Patent Grant
9754521
This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0027384, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
At least one inventive concept herein relates to display devices, and more particularly, to a display drive circuit and/or a standby power reduction method thereof.
A display device outputs image data as a visual image. Recently, as display devices become larger and have increased resolution, power consumption of these display devices increases. As such, the demand for extended battery life is increasing due to high quality and multifunction of a portable display device.
In a flat display, a backlight unit (BLU) consumes more than 80% of the overall power for the flat display. Thus, various methods for reducing power consumption by controlling a backlight unit (BLU) are being researched.
Drive methods of a display panel are generally classified into a dot inversion method, a column inversion method, a line inversion method and a frame inversion method. The dot inversion method has superior display ability but consumes large quantities of power. The frame inversion method consumes smaller quantities of power but has a poor display ability. As one can appreciate then, power consumption of a panel depends on a drive method. A column inversion method is being widely used now.
In the column inversion method, standby power of a source driver IC consumes a great part of the overall power. The source driver IC includes a Gamma amplifier supplying a grey voltage and a source amplifier supplying a voltage to a panel. The amount of power that the Gamma amplifier and the source amplifier consume in the source driver IC is a large part of power consumption. Thus, power consumption of a display device can be effectively reduced by reducing standby power being consumed in the Gamma amplifier and the source amplifier.
According to at least one example embodiment, a display driving circuit includes a source amplifier. The source amplifier includes an output transistor configured to amplify an input signal to generate an output signal, and charge a source line of a display panel using the output signal. The source amplifier also includes an output transistor switch configured to control the output transistor. The display driving circuit also includes a switch control block configured to receive configuration bits including on/off time information of the output transistor switch to generate a switch control signal. The on/off time information includes information for turning on the output transistor switch in synchronization with a horizontal synchronous signal associated with a gate line of the display panel, and information for turning off the output transistor switch at a time when the source line of the display panel is charged to a desired charge level.
According to at least one example embodiment, the output transistor includes a pair of PMOS and NMOS transistors and drains of the PMOS and NMOS transistors are connected to each other.
According to at least one example embodiment, the output transistor switch includes first, second, third, and fourth switches. The first switch is connected to a gate of the PMOS transistor and configured to connect or cut off a control signal of the PMOS transistor according to the switch control signal. The second switch is connected to a gate of the NMOS transistor and configured to connect or cut off a control signal of the NMOS transistor according to the switch control signal. The third switch is configured to control a voltage difference between a gate of the PMOS transistor and a source of the PMOS transistor according to the switch control signal. The fourth switch is configured to control a voltage difference between a gate of the NMOS transistor and a source of the NMOS transistor according to the switch control signal.
According to at least one example embodiment, each of the third and fourth switches is a MOSFET switch.
According to at least one example embodiment, the switch control signal rises toward a high level at a time when the source line of the display panel begins to be charged, and the switch control signal falls toward a low level at a time when the source line of the display panel is charged to the desired charge level.
According to at least one example embodiment, the output transistor switch is turned on if the switch control signal rises toward a high level, and the output transistor switch is turned off if the switch control signal falls toward a low level.
According to at least one example embodiment, the display driving circuit further includes a digital to analog converter (DAC) configured to receive RGB data to generate the input signal.
According to at least one example embodiment, a standby power reduction method of a display driving circuit includes receiving configuration bits comprising on/off time information of an output transistor switch, generating a switch control signal using the configuration bits, turning on the output transistor switch according to the switch control signal, charging a source line of a panel displaying information by a source amplifier amplifying an input signal to generate an output signal while the output transistor switch maintains a turn-on state, and turning off the output transistor switch according to the switch control signal after the source line of the panel is completely charged.
According to at least one example embodiment, in the step of receiving the configuration bits, the configuration bits comprises information turning on the output transistor switch in synchronization with a horizontal synchronous signal and turning off the output transistor switch at a time when the source line of the panel is completely charged.
According to at least one example embodiment, in a step of generating the switch control signal, the switch control signal rises toward a high level at a time when the source line of the panel starts to be charged and falls toward a low level at a time when the source line of the panel is completely charged.
According to at least one example embodiment, in a step of turning on the output transistor switch, the output transistor switch is turned on when the switch control signal rises toward a high level.
According to at least one example embodiment, in a step of turning off the output transistor switch, the output transistor switch is turned off when the switch control signal falls toward a low level.
According to at least one example embodiment, a display driving circuit includes a Gamma amplifier. The Gamma amplifier includes an output transistor configured to generate a grayscale voltage, and an output transistor switch configured to control the output transistor. The driving circuit includes a Gamma amplifier switch control block configured to receive configuration bits including on/off time information of the output transistor switch to generate a switch control signal. The on/off time information includes information for turning on the output transistor switch at a time when a frame begins, and information for turning off the output transistor switch at a time when a vertical blanking interval begins.
According to at least one example embodiment, the display driving circuit is configured to scan the frame using a low frame rate method.
According to at least one example embodiment, the switch control signal rises toward a high level at a time when the frame begins, and the switch control signal falls toward a low level at a time when the vertical blanking interval begins.
According to at least one example embodiment, a display driving circuit includes a source driver integrated circuit configured to receive information data, the information data including RGB data and configuration bits. The source driver integrated circuit includes an output circuit configured to amplify the RGB data, and output, during at least a portion of a horizontal time period associated with a display panel, the amplified RGB data to at least one source line of the display panel. The source driver integrated circuit also includes an output circuit switch configured to control whether the output circuit outputs the amplified RGB data according to a switch control signal that is based on the configuration bits, the configuration bits indicating whether the at least one source line has been charged to a desired charge level.
According to at least one example embodiment, the output circuit switch is configured to control the output circuit to not output the amplified RGB data during a portion of the horizontal time period if the at least one source line is charged to the desired charge level.
According to at least one example embodiment, the at least one source line is charged to the desired charge level if a voltage at a first node of the at least one source line is equal to a voltage at a second node of the at least one source line, the first node receiving the amplified RGB data before the second node.
According to at least one example embodiment, the display driving circuit further includes a switch control block configured to generate the switch control signal based on the configuration bits.
According to at least one example embodiment, the display driving circuit further includes a timing controller configured to generate the information data based on received image data, and send the information data to the source driver integrated circuit.
Example embodiments of the inventive concepts will be described below in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments of the inventive concepts may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be constructed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
Example embodiments will be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. The example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to those set forth herein. Rather, these example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete. In at least some example embodiments, well-known device structures and well-known technologies will not be specifically described in order to avoid ambiguous interpretation.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected to” or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third, etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components and/or sections, these elements, components and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component or section from another element, component or section. Thus, a first element, component or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated components, steps, operations, and/or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other components, steps, operations, elements, and/or groups thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which these example embodiments belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Spatially relative terms, such as “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
Referring to
A timing controller 1200 receives data from a main system. The data includes information data to be displayed on a panel 1500 and configuration data for controlling the source driver IC 1300 and the gate driver IC 1400. The timing controller 1200 transmits the information data to the source driver IC 1300. The timing controller 1200 generates a source control signal SDC and a gate control signal GDC according to the configuration data.
The control signals SDC and GDC synchronize operations of the source driver IC 1300 and the gate driver IC 1400 according to the information data.
The source driver IC 1300 receives information data from the timing controller 1200. The received information data is a digital signal. The source driver IC 1300 converts the digital signal into an analog signal to display the information data on the panel 1500. The converted analog signal is transmitted to the panel 1500 according to the source control signal SDC. The source driver IC 1300 is provided with the drive voltage Vc from the DC/DC converter 1100.
The gate driver IC 1400 receives the gate control signal GDC from the timing controller 1200. The gate driver IC 1400 provides (e.g., sequentially provides) a pulse signal to a gate line according to the gate control signal GDC. The time it takes for a pulse signal to be provided to one gate line is defined to be one horizontal time period (or 1H time). If an analog signal is received from the source driver IC 1300 while a pulse signal is provided to a gate line, the information data is displayed on the panel 1500. The gate driver IC 1400 is provided with the drive voltage Vg from the DC/DC converter 1100.
The panel 1500 displays information data. One gate line is selected by the gate driver IC 1400. Information data from the source driver IC 1300 is input to the selected gate line. A pixel is formed at a point where a gate line and a source line cross each other. A group of the pixels forms a frame.
The panel load is charged (e.g., sequentially charged) from a capacitor C1 to a capacitor Cn. If all of the capacitors C1˜Cn are charged, voltage V0 at a start point (or node), and voltages V1, V2, . . . , Vn at an end point (or node) have the same voltage level. After all of the capacitors C1˜Cn are charged to a desired charge level (e.g., fully charged), the source amplifier does not have to supply power to the panel load any more. Therefore, after a capacitor Cn at an end point is charged to a desired charge level, an output transistor of the source amplifier may be turned off.
A switch control block 1310a receives information data including configuration bits. The configuration bits include information about a turn on/off time of an output transistor switch 1341a. The switch control block 1310a generates a switch control signal SW_con controlling the output transistor switch 1341a using the configuration bits.
The switch control signal SW_con is generated with reference to the source control signal SDC. The source control signal SDC includes a horizontal synchronous signal Hsync. The horizontal synchronous signal Hsync indicates the time that each gate line is turned on. The switch control signal SW_con rises toward a high level at the time when a gate line is turned on according to the horizontal synchronous signal Hsync.
The switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level at the time when an end point of the panel load is sufficiently charged to a desired charge level. The time when an end point of the panel load is sufficiently charged is previously calculated by the timing controller 1200. The generated switch control signal SW_con is transmitted to the source amplifier 1340a.
A data latch block 1320 receives information data including RGB data. The data latch block 1320 arranges the received RGB data to suit a source line of the panel 1500. The data latch block 1320 transmits the arranged RGB data to a digital to analog (D/A) converter (DAC) 1330a.
The DAC 1330a receives the RGB data processed by the data latch block 1320. The DAC 1330a converts the received RGB data from a digital signal into an analog signal. The converted analog signal becomes an input signal of the source amplifier 1340a.
The source amplifier 1340a receives the input signal and the switch control signal SW_con. The source amplifier 1340a turns on/off the output transistor switch 1341a according to the switch control signal SW_con. The source amplifier 1340a amplifies the input signal to generate an output signal while the output transistor switch 1341a is turned on. The output signal is transmitted to the panel 1500.
The output transistor switch 1341a performs a turn on/off operation according to the switch control signal SW_con. When the switch control signal SW_con has a high level, the output transistor switch 1341a is turned on. When the switch control signal SW_con has a low level, the output transistor switch 1341a is turned off. The output transistor switch 1341a repeats a turn on/off operation at every 1H time. Through this process, an output transistor (or circuit) 1342a may be in a turn off state during a portion of 1H time after the source line of the panel is completely charged (i.e., charged to a desired charge level). Thus, standby power being consumed by the output transistor 1342a may be reduced.
Based on the above description, it may be said that the output transistor 1342a amplifies the input signal to generate an output signal. The generated output signal is transmitted to the panel 1500 and charges the source line of the panel 1500.
The voltage V0 of a start point of the panel load gradually increases from the time t1. The voltage V0 maintains a specific value at some point between time t1 and time t2. The voltage Vn of an end point of the panel load gradually increases from the time t1. A rising rate of the voltage Vn is smaller than a rising rate of the voltage V0. From time t2, the voltage Vn maintains a level which is the same as the voltage V0. Accordingly, the capacitors of the panel load are completely charged (i.e., charged to a desired charge level) at the time t2. The switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level at the time t2. The timing controller 1200 determines (e.g., previously determines) when the switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level using the configuration bits.
The output transistor switch 1341a is turned on between the time t1 and the time t2. The output transistor switch 1341a is turned off between the time t2 and the time t3. Accordingly, standby power of the source amplifier 1340a is reduced between the time t2 and the time t3.
The output transistor switch 1341a includes first and second switches SW1 and SW2, and PMOS and NMOS switches MP_sw and MN_sw, respectively. If the output transistor switch 1341a is turned on, the first and second switches SW1 and SW2 are turned on and the PMOS and NMOS switches MP_sw and MN_sw are turned off. In
If the output transistor switch 1341a is turned off, the first and second switches SW1 and SW2 are turned off and the PMOS and NMOS switches MP_sw and MN_sw are turned on. In
Based on the above description, it may be said that the output transistor 1342a receives a signal from the source amplifier front stage 1343a to generate an output signal. Further, it may be said that the source amplifier front stage 1343a receives an input signal to transmit a signal operating the output transistor 1342a.
In a step S110, the source driver IC 1300a receives information data including configuration bits. The configuration bits include information about a turn on/off operation of the output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a. In step S110, 1H time begins. During the 1H time, the gate driver IC 1400 selects one gate line. During the 1H time, the source driver IC 1300a transmits the received information data to the panel 1500.
In a step S120, the switch control block 1310a receives information data including configuration bits. The switch control block 1310a generates a switch control signal SW_con according to contents of the configuration bits. The switch control signal SW_con has a high level between the time t1 and the time t2 and has a low level between the time t2 and the time t3.
In a step S130, the output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a is turned on according to the switch control signal SW_con. The output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a is turned on at the time t1. The output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a maintains a turn-on state until the time t2.
In a step S140, the DAC 1330a converts a digital signal into an analog signal. Information data which the source driver IC 1340a received is a digital signal. The latch block 1320 arranges the received RGB data to suit a source line of the panel 1500. The arranged RGB data is converted from a digital signal into an analog signal by the DAC 1330a. The converted signal becomes an input signal of the source amplifier 1340a. The source amplifier 1340a generates an output signal according to the input signal. The output signal charges the source line of the panel 1500.
In a step S150, the output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a is turned off according to the switch control signal SW-con. The output transistor switch 1341a is turned off at the time t2. The time t2 is the time when an end point of the panel load is completely charged (i.e., charged to a desired charge level). If the panel load is completely charged, the panel 1500 does not have to be supplied with power any more. As such, the output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a maintains a turn-off state until the time t3. Therefore, standby power between the time t2 and the time t3 is reduced.
In a step S160, the output transistor switch 1341a of the source amplifier 1340a is turned on according to the switch control signal SW-con. The output transistor switch 1341a is turned on at the time t3. Accordingly, a new 1H time begins.
Through the above described process, the output transistor 1342a of the source amplifier 1340a is switched off between the time t2 and the time t3. Therefore, standby power being consumed by the output transistor 1342a is reduced. Power being consumed in the output transistor 1342a is a large part of power consumption of the source amplifier 1340a. Accordingly, standby power of a display device is reduced by reducing power being consumed in the output transistor 1342a.
A Gamma amplifier switch control block 1310b receives information data including configuration bits. The configuration bits include information about a turn on/off time of the output transistor switch 1331b. The Gamma amplifier switch control block 1310b generates a switch control signal SW_con for controlling the output transistor switch 1331b using the configuration bits.
The switch control signal SW_con is generated with reference to the source control signal SDC. The source control signal SDC includes a frame start signal. The frame start signal tells the time when one frame starts. The switch control signal SW_con rises toward a high level at a time when a frame starts according to the frame start signal. The switch control signal SW_con maintains a high level while information data is transmitted to gate lines.
The switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level at a time when a vertical blanking interval V_blank starts. A plurality of 1H times and the vertical blanking interval V_blank are included in a scanning of one frame. After a plurality of 1H times have elapsed, a vertical blank interval V_blank starts. The vertical blanking interval V_blank is an interval in which transmission of RGB data does not exist. The switch control signal SW_con maintains a low level during the vertical blanking interval V_blank time. The generated switch control signal SW_con is transmitted to the Gamma amplifier 1333b.
A data latch block 1320 receives information data including RGB data. The data latch block 1320 arranges the received RGB data to suit a source line of the panel 1500. The data latch block 1320 transmits the arranged RGB data to a DAC 1330b.
The DAC 1330b receives RGB data processed by the data latch block 1320. The DAC 1330b converts the received RGB data from a digital signal into an analog signal. The converted analog signal becomes an input signal of a source amplifier 1340b. The DAC 1330b includes the Gamma amplifier 1333b, a divider 1334b and a decoder 1335b.
The Gamma amplifier 1333b includes the output transistor switch 1331b and an output transistor 1332b. The Gamma amplifier 1333b supplies a grayscale voltage to the divider 1334b. Thus, the Gamma amplifier 1333b is continuously used during 1H time in which RGB data is input. However, the output transistor 1332b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b may be turned off during the vertical blanking interval V_blank in which an input of RGB data does not exist. The Gamma amplifier 1333b receives the switch control signal SW_con from the Gamma amplifier switch control block 1310b.
The output transistor switch 1331b performs a turn on/off operation according to the switch control signal SW_con. When the switch control signal SW_con has a high level, the output transistor switch 1331b is turned on. When the switch control signal SW_con has a low level, the output transistor switch 1331b is turned off During the vertical blanking interval V_blank, the output transistor switch 1331b maintains a turn-off state. If the output transistor switch 1331b is turned off, standby power being consumed in the output transistor 1332b may be reduced.
The output transistor 1332b generates a grayscale voltage. The grayscale voltage is used to control brightness of RGB data. The generated grayscale voltage is transmitted to the divider 1334b.
The divider 1334b generates various voltage levels using the grayscale voltage supplied from the Gamma amplifier 1333b. The generated voltage levels are transmitted to the decoder 1335b.
The decoder 1335b receives RGB data arranged to suit the source line of the panel 1500 by the data latch block 1320. The decoder 1335b receives various voltage levels from the divider 1334b. The decoder 1335b converts the RGB data from a digital signal into an analog signal using the various voltage levels. The converted analog signal becomes an input signal of the source amplifier 1340b.
The source amplifier 1340b receives the input signal. The source amplifier 1340b amplifies the input signal to generate an output signal. The generated output signal is transmitted to the panel 1500.
Examples of a frame transmission method are a normal frame rate method and a low frame rate method. The normal frame rate method transmits 60 frames during 1 second. The low frame rate method transmits 10 frames during 1 second. A moving image has a transmission frequency of 60 Hz. However, a still image may be sufficiently displayed by a transmission frequency of 10 Hz.
The low frame rate method may be used when a still image is often used. One frame time of the low frame rate method is longer than one frame time of the normal frame rate method. This is because the number of frames being transmitted during 1 second is smaller for the low frame rate method. If a 1H time of the low frame rate method is equal to 1H time of the normal frame rate method, a vertical blanking interval V_blank of the low frame rate method becomes longer than a vertical blanking interval V_blank of the normal frame rate method.
RGB data is not transmitted in the vertical blanking interval V_blank. Thus, standby power of the display device 1000 may be reduced by turning off the output transistor 1332b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b during the vertical blanking interval V_blank. When using the low frame rate method instead of the normal frame rate method, because of a longer vertical blanking interval V_blank, a standby power reduction effect is greater.
In a step S210, the source driver IC 1300b receives information data including configuration bits. The configuration bits include information about a turn on/off time of the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b. In step S210, one frame time starts. The panel displays one frame during one frame time. The source driver IC 1300b transmits the received information data to the panel 1500 during one frame time except the vertical blanking interval V_blank.
In a step S220, the Gamma amplifier switch control block 1310b receives configuration bits. The Gamma amplifier switch control block 1310b generates a switch control signal SW_con according to contents of the configuration bits. The switch control signal SW_con rises toward a high level at a time when one frame time starts. The switch control signal SW_con maintains a high level until a time when the vertical blanking interval V_blank starts. The switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level at a time when the vertical blanking interval V_blank starts. The switch control signal SW_con maintains a low level during the vertical blank V_blank time.
In a step S230, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is turned on according to the switch control signal SW_con. When the switch control signal SW_con rises toward a high level, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is turned on. The output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b maintains a turn-on state while the switch control signal SW_con maintains a high level.
In a step S240, the DAC 1330b converts a digital signal into an analog signal. Information data which the source driver IC 1300b received is a digital signal. The information data includes RGB data. The data latch block 1320 arranges the received RGB data to suit a source line of the panel 1500. The arranged RGB data is converted from a digital signal into an analog signal by the DAC 1330b. The converted signal becomes an input signal of the source amplifier 1340b. The source amplifier 1340b charges a source line of the panel 1500 according to the input signal. The output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b maintains a turn-on state until the information data is input to desired gate lines.
In a step S250, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is turned off according to the switch control signal SW_con. When the switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is turned off. The switch control signal SW_con falls toward a low level at a time when information is input to the desired gate lines in one frame time. The output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b maintains a turn-off state while the switch control signal SW_con maintains a low level. Since information data being transmitted to the panel 1500 does not exist during the vertical blanking interval V_blank, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b may be turned off. Therefore, standby power of the display device 1000 is reduced during the vertical blanking interval V_blank.
In a step S260, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is turned on according to the switch control signal SW_con. In step S260, a new one frame time starts. If the new one frame time starts, the switch control signal SW_con rises toward a high level. If the switch control signal SW_con rises toward a high level, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is turned on.
Through those processes, the output transistor switch 1331b of the Gamma amplifier 1333b is cut off. Therefore, power being consumed by the output transistor 1332b may be reduced. Power being consumed by the output transistor 1332b is a large part of power consumption of the Gamma amplifier 1333b. Standby power of the display device is reduced by cutting off power consumption of the output transistor 1332b.
The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true spirit and scope of the inventive concepts. Thus, the scope of the inventive concepts is to be determined by the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.
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