Patent Application
20230064422
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0079958, filed on Jun. 23, 2017, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0116255, filed on Sep. 12, 2017, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.
The present disclosure relates to display apparatuses.
Organic light-emitting devices (OLED) are self-light-emitting type devices having a wide viewing angle, excellent contrast, high response speed, superior characteristics in terms of a driving voltage, luminance, etc., which are capable of generating multiple colors.
An OLED may include an anode, a cathode, and an emission layer (organic material-containing emission layer) interposed therebetween. A hole transport area may be provided between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport area may be provided between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes injected from the anode may be transferred to the emission layer by passing through the hole transport area, and electrons injected from the cathode may be transferred to the emission layer by passing through the electron transport area. As carriers such as the holes and the electrons are recombined in the emission layer, excitons may be generated. As the excitons are shifted from an excited state to a ground state, light may be generated.
In an OLED type display including a plurality of quantum-dot color-converters, a blue OLED substrate or a white OLED substrate is mainly used as a light source.
Various types of organic light emitting devices are known. However, there still remains a need in OLEDs having low driving voltage, high efficiency, high brightness, and long lifespan.
Provided are display apparatuses having excellent performance.
Provided are display apparatuses high efficiency and excellent color characteristics.
Provided are display apparatuses including an OLED light source that emits green light.
Provided are display apparatuses including an OLED light source that emits a green light and a blue light, a plurality of quantum-dot color-converters, and a plurality of color filter elements.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.
According to an embodiment, a display apparatus includes:
an OLED (organic light-emitting device) substrate comprising a structure in which at least one blue light-emitting unit and at least one green light-emitting unit are stacked, wherein the OLED substrate generates a mixed light of a blue light and a green light; and
a color controller provided on the OLED substrate to adjust color of a light generated from the OLED substrate,
wherein the color controller includes:
a first color control element including a plurality of first quantum dots for green conversion;
a second color control element including a plurality of second quantum dots for red conversion;
a third color control element for presenting a blue color;
a first color filter provided on the first color control element; and
a second color filter provided on the second color control element.
The OLED substrate may include a tandem structure.
The OLED substrate may include:
a first blue light-emitting unit, a green light-emitting unit, and a second blue light-emitting unit which are sequentially stacked, and
the green light-emitting unit may be arranged between the first and second blue light-emitting units.
The display apparatus may further include:
a first charge generation layer provided between the first blue light-emitting unit and the green light-emitting unit; and
a second charge generation layer provided between the green light-emitting unit and the second blue light-emitting unit.
The green light-emitting unit may include a green emission layer including an organic material, and the green emission layer may include a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) dopant.
The green light-emitting unit may include a green emission layer including an organic material, the green emission layer may include a phosphorescent dopant, and the phosphorescent dopant may satisfy T1 (dopant)≤S1 (dopant)≤T1 (dopant)+0.5 electron Volts, wherein the T1 (dopant) is a triplet energy level (expressed in electron Volts) of the dopant and the S1 (dopant) is a singlet energy level (expressed in electron Volts) of the dopant.
The dopant may be an organic metal compound containing iridium (Ir).
The dopant may be an organic metal compound containing at least one of platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), and gold (Au).
The dopant may be an organic metal compound having a square-planar coordination structure.
The dopant may include a metal M and an organic ligand, and the metal M and the organic ligand form one, two, or three cyclometallated rings.
The dopant may include a metal M and a four-coordinate organic ligand that forms three or four cyclometallated rings, and the metal M may include platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), or gold (Au), and the four-coordinate organic ligand may include a benzimidazole group or a pyridine group.
The first color filter may be a blue cut filter, and the second color filter may be a blue and green cut filter.
The first color filter may be an absorption type green color filter, and the second color filter may be an absorption type red color filter.
The third color control element may include a blue color filter, and the display apparatus may further include a light scattering element provided between the blue color filter and the OLED substrate.
The third color control element may include a color converter comprising third quantum dots for blue conversion, and the display apparatus may further include a third color filter provided on the third color control element.
The third color filter may be a green cut filter or an absorption type blue color filter.
A core part of the second quantum dot may have a size greater than a core part of the first quantum dot.
The first color control element may correspond to a first sub-pixel area, the second color control element may correspond to a second sub-pixel area, and the third color control element may correspond to a third sub-pixel area, and the display apparatus may further include a fourth sub-pixel area, wherein the fourth sub-pixel area produces a color other than colors of the first to third sub-pixel areas.
The fourth sub-pixel area may be a blank area on the OLED substrate without a color control element, or may include a light scattering element provided on the OLED substrate.
The display apparatus may further include a selective reflection film provided between the OLED substrate and the color controller.
The selective reflection film may be configured to transmit a blue light and a green light and to reflect a red light.
The display apparatus may further include a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate having a plurality of thin film transistors to drive pixel areas of the OLED substrate.
According to an aspect of another embodiment, a variety of electronic apparatuses including the above-described display apparatuses are provided.
These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Various exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings in which exemplary embodiments are shown. In this regard, the exemplary embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. As used herein the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.
It will be understood that, although the terms “first”, “second”, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of exemplary embodiments.
Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross-sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of exemplary embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, exemplary embodiments should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of exemplary embodiments.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which exemplary embodiments belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly-used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Hereinafter, display apparatuses according to embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Also, the width and thickness of the layers or areas illustrated in the drawings may be rather exaggerated for convenience of explanation and clarity. Like references indicate like constituent elements in the drawings.
Referring to
The OLED substrate 100 may be referred to as an OLED light source. The OLED substrate 100 may have a structure in which at least one blue light-emitting unit and at least one green light-emitting unit are stacked. The blue light-emitting unit may emit a blue light having a peak wavelength range of about 440 nanometers (nm) to about 500 nm or about 450 nm to about 480 nm, and the green light-emitting unit may emit a green light having a peak wavelength range of about 500 nm to about 550 nm or about 510 nm to about 540 nm. Accordingly, the OLED substrate 100 may emit a mixed light of a blue light and a green light. The blue light-emitting unit may include a blue fluorescent material and/or a blue phosphorescent material. The green light-emitting unit may include a green phosphorescent material and/or a green fluorescent material.
According to an example embodiment, the OLED substrate 100 may include a first blue light-emitting unit 20, a green light-emitting unit 30, and a second blue light-emitting unit 40. The green light-emitting unit 30 may be arranged between the first blue light-emitting unit 20 and the second blue light-emitting unit 40. The green light-emitting unit 30 and the second blue light-emitting unit 40 may be sequentially stacked over the first blue light-emitting unit 20. Since the lifespan of each of the first and second blue light-emitting units 20 and 40 may be shorter than that of the green light-emitting unit 30, it may be advantageous to use two or more blue light-emitting units, that is, the first and second blue light-emitting units 20 and 40, and a less number of green light-emitting units, that is, the green light-emitting unit 30. Considering emission efficiency, lifespan, performance, etc., the single green light-emitting unit 30 may be used between the two first and second blue light-emitting units 20 and 40. However, the configuration of the OLED substrate 100 may be changed in various ways.
The OLED substrate 100 may have a tandem structure. In this state, a first charge generation layer (not shown) may be provided between the first blue light-emitting unit 20 and the green light-emitting unit 30. Furthermore, a second charge generation layer (not shown) may be provided between the green light-emitting unit 30 and the second blue light-emitting unit 40. The above-described tandem structure and the first and second charge generation layers are described below in detail with reference to
The color controller 200 may be provided on one surface of the OLED substrate 100. The color controller 200 may include a first color control element 70a including a plurality of first quantum dots (QDs) for green conversion, a second color control element 70b including a plurality of second QDs for red conversion, and a third color control element 75c including a plurality of third quantum dots for presenting a blue color. Furthermore, the color controller 200 may further include a first color filter 80a provided on the first color control element 70a and a second color filter 80b provided on the second color control element 70b.
The first color control element 70a may be a Green-QD containing layer and may convert the light generated from the OLED substrate 100 into a green G light. The second color control element 70b may be a Red-QD containing layer and may convert the light generated from the OLED substrate 100 into a red R light. Accordingly, the first color control element 70a may be referred to as the first color converter (or color conversion element), and the second color control element 70b may be referred to as the second color converter (or color conversion element). The color converter may be formed by mixing a resin material, QDs, and a light scattering agent. The resin material may include, for example, a photoresist (PR) material. The third color control element 75c may be a color filter that selectively passes a blue B wavelength range of the light generated from the OLED substrate 100. In other words, the third color control element 75c may be a Blue-color filter (C/F). In this case, the third color control element 75c may be an absorption type color filter including a pigment or dye, or QDs. The absorption type color filter may absorb a light of a wavelength range other than a light of a target wavelength range.
The first color filter 80a may cut a remaining wavelength of a blue range of the light passing through the first color control element 70a. The second color filter 80b may cut a remaining wavelength of blue and green ranges of the light passing through the second color control element 70b. The first color filter 80a may be referred to as the Blue-cut filter, and the second color filter 80b may be referred to as the Blue and Green-cut filter. Accordingly, the first and second color filters 80a and 80b may improve color control/filtering characteristics. Although it is not illustrated, a separate optical film may be further provided on the third color control element 75c. An RGB full color may be implemented by the color controller 200. The arrangement order or method of RGB sub-pixels are exemplary and may be changed in various ways.
The first QDs included in the first color control element 70a may be Green-QDs, and the second QDs included in the second color control element 70b may be Red-QDs. A QD signifies a semiconductor particle having a fine ball or a similar shape in a nanometer (nm) size, and may have a size (diameter) of about several nanometers to about tens of nanometers. The QD may have a monolithic structure or a core-shell structure. The core-shell structure may include a single shell or multi-shell structure. In an example, the core-shell structure may include a core part (central part) formed of a first semiconductor and an outer part (shell part) formed of a second semiconductor. For a core part (central part) material, cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), etc. may be used. For an outer part (shell part) material, zinc sulfide (ZnS), etc. may be used, and furthermore, a non-cadmium based QD may be used therefor. In other words, various materials not including cadmium (Cd) may be applied to the QD. However, the materials presented herein are exemplary, and other various materials may be applied to the QD. For example, the QD may include at least one of II-VI group semiconductor, III-V group semiconductor, IV-VI group semiconductor, and IV group semiconductor.
Since the size of a QD is very small, a quantum confinement effect may be achieved. When a particle is very small, electrons in the particle have discontinuous energy states due to an outer wall of the particle. In this state, as the size of a space in the particle decreases, the energy state of an electron becomes relatively higher and an energy band gap becomes wider, which is referred to as the quantum confinement effect. When a light such as an ultraviolet ray or a visible ray is incident on a QD, a light having a wavelength of various ranges may be generated according to the quantum confinement effect. The wavelength of the light generated from the QD may be determined based on the size, material, or structure of a particle (QD). In detail, when a light of a wavelength having energy greater than the energy band gap is incident on a QD, the QD is excited by absorbing the energy of light, and then returns to the base state by emitting a light of a particular wavelength. In this case, as the size of a QD (or, the core part of a QD) decreases, a light of a relatively short wavelength, for example, a blue series light or a green series light may be generated. As the size of a QD (or, the core part of a QD) increases, a light of a relatively long wavelength, for example, a red series light may be generated. Accordingly, various color lights may be implemented based on the size of a QD (or the core part of a QD). A QD particle capable of emitting a green series light may be referred to as the green light QD particle (Green QD particle), and a QD particle capable of emitting a red series light may be referred to as the red light QD particle (Red QD particle). For example, the green light QD particle (or core part) may be a particle having a width (diameter) of about 2 nm to about 3 nm, and the red light QD particle (or core part) may be a particle having a width (diameter) of about 5 nm to about 6 nm. The emission wavelength may be adjusted not only by the size (diameter) of a QD, but also by the constituent material and structure thereof.
Since the first color control element 70a can be regarded as a sort of color filter that converts color by using a QD, the first color control element 70a may be referred to as the “first QD color filter”. Similarly, the second color control element 70b may be referred to as the “second QD color filter”.
The first color filter 80a and the second color filter 80b, which are of a cut-off filter type, may be formed in, for example, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure. As the thickness and number of stacked layers are adjusted by repeatedly stacking two material layers (dielectric) having a different refractive index, a DBR structure for transmitting or reflecting only a desired wavelength range may be obtained and may be applied to the first color filter 80a or the second color filter 80b. For example, a SiO2 layer and a TiO2 layer may be repeatedly stacked under a condition of λ/4 (where, λ is the wavelength of light), and reflectance or transmittance of a desired wavelength range may be increased by adjusting the thickness and number of stacked layers. Since the DBR structure is well-known, a detailed description thereof is omitted. Furthermore, at least one of the first color filter 80a and the second color filter 80b may have a structure other than the DBR structure, for example, a high-contrast grating (HCG) structure.
According to another embodiment, a light scattering element may be further provided between the third color control element 75c and the OLED substrate 100 of
Referring to
According to another embodiment, instead of a Blue-color filter (C/F), a color converter containing QDs (Blue-QDs) may be used as the third color control element 75c of
Referring to
According to another embodiment, instead of the first and second color filters 80a and 80b of
Referring to
According to another embodiment, the display apparatus may include a fourth sub-pixel area, in addition to the R-sub-pixel (first sub-pixel) area, the G-sub-pixel (second sub-pixel) area, and the B-sub-pixel (third sub-pixel) area. The fourth sub-pixel may be configured to produce a color (fourth color) other than R, G, and B. The different color (fourth color) may be, for example, cyan C, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. An example wherein the fourth sub-pixel area is included is illustrated
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
In the embodiments of
Referring to
The OLED substrate 101 may include a plurality of first electrodes 10a, 10b, and 10c (10). The first electrodes 10a, 10b, and 10c may be elements patterned corresponding to the respective sub-pixel areas. Each of the first electrodes 10a, 10b, and 10c may be electrically connected to each TFT element of the TFT array substrate 1. The first blue light-emitting unit 20, the green light-emitting unit 30, and the second blue light-emitting unit 40 may be sequentially stacked over the first electrodes 10a, 10b, and 10c. A first charge generation layer 25 may be provided between the first blue light-emitting unit 20 and the green light-emitting unit 30. Furthermore, a second charge generation layer 35 may be provided between the green light-emitting unit 30 and the second blue light-emitting unit 40. Accordingly, the first blue light-emitting unit 20, the green light-emitting unit 30, and the second blue light-emitting unit 40 may be serially connected forming a tandem structure. A second electrode 50 may be provided on the second blue light-emitting unit 40. Although the second electrode 50 is illustrated as having a form that is not patterned, in some cases, the second electrode 50 may be patterned into a plurality of electrode elements. The first electrode 10 and the second electrode 50 may be an anode and a cathode, respectively, or vice versa. While the first electrode 10 is not patterned and the second electrode 50 is patterned, both of the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 50 may be patterned. Furthermore, a plurality of light-emitting units 20, 30, and 40 provided between the first electrode 10 and the second electrode 50, and the first and second charge generation layers 25 and 35 therebetween, may have a structure patterned in units of sub-pixels. A protection layer 60 may be further provided on the second electrode 50. The protection layer 60 may be formed of a transparent insulating material.
The color controller 201 may be provided on the protection layer 60. Although the color controller 201 is illustrated as having the same configuration as the color controller 201 of
Referring to
The first blue light-emitting unit 20a may include a first blue emission layer EML1 having an organic material based blue light-emitting material, and may further include a first hole transport layer HTL1 and a first electron transport layer ETL1. The first hole transport layer HTL1 may be arranged between the first blue emission layer EML1 and the first electrode 10, and the first electron transport layer ETL1 may be arranged between the first blue emission layer EML1 and the first charge generation layer 25. The green light-emitting unit 30a may include a green emission layer EML2 having an organic material based green light-emitting material, and may further include a second hole transport layer HTL2 and a second electron transport layer ETL2. The second blue light-emitting unit 40a may include a second blue emission layer EML3 having an organic material based blue light-emitting material, and may further include a third hole transport layer HTL3 and a third electron transport layer ETL3. Although it is not illustrated in the drawings, each of the first blue light-emitting unit 20a, the green light-emitting unit 30a, and the second blue light-emitting unit 40a may further include at least one of a hole injection layer and an electron injection layer. The first and second charge generation layers 25 and 35 may be formed of metal or a metallic material, and emission efficiency of an OLED substrate may be improved.
According to another embodiment, in the structure illustrated in
Referring to
The selective reflection film 65 may have, for example, a DBR structure. By repeatedly stacking two material layers (dielectric) having different refractive indexes to adjust the thickness and number of stacked material layers, a DBR structure capable of transmitting or reflecting a desired wavelength range only may be manufactured, and such a DBR structure may be applied to the selective reflection film 65. For example, when repeatedly stacking a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer, by adjusting the material, thickness, and number of stacked layers, reflectance or transmittance in a desired wavelength range may be improved. However, the configuration of the selective reflection film 65 is not limited to the DBR structure and may be changed. The selective reflection film 65 may have a dichroic mirror structure.
Although
In the following description, a blue light-emitting material and a green light-emitting material that may be applied to the OLED substrate of a display apparatus according to an embodiment are described.
The above-described green light-emitting material or blue light-emitting material may include a phosphorescent dopant. The phosphorescent dopant may be selected from, for example, the following compounds PD1 to PD25, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
As described above, phosphorescent dopant may include an organic metal compound containing iridium (Ir), an organic metal compound containing platinum (Pt), or an organic metal compound containing osmium (Os). In addition, the phosphorescent dopant may include various other materials.
The emission layer of the green light-emitting unit (green OLED) 30 may include an electron transport host, a hole transport host, and a dopant. The dopant may be an organic metal compound, and the dopant may include iridium or may not include iridium. In other words, the dopant may be an iridium-containing or non-iridium-containing organic metal compound. The dopant of the emission layer of the green light-emitting unit (green OLED) 30 may be a phosphorescent emitting compound. The OLED may be clearly distinguished from the OLED that emits fluorescence by a fluorescent mechanism.
According to an embodiment, the dopant of the emission layer may satisfy that T1 (dopant)≤S1 (dopant)≤T1 (dopant)+0.5 electron Volts (eV), for example, T1 (dopant)≤S1 (dopant)≤T1 (dopant)+0.36 eV, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In this state, the T1 (dopant) is a triplet energy level (eV) of the dopant of the emission layer, and the S1 (dopant) is a singlet energy level (eV) of the dopant included in the emission layer.
As the S1 (dopant) satisfies the above-described range, the dopant of the emission layer may have a high radiative decay rate even when spin-orbital coupling (SOC) with the singlet energy level close to the triplet energy level is weak, a high radiative decay rate may be obtained.
For example, the dopant may be an organic metal compound containing iridium (Ir), or an organic metal compound containing platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), or gold (Au). For example, the dopant may be an organic metal compound containing platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd), but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
According to another embodiment, the dopant of the emission layer may be an organic metal compound having a square-planar coordination structure.
According to another embodiment, although the dopant of the emission layer may satisfy that T1 (dopant)≤Egap (dopant)≤T1 (dopant)+0.5 eV, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In this state, the T1 (dopant) is a triplet energy level (eV) of the dopant of the emission layer, and the Egap (dopant) is a difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (dopant) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (dopant) of the dopant included in the emission layer. The HOMO (dopant) is a HOMO energy level (eV) of the dopant included in the emission layer, and the LUMO (dopant) is a LUMO energy level (eV) of the dopant included in the emission layer. The HOMO (dopant) and the LUMO (dopant) are negative values measured by using differential pulse voltammetry by using ferrocene as a reference material. The T1 (dopant) is calculated from the peak wavelength of a phosphorescent spectrum of the dopant measured by using an emission measurement device. The dopant of the emission layer may satisfy that −2.8 eV≤LUMO (dopant)≤−2.3 eV, −2.8 eV≤LUMO (dopant)≤−2.4 eV, −2.7 eV≤LUMO (dopant)≤−2.5 eV, or −2.7 eV≤LUMO (dopant)≤−2.61 eV.
According to another embodiment, the dopant of the emission layer may satisfy that −6.0 eV≤HOMO (dopant)≤−4.5 eV, −5.7 eV≤HOMO (dopant)≤−5.1 eV, −5.6 eV≤HOMO (dopant)≤−5.2 eV, or −5.6 eV≤HOMO (dopant)≤−5.25 eV.
According to another embodiment, the dopant may include metal M and an organic ligand, and the metal M and the organic ligand may form one, two, or three cyclometallated rings. The metal M may be iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), or gold (Au).
According to another embodiment, the dopant may include metal M and a four-coordinate organic ligand that may form three or four (for example, three) cyclometallated rings. The metal M is as described in the present specification. The four-coordinate organic ligand may include, for example, a benzimidazole group and a pyridine group, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
According to another embodiment, the dopant may include metal M and at least one of ligands indicated by the following Chemical Formulae 1-1 to 1-4.
For example, when the metal M is iridium (Ir), the metal M may be coupled to the ligand of Chemical Formula 1-1, and when the metal M is platinum (Pt), the metal M may be coupled to the ligand expressed by Chemical Formulae 1-2 to 1-4. When the metal M is osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re), beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), or gold (Au), the metal M may be coupled to any one ligand of Chemical Formulae 1-1 to 1-4.
In Formulae 1-1 to 1-4,
A1 to A4 may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic group,
Y11 to Y14 may each independently be a chemical bond, O, S, N(R91), B(R91), P(R91), or C(R91)(R92),
T1 to T4 may each independently be selected from a single bond, a double bond, *—N(R93)—*′, *—B(R93)—*′, *—P(R93)—*′, *—C(R93)(R94)—*′, *—Si(R93)(R94)—*′, *—Ge(R93)(R94)—*′, *—S—*′, *—Se—*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)2—*′, *—C(R93)═*′, *═C(R93)—*′, *—C(R93)═C(R94)—*′, *—C(═S)—*′, and *—C≡C—*′,
a substituent of the substituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group, a substituent of the substituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group, and R91 to R94 may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q1)(Q2), —Si(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —B(Q6)(Q7), and —P(═O)(Q8)(Q9), and
*1, *2, *3 and *4 each indicate a binding site to M of the dopant.
For example, the dopant may include a ligand represented by Formula 1-3, and any two of A1 to A4 may each be a substituted or unsubstituted benzimidazole group and a substituted or unsubstituted pyridine group, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one or more embodiments, the dopant may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1A:
In Formula 1A,
M may be beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), zirconium (Zr), rhutenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), rhenium (Re), platinum (Pt), or gold (Au),
X1 may be O or S, and a bond between X1 and M may be a covalent bond,
X2 to X4 may each independently be C or N,
one bond selected from a bond between X2 and M, a bond between X3 and M, and a bond between X4 and M may be a covalent bond, and the others thereof may each be a coordinate bond,
Y1 and Y3 to Y5 may each independently be C or N,
a bond between X2 and Y3, a bond between X2 and Y4, a bond between Y4 and Y5, a bond between Y5 and X51, and a bond between X51 and Y3 may each be a chemical bond,
CY1 to CY5 may each independently be a C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group, and CY4 is not a benzimidazole group,
a cyclometalated ring formed by CY5, CY2, CY3, and M may be a 6-membered ring,
X51 may be selected from O, S, N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], C(R7)(R8), Si(R7)(R8), Ge(R7)(R8), C(═O), N, C(R7), Si(R7), and Ge(R7),
R7 and R8 may optionally be linked via a first linking group to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
L1 to L4 and L7 may each independently be a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
b1 to b4 and b7 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,
R1 to R4, R7, and R8 may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q1)(Q2), —Si(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —B(Q6)(Q7), and —P(═O)(Q8)(Q9),
c1 to c4 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,
a1 to a4 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
two of a plurality of neighboring groups R1 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
two of a plurality of neighboring groups R2 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
two of a plurality of neighboring groups R3 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
two of a plurality of neighboring groups R4 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group, and
two or more groups selected from R1 to R4 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
In Formulae 1-1 to 1-4 and 1A, a C5-C30 carbocyclic group, a C1-C30 heterocyclic group, and CY1 to CY4 may each independently be a) a 6-membered ring, b) a condensed ring in which two or more 6-membered rings are condensed each other, or c) a condensed ring in which at least one 6-membered ring and one 5-membered ring are condensed each other; the 6-membered ring may be selected from a cyclohexane group, a cyclohexene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a norbornene group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group; and the 5-membered ring may be selected from a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a silole group, a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, and a thiadiazole group.
In Formulae 1-1 to 1-4, a non-cyclic group may be *—C(═O)—′, *—S—C(═O)—*′, *—O—C(═S)—′, or *—S—C(═S)—′, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In Formulae 1-1 to 1-4 and 1A, a substituent of the substituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group, a substituent of the substituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group, R91 to R94, R1 to R4, R7, and R8 may each independently be selected from:
hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, —SF5, C1-C20 alkyl group, and a C1-C20 alkoxy group;
a C1-C20 alkyl group and a C1-C20 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbomenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group;
a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbomanyl group, a norbomenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group;
a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbomanyl group, a norbomenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group and —Si(Q33)(Q34)(Q35); and
—N(Q1)(Q2), —Si(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —B(Q6)(Q7), and —P(═O)(Q8)(Q9), and
Q1 to Q9 and Q33 to Q35 may each independently be selected from:
—CH3, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CH2CH3, —CH2CD3, —CH2CD2H, —CH2CDH2, —CHDCH3, —CHDCD2H, —CHDCDH2, —CHDCD3, —CD2CD3, —CD2CD2H, and —CD2CDH2;
an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group; and
an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C1-C10 alkyl group, and a phenyl group,
but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.
In one or more embodiments, the dopant may be an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1A, provided that, in Formula 1A,
X2 and X3 may each independently be C or N,
X4 may be N,
when i) M may be Pt, ii) X1 may be 0, iii) X2 and X4 may each independently be N, X3 may be C, a bond between X2 and M and a bond between X4 and M may each independently be a coordinate bond, and a bond between X3 and M may be a covalent bond, iv) Y1 to Y5 may each independently be C, v) a bond between Y5 and X51 and a bond between Y3 and X51 may each independently be a single bond, vi) CY1, CY2, and CY3 may each independently be a benzene group, and CY4 may be a pyridine group, vii) X51 may be O, S, or N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], and viii) b7 may be 0, and c7 may be 1, and R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a) a1 to a4 may each independently be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and b) at least one of R1 to R4 may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
In one or more embodiments, the dopant may be represented by Formula 1A-1:
In Formula 1A-1,
M, X1 to X3, and X51 are each independently the same as described herein,
X11 may be N or C-[(L11)b11-(R11)c11], X12 may be N or C-[(L12)b12-(R12)c12], X13 may be N or C-[(L13)b13-(R13)c13], and X14 may be N or C-[(L14)-(R14)c14],
L11 to L14, b11 to b14 R11 to R14, and c11 to c14 are each independently the same as described in connection with L1, b1, R1, and c1,
X21 may be N or C-[(L21)b21-(R21)c21], X22 may be N or C-[(L22)b22-(R22)c22], and X23 may be N or C-[(L23)b23-(R23)c23],
L21 to L23, b21 to b23, R21 to R23, and c21 to c23 are each independently the same as described in connection with L2, b2, R2, and c2,
X31 may be N or C-[(L31)b31-(R31)c31], X32 may be N or C-[(L32)b32-(R32)c32], and X33 may be N or C-[(L33)b33-(R33)c33],
L31 to L33, b31 to b33, R31 to R33, and c31 to c33 are each independently the same as described in connection with L3, b3, R3, and c3,
X41 may be N or C-[(L41)b41-(R41)c41], X42 may be N or C-[(L42)b42-(R42)c42], X43 may be N or C-[(L43)b43-(R43)c43], and X44 may be N or C-[(L44)b44-(R44)c44],
L41 to L44, b41 to b44, R41 to R44, and c41 to c44 are each independently the same as described in connection with L4, b4, R4, and c4,
two of R11 to R14 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
two of R21 to R23 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
two of R31 to R33 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group, and
two of R41 to R44 may optionally be linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group.
For example, the dopant may be one of Compounds 1-1 to 1-88, 2-1 to 2-47, and 3-1 to 3-582, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto:
Although the above description mainly discuses an embodiment in which the emission layer of the green light-emitting unit (green OLED) 30 includes a phosphorescent light-emitting material, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The emission layer of the green light-emitting unit (green OLED) 30 may include a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) dopant. The TADF dopant may be referred to as the thermally assisted delayed fluorescence dopant. In this case, high efficient delayed fluorescence emission may be possible.
Although the emission layer of the green light-emitting unit (green OLED) 30 may include the above-described phosphorescent light-emitting material, the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The emission layer may include a different phosphorescent material other than the above-described phosphorescent light-emitting material. Furthermore, the emission layer of the green light-emitting unit 30 may include a fluorescent light-emitting material. All green fluorescent materials used for OLEDs according to the related art may be applied to the green emission layer material according to the present disclosure. Since the fluorescent light-emitting material to emit a green light is well-known, a detailed description thereof is omitted.
In the present embodiment, the emission layer of the first and second blue light-emitting units 20 and 40 may include a fluorescent light-emitting material and/or a phosphorescent light-emitting material to emit a blue light. All blue fluorescent/phosphorescent materials used in the OLEDs according to the related art may be used as the blue emission layer material according to the present disclosure. Since the fluorescent light-emitting material and phosphorescent light-emitting material to emit a blue light are well-known, a detailed description thereof is omitted.
Referring to
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It may be seen from the result of
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The display apparatuses according to the above-described embodiments may be applied to a variety of electronic apparatuses. For example, the display apparatuses according to the above-described embodiments may be applied to small electronic apparatuses such as portable apparatuses or wearable apparatuses and to medium- and large-sized electronic apparatuses such as home appliances.
It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the configuration of and the connection between the OLED substrates, the color controllers, and the display apparatus including the same described with reference to
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2017-0079958 | Jun 2017 | KR | national |
| 10-2017-0116255 | Sep 2017 | KR | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16857693 | Apr 2020 | US |
| Child | 17936900 | US | |
| Parent | 16015359 | Jun 2018 | US |
| Child | 16857693 | US |
