Display and lighting devices comprising phosphorescent excimers with preferred molecular orientation as monochromatic emitters

Abstract

An organic light emitting diode having a substrate, a first electrode, a hole transporting layer proximate the first electrode, a second electrode, an electron transporting layer proximate the second electrode, and an emissive layer between the hole transporting layer and the electron transporting layer. The emissive layer includes a square planar tetradentate platinum or palladium complex, and excimers formed by two or more of the complexes are aligned such that emitting dipoles of the excimers are substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to phosphorescent excimers with a preferred molecular orientation as monochromatic emitters for display and lighting applications.

BACKGROUND

FIG. 1 depicts a cross-sectional view of an OLED 100. OLED 100 includes anode 102, hole transporting layer (HTL) 104, emissive layer (EML) 106, electron transporting layer (ETL) 108, and metal cathode 110. Anode 102 is typically a transparent material, such as indium tin oxide, and may be formed on substrate 112. EML 106 may include an emitter and a host. Although phosphorescent emitters used in OLEDS such as OLED 100 can reach electron-to-photon conversion efficiency approaching 100%, much of the light emitted in these OLEDS remains trapped in the stratified thin film structure. FIG. 2 depicts four different pathways of photons (modes) in OLED 100, including plasmon mode 204, organic mode 206, and substrate mode 208, all of which represent trapping of photons in OLED 100, and air mode 210, which represents light emitted from OLED 100. Due at least in part to losses via plasmon mode 204, organic mode 206, and substrate mode 208, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of a typical OLED (e.g., 20-30%) is much less than that of a typical inorganic LED.

SUMMARY

In a general aspect, an organic light emitting diode has a substrate, a first electrode, a hole transporting layer proximate the first electrode, a second electrode, an electron transporting layer proximate the second electrode, and an emissive layer between the hole transporting layer and the electron transporting layer. The emissive layer includes a square planar tetradentate platinum or palladium complex, and excimers formed by two or more of the complexes are aligned such that emitting dipoles of the excimers are substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate.

Implementations of the general aspect may include one or more of the following features.

The first electrode may be formed on the surface of the substrate. The complex may include one of the square planar tetradentate platinum or palladium complexes represented by Formulas I-IX or any example thereof described herein. A concentration of the complex in the emissive layer is in a range of 5 wt % to 100 wt %. In some cases, the emissive layer includes a neat film of the complex. In certain cases, the emissive layer includes a doped film comprising a host material and the complex. A concentration of the complex in the doped film is typically in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt %. The host material may include a carbazole-based host having one to three carbazole skeletons, such as those described herein. Examples of suitable carbazole-based hosts include tris-PCz (9,9′,9″-triphenyl-9H,9′H,9″H-3,3′:6′3″-tercarbazole), CBP (4,4-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), mCBP (3,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), and mCP (meta-di(carbazolyl) phenyl).

In some cases, the emissive layer includes one or more doped films including the complex, each doped film having a different concentration of the complex. In one example, the emissive layer has a first doped film including the complex and a second doped film including the complex. A concentration of the complex in the first doped film can be in a range of 15 wt % to 25 wt %, and a concentration of the complex in the second doped film can be in a range of 5 wt % to 15 wt %. The emissive layer may further have a third doped film including the complex. A concentration of the complex in the third doped film can be in a range of 5 wt % to 10 wt %.

The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an organic light emitting diode (OLED).

FIG. 2 depicts different pathways of photons in an OLED.

FIG. 3 depicts excimers aligned with emitting dipoles aligned with respect to a substrate.

FIG. 4 depicts excimers with emitting dipoles randomly oriented with respect to a substrate.

FIG. 5 shows external quantum efficiency (EQE) versus luminance and electroluminescent intensity versus wavelength for an OLED having excimers with emitting dipoles aligned with respect to a substrate.

FIG. 6 shows intensity versus time for an OLED having excimers with emitting dipoles aligned with respect to a substrate.

FIG. 7 shows EQE versus luminance for an OLED disclosed herein.

FIG. 8 shows power efficiency versus luminance an OLED disclosed herein.

FIG. 9 shows cross sections at a wavelength of 600 nm of experimental and model data of angular-dependent p-polarized photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra (considering emission in the x-z plane) for neat films of Pd303 on glass substrates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Square planar tetradentate platinum and palladium complexes can have a high photoluminescent (PL) emission efficiency. Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with excimers formed by these complexes can maintain this high efficiency when, as depicted in FIG. 3, emitting dipoles 300 of the excimers are aligned parallel to substrate 302 of the OLED. In contrast, as depicted in FIG. 4, with emitting dipoles 300 oriented randomly with respect to substrate 302, OLEDs with excimers formed by these complexes demonstrate lower efficiency.

Suitable square planar tetradentate platinum and palladium complexes include complexes represented by Formula I.

In Formula I:

• • M represents Pt(II) or Pd(II);
  • R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ each independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or aryl;
  • each n is independently an integer, valency permitting;
  • Y^1a, Y^1b, Y^1c, Y^1d, Y^1e, Y^1f, Y^2a, Y^2b, Y^2c, Y^2d, Y^2e, Y^2f, Y^4a, Y^4b, Y^4c, Y^4d, Y^4e, Y^5a, Y^5b, Y^5c, Y^5d, and Y^5e each independently represents C, N, Si, O, S;
  • X² represents NR, PR, CRR′, SiRR′, CRR′, SiRR′, O, S, S═O, O═S═O, Se, Se═O, or O═Se═O, where R and R′ each independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl;
  • each of L¹ and L³ is independently present or absent, and if present, represents a substituted or unsubstituted linking atom or group, where a substituted linking atom is bonded to an alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, amine, amide, thiol, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl moiety;
  • Ar³ and Ar⁴ each independently represents 6-membered aryl group; and
  • Ar¹ and Ar⁵ each independently represents a 5- to 10-membered aryl, heteroaryl, fused aryl, or fused heteroaryl.

Suitable square planar tetradentate platinum and palladium complexes also include Formulas II-IX.

In Formulas II-IX:

• • M represents Pt(II) or Pd(II);
  • each R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ present independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or aryl;
  • each n is independently an integer, valency permitting;
  • each Y^1a, Y^1b, Y^1c, Y^1d, Y^2a, Y^2b, Y^2c, Y^3a, Y^3b, Y^3c, Y^4a, Y^4b, Y^4c, Y^4d, Y^5a, Y^5b, Y^5c, Y^5d, Y^6a, Y^6b, Y^6c, and Y^6d present independently represents C, N, or Si;
  • U¹ and U² each independently represents NR, O or S, wherein R represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or aryl;
  • U³ and U⁴ each independently represents N or P; and
  • X represents O, S, NR, CRR′, SiRR′, PR, BR, S═O, O═S═O, Se, Se═O, or O═Se═O, where R and R′ each independently represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, amino, aryl, or heteroaryl.

Examples of complexes of Formula I are shown below.

Examples of complexes of Formula II-IX are shown below, where M represents Pt(II) or Pd(II) and R and R′ each independently represents substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, or heteroaryl.

The platinum and palladium complexes disclosed herein may be deposited on a surface of an OLED, such as a hole transporting layer or an electron-transporting layer, via vapor deposition to form an emissive layer of the OLED. In some cases, the substrate may be cooled below room temperature. The structure of theses complexes promotes preferential alignment such that emitting dipoles of the excimers are aligned parallel to the surface on which the emissive layer is formed. A concentration of the complexes in the emissive layer can be in a range between 5 wt % and 100 wt %. That is, the emissive layer may be a neat film or a doped film. A concentration of the complex in the doped film is typically in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt %.

The host in the doped film may have a carbazole skeleton or other relatively flat structure. In some cases, the host material is a carbazole-based host having one to three carbazole skeletons. Suitable carbazole-based hosts are represented Formulas 1-3:

where each occurrence of R¹-R⁹ independently represents halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyanide, thiol, or optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkane, cycloalkane, heterocyclyl, amino, alkoxy, haloalkyl, arylalkane, or arylalkene. Examples of suitable carbazole-based hosts include tris-PCz (9,9′,9″-triphenyl-9H,9′H,9″H-3,3′:6′3″-tercarbazole), CBP (4,4-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), mCBP (3,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), and mCP (meta-di(carbazolyl) phenyl).

In some cases, the emissive layer has one or more doped films including the complex, with each doped film having a different concentration of the complex. In one example, the emissive layer has a first doped film including the complex and a second doped film including the complex. A concentration of the complex in the first doped film is typically in a range of 15 wt % to 25 wt %, and a concentration of the complex in the second doped film is typically in a range of 5 wt % to 15 wt %. The emissive layer further may also have a third doped film including the complex. A concentration of the complex in the third doped film is typically in a range of 5 wt % to 10 wt %.

The platinum and palladium complexes disclosed herein are suitable for use in a wide variety of devices, including, for example, optical and electro-optical devices, including, for example, photo-absorbing devices such as solar- and photo-sensitive devices, OLEDs, photo-emitting devices, devices capable of both photo-absorption and emission, and display, illumination, and automobile taillight applications. Light emitting devices based on electrophosphorescent emitters are described in more detail in WO2000/070655 to Baldo et al., which is incorporated herein by this reference for its teaching of OLEDs, and in particular phosphorescent OLEDs.

Also disclosed herein are compositions and light emitting devices including one or more complexes disclosed herein. The light emitting devices can be OLEDs (e.g., phosphorescent OLEDs). The present disclosure also provides a photovoltaic device comprising one or more complexes or compositions described herein. Further, the present disclosure also provides a luminescent display device comprising one or more complexes or compositions described herein.

Components used to prepare the compositions described herein are disclosed, as well as the compositions themselves to be used within disclosed methods. These and other materials are disclosed, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is each and every combination and permutation of the compound and the modifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C is disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F, and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated, meaning combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considered disclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E would be considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the compositions disclosed herein. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed, it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods described herein.

As referred to herein, a linking atom or linking group connects two atoms such as, for example, an N atom and a C atom. A linking atom or linking group is in one aspect disclosed as L¹, L², L³, etc. herein. The linking atom can optionally, if valency permits, have other chemical moieties attached. For example, in one aspect, an oxygen would not have any other chemical groups attached as the valency is satisfied once it is bonded to two groups (e.g., N and/or C groups). In another aspect, when carbon is the linking atom, two additional chemical moieties can be attached to the carbon. Suitable chemical moieties include amino, amide, thiol, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl moieties. The term “cyclic structure” or the like terms used herein refer to any cyclic chemical structure which includes, but is not limited to, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, carbene, and N-heterocyclic carbene.

As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, can have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms “substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc. It is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents can be further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted or unsubstituted).

In defining various terms, “A¹”, “A²”, “A³”, “A⁴” and “A⁵” are used herein as generic symbols to represent various specific substituents. These symbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein, and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance, they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents.

The term “alkyl” as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dode cyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. The alkyl group can be cyclic or acyclic. The alkyl group can be branched or unbranched. The alkyl group can also be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, the alkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. A “lower alkyl” group is an alkyl group containing from one to six (e.g., from one to four) carbon atoms.

Throughout the specification “alkyl” is generally used to refer to both unsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however, substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein by identifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. For example, the term “halogenated alkyl” or “haloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halide, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as described below. The term “alkylamino” specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one or more amino groups, as described below, and the like. When “alkyl” is used in one instance and a specific term such as “alkylalcohol” is used in another, it is not meant to imply that the term “alkyl” does not also refer to specific terms such as “alkylalcohol” and the like.

This practice is also used for other groups described herein. That is, while a term such as “cycloalkyl” refers to both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl moieties, the substituted moieties can, in addition, be specifically identified herein; for example, a particular substituted cycloalkyl can be referred to as, e.g., an “alkylcycloalkyl.” Similarly, a substituted alkoxy can be specifically referred to as, e.g., a “halogenated alkoxy,” a particular substituted alkenyl can be, e.g., an “alkenylalcohol,” and the like. Again, the practice of using a general term, such as “cycloalkyl,” and a specific term, such as “alkylcycloalkyl,” is not meant to imply that the general term does not also include the specific term.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkyl” is a type of cycloalkyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group and heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein.

The terms “alkoxy” and “alkoxyl” as used herein to refer to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group bonded through an ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group can be defined as —OA¹ where A¹ is alkyl or cycloalkyl as defined above. “Alkoxy” also includes polymers of alkoxy groups as just described; that is, an alkoxy can be a polyether such as —OA¹-OA² or -OA¹-(OA²)_a-OA³, where “a” is an integer of from 1 to 200 and A¹, A², and A³ are alkyl and/or cycloalkyl groups.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as (A¹A²)C═C(A³A⁴) are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This can be presumed in structural formulas herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present, or it can be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C═C. The alkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bound, i.e., C═C. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornenyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkenyl” is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkenyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group and heterocycloalkenyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein.

The term “cycloalkynyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ring composed of at least seven carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bound. Examples of cycloalkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, cycloheptynyl, cyclooctynyl, cyclononynyl, and the like. The term “heterocycloalkynyl” is a type of cycloalkenyl group as defined above, and is included within the meaning of the term “cycloalkynyl,” where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The cycloalkynyl group and heterocycloalkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkynyl group and heterocycloalkynyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein.

The term “aryl” as used herein is a group that contains any carbon-based aromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene, phenyl, biphenyl, phenoxybenzene, and the like. The term “aryl” also includes “heteroaryl,” which is defined as a group that contains an aromatic group that has at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromatic group. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Likewise, the term “non-heteroaryl,” which is also included in the term “aryl,” defines a group that contains an aromatic group that does not contain a heteroatom. The aryl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term “biaryl” is a specific type of aryl group and is included in the definition of “aryl.” Biaryl refers to two aryl groups that are bound together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or are attached via one or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl.

The term “aldehyde” as used herein is represented by the formula —C(O)H. Throughout this specification “C(O)” is a short hand notation for a carbonyl group, i.e., C═O.

The terms “amine” or “amino” as used herein are represented by the formula —NA¹A², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, hydrogen or alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.

The term “alkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula —NH(-alkyl) where alkyl is a described herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylamino group, ethylamino group, propylamino group, isopropylamino group, butylamino group, isobutylamino group, (sec-butyl)amino group, (tert-butyl)amino group, pentylamino group, isopentylamino group, (tert-pentyl)amino group, hexylamino group, and the like.

The term “dialkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula —N(-alkyl)₂ where alkyl is a described herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, dipropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, dibutylamino group, diisobutylamino group, di(sec-butyl)amino group, di(tert-butyl)amino group, dipentylamino group, diisopentylamino group, di(tert-pentyl)amino group, dihexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylamino group, N-ethyl-N-propylamino group and the like.

The term “carboxylic acid” as used herein is represented by the formula —C(O)OH.

The term “ester” as used herein is represented by the formula —OC(O)A¹ or —C(O)OA¹, where A¹ can be alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “polyester” as used herein is represented by the formula -(A¹O(O)C-A²-C(O)O)_a— or -(A¹O(O)C-A²-OC(O))_a—, where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer from 1 to 500. “Polyester” is as the term used to describe a group that is produced by the reaction between a compound having at least two carboxylic acid groups with a compound having at least two hydroxyl groups.

The term “ether” as used herein is represented by the formula A¹OA², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein. The term “polyether” as used herein is represented by the formula -(A¹O-A²O)_a—, where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer of from 1 to 500. Examples of polyether groups include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and polybutylene oxide.

The term “halide” or “halo” as used herein refers to the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “heterocyclyl,” as used herein refers to single and multi-cyclic non-aromatic ring systems and “heteroaryl as used herein refers to single and multi-cyclic aromatic ring systems: in which at least one of the ring members is other than carbon. The terms includes azetidine, dioxane, furan, imidazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, morpholine, oxazole, oxazole, including, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, tetrazine, including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, tetrazole, including 1,2,3,4-tetrazole and 1,2,4,5-tetrazole, thiadiazole, including, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazine, including 1,3,5-triazine and 1,2,4-triazine, triazole, including, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,3,4-triazole, and the like.

The term “hydroxyl” as used herein is represented by the formula —OH.

The term “ketone” as used herein is represented by the formula A¹C(O)A², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.

The term “azide” as used herein is represented by the formula —N₃.

The term “nitro” as used herein is represented by the formula —NO₂.

The term “cyanide” as used herein is represented by the formula —CN.

The term “silyl” as used herein is represented by the formula —SiA¹A²A³, where A¹, A², and A³ can be, independently, hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.

The term “sulfo-oxo” as used herein is represented by the formulas —S(O)A¹, —S(O)₂A¹, —OS(O)₂A¹, or —OS(O)₂O A¹, where A¹ can be hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.

Throughout this specification “S(O)” is a short hand notation for S═O. The term “sulfonyl” is used herein to refer to the sulfo-oxo group represented by the formula —S(O)₂A¹, where A¹ can be hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfone” as used herein is represented by the formula A¹S(O)₂A², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfoxide” as used herein is represented by the formula A¹S(O)A², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.

The term “thiol” as used herein is represented by the formula —SH. “R¹,” “R²,” “R³,” “Rⁿ,” where n is an integer, as used herein can, independently, possess one or more of the groups listed above. For example, if R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group can optionally be substituted with a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, a halide, and the like. Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can be incorporated within second group or, alternatively, the first group can be pendant (i.e., attached) to the second group. For example, with the phrase “an alkyl group comprising an amino group,” the amino group can be incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively, the amino group can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. The nature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if the first group is embedded or attached to the second group.

Compounds described herein may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this disclosure are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. In is also contemplated that, in certain aspects, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents can be further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted or unsubstituted).

In some aspects, a structure of a compound can be represented by a formula:

which is understood to be equivalent to a formula:

wherein n is typically an integer. That is, Rⁿ is understood to represent five independent substituents, R^n(a), R^n(b), R^n(c), R^n(d), R^n(e). By “independent substituents,” it is meant that each R substituent can be independently defined. For example, if in one instance R^n(a) is halogen, then R^n(b) is not necessarily halogen in that instance.

Several references to R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, etc. are made in chemical structures and moieties disclosed and described herein. Any description of R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, etc. in the specification is applicable to any structure or moiety reciting R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, etc. respectively.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary and are not intended to be limiting in scope. Some of these synthetic examples have been performed. Others are based on an understanding of related synthetic procedures 20 and are predictive in nature. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Various methods for the preparation method of the compounds described herein are recited in the examples. These methods are provided to illustrate various methods of preparation, but are not intended to limit any of the methods recited herein. Accordingly, one of skill in the art in possession of this disclosure could readily modify a recited method or utilize a different method to prepare one or more of the compounds described herein. The following aspects are only exemplary and are not intended to be limiting in scope.

Temperatures, catalysts, concentrations, reactant compositions, and other process conditions can vary, and one of skill in the art, in possession of this disclosure, could readily select appropriate reactants and conditions for a desired complex.

Device Example 1

An OLED device (Device 1) having the structure ITO/HATCN/NPD/Tris-PCz/20 wt % Pd3O3:mCBP (10 nm)/6 wt % Pd3O3:mCBP (20 nm)/BAlq/BPyTP/LiF/Al was prepared, where

• • ITO: indium tin oxide
  • HATCN: hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile
  • NPD: N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine
  • Tris-PCz:

• • Pd3O3:

• • mCBP:

• • BAlq: bis(8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline)-(4-phenylphenoxy)aluminum

• • BPyTP: 2,7-di(2,2′-bipyridin-5-yl)triphenylene

• • LiF: lithium fluoride
  • Al: aluminum

FIG. 5 shows external quantum efficiency versus brightness and electroluminescent intensity versus wavelength for Device 1. FIG. 6 shows relative luminance versus operational time at the constant current of 20 mA/cm² for Device 1. As shown in FIG. 5, Device 1 shows improved operation stability while maintaining a high device efficiency. A device efficiency of Device 1 was over 22%, with PE of 40 lm/W at 1000 cd/m² and LT₅₀ of over 470 hours with the brightness of over 7000 cd/cm². Extrapolating these accelerated testing results to practical luminance of 1000 cd/m² yields LT₅₀ of 13,000 hrs. The peak device efficiency exceeded 28%, indicating a device out-coupling enhancement due to the alignment of the emitting dipoles of the Pd303 excimers parallel to the surface on which the emissive layer was formed. These results are consistent with the development of a stable monochromic OLED with device efficiency approaching 40% on a standard OLED structure.

Device Example 2

An OLED device (Device 2) having the structure ITO/HATCN/NPD/BCN34/Pd3O3 (15 nm)/BAlq/BPyTP/LiF/Al was prepared, where

• • BCN34,

FIG. 7 shows external quantum efficiency versus luminance (brightness) for Device 2. FIG. 8 shows power efficiency versus luminance for Device 2. As shown in FIG. 7, Device 2 shows improved operation stability while maintaining a high device efficiency. A device efficiency of Device 2 was over 30%, with PE of 80 lm/W at 1000 cd/m² and estimated LT₇₀ of over 30000 hours. The peak device efficiency exceeded 31%, also indicating a device outcoupling enhancement due to the alignment of the emitting dipoles of the Pd303 excimers parallel to the surface on which the emissive layer was formed. These results are consistent with the development of a stable monochromic OLED with device efficiency approaching 40% on a standard OLED structure.

General Example 1

FIG. 9 shows cross sections at a wavelength of 600 nm of the measurements and simulations of the angular dependent p-polarized photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra (considering an emission in the x-z-plane) for films of 20 nm neat Pd303 film on glass substrates. The solid squares represent measured data points, and the solid curve represents simulations for around 95% horizontal orientation of the transition dipole moments for Pd303 excimer.

Synthetic Example 1

2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (234.10 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (205.44 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L1 as a white solid in 50%-90% yield.

L1 (64.9 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (54 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (6.5 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (10 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C1 as a white solid in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 2

2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyridine (405 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (287 mg, 1.67 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (53 mg, 0.28 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (34 mg, 0.28 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (594 mg, 2.8 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (15 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L2 as a colorless oil in 50%-90% yield.

L2 (405 mg, 1.06 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (286 mg, 1.27 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (34 mg, 0.11 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (62 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C2 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 3

3-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)phenol (227 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (281 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (424 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L3 in 50%-90% yield.

L3 (405 mg, 1.06 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (286 mg, 1.27 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (34 mg, 0.11 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (62 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C3 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 4

3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (171 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (415 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (424 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L4 in 50%-90% yield.

L4 (436 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (269 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C4 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 5

2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyridine (405 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3-(tert-butyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (379 mg, 1.67 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (53 mg, 0.28 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (34 mg, 0.28 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (594 mg, 2.8 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (15 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L5 as a colorless oil in 50%-90% yield.

L5 (437 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (269 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.10 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (62 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C5 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 6

3-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)phenol (227 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (348 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (424 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L6 in 50%-90% yield.

L6 (405 mg, 1.06 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (286 mg, 1.27 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (34 mg, 0.11 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (62 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C6 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 7

2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (150 mg, 0.43 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)phenol (118 mg, 0.52 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (16 mg, 0.09 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (11 mg, 0.09 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (183 mg, 0.86 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (5 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L7 as a colorless oil in 50%-90% yield.

L7 (141 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (77 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (9 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (18 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C7 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 8

2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (150 mg, 0.43 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3-(tert-butyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (118 mg, 0.52 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (16 mg, 0.09 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (I1 mg, 0.09 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (183 mg, 0.86 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (5 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L8 in 50%-90% yield.

L8 (141 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (77 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (9 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (18 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C8 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 9

3-(tert-butyl)-5-(4-(tert-butyl)pyridin-2-yl)phenol (283 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (415 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq). CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (424 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L9 in 50%-90% yield.

L9 (159 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (77 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (9 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (18 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C9 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 10

3-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 24(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L10 in 50%-95% yield.

L10 (450 mg, 1.33 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (358 mg, 1.6 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C10 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 11

2-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 24(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L11 in 50%-97% yield.

L11 (480 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C11 in 40%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 12

4-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L12 in 60%-95% yield.

L12 (480 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C12 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 13

3-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L13 in 60%-95% yield.

L13 (480 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C13 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 14

3-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L14 in 60%-95% yield.

L14 (480 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C14 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 15

3-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L15 in 60%-95% yield.

L15 (480 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C15 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 16

3-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (450 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L16 in 60%-95% yield.

L16 (480 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C16 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 17

4-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), (4-bromo-2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methylium (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L17 in 60%-95% yield.

L17 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C17 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 18

3-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-methylphenyl)pyridine (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L18 in 60%-95% yield.

L18 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C18 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 19

2-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-4-methylphenyl)pyridine (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L19 in 60%-95% yield.

L19 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C19 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 20

2-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-methylphenyl)pyridine (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L20 in 60%-95% yield.

L20 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C20 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 21

2-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), (4-bromo-2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methylium (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L21 in 60%-95% yield.

L21 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C21 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 22

3-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), (4-bromo-2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)methylium (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L22 in 60%-95% yield.

L22 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C22 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 23

4-methyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-methylpyridine (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L23 in 60%-95% yield.

L23 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C23 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 24

3-methyl-5-pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-methylpyridine (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L24 in 60%-95% yield.

L24 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C24 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 25

2-methyl-5-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (300 mg, 1.62 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-methylpyridine (481 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (62 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (40 mg, 0.32 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (688 mg, 3.24 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (18 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L25 in 60%-95% yield.

L25 (498 mg, 1.42 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (381 mg, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (43 mg, 0.133 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (83 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C25 in 60%-90% yield.

Synthetic Example 26

3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenol (75 mg, 0.43 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole (123 mg, 0.52 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (16 mg, 0.09 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (11 mg, 0.09 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (183 mg, 0.86 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (5 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L26 in 50%-80% yield.

L26 (478 mg, 1.45 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (348 mg, 1.55 mmol, 1.07 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (48 mg, 0.15 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (30 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C26 in 40%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 27

3-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)phenol (224 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (345 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (424 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L27 in 40%-80% yield.

L27 (431 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (30 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C27 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 28

3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenol (174 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (344 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (424 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L28 in 30%-80% yield.

L28 (380 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (30 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C28 in 30%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 29

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1(0) mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.0 eq), benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (82 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.2 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (11 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.2 eq), Johnphos (22 mg, 0.072 mmol, 0.3 eq) and K₃PO₄ (102 mg, 0.48 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent toluene (5 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L29 in 20%-60% yield.

L29 (110 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (54 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (6.5 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (10 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and removed the solvent. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C29 in 10%˜50% yield.

Synthetic Example 30

11-bromodibenzo[f,h]quinolin-6-ylium (308 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (205.44 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L30 as a white solid in 50%-90% yield.

L30 (80 mg, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (54 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (6.5 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (10 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C30 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 31

3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (171 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (344 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel to obtain the desired product ligand L31 in 40%-80% yield.

L31 (377 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel to obtain the desired product C31 in 30%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 32

3-(pyridin-2-yl)phenol (171 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazole (244 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L32 in 40%-80% yield.

L32 (327 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C32 in 30%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 33

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (293 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (357 mg, 1.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (40 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (437 mg, 2.06 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L33 in 30%-80% yield.

L33 (493 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C33 in 30%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 34

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (293 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyridine (357 mg 1.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (40 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (437 mg, 2.06 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L34 in 50%-85% yield.

L34 (493 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C34 in 30%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 35

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (293 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyridine (357 mg 1.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (40 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (437 mg, 2.06 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L35 in 50%-90% yield.

L35 (493 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C35 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 36

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (293 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-4-methylphenyl)pyridine (305 mg 1.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (40 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (437 mg, 2.06 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L36 in 50%-90% yield.

L36 (451 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C36 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 37

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (293 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-methylphenyl)pyridine (305 mg 1.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (40 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (437 mg, 2.06 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L37 in 50%-90% yield.

L37 (451 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C37 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 38

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (293 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(5-bromo-2-methylphenyl)pyridine (305 mg 1.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (40 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (25 mg, 0.21 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (437 mg, 2.06 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L38 in 50%-90% yield.

L38 (451 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C38 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 39

Benzo[c]benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a][1,5]naphthyridin-7-ol (285.3 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (281 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L39 in 30%-80% yield.

L39 (438 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C39 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 40

Benzo[c]benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a][1,8]naphthyridin-7-ol (285.3 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (281 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L40 in 30%-80% yield.

L40 (438 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C40 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 41

Benzo[c]imidazo[1,2-a][1,5]naphthyridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (281 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel to obtain the desired product ligand L41 in 30%-80% yield.

L41 (388 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and removed the solvent. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C41 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 42

Benzo[c]imidazo[1,2-a][1,8]naphthyridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)pyridine (281 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to obtain the desired L42 in 30%-80% yield.

L42 (388 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and removed the solvent. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C42 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 43

Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (348 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L43 in 30%-80% yield.

L43 (443 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C43 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 44

Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyridine (348 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L44 in 30%-80% yield.

L44 (443 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C44 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 45

Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-(tert-butyl)pyridine (415 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L45 in 30%-80% yield.

L45 (500 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C45 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 46

Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-5-methylphenyl)pyridine (298 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L46 in 40%-90% yield.

L46 (401 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C46 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 47

Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromo-4-methylphenyl)pyridine (298 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L47 in 40%-90% yield.

L47 (401 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C47 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 48

Imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-11-ol (235 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(5-bromo-2-methylphenyl)pyridine (298 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L48 in 40%-90% yield.

L48 (401 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C48 in 30%-80% yield.

Synthetic Example 49

Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridin-7-ol (227 mg, 0.8 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-TH-benzo[d]imidazole (276 mg, 0.96 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (30 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (20 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq) and K₃PO₄ (339 mg, 1.6 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (12 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to obtain the desired product ligand L49 in 30%-80% yield.

LC49 (234 mg, 0.48 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (118 mg, 0.53 mmol, 1.2 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (15 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube, which was taken into a glove box and acetic acid (35 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C49 in 20%-70% yield.

Synthetic Example 50

Benzo[c]benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a][1,5]naphthyridin-7-ol (285.3 mg, 1 mmol, 1.0 eq), 2-(3-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (345 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 eq), CuI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.2 eq), picolinic acid (49 mg, 0.4 mmol, 0.4 eq) and K₃PO₄ (425 mg, 2 mmol, 2.0 eq) were added to a dry Shlenck tube equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The tube was evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen. The evacuation and backfill procedure was repeated for a total of three times. Then solvent DMSO (10 mL) was added under the protection of nitrogen. The mixture was stirred in an oil bath at a temperature of 90° C. for 3 days and then cooled down to ambient temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was washed with water three times and then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified through column chromatography on silica gel to obtain the desired product ligand L50 in 30%-80% yield.

L50 (490 mg, 1.0 mmol, 1.0 eq), Pd(OAc)₂ (246 mg, 1.1 mmol, 1.1 eq) and n-Bu₄NBr (32 mg, 0.1 mmol, 0.1 eq) were added to a dry pressure tube was then taken into a glove box and acetic acid (63 mL) was added. The mixture was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 minutes and then the tube was sealed. Then the mixture was heated to reflux in an oil bath and stirred for 2 days, cooled to ambient temperature and the solvent removed. Then the solid was purified through column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane as eluent to obtain the desired product C50 in 20%-70% yield.

Only a few implementations are described and illustrated. Variations, enhancements and improvements of the described implementations and other implementations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this document.

Claims

1. An organic light emitting diode comprising: a substrate;a first electrode;a hole transporting layer proximate the first electrode;a second electrode;an electron transporting layer proximate the second electrode; andan emissive layer between the hole transporting layer and the electron transporting layer, wherein the emissive layer comprises a square planar tetradentate platinum complex represented by one of Formulas I-IX, and excimers formed by two or more of the complexes are aligned such that emitting dipoles of the excimers are substantially parallel to a surface of the substrate:

2. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein the complex represented by Formula I comprises one of:

3. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the complex in the emissive layer is in a range of 5 wt % to 100 wt %.

4. The organic light emitting diode of claim 3, wherein the emissive layer comprises a neat film of the complex.

5. The organic light emitting diode of claim 3, wherein the emissive layer comprises a doped film comprising a host material and the complex.

6. The organic light emitting diode of claim 5, wherein a concentration of the complex in the doped film is in a range of 5 wt % to 25 wt %.

7. The organic light emitting diode of claim 5, wherein the host material comprises a carbazole-based host having one to three carbazole skeletons.

8. The organic light emitting diode of claim 7, wherein the carbazole-based host is represented by one of Formulas 1-3:

9. The organic light emitting diode of claim 8, wherein the carbazole-based host comprises one or more of tris-PCz (9,9′,9″-triphenyl-9H,9′H,9″H-3,3′:6′3″-tercarbazole), CBP (4,4-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), mCBP (3,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), and mCP (meta-di(carbazolyl) phenyl).

10. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein the emissive layer comprises one or more doped films comprising the complex, each doped film having a different concentration of the complex.

11. The organic light emitting diode of claim 10, wherein the emissive layer comprises a first doped film comprising the complex and a second doped film comprising the complex.

12. The organic light emitting diode of claim 11, wherein a concentration of the complex in the first doped film is in a range of 15 wt % to 25 wt % and a concentration of the complex in the second doped film is in a range of 5 wt % to 15 wt %.

13. The organic light emitting diode of claim 12, wherein the emissive layer further comprises a third doped film comprising the complex.

14. The organic light emitting diode of claim 13, wherein a concentration of the complex in the third doped film is in a range of 5 wt % to 10 wt %.

15. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is formed on the surface of the substrate.

16. The organic light emitting diode of claim 1, wherein, in Formula I, Ar1 and Ar5 do not represent imidazolium carbene, pyrazine, or triazole.