Patent Application
20140149938
The present invention relates to a display device for displaying a scattergram (also called scatter diagram, scatter plot, scatter plot graph, and the like) showing the distribution state of cells, particularly blood cells, a method of displaying the scattergram using the display device, and a blood analyzer composed of the display device.
Red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes, which are blood cells, vary differently reflecting the condition of the body.
For example, red blood cells mainly relate to the transport of oxygen, and the number thereof changes depending on symptoms such as anemia, polycythemia, and the like. In addition, changes in the morphology reflect various symptoms, for example, sickle-shaped (crescent-shaped) red blood cells mean sickle cell anemia, compact red blood cells with an insufficient amount of hemoglobin mean hypoferric anemia, large egg-shaped red blood cells mean anemia due to a deficiency in folic acid or vitamin B12 (malignant anemia), and the like. Furthermore, reticulocytes increase and decrease reflecting the enhancement of or reduction in red blood cell production. For example, the reticulocyte number increases in the cases of hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and the like, whereas the reticulocyte number decreases in the cases of aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, and the like.
Platelets contains blood coagulation factors and are mainly involved in hemostasis. The number thereof decreases in, for example, aplastic anemia.
Of the leukocytes, lymphocytes that are involved in the eradication of bacteria, viruses, and the like, and antibody production and the like increase in number due to bacterial infection, virus infection, and the like, and decrease in number due to malignant lymphomas, immunodeficiency syndrome, administration of an anticancer agent, irradiation of radiation, and the like. Also, of the leukocytes, monocytes increase due to bacterial infection, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and the like; neutrophils decrease due to bacterial infection, administration of an anticancer agent, and the like; eosinophils increase due to allergic diseases and the like; basophils increase due to chronic myeloid leukemia, thyroid gland diseases, and the like; and the like.
Furthermore, in acute leukemia, the ratio of the blood cells varies for each disease. For example, when red blood cells, platelets and neutrophils decrease and, of the leukocytes, blast cells to be granulocytes have cancerated and blast cells are present in not less than 3%, it is acute myeloid leukemia; and when lymphocytes have cancerated and blast cells are present in less than 3%, it is acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Therefore, the frequency distribution relating to the number, morphology, ratio, and the like of the blood cells is an important measurement item for the diagnosis for medical care and the like.
One of the analysis methods relating to the above-mentioned blood cells is a leukocyte classification. Particularly, leukocyte classification display methods such as LMNE matrices and the like using various techniques such as staining techniques, impedance methods, optical techniques, and the like, can measure leukocytes to be divided into five classifications, can display the classification results to enable visual evaluation, and is an important method for diagnosing various diseases reflected by different blood cell numbers, ratios, and the like for each sample (e.g., leukemia, malignant lymphomas, multiple myelomas and the like) (e.g., JP-A-2000-329685).
An LMNE matrix is one kind of scattergram relating to four kinds of leukocytes (namely, Lymphocytes (L), Monocytes (M), Neutrophils (N), and Eosinophils (E)), stained using a cell staining technique such as fat staining, peroxidase staining, and the like.
Even when a sample contains a mixture of the above-mentioned four kinds of blood cells, by plotting the data pairs (volume, absorbance) of individual blood cells as an LMNE matrix, the plotted dots are clearly separated into four groups corresponding to four kinds of blood cells, and distributed as shown in
The distribution of four groups of dots appearing on the LMNE matrix is, as shown in
The main reason for the dot having a frequency is a lower resolution of LMNE matrix coordinates relative to the number of measured data (volume and absorbance) for analysis. In other words, in an analysis data resolution necessary for achieving the requested blood cell measurement accuracy, plural blood cells enter a single minimum compartment and therefore, similar blood cell data are layered on one dot.
A conventional LMNE matrix as shown in
That is, even though conventional LMNE matrix is sufficiently useful for the diagnosis of the present condition in the medical care and the like since they permit an easy view of the range of dispersion and sparse-dense manner, the results of data processing obtained from the blood samples are not sufficiently utilized, since they are planar.
Such problems are present in not only the LMNE matrix but also in any scattergram targeting various blood cells.
When a scattergram relating to the blood cells is displayed three-dimensionally as in
As mentioned above, when a scattergram relating to the blood cells is three-dimensionally displayed, various advantages provided by the scattergram are lost.
An object of the present invention is to solve the aforementioned problems and provide a display device for scattergrams and a display method for scattergrams, capable of more sufficiently utilizing the processed results of the data obtained from a blood sample without impairing the advantages of the conventional scattergram relating to blood cells, and a blood analyzer composed of the display device.
The main constitution of the present invention capable of achieving the above-mentioned object is as follows.
(1) A display device for displaying a scattergram relating to blood cells, comprising at least a data processor and a display, wherein
the data processor is configured to:
use a dot-data set obtained by processing measured data of blood cells, the dot-data set being processed to be displayed as a scattergram;
determine a display-condition range corresponding to the range between the lowest frequency and the highest frequency of respective frequencies of dots in the dot-data set;
receive a display-condition value, which is selected from the display-condition range and input by a user via an input means; and
display dot(s) having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the received display-condition value, as a scattergram on the display.
(2) The display device of the above-mentioned (1),
wherein the input means comprises:
a mouse or a coordinate input device other than the mouse, which is connected to the data processor; and
a track bar displayed on the screen of the display, and
wherein the display device is configured such that,
when a position of slider knob in the track-bar is moved due to an operation of the mouse or the coordinate input device by the user to determine the display-condition value, a dot having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the position of slider knob in the track bar is displayed on the display as a scattergram.
(3) The display device of the above-mentioned (1),
wherein the input means comprises:
switch(es) assigned to predetermined key(s) on a keyboard connected to the data processor, or
dedicated external switch(es) connected to the data processor, and
wherein the display device is configured such that,
when the display-condition value is changed and is determined by an operation of the switch(es) on the keyboard or the external switch(es) by a user, a dot having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the determined display-condition value is displayed on the display as a scattergram.
(4) The display device of the above-mentioned (3),
wherein the input means further comprises a track bar displayed on a screen of the display, and
wherein the display device is configured such that
a slider knob of the track bar moves in conjunction with an operation of the switch(es) on the keyboard or the external switch(es) by a user.
(5) A blood analyzer comprising the display device of any of the above-mentioned (1)-(4), wherein the blood analyzer further comprises at least a blood-analysis-data-processor and a blood-analysis-results-display,
wherein the blood-analysis-data-processor is configured to:
perform measurement(s) and analysis(es) of a provided blood sample for the predetermined analysis items, and display the results of the measurement(s) and analysis(es) on the blood-analysis-results-display, and
wherein the data processor of the display device is incorporated as a part of the blood-analysis-data-processor, and the display of the display device also functions as the blood analysis-results-display.
(6) The blood analyzer of the above-mentioned (5),
wherein the blood analyzer further comprises a blood cell counter function to measure and give the measured results of predetermined blood cells in the provided blood sample for predetermined items, and
wherein the blood-analysis-data-processor has a function to form, from the data of the measured results of the blood cells in the provided blood sample, a dot-data set to display a scattergram on the display device.
(7) A method of displaying a scattergram relating to blood cells using the display device of any of the above-mentioned (1)-(4), the method comprising:
a range determination step of
a display-condition value receiving step of
a displaying step of
a)-(c) show changes in the dots of the frequency-variable LMNE matrix displayed by the display method and display device of the present invention.
a) and (b) are schematic views showing the frequency of a (volume of blood cells, absorbance of blood cells) data set corresponding to the dots on a scattergram of the display screen. In the Figures, the data set is shown as 5×5 matrices. In fact, however, the data of (volume of blood cells, absorbance of blood cells, frequency of blood cells) are stored in the number corresponding to the resolution and in the form of matrix data in response to the computer program.
a) and (b) show images of, in the display method and display device of the present invention, display-condition value F, which is changed by the user, and the mountains of frequency distribution for each kind of blood cell displayed thereby.
In the display device and display method of the present invention, blood cell measured data are shown as plots in a planar scattergram similar to the conventional ones. Therefore, the advantages of the conventional scattergram can be maintained. For example, the distribution manner can be shown even when a small screen with low resolution is used, a complicated program is not necessary, and the like. Moreover, the user can freely change the display range of dots by a simple input operation. For example, the display range can be changed from a state displaying all dots (conventional scattergram display state) as shown in
As a result, the position of the mountain top of the frequency distribution is conventionally unutilizable since it is not shown in the scattergram to be easily observed, but the position of the top can be utilized as a new reference value for physical examinations and diagnoses of various diseases. Moreover, time-course observation of positional shift of the mountain top of the frequency distribution of each blood cell enables utilization of the positional shift of the mountain top as a further reference value for the aforementioned diagnoses.
For example, observation of a left-ward shift of the mountain top of the frequency distribution of neutrophils on the LMNE matrix may contribute to screening for infections.
Therefore, a blood analyzer comprising the display device of the present invention becomes a more useful analyzer for physical examination and diagnoses of various diseases.
The embodiments of the display device and blood analyzer of the present invention are specifically explained in the following by way of examples, and the display method of the present invention using the display device is specifically explained below.
In the present invention, the “scattergram relating to blood cells” is a graph wherein the analysis target blood cells are measured for the two measurement items to be the values for X-axis and Y-axis, and then the measured data (measured data of item for X-axis, and measured data of item for Y-axis) obtained for individual blood cells are plotted on the X-Y plane of the object scattergram.
In the following explanation, the scattergram wherein frequency to be displayed can be freely changed by the user of the present invention is also referred to as a “frequency-variable scattergram”, or an “object scattergram” for the distinction thereof from the conventional scattergrams.
In the object scattergram, a combination of the measurement item to be shown on one axis and the measurement item to be shown on the other axis, (X-axis measurement item, Y-axis measurement item), is not particularly limited and, similar to the conventional scattergram, for example, (volume of blood cells, absorbance of blood cells [or light transmission]) such as an LMNE matrix, (volume of blood cells, fluorescence of blood cells), (forward-scattered light, fluorescence of blood cells), (side-scattered light, fluorescence of blood cells), and the like are useful.
Examples of the blood cells to be displayed as the object scattergram include, similar to conventional scattergram, red blood cells (including proerythroblasts which are a premature stage of red blood cells, basophillic erythroblasts, polychromatic erythroblasts, orthochromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes, and abnormal forms thereof), platelets (including abnormal forms such as large platelets, giant platelets, and the like), and leukocytes (including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, atypical lymphocytes, abnormal lymphocytes, large lymphocytes, juvenile cells, and the like). Of these, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils displayed on an LMNE matrix are important blood cells for the diagnoses of infections and blood diseases.
A set of measured data (measured data of X-axis item and measured data of Y-axis item) obtained for the analysis target blood cells comprise a set of numerical values output by an electric or optical measuring device. Therefore, they are converted according to each scale of the X-axis and Y-axis to give a dot-data set, so that they can be plotted on the X-Y plane of the object scattergram.
By this processing, the measured data of many blood cells are layered as respective dots on the same, respective coordinates, and individual dot data have a frequency (layered number) such as (X coordinate value, Y coordinate value, frequency), thus resulting in a mountain of frequency distribution formed as in
It is not always necessary to separately complete the dot-data set as an independent data set (X coordinate value, Y coordinate value, frequency) before displaying on the object scattergram. Respective measured data (measured data of X-axis item, measured data of Y-axis item) may be plotted on a scattergram while converting to the coordinate data of the dot (X-axis value, Y-axis value). However, in such case, it is still necessary to obtain the frequency (layered number) for each dot to change the display range of dots in a frequency-variable scattergram. Therefore, a dot-data set (X coordinate value, Y coordinate value, frequency), or data relating to the frequency of each coordinate capable of constructing the data set only need to be present. In the present specification, the combination of the data of each coordinate value and the data of the frequency of the coordinate is referred to as a dot-data set. While the dot-data set preferably indicates collectively the data of X coordinate value and the data of Y coordinate value and frequency as one set of data, they may be recorded individually while maintaining the relationship with each other, and the form of the recorded data may be any form.
As shown in the device configurations of
While the data processor 1 or blood-analysis-data-processor may be composed only of electronic circuits and electric parts to allow data processing, an embodiment of a constitution using a computer (e.g., CPU, memory and the like are mounted on one circuit substrate and the like) and a program to be executed by the computer (e.g., program for execution by the computer, for processing of dot-data set, processing of display-condition value input by the user, and output to a display) is preferable. Prior Art may be referred to as for the connection and communication between the computer and the external device.
In the embodiment of
The data processor 1 may be a single device such as single computer and the like (device for only processing the given data set so that it can be displayed as an object scattergram). A preferable embodiment is a part of the blood-analysis-data-processor in the blood analyzer of the present invention, which performs processing of the blood cell measured data, management thereof, conversion to dot-data set to be displayed as a scattergram, processing of the data set to be displayed as an object scattergram, and the like. The items to be analyzed by the blood analyzer, the blood cells to be classified, and the like only need to be in accordance with the desired analysis, and the constitution, mechanism, program, and the like for the measurement and analysis thereof may be known techniques.
In the embodiment of
The display may simultaneously display not only the object scattergram but also various blood analysis results, information to be displayed, and the like, in accordance with the space of the display screen.
In the present invention, the size of the display device, integral constitution of a blood analyzer, constitution enabling data transmission, and the like may be freely determined. For example, it may be a tablet terminal composed to: communicate with a computer having a database relating to the measured data, other blood cell counting apparatus, or a blood analyzer; load a blood cell measured data set or a dot-data set and display the same as a frequency-variable display scattergram; and permit a user to freely change the display range of dots by an operation of a touch panel screen such as a track bar or the like or a switch.
The data processor is composed to determine the frequency of each dot contained in the given dot-data set, which may be formed by the device by processing the obtained measured data set; find out the lowest frequency and the highest frequency, obtain the range defined by the lowest frequency as the lower limit and the highest frequency as the upper limit; and determine the display-condition range corresponding to such range.
In this case, the lowest actual frequency fmin and the highest actual frequency fmax are directly used as the lower limit and the upper limit, respectively, and the display-condition range fmin-fmax may be adopted. Alternatively, the frequency range may be set as a display-condition range by allocating a suitable small range such as “1-10”, “1-100”, “0-255”, or the like.
The determined display-condition range may be a variable for inside use in processing to change the display of the object scattergram by the data processor, or may be directly indicated on the display and used as an adjustable range by the user.
Irrespective of the value of the lowest actual frequency fmin, the lowest frequency may be always set to a particularly small value such as “1” or the like (or the lower limit of the display-condition range may be set to a particular value corresponding to the particularly small number), thereby omitting the processing for searching the lowest actual frequency fmin or processing for determining the lower limit of the display-condition range.
It is preferable to display all the dots to be displayed on the object scattergram at the lower limit (smallest frequency side) of the display-condition range (this state is the same as the conventional scattergram).
On the other hand, at the upper limit (highest frequency side) of the display-condition range, only the dot having the maximum frequency may be indicated, or nothing may be indicated by setting a frequency higher than the maximum frequency as the upper limit. This may be appropriately selected depending on the impression of the screen change for the user.
How small the display-condition range is to be divided for the selection of the display conditions can be appropriately determined in consideration of the demand of the user, operability and processing performance of the data processor, and the like. When showing the position of the mountain top of the frequency distribution is solely important, the range may be divided into only two steps: a step of showing the entire dot and a step of showing only the dot of the mountain top of frequency distribution.
A preferable example for determining the display-condition range is the following process. In the example, the dot-data set is (volume of blood cells, absorbance of blood cells), and a model displayed on a simple square coarse screen is shown for explanation in the Figures, which are not to be construed as limitative.
The measured data set of (volume of blood cells, absorbance of blood cells) output from the measuring apparatus is divided into an N×N matrix data set (dot-data set) according to the dot number of the object X-Y plane of the scattergram. At this time, as shown in
A display-condition range (1-5 in the example of
In
In
The data processor is composed such that the user can input a display-condition value contained in the above-mentioned display-condition range via an input means. The data processor has a display-condition value receiving part that receives the aforementioned display-condition value input by the user as an input.
The input means may be any as long as it can input a display-condition value into the data processor and may be, for example, an embodiment wherein a display-condition value is input as a number from the keyboard of a computer. For convenience of input by a user, in a preferable embodiment, an image in the screen of a display is operated using a coordinate input device such as a simple dedicated switch, mouse, touch panel, pen input tablet, or the like, and a display-condition value from the input range is input.
Of such embodiments, an example permitting intuitive quick operation is an embodiment shown in
The design of the above-mentioned track bar may be, in addition to the one shown in
The above-mentioned track bar may indicate on both ends a number such as “0%”, “100%”, or the like to be a reference of the operation amount. In addition, the track bar may additionally indicate a number showing the position of the slider knob on the screen, which may change along with the movement of the slider knob.
The above-mentioned track bar may be displayed in consideration of the operability and margin of the screen, such as the embodiment of
The operation of the above-mentioned track bar may be an operation moving the slider knob by a mouse and a pointer on the screen, by a touch panel, or by a pen-tablet and a pointer on the screen, or an operation using other various coordinate input devices such as a wheel of a mouse, suitable key on the keyboard (for example, up and down arrow keys and the like), an external switch 6 such as the dedicated operation button (61, 62) shown in
Any variable input means such as a circular dial, lever and the like may be shown on the screen in place of the above-mentioned track bar.
The input means may be an embodiment of an operation, without displaying the track bar on the screen, of only an external switch 6 to variably input a display-condition value, for example, a switch assigned to a predetermined key on a keyboard connected to the data processor, the dedicated operation button (61, 62) shown in
In the present invention, since a frequency-variable scattergram is displayed on the display, the user can judge based on the changes in the scattergram whether the frequency is a maximum or a minimum, and whether the dots to be displayed are being increased or decreased.
For example, with a constitution wherein pressing one of one pair of up and down external switches once changes the frequency of the displayed dot only by a given amount to change the display of the scattergram and the auxiliary number, the user can operate the external switch while watching the changes on the frequency-variable scattergram and auxiliary number, thereby changing the frequency range of the displayed dot to a desired range. Such an embodiment is useful for a compact screen with less space for providing a track bar.
The data processor has a dot extraction part. The dot extraction part is composed to search for a dot having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the received display-condition value from the dot-data set.
Furthermore, the data processor has a display control part. The display control part is composed to receive the data of the dot found by the dot extraction part, and display the dot on the predetermined coordinates of the scattergram displayed on the screen of the display. The configuration of the basic device and the program itself for displaying the image on a screen of the display can be found in the Prior Art.
When a user operates an input means such as track bar or the like, the data processor may receive the display-condition value at any time that changes every moment due to the operation of the user, and change every moment the range of the dot to be displayed on the object scattergram or, upon recognition of the ceasing of the operation of the user, display the display-condition value at that time point as a dot input value on the object scattergram. These embodiments may be appropriately determined according to the processing performance, data collection interval and the like of the data processor.
As mentioned above, when the display-condition value is determined by an operation of an input means by a user such as transfer of the grip position of the track bar, operation of an external switch and the like, and then the display-condition value receiving part of the data processor receives the value as an input, the dot extraction part of the data processor searches for dots having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the received display-condition value from the dot-data set, and the display control part that receives the dots satisfying the conditions displays the dots on the display as a scattergram.
a) shows an image of display-condition value F changed by a user and the mountains (peaks) of the frequency distribution for each kind of blood cell displayed thereby. This Figure is a histogram showing the volume of blood cells on the horizontal axis (different from actual frequency distribution), and four mountains showing the frequency distribution of four kinds of blood cells. Only a dot satisfying display-condition value F changed by a user (a hatched part in
With the above-mentioned constitution, as stated earlier in the Summary of the Invention, for example, the range of the dot to be displayed on the object scattergram can be changed freely, from the display of all dots as shown in
b) shows an aspect of a histogram similar to that of
In the present invention, a dot having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the input display-condition value is displayed in an attempt to know the mountain top of the frequency distribution. Furthermore, it is possible to display only a dot having a frequency corresponding to the input display-condition value, or display a dot having a frequency not more than a frequency corresponding to the input display-condition value.
In the case where the display device of the present invention is a blood analyzer that performs from hematological analysis (for example, classification of blood cells) to output display, an actual example of main processing enabling plotting of the given blood sample on an LMNE matrix is as follows.
The given blood sample is subjected to a necessary cell staining processing such as fat staining, peroxidase staining and the like to give a sample solution permitting measurement of the above-mentioned four kinds of blood cells.
The individual blood cells in the sample solution are measured for the volume of individual blood cells by a light-focused flow impedance method, and the absorbance volume of the blood cells is measured almost simultaneously by an optical absorption method to give the measured data (volume xi, absorbance yi) of each blood cell, wherein i is the number 1, 2, 3, . . . , n of respective measured data.
The obtained measured data set is converted to correspond to the scale of X-axis, Y-axis, so that it can be plotted on the X-Y plane of the object LMNE matrix, whereby a dot-data set is obtained.
The data set is plotted on the volume-absorbance plane of the LMNE matrix.
Moreover, as in the conventional example of
The scattergram display method of the present invention is practiced using the display device of the present invention and comprises at least the following steps.
(A) A range determination step for determining the display-condition range, which is stated in the explanation on the display device, by a data processor.
In the range determination step, using a dot-data set processed to be able to display blood cell measured data as a scattergram, a display-condition range corresponding to the range between the lowest frequency and the highest frequency is determined, by a data processor, in respective frequencies of dots in the dot-data set.
(B) A display-condition value receiving step, wherein the display-condition value determined in the aforementioned range determination step is received, by a display-condition value receiving part of the data processor, as an input from a user through an input means.
In the display-condition value receiving step, an input means, which is stated in the explanation on the display device, is operated by a user, and the display-condition value is received as an input within the display-condition range.
(C) A displaying step, wherein dot(s) having a frequency not less than a frequency corresponding to the received display-condition value is (are) displayed. The received display-condition value is received as an input in the aforementioned display-condition value receiving step, as a scattergram on the display by the data processor.
By performing the above-mentioned steps using the display device of the present invention or a blood analyzer composed using the same, the user can operate an input means such as a mouse and the like connected to the data processor, and change the display-condition value by a simple operation such as change of the position of a track bar on the screen of the display and the like and, along with the change in the display-condition value, can change the range of the dot to be displayed as a scattergram in the display.
In the display device of the present invention, when a computer is used as a data processor, the program to be executed by the computer makes
the computer perform the above-mentioned (A) range determination step,
the computer perform the above-mentioned (B) display-condition value receiving step, and receive a display-condition value input by a user, and
the computer perform the above-mentioned (C) displaying step.
According to the present invention, users such as doctors, clinical laboratory technicians, and the like can easily display the mountain top of frequency distribution, while maintaining the advantages of the conventional scattergram relating to blood cells. Consequently, conventional scattergrams can be more effectively utilized for diagnosis and the like.
In addition, when the coordinate(s) of the mountain top(s) of frequency distribution shown in a scattergram by the present invention are recorded for each blood test, changes in the coordinate(s) of the mountain top(s) of frequency distribution can also be shown, which can be a reference material for determining the time-course changes of the physical conditions.
This application is based on patent application No. 2012-260401 filed in Japan, the contents of which are incorporated in full herein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-260401 | Nov 2012 | JP | national |
