration of an amount of anaesthesia sufficient to achieve this effect via an over-concentration of anaesthetic gas or vapour.
In yet a further preferred embodiment, where unconsciousness is to be instigated and then maintained using only the invention, i.e. without an intravenous anaesthetic, the anaesthetic is ideally delivered in a manner similar to the delivery profile shown in
As mentioned, MAC also varies with age, so that the concentration of anaesthetic required to maintain anaesthesia in young patients is more than for older patients. Thus, in further embodiments of the invention said cartridge is available in at least three formulations for the purpose of maintaining anaesthesia: a first formulation where the combination of anaesthetic control release medium and anaesthetic is appropriate for paediatric use: 2.0 MAC of the equivalent of an adult; a second formulation where the combination of anaesthetic control release medium and anaesthetic is appropriate for adult use: 1.0 MAC; and a third formulation where the combination of anaesthetic control release medium and anaesthetic is appropriate for geriatric use: 0.5 MAC of the equivalent of an adult. In each instance the total amount of anaesthetic in the formulation, or cartridge, for delivery to a patient is an amount to maintain constant anaesthesia for 60 min
Accordingly, in a further aspect the invention comprises a kit comprising a plurality of anaesthetic cartridges as herein described wherein said cartridges are either of the same or different MAC values.
The invention therefore also provides for different cartridges, both in terms of size and/or content, for different types of patient and for different lengths of operation, moreover, the invention includes additional plug-in cartridges for extended use times. Any of these different cartridges may be included in the kit of the invention. Additionally, said kit ideally includes a set of instructions concerning the use of selected, and ideally, each cartridge which preferably indicates the effective amount of time each cartridge can be used at a selected stirring or agitation rate and/or flow rate and ideally also at a set temperature, although in most instances a standard will be used and in a circle system we suggest this standard will be a time of 1 hour per cartridge at a stirring rate of 250 rpm (using a 6 cm×1cm bar magnet or an equivalent shearing force provided by an alternative stirrer or agitator) and a flow rate at 1 L/min at a temperature of 20° C., or in a Mapleson A system we suggest this standard will be a time of 1 hour per cartridge at a stirring rate of 350 rpm (using a 6 cm×1 cm bar magnet or an equivlent shearing force provided by an alterantive stirrer or agitator) and a flow rate at 1 L/min at a temperature of 20° C.
As those skilled in the art will appreciate the release of anaesthetic from said cartridge, when used in a conventional fashion, will be controlled, to some extent, by the rate of flow of breathable gas over or through the anaesthetic control release medium. However, the invention is intended for use at what is typically considered to be a reasonable or normal flow rate of 1 litre of breathable gas/minute into the device, although the device will function from 0.5-15L of fresh gas flow/minute.
In circumstances where a sudden decrease in anaesthesia is desired this can be achieved by reducing the stirring, shaking or agitation of the cartridge, or indeed by any other method such as an increase in flow rate, and this will result in a sudden relative reduction in anaeasthesia as depicted in
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the anaesthetic is dispersed or distributed in said medium in a stable and chemically unaltered state.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said anaesthetic control release medium is a gel or an emulsion.
Emulsions enable hydrophobic molecules to be stably dispersed within water. In our invention we have created emulsions to disperse anaesthetic molecules in water. We have therefore used commercially available non-ionic surfactants including halogentaed non-ionic surfactants such as an ethylene oxide based surfactant with a linear fluorocarbon hydrophobic chain, and a propylene oxide or a ethylene oxide hydrocarbon surfactant. Those skilled in the art will be aware of other known surfactants or stabilisers (including but not limited to polymers, particles, surfactants or lipids) that can be used to work the invention, as show in
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the emulsions may be nanoemulsions, microemulsions or macroemulsions.
In a further peferred embodiment of the invention the emulsions containing the surfactants and the at least one anaesthetic have a droplet size in the nm range and, ideally, between 10-1000 nm and most ideally between 50-1000 nm, preferably in the hundred nm range i.e. between 100-900 nm ideally, 118-884 nm including all the values shown in tables 5-9.
Reference herein to a surfactant includes reference to any surface-active agent that stabilizes mixtures of oil and water by adsorbing to and/or reducing the surface tension at the interface between the oil and water molecules.
More preferably the surfactant is one or more of Zonyl FSN-100, Capstone FS-63, Capstone FS-3100, Chemguard S-550 L-100, Polyfox 159, Brij O20, and Tween including any and all combinations thereof.
More preferably still the surfactant is one or more of, including any and all combinations thereof, Zonyl FSN-100, Capstone FS-63, Capstone FS-3100, Chemguard S-550 L-100, Polyfox 159, Polyfox 656, Polyfox 6520, Polyfox 636, Brij O20, Brij O5, Brij O10, Brij S2, Brij S721, Brij 35, Brij C2, Flexiwet NI-55, Novec FC 4430, Tween 60, Tween 80, Tween 20, Pluronics, BYK 340, Schwego Fluor EL 3711, Schwego Fluor EL 4311, WorleeAdd 386 F, WorleeAdd 380 F, Capstone FS-31, Capstone FS-65, Capstone FS-35, Novec 4200, Novec 4434, Dynol 607, Certonal 752 and Certonal 742 including any and all combinations thereof.
We have discovered that the slow diffusion of the anaesthetic through the emulsion to the surface affects the release thereof and so introduces an element of control into the system which can be fine tuned by appropriate stirring or contolled agitation.
Moreover, we have also discovered that for the purpose of transport the anaesthesia may be provided as a gel. Typical gelling agents for this are based on chiral, non-racemic bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester)s . These are known to gel fluorocarbon liquids, including the model anaesthetic HPFP. Those skilled in the art will be aware of other known gelling agents that can be used to work this embodiment of the invention such as those shown in
Accordingly, in yet an alternative aspect of the invention there is provided an anaesthetic cartridge for use with an inhalation device to deliver an inhalational or volatilised anaesthetic to a patient wherein said cartridge comprises or consists of: an adjustable stirrer or agitator; an anaesthetic control release medium, a gelling agent and at least one selected inhalation anaesthetic, wherein the amount of said medium and/or gelling agent relative to said anaesthetic is such that when using said adjustable stirrer or agitator anaesthetic is delivered at a selected Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC), at a substantially constant or controllable rate, within the range of 0.125-4.0×Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) thereby allowing for either i) induction and/or maintenance of anaesthesia or ii) sedation.
Most gelators would be below 10 wt % gelator, but other gelators could be used at higher concentrations. Those skilled in the art will be aware of other known gelling agents that can be used to work the invention. In this embodiment of the invention the anaesthetic is safely stored in the gel until the point of use at which time water and/or surfactant may be added to solubilise and/or disperse the gel, typically assisted by shaking, to create a fluid, having a formulation as herein described, over which or through which a breathable gas can flow to entrain anaesthetic gas for the purpose of delivery to a patient. An example of a gelation mixture comprises or consists of 1 weight % gelator (such as 0.15 g of G4 in 15 ml Sevoflurane). Ideally, this would be reconstituted using 105 ml of 7 wt % Zonyl FSN-100. The aim of reconstitution is to ensure the concentration of the gelator is below that required to gel the sample, whilst at the same time ensuring a formulation for controlled release of anaesthesia, as herein described, is achieved.
Further, where a gel is present, the temperature of the solution may also affect the viscosity of the formulation and so the rate of release of the anaesthetic. Thus, in this alternative aspect, the invention is devised to work over a wide temperature range so that it can be used in a number of hostile environments from 4° C. to 40° C. Typically, the formulation is for use at a temperature of 20° C.
Additionally, in the alternative apsects or embodiments of the invention, the invention is devised to work over a wide temperature range so that it can be used in a number of hostile environments from 4° C. to 40° C. Typically, the formulation is for use at a temperature of 20° C.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, as mentioned, the cartridge delivers sufficient anaesthetic to anaesthetise a patient for one hour, however, where circumstances demand, larger cartridges containing a larger amount of a selected formulation may be used, or a number of sequential cartridges may be used to release anaesthetic for up to any selected period equalling the sum of each single used cartridge. In either of the afore events, either, the formulation of a single cartridge when used with an adjustable stirrer or agitator is such that the initial anaesthetic dose would be limited to a maximum of 4×MAC to prevent overdose or flammability of the anaesthetic gas mixture, or, the first one or more in a series of cartridges would be limited to a maximum of 4×MAC to prevent overdose or flammability of the anaesthetic gas mixture.
In the instance where two or more cartridges are used the device construction allows for empty cartridges to be replaced during the period of anaesthesia without affecting the level of anaesthetic released. This is achieved by a quick-action release and refit mechanism for each cartridge, typically, of a conventional nature which may encompass, but is not limited to, a spring assisted mechanism, a screw fit mechanism, a trigger release mechanism, or a latch mechanism.
In any of the above aspects or embodiments of the invention said anaesthetic control release medium and said anaesthetic when mixed together in a cartridge have a surface area of 10-60 cm2, including all 1 cm2 increments there between, and ideally, a surface area of 20-50 cm2 including all 1 cm2 increments there between, and most ideally still a surface area of 50cm2. Please see
In any of the above aspects or embodiments of the invention said anaesthetic may be any known inhalation anaesthetic such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon, commercially known examples of which are desflurane, isoflurane, halothane, enflurane and sevoflurane. Those skilled in the art will be aware of other known anaesthetics that can be used to work the invention such as methoxyflurane.
A further advantageous feature of the invention is that at the end of the procedure a cartridge can be returned to the manufacturer and recharged with anaesthetic for subsequent use.
In yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided an inhalation device comprising: a mask for positioning over the face of a patient; a supply, or access to a supply, of breathable gas in fluid communication with said mask and at least one docking port for at least one releasable anaesthetic cartridge and further wherein said device is adapted or configured such that anaesthetic released from said cartridge is mixed with said breathable gas before being delivered to said patient.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention insertion of said cartridge into the device starts the delivery of anaesthetic or, alternatively, a valve is activated to start the delivery of anaesthetic once breathable gas is passed over or through the cartridge.
More ideally still, said afore valve, or an additional valve, is provided between said cartridge and said breathable gas supply whereby flow of said anaesthetic can be attentuated or stopped.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said device includes a monitor for signalling to a user that anaesthetic gas is being released from said cartridge this may be either a device that detects anaesthesia such as a colour sensitive feature or it may be a timer that is activated at the start of use of a new cartridge and so used to count the time that the cartridge should last. Alternatively, said device detects and indicates a volume change in the cartridge contents which is associated with evaporation of the anaesthetic.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said device is provided with a positive pressure device whereby assisted ventilation or inhalation can take place, in its simplest embodiment this is in the form of a pumpable air bag, however, it may be in the form of a mechanical, pneumatic or electronic ventilator connected to a pressurised canister of breathable gas such as oxygen, nitrous oxide or oxygen enriched air.
In a yet further preferred embodiment of the invention said breathable gas supply is either a canister as mentioned above or a vessel containing oxygen or an open-ended tube to the air.
Preferably the device of the invention is configured so the carrier gas flows either through the contents of the cartridge or over the top thereof.
More preferably still, said device comprises a closed loop circuit whereby exhaled breath from the patient is treated to first remove carbon dioxide, and then, any anaesthetic in the patient's exhaled breath is removed or recaptured for subsequent use, ideally, using natural or synthetic molecular sieves. Those skilled in the art will be aware of other conventional filters or extractors for removing carbon dioxide or anaesthetic from exhaled breath and which can be suitably deployed in the working of the invention.
More preferably again, said device comprises a pump for controlling the rate of flow of breathable gas there through, ideally but not exclusively, whereby breathable gas may be delivered at a first flow rate to induce anaesthesia and subsequently at a second flow rate to maintain anaesthesia. An example of this working arrangement is shown in
This further aspect of the invention i.e. the inhalation device, may, in preferred embodiments, include or be characterised by any of the aforementioned features pertaining to the cartridge.
The formulation of the invention may be prepared by bringing into association the anaesthetic control release medium and the said anaesthetic. In general, the formulations of the invention are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the anaesthetic control release medium and the said anaesthetic.
The above formulations will generally be sterile.
In the instance where the cartrirdge comprises an anaesthetic control release medium such as a surfactant solution and, optionally following reconstitution of a gelled anaesthetic, a gelling agent both said surfactant and said gelling agent have non-volatile properties thus ensuring that only anaesthetic is released from the said formulation.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of delivering volatilised anaesthetic using the cartridge of the invention in combination with an inhalation device as described herein.
Although the invention has been described with reference to human use the invention is applicable to the veterinary industry and so also comprises a cartridge modified to include a veterinary anaesthetic. Notably, whilst anaesthetic agents differ between human and veterinary use all are volatile anaesthetic agents. This means the device of the invention is useful in veterinary anaesthesia. In this application a cartridge of an appropriate size and so containing a formulation of at least one anaesthetic and anaesthetic control release medium for delivering an amount of anaesthetic to a selected animal of a particular size is provided so that the invention can be used by vets to perform operations on animals either in purpose built facilities or in situ. In a further preferred use of the invention said animal is equine, canine, feline, porcine, or any other domestic, agricultural or wild species. In use, a veterinarian will select a cartridge of appropriate MAC value or anaesthetic volume % to use on a particular animal.
In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprises”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” is used in an inclusive sense i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.
All references, including any patent or patent application, cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Further, no admission is made that any of the prior art constitutes part of the common general knowledge in the art.
Preferred features of each aspect of the invention may be as described in connection with any of the other aspects.
Other features of the present invention will become apparent from the following examples. Generally speaking, the invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including the accompanying claims and drawings). Thus, features, integers, characteristics, compounds or chemical moieties described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein, unless incompatible therewith.
Moreover, unless stated otherwise, any feature disclosed herein may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same or a similar purpose.
The invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the following figures wherein:
Table 1 shows that the model anaesthetic molecule 2 H, 3 H-perfluoropentane (HPFP) may be formulated to provide a high content of volatile fluorocarbon liquid by shaking the liquid with an aqueous in a surfactant solution. The hazy/opaque appearance of the samples is indicative of emulsion formation;
Table 2 shows the moderation of evaporation by formulation of the model anaesthetic liquid HPFP;
Table 3 shows how the moderation of evaporation by formulation of the model anaesthetic liquid HPFP can be further controlled by flowing the carrier gas over and especially through the sample in the testing chamber;
Table 4 shows how the concentration of volatile liquid in the carrier gas and the time taken to release all of the anaesthetic can be affected by the flow of carrier gas through the sample, and how the effects of formulation on retarding volatile release are maintained under these conditions;
Table 5 shows Zonyl FSN-100 stabilised emulsions. Tested in flow rig 6 (50 cm2 surface area);
Table 6 Sevoflurane emulsions stabilised by other surfactants. Tested in flow rig 6 (50 cm2 surface area) Abbreviations: Capstone FS-3100 (C); Polyfox 159 (P); Brij O20 (B);
Table 7 Effect of stirring rate on release. Tested using formulation ZS2.0 at constant temperature and flow rate in flow rig 6 (50 cm2 surface area);
Table 8 Release at 4 L min−1 flow rate. Zonyl FSN-100 stabilised emulsions tested in flow rig 6 (50 cm2 surface area). Flow rate=4 L min−1,
Table 9 Emulsions stabilised by other surfactants tested in flow rig 6 (50 cm2 surface area). Flow rate=4 L min−1 Abbreviations: Capstone FS-3100 (C); Chemguard S-550 L-100 (S);
Table 10: Summary stirring rates used to generate release profile data presented in
Table 11: Summary stirring rates used to generate release profile data presented in
Table 12: Summary stirring rates used to generate release profile data presented in
Table 13: Summary stirring rates used to generate release profile data presented in
Table 14: Gelator molecule structure, nomenclature and gel formation results with various anaesthetics. *G6m denotes use of a mixture of L and D isomers.** in G6E an ester moiety replaces the isopropyl groups. isoflurane gels on addition of 2 wt % G4 gelator.—not tested;
Table 15: Example gelled emulsion formulations using Polyfox 159 (non-ionic fluorinated polyether) as the stabiliser. All formulations contain 0.5 ml stabiliser solution in a total volume of 1 ml. Gel state judged by inversion;
Table 16: Example gelled emulsion formulations using Zonyl FSO as the stabiliser. All formulations contain 0.5 ml stabiliser stock solution in a total volume of 1 ml. Remainder is water. Gel state judged by sample inversion;
Table 17: Examples of gel formulations after 48 hours. All formulations contain 0.5 ml stabiliser stock solution at concentration denoted in a total volume of 1 ml. Remainder is water; and
Tables 18 and 18B: Example formulations with non-fluorocarbon excipients.
Sevoflurane was used as received from Abbott. 2 H, 3 H perfluoropentane was used as received from Fluorochem UK. Zonyl FSO100 was used as received from DuPont. All water was deionised. Formulations of Sevoflurane, isoflurane or HPFP in surfactant solutions were prepared by vigorous shaking (by hand) of the required quantity of fluorocarbon with a pre-prepared aqueous surfactant solution at the proportions and concentrations described in the list of formulations described herein.
The formulations described in Tables 1-4 were tested using testing chamber 1, the experimental set-up for which is described in
Formulations described in tables 5 onwards were tested in the flow rig described in
The emulsions were prepared by mixing a known volume of anaesthetic with a known volume of dispersion medium. The dispersal medium, typically a surfactant solution, was pre-prepared at a known concentration of surfactant. The emulsions were formed by manual shaking of the two components for a fixed time of 60 s. More energetically intensive mixing methods, for example, high shear mixing, sonication or emulsification apparatus were not required to form the emulsions, although obviously these represent alternative preparation methods that could be employed.
The formation of an emulsion was determined by light-microscope imaging using an Olympus BX50 system microscope (Olympus, UK) fitted with JVC TK-C1380 colour video camera (JVC, Japan) and analysed using Image J software (Fiji, USA). Additional measurements were obtained from dynamic light scattering measurements using The Brookhaven ZetaPlus analyser (Brookhaven Instruments Ltd., USA). For light scattering measurements the emulsions were diluted by a factor of 20-50 depending on the emulsion concentration.
A typical inhalation device of the invention is shown in
Formulation of the liquid anaesthetic by vigorous shaking with water and an appropriate stabiliser forms a hazy or opaque dispersion which phase separates over time and is therefore characteristic of emulsion formation. Some example stabilisers are shown in
Repeating the experiment with formulation J5 (30% v/v HPFP) under 2 L min−1 carrier gas flow through and over the sample highlights further the influence of formulation; Table 3 includes data for both free HPFP and HPFP under water as comparators. At 30 s the measured equivalent sevoflurane concentration is reduced by a factor of just under two by a layer of water, and by a factor of four by formulation as an emulsion. The time to zero concentration is also significantly extended, by around 25% by the water alone, but by greater than 500% by the emulsification process (experiment terminated at 25 minutes). Table 3 also demonstrates that the release can be accelerated by flowing the carrier gas through rather than over the sample, with fourteen times higher fluorocarbon concentrations recorded at the 30 s time point and a greater than three-fold reduction in the time to zero measured concentration. These data are consistent with the results of a cumulative release calculation, which indicate that >99% of the volatile fluorocarbon is released from the formulation. Hence for equivalent fluorocarbon content, a higher gas-phase concentration results in a shorter time to zero concentration, and for an equivalent volume of formulation, a higher fluorocarbon content increases both of these parameters.
The influence of gas-flow rate when using the rig shown in
Sustained Isoflurane release at a constant rate (MAC) (vol %) for 1 hour has been achieved at 0.3% (MAC 0.25) , 0.6% (MAC 0.5) , 1.2% (MAC 1), 1.6% (MAC 1.33) , 1.8% (MAC 1.5) and 2.4% (MAC 2) using the formulations described in table 5, under the conditions also described therein. Graphs for each individual release profile are shown in
Sustained Isoflurane release at a constant rate (MAC) (vol %) for 1 hour has been achieved at 2.4% (MAC 2) using the formulations described in table 8, under the conditions also described therein. Graphs for each individual release profile are shown in
Sustained Sevoflurane release at a constant rate (MAC) (vol %) for 1 hour has been achieved at 0.5% (MAC 0.25), 1.0% (MAC 0.5), 2% (MAC 1), 3% (MAC 1.5), 3.5% (MAC 1.75) and 4% (MAC 2) using the formulations described in table 5, under the conditions also described therein. Graphs for each individual release profile are shown in
Sustained Sevoflurane release at a constant rate (MAC) (vol %) for 1 hour has been achieved at 0.5% (MAC 0.25), 2% (MAC 1), 3% (MAC 1.5) and 4% (MAC 2) using the formulations described in table 8, under the conditions also described therein. Graphs for each individual release profile are shown in
Sustained mixed surfactant release formulations at a constant rate (MAC) (vol %) for 1 hour has been achieved at 2% (MAC 1) and 1.0% (MAC 0.5) using the formulations described in table 6, under the conditions also described therein. Graphs for each individual release profile are shown in
Sustained Sevoflurane release at a constant rate (vol %) for 1 hour has been achieved at 0.5% (0.25 MAC) under Nitrogen flow rate of 1 L min−1 using a formulation containing 5 mL Sevoflurane and 15 mL of 20 wt. % Brij O5 and 30 mL of 7 wt. % Tween 20 and stirred at 200 rpm. The release profile is shown in
Reproducibility of formulation performance is shown in
The effect of the carrier gas flow rate on the released Sevoflurane concentration has been investigated at two different flow rates of 1 L min−1 and 4 L min−1 Nitrogen, using fixed-composition formulations, fixed stirring rates and using the rig shown in
Emulsion structure was confirmed and evaluated by optical microscopy and subsequent image analysis. Micrographs for 1, 2 and 3% formulations showed a droplet size of 1.5 μm, 1.4 μm and 1.4 μm, respectively. These results and the droplet size of the other formulations are shown in tables 5, 6, 8 & 9.
It has been demonstrated that stirring rate can be used to alter and control Sevoflurane release from the formulation.
For a formulation that gives a steady release, e.g. at 2% with a stirring rate of 250 rpm, using a higher stirring rate 500 rpm causes an increase in the initial release. As shown in
Stirring rate can be used to control the release level of Sevoflurane, and the response to stirring is both rapid and reversible, as shown in
The importance of using the correct surface area is demonstrated in
Increasing the amount of formulation present does not significantly increase the level of release, but extends the timescale over which the level of release is sustained. This is shown in
The formulation can be used and recharged with Sevoflurane (compensating for loss of water) with no compromise in performance, as shown in
The effect of temperature on anaesthetic release from formulations using Sevoflurane stabilised by Zonyl-FSN-100 surfactant is shown in
The effect of surfactant concentration, in this case Zonyl FSN-100, in the employed formulation on anaesthetic i.e. Sevoflurane release profile has been investigated.
Changing the size of the stirrer bar alters the shear forces and the degree of mixing/agitation, resulting in a different release level as illustrated in
Using the technology developed herein it is possible to provide formulations able to deliver different anaesthetic release amounts/vol % or MAC values depending upon the shearing forces, or stirring/agitation rate, to which the formulation is exposed.
For example, a Sevoflurane formulation has been developed for use at 1 L/min carrier gas flow rate that can be made to deliver different anaesthetic release amounts/vol % or MAC values solely by changing the stirring rate; this provides for prolonged release of anaesthetic at any fixed level. In the examples shown the release levels are from 4 MAC downwards.
Formulations of this kind could therefore be used to provide the highest concentration of anaesthetic required for induction of anaesthesia, followed by a sustained release at a lower concentration to maintain anaesthesia, whilst maintaining the flexibility to increase and decrease the delivered concentration by adjusting the stirring rate in a controlled manner
Unless otherwise stated in the text, the data in these All-In-One Release Formulations were obtained at room temperature (20±2° C.) using flow rig model 6 (surface area 50 cm2), under a nitrogen flow rate of 1 L min .
An analogous formulation has been prepared for Isoflurane to function at room temperature (20±2 ° C.) using flow rig model 6 (surface area 50 cm2), under a nitrogen flow rate of 1 L min−1.
Two further formulations have been prepared which exemplify the same concept for use at a higher nitrogen flow rate of 4 L/min at room temperature (20±2 ° C.) using flow rig model 6 (surface area 50 cm2).
The required induction level of 4 MAC (anaesthetic release 8 vol %) has been maintained for 20 minutes to illustrate that the formulation could be used to rapidly induce and then maintain anaesthesia at the desired MAC/vol %. Any desired intermediate value between those explicitly demonstrated in
Emulsions Prepared from Pre-Gelled Anaesthetic
To illustrate the feasibility of storing the anaesthetic as a gel and then mixing with a surfactant solution to constitute the final formulation, samples of anaesthetic were pre-gelled using gelator G4, the structure for which is shown below. The gelator used (G4) contains two less CH2 groups in the hydrocarbon chain linking the two chiral centres.
Pre-gelation of the Sevoflurane was achieved by adding 0.15 g G4 to 1 ml Sevoflurane, heating to ca 70° C. and cooling in an ice bath. This heat-cool cycle was repeated twice to obtain a clear homogenous gel. On adding the required surfactant solution there is no mixing of the two phases but, on shaking, the sample appearance is the same as a control sample prepared from non-gelled anaesthetic, indicating that an emulsion is still formed. The samples were left to phase separate, and the liquid nature of the lower phase indicates that the gel is broken on mixing and the liquid anaesthetic is retained on phase separation.
It has been shown previously that molecules based on a chiral, non-racemic bis-(α,β-dihydroxy ester)s motif (
These molecules, have also been shown to be capable of gelling certain fluorinated and partially fluorinated liquids, including 2H,3H-perfluoropentane. Gelators from the series of molecules described by
Samples containing 1 wt % gelator in the chosen anaesthetic agent (AA) were prepared by mass in 3 ml screw-capped vials, sealed with PTFE tape and parafilm to prevent evaporation during heating. The solubility of the gelator at room temperature was observed by visual inspection, and samples subjected to a series of heat-cool cycles (hot ˜60° C., cold ˜5° C.) until solubility of the gelator was complete (or ceased to improve) and a clear gel was formed on cooling. A final heating cycle was carried out and the samples allowed to cool slowly to room temperature (cooling rate uncontrolled). The final state of the sample was observed after ˜30 minutes, with samples that did not demonstrate any flow characteristics on inversion of the sample container classed as gelled. Further inspection was carried out after 24 hours, and no difference in results was observed. On storage, sealed samples remain gelled for at least 12 months.
A series of gelators were investigated with chain lengths 5<n<10 corresponding to gelators G3-G8. The results of the experiments using 1 wt % gelator are summarised in table 14, below.
A description of results and sample appearances for each anaesthetic tested follows.
Sevoflurane: After 2 heat-cool cycles, gel formation was observed in some samples, and was found to show an odd-even dependence of the gelator internal chain length, as shown in
Isoflurane and Desflurane: G4 and G6 were investigated as gelators for desflurane and G4, G6 and G8 for isoflurane. As shown in table 14, at 1 wt % G4 was able to gel desflurane, and G6 and G8 gelled isoflurane. G4 was also able to gel isoflurane, but higher concentrations were required (Compare
On heating in sealed vials, gels remained stable to within 10 degrees of the boiling point of the anaesthetic (tested for sevoflurane and isoflurane).
Gelator solubility can be improved by addition of a small amount of a perfluorocarbon co-solvent. Samples were prepared containing 1 wt/v % G4, in 10/90, 20/80 and 30/70 (v/v %) perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB)/sevoflurane. Gelator solubility was only improved at 30% PFOB. Gel formation was observed in all cases, with a small amount of liquid phase in coexistence (<2% of total sample volume), which was not observed in the absence of PFOB. Not shown.
The evaporation rate of the anaesthetic from the gels was examined by determining mass loss over time at room temperature (18-20° C.).
The vapour pressure of sevoflurane is almost thirty times that of PFOB at 20° C.
As PFOB cannot be detected by the anaesthetic monitor, it was possible to detect the volume % of sevoflurane as a function of time and compare the release data from the weight control experiment. Gels were prepared in a vial lid as per the evaporation experiments. As is shown in
The data were in good agreement with the evaporation data shown in
Emulsion Formulation from Gelled Sevoflurane
It has been demonstrated that addition of an aqueous excipient solution can be used to generate an emulsion of anaesthetic in water, allowing the preferred release formulation to be generated from the anaesthetic stored as a gel. This is illustrated in
In describing the phase diagrams for addition of sevoflurane to aqueous solutions of various surfactants, regions were observed where the sample spontaneously formed a highly viscous liquid or a gel. Samples were prepared by manual shaking of aqueous surfactant/stabiliser solutions with a known volume of added Sevoflurane. This is illustrated in
Further formulations have been identified using excipients that are suitable for controlled release of anaesthetic as described herein, which fall into the general class of materials of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide based surfactants as shown in tables 18A and 18B.
Release of sevoflurane from a tween20/span80/sevoflurane mixture
Further formulations of 1:1, 15 wt. % span 80 and tween 20 can stabilise up to 60 vol % sevoflurane for at least two hours. Here, release from a 27 vol % sevoflurane system is studied. This is illustrated in
The stability of the gels at a range of temperature (27-55° C.) was examined using an electronic water bath. Gels with 1 wt/v % of the glator in sevoflurane and 2 wt/v % in isoflurane were formed and the vials were left in the water bath for an about 10 minutes to reach the equilibrium. The results are summarised in Table 19. As is shown in Table 19 and
The isoflurane gels showed similar stability to sevoflurane gels up to 43° C. at which the isoflurane liquids co-existed with the gels, however, this behaviour was not observed for sevoflurane gels until at 48° C. Majority of the isoflurane existed as liquid at 48-50° C. until no gels were observed at all at 53° C.
The formulation of a volatile fluorocarbon liquid such as an anaesthetic as a stabilised dispersion greatly reduces the measured concentration of that fluorocarbon in a stream of carrier gas passed over the formulation when compared to the concentrations measured over the bare fluorocarbon liquid, or the same fluorocarbon liquid with a layer of water above it. Hence, forming a dispersion reduces the dangerously high levels of anaesthetic delivered in the carrier gas. Over time, all (>99%) of the volatile anaesthetic is released from the formulation, and the remaining surfactant solution can then be recharged with anaesthetic and re-used. Under constant gas flow rates, after a short initiation period when higher levels of anaesthetic are released the concentration remains constant until all the anaesthetic is released from the formulation. Hence the desired profile for anaesthetic delivery has been demonstrated. The levels of anaesthetic recorded are within safe and appropriate clinical limits, and are reproducible from sample to sample. Hence the formulation allows controlled, prolonged delivery of an anaesthetic over a predictable timescale.
The anaesthetic concentration in the carrier gas may be increased by flowing the carrier gas through the formulation, rather than through the head-space of the containment vessel. This also offers control of the concentration versus time release profile. Alternatively, the dispersion can be agitated to alter the rate of release of anaesthetic therefrom.
Gels containing 1 wt % or 2 wt % of gelator were made and were stable at room temperature up to around 48° C. (sevoflurane) and 43° C. (isoflurane). Above these temperatures the anaesthetics start to separate from the gels. Long term stability of sevoflurane gels at room temperature has been observed over 5 years.
The evaporation of anaesthetic from the gels was examined and it was shown that gelling the anaesthetic slightly retarded but did not prevent evaporation of the anaesthetic. Moreover, the addition of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) as a co-solvent (10-30v/v % wrt sevoflurane) slightly improved the solubility of the gelator, and stable gels were formed. This addition also increased the time for total evaporation of the anaesthetic sevoflurane.
In addition, depending on the relative proportions of the constituents of the invention, gelled versions of the anaesthetic control release medium and anaesthetic formed spontaneously.
Accordingly, gelled versions of the invention may also be provided and have been shown to release anaesthetic.
Table 1 shows that the model anaesthetic molecule 2H,3H-perfluoropentane (HPFP) may be formulated to provide a high content of volatile fluorocarbon liquid by shaking the liquid with an aqueous in a surfactant solution. The hazy/opaque appearance of the samples is indicative of emulsion formation.
Table 2 shows the moderation of evaporation by formulation of the model anaesthetic liquid HPFP.
Table 3 shows how the moderation of evaporation by formulation of the model anaesthetic liquid HPFP can be further controlled by flowing the carrier gas over and especially through the sample in the testing chamber.
Table 4 shows how the concentration of volatile liquid in the carrier gas and the time taken to release all of the anaesthetic can be affected by the flow of carrier gas through the sample, and how the effects of formulation on retarding volatile release are maintained under these conditions.
a monitored as sevoflurane
a monitored as sevoflurane
259 (±0.6)
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1116271.6 | Sep 2011 | GB | national |
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/344,126 filed on Mar. 11, 2014, which in turn claims priority from international patent application no. PCT/GB2012/052302 filed on Sep. 18, 2012, which in turn claims priority from British Patent Application Ser. No. 1116271.6 filed on Sep. 21, 2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14344126 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Child | 15789296 | US |
