Patent Grant
11275473
This application claims priority to and benefits of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0069831 under 35 U.S.C. § 119 filed on Jun. 13, 2019 and No. 10-2019-0092018 filed on Jul. 29, 2019, filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The disclosure relates to a display panel and a display device including the same.
As the information-oriented society evolves, various demands are ever-increasing for display devices. For example, display devices are being utilized in a variety of electronic devices such as smart phones, digital cameras, laptop computers, navigation devices, and smart televisions.
A display device may include an antenna that may transmit and receive wireless electromagnetic waves for wireless communications. For example, a display device may include an antenna for near field communications such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag as well as fourth-generation (4G) mobile communications and fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications such as long-term evolution (LTE). Therefore, there may be a variety of the frequency bands of the wireless electromagnetic waves that may be transmitted and received depending on the communication types, and the shapes or lengths of the antennas may vary depending on the frequency bands of the wireless electromagnetic waves. Therefore, a display device may require different antennas for different frequency bands of wireless electromagnetic waves. For this reason, a display panel including a conductive pattern for implementing an antenna has been recently studied.
It is to be understood that this background of the technology section is, in part, intended to provide useful background for understanding the technology. However, this background of the technology section may also include ideas, concepts, or recognitions that were not part of what was known or appreciated by those skilled in the pertinent art prior to a corresponding effective filing date of the subject matter disclosed herein.
Embodiments may provide a display panel including a conductive pattern as an antenna.
Embodiments may also provide a display device including a conductive pattern as an antenna.
Additional features of embodiments will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part may be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of an embodiment herein.
According to an embodiment, a display device may include a display panel including a display layer including light-emitting elements disposed on a substrate, and a sensor electrode layer disposed on the display layer. The sensor electrode layer may include sensor electrodes disposed in a sensor area, sensor lines electrically connected to the sensor electrodes, and a first conductive pattern spaced apart from the sensor lines and sensor electrodes. The sensor lines and the first conductive pattern may be disposed in a sensor peripheral area adjacent to the sensor area, and the first conductive pattern may be an antenna.
The first conductive pattern and the sensor electrodes may be disposed on a same layer.
A second conductive pattern may be disposed between the first conductive pattern and the display layer.
The first conductive pattern may be disposed in a sensor peripheral area adjacent to a first side of the sensor area, a sensor peripheral area adjacent to a second side of the sensor area, and a sensor peripheral area adjacent to a third side of the sensor area.
Sensor pads may be disposed adjacent to a side of the substrate and electrically connected to the sensor lines; and a conductive pad may be disposed adjacent to the side of the substrate and electrically connected to the first conductive pattern.
The sensor electrode layer may include sensor pads disposed adjacent to a first side of the substrate and electrically connected to the sensor lines, and the first conductive pattern may be disposed adjacent to a second side of the substrate opposite to the first side, a third side of the substrate connecting the first side with the second side of the substrate, and a corner between the second side and the third side of the substrate.
The substrate may include a second bending area extended from a side of the sensor peripheral area, and a second pad area extended from the second bending area, and the first conductive pattern may be disposed in the second pad area.
The display device may include a radio frequency driver electrically connected to the first conductive pattern and processing a radio frequency signal transmitted or received from or to the first conductive pattern.
The radio frequency driver may be disposed in the second pad area.
The substrate may include a first bending area extended from another side of the sensor peripheral area, and a first pad area extended from the first bending area. A display driver may be disposed in the first pad area.
The substrate may include a first bending area extended from the side of the sensor peripheral area, and a first pad area extended from the first bending area. A display driver may be disposed in the first pad area.
A gap may be disposed between the first bending area and the second bending area and between the first pad area and the second pad area.
A battery may be disposed below the display panel, wherein the first conductive pattern may be electrically connected to the battery.
A thickness of the first conductive pattern may be larger than a thickness of each of the sensor electrodes and a thickness of each of the sensor lines.
A thickness of the first conductive pattern may be equal to or greater than about 2,150 μm.
The sensor electrodes may include sensing electrodes electrically connected to one another in a first direction, driving electrodes electrically connected to one another in a second direction, the second direction intersecting the first direction, a first connection unit electrically connected between the driving electrodes adjacent to one another in the second direction and disposed on a layer different from the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes; and a second connection unit electrically connected between the sensing electrodes adjacent to one another in the first direction and disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes.
The display device may include a second conductive pattern disposed between the first conductive pattern and the display layer, wherein the first conductive pattern may be disposed on the same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes, and the second conductive pattern may be disposed on the same layer as the first connection unit.
The first conductive pattern may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area adjacent to a side of the sensor area, and the sensor electrode layer may include a ground line disposed between the first conductive pattern and the sensor area. According to an embodiment, a display device may include a display panel including a display layer including light-emitting elements disposed on a substrate, and a sensor electrode layer disposed on the display layer. The sensor electrode layer may include sensor electrodes; sensor lines electrically connected to the sensor electrodes; and at least one first conductive pattern spaced apart from the sensor lines and sensor electrodes. The sensor electrodes and the at least one first conductive pattern may be disposed in a sensor area. The sensor lines may be disposed in a sensor peripheral area adjacent to the sensor area, and the at least one first conductive pattern may be an antenna.
The at least one first conductive pattern and the sensor electrodes may be disposed on a same layer.
The at least one first conductive pattern may include a plurality of first conductive patterns which are surrounded by the sensor electrodes, respectively.
The sensor electrodes may include sensing electrodes electrically connected to one another in a first direction; driving electrodes electrically connected to one another in a second direction, the second direction intersecting the first direction, a first connection unit electrically connected between the driving electrodes adjacent to one another in the second direction and disposed on a layer different from the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes, and a second connection unit electrically connected between the sensing electrodes adjacent to one another in the first direction and disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes.
The at least one first conductive pattern may include a plurality of first conductive patterns, and each of the plurality of first conductive patterns may be surrounded by one of the sensing electrodes or one of the driving electrodes.
The at least one first conductive pattern may include a plurality of first conductive patterns, the display device may include a third connection unit electrically connected between the first conductive patterns adjacent to each other in a first direction; and a fourth connection unit electrically connected between the first conductive patterns adjacent to each other in a second direction, the second direction intersecting the first direction.
The third connection unit may include a first sub connection unit disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes, and a second sub connection unit disposed on a same layer as the first connection unit.
The fourth connection unit may be disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes.
The at least one first conductive pattern may include a plurality of first conductive patterns, and the sensor electrode layer may include a guard pattern disposed between one of the plurality of first conductive patterns and one of the sensing electrodes or one of the driving electrodes.
The at least one first conductive pattern may be surrounded by the guard pattern, and the guard pattern may be surrounded by the sensing electrodes or the driving electrodes.
The guard pattern, the sensing electrodes, and the driving electrodes may be disposed on a same layer.
The guard pattern may include a first sub guard pattern disposed on the same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes, and a second sub guard pattern disposed on a same layer as the first connection unit.
The sensor electrodes may include proximity sensing electrodes spaced apart from the driving electrodes and the sensing electrodes and disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes, a fifth connection unit electrically connected between the proximity sensing electrodes adjacent to each other in the first direction, and a sixth connection unit electrically connected between the proximity sensing electrodes adjacent to each other in the second direction.
Each of the proximity sensing electrodes may be surrounded by one of the sensing electrodes or one of the driving electrodes.
The fifth connection unit may include a first sub connection unit disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes, and a second sub connection unit disposed on a same layer as the first connection unit.
The sixth connection unit may be disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes and the driving electrodes.
The first conductive pattern and the sensor electrodes may not overlap emission areas of the light-emitting elements.
The sensor electrodes may include a transparent conductive material, and the at least one first conductive pattern and the sensor lines may include an opaque conductive material.
The at least one first conductive pattern may overlap the emission areas of the light-emitting elements.
According to an embodiment, a display panel may include a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on a substrate and spaced apart from each other, a first contact electrode electrically connected to the first electrode, a second contact electrode electrically connected to the second electrode, a light-emitting element disposed between the first contact electrode and the second contact electrode, and a first conductive pattern that may not overlap the light-emitting element in a thickness direction of the substrate. The first conductive pattern may be an antenna.
The display panel may include a first insulating layer disposed on a part of the first electrode and the second electrode, a second insulating layer disposed on the light-emitting element, and a third insulating layer disposed on the first contact electrode, wherein the first contact electrode and the second contact electrode may be disposed on the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer, respectively, and the second contact electrode may be disposed on the third insulating layer.
The first conductive pattern and the second contact electrode may be disposed on a same layer.
The first conductive pattern and the first contact electrode may be disposed on a same layer.
The first conductive pattern, the first electrode, and the second electrode may be disposed on a same layer.
The display panel may include a shielding electrode disposed between the first insulating layer and the first contact electrode, wherein the first conductive pattern may be disposed on a same layer as the shielding electrode.
The display panel may include a first insulating layer disposed on a part of the first electrode and the second electrode; a second insulating layer disposed on the light-emitting element; and a third insulating layer disposed on the first contact electrode and the second contact electrode, wherein the first contact electrode and the second contact electrode may be disposed on the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer, respectively.
The first conductive pattern, the first contact electrode, and the second contact electrode may be disposed on a same layer.
The display panel may include an encapsulation layer disposed on the second contact electrode and the third insulating layer, wherein the first conductive pattern may be disposed on the encapsulation layer.
The display panel may include a second conductive pattern disposed between the first conductive pattern and the encapsulation layer, and a fourth insulating layer disposed between the first conductive pattern and the second conductive pattern.
The first conductive pattern may include slits.
According to an embodiment, a display panel may include a pixel unit comprising a plurality of sub-pixels disposed on a substrate, a transmissive portion disposed on a side of the pixel unit, and a first conductive pattern disposed in the transmissive portion. The first conductive pattern may be an antenna.
The display panel may include a second conductive pattern disposed in the transmissive portion, the second conductive pattern may overlap the first conductive pattern in a thickness direction of the substrate, and may receive a ground voltage or supply voltage.
Each of the plurality of sub-pixels may include a thin-film transistor including an active layer disposed on the substrate, a gate electrode disposed on a gate insulating layer disposed on at least a part of the active layer, and a source electrode and a drain electrode disposed on an interlayer dielectric layer disposed on the gate electrode, and a light-emitting element including a first electrode disposed on a planarization layer disposed on the source electrode and the drain electrode, an emissive layer disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the emissive layer.
The first conductive pattern and the first electrode may be disposed on a same layer, and the second conductive pattern and the source electrode and the drain electrode may be disposed on a same layer.
Each of the plurality of sub-pixels may include a first thin-film transistor including a first active layer disposed on the substrate, a first gate electrode disposed on a first gate insulating layer disposed on at least a part of the first active layer, and a first source electrode and a first drain electrode disposed on a first interlayer dielectric layer disposed on the first gate electrode, a second thin-film transistor including a light-blocking layer disposed on the first interlayer dielectric layer, a second active layer disposed on a second interlayer dielectric layer disposed on the light-blocking layer, a second gate electrode disposed on a second gate insulating layer disposed on at least a part of the second active layer, and a second source electrode and a second drain electrode disposed on a third interlayer dielectric layer disposed on the second gate electrode, and a light-emitting element including a first electrode disposed on a planarization layer disposed on the first source electrode, the second source electrode, the first drain electrode and the second drain electrode, an emissive layer disposed on the first electrode; and a second electrode disposed on the emissive layer.
The first conductive pattern and the first electrode may be disposed on a same layer, and the second conductive pattern and the source electrode and the drain electrode may be disposed on a same layer.
The display panel may include a mirror area disposed on another side of the pixel unit; and a mirror pattern disposed in the mirror area.
The mirror pattern and the first conductive pattern may be disposed on a same layer.
According to an embodiment, a display panel may include a substrate including an upper surface and a first side surface extending from the upper surface, a display layer disposed on the substrate and including pixels in a main display area displaying an image, the main display area overlapping the upper surface, a sensor electrode layer disposed on the display layer and including sensor electrodes in a sensor area, the sensor area overlapping the main display area, and a first conductive pattern disposed on the first side surface of the substrate, wherein the first conductive pattern may be an antenna.
The first side surface of the substrate may include a first sub display area and a first non-display area, the sensor area may overlap the first sub display area, a sensor peripheral area may be disposed around the sensor area overlap the first non-display area, and the first conductive pattern may be disposed on the first non-display area.
The first conductive pattern and the sensor electrodes may be disposed on a same layer.
The first side surface of the substrate may include a sensor peripheral area adjacent to the sensor area and include sensor lines electrically connected to the sensor electrodes of the sensor area; and an antenna area where the first conductive pattern may be disposed.
The display panel may include a plurality of through holes penetrating through the first side surface of the substrate, the display layer, and the sensor electrode layer.
The display layer may be disposed on a surface of the first side surface of the substrate, and the display panel may include an antenna module disposed below the first side surface of the substrate and include the first conductive pattern.
The display panel may include a force sensor disposed below the first side surface of the substrate.
The display panel may include a driving electrode and a sensing electrode disposed on a first base layer; and a pressure sensing layer disposed on a second base layer facing the first base layer and overlapping the driving electrode and the sensing electrode.
The pressure sensing layer may include a polymer resin and metal microparticles.
According to an embodiment, a first conductive pattern disposed in a sensor peripheral area of a sensor electrode layer of a display panel in a display device may be utilized as a patch antenna for 5G mobile communications or an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. Although the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves transmitted/received to/from the first conductive pattern in 5G mobile communications is short, the electromagnetic waves do not need to pass through metal layers of the display panel. Therefore, the electromagnetic waves may be stably radiated toward the upper side of the display device.
According to an embodiment, by forming or disposing an antenna area in a pad area, the antenna area may be increased compared to an antenna area disposed in a sensor peripheral area. Therefore, the first conductive pattern of the antenna area may be designed more freely.
According to an embodiment, by forming or disposing a second conductive pattern overlapping the first conductive pattern in the thickness direction of the display panel and receiving a ground voltage, it may be possible to prevent implement a patch antenna for 5G mobile communications using the first conductive pattern.
According to an embodiment, by forming or disposing a second conductive pattern overlapping the first conductive pattern in the thickness direction of the display panel and receiving a ground voltage, it may be possible to prevent implement a patch antenna for 5G mobile communications using the first conductive pattern.
According to an embodiment, a first conductive pattern and a second conductive pattern for implementing the antenna may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensor electrodes of the sensor electrode layer, and thus there is an advantage that no additional process for forming the first conductive pattern and the second conductive pattern in the antenna area may be required.
According to an embodiment, instead of dummy patterns for reducing parasitic capacitance between the second electrode and the sensor electrodes (the driving electrodes and the sensing electrodes) of the emission material layer, the first conductive patterns utilized as the antenna may be formed or disposed. There is an advantage that no additional process for forming the first conductive pattern of the antenna area may be required.
According to an embodiment, a guard pattern may be disposed between the sensor electrode (the driving electrode or the sensing electrode) and the first conductive pattern, so that it may be possible to prevent that the sensor electrode (the driving electrode or the sensing electrode) may be affected by electromagnetic waves from the first conductive pattern.
According to an embodiment, the first conductive pattern formed or disposed in the remaining portion of the wiring area surrounding the through hole penetrating the display panel may be utilized as the antenna.
According to an embodiment, a first conductive pattern and a second conductive pattern for implementing the antenna may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the electrodes of the display layer, and thus there is an advantage that no additional process for forming the first conductive pattern and the second conductive pattern in the antenna area may be required.
According to an embodiment, when the display panel may be a transparent display panel including transmissive portions or overlaps with sensor devices disposed on a lower surface of the display panel, the first conductive pattern formed or disposed in the transmissive portions of the display panel may be utilized as an antenna.
According to an embodiment, when the display panel comprises an upper surface and at least one side surface extended from the upper surface, the first conductive pattern formed or disposed in the at least one side surface may be utilized as an antenna.
According to an embodiment, when a sensor area is not disposed in at least one side surface, the antenna area may be increased compared to when the sensor area may be disposed in at least one side surface. Therefore, the first conductive pattern of the antenna area may be designed more freely.
According to an embodiment, in order to increase the design area for the antenna area in at least one side surface, no sensor electrode layer may be disposed but only the antenna layer may be disposed. In such case, a force sensor for sensing a user's touch input or a user's pressure may be disposed in at least one side surface in place of the sensor electrode layer.
Other features and embodiments may be apparent from the following detailed description, the drawings, and the claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing description and the following detailed description are not to be construed as limiting of an embodiment as described or claimed herein.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, illustrate embodiments:
The embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments may, however, be provided in different forms and should not be construed as limiting. The same reference numbers indicate the same components throughout the disclosure. In the accompanying figures, the thickness of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity.
Some of the parts which are not associated with the description may not be provided in order to describe embodiments of the disclosure and like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the specification.
It will also be understood that when a layer is referred to as being “on” another layer or substrate, it can be directly on the other layer or substrate, or intervening layers may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there may be no intervening elements present.
Further, in the specification, the phrase “in a plan view” means when an object portion is viewed from above, and the phrase “in a schematic cross-sectional view” means when a schematic cross-section taken by vertically cutting an object portion is viewed from the side. Additionally, the terms “overlap” or “overlapped” mean that a first object may be above or below a second object, and vice versa. The terms “face” and “facing” mean that a first object may directly or indirectly oppose a second object. In a case in which a third object intervenes between the first and second object, the first and second objects may be understood as being indirectly opposed to one another, although still facing each other.
The spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, or the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relations between one element or component and another element or component as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, in the case where a device illustrated in the drawing is turned over, the device positioned “below” or “beneath” another device may be placed “above” another device. Accordingly, the illustrative term “below” may include both the lower and upper positions. The device may also be oriented in other directions and thus the spatially relative terms may be interpreted differently depending on the orientations.
Throughout the specification, when an element is referred to as being “connected” to another element, the element may be “directly connected” to another element, or “electrically connected” to another element with one or more intervening elements interposed therebetween. It will be further understood that when the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” are used in this specification, they or it may specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or any combination thereof.
It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another element or for the convenience of description and explanation thereof. For example, when “a first element” is discussed in the description, it may be termed “a second element” or “a third element,” and “a second element” and “a third element” may be termed in a similar manner without departing from the teachings herein.
“About” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within ±30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.
In the specification and the claims, the term “and/or” is intended to include any combination of the terms “and” and “or” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “A and/or B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or” may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may be understood to be equivalent to “and/or.” In the specification and the claims, the phrase “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “at least one selected from the group of” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “at least one of A and B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.”
Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an ideal or excessively formal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.
Referring to
In the example shown in
As used herein, the term “upper side” refers to the side of the display panel 300 in the z-axis direction where the cover window 100 is disposed, whereas the term “lower side” refers to the opposite side of the display panel 300 in the z-axis direction where the bracket 600 is disposed. As used herein, the terms “left,” “right,” “upper” and “lower” sides indicate relative positions when the display panel 300 is viewed from the top. For example, the “left side” refers to the opposite direction indicated by the arrow of the x-axis, the “right side” refers to the direction indicated by the arrow of the x-axis, the “upper side” refers to the direction indicated by the arrow of the z-axis, and the “lower side” refers to the opposite direction indicated by the arrow of the z-axis.
The display device 10 may have a substantially rectangular shape when viewed from the top. For example, the display device 10 may have a substantially rectangular shape having shorter sides in a first direction (x-axis direction) and longer sides in a second direction (y-axis direction) when viewed from the top as shown in
The display device 10 may include a first area DRA1, and second areas DRA2 extended from the right and left sides of the first area DRA1, respectively. The first area DRA1 may be either flat or curved. The second areas DRA2 may be either flat or curved. When both the first area DRA1 and the second areas DRA2 are formed as curved surfaces, the curvature of the first area DRA1 may be different from the curvature of the second areas DRA2. When the first area DRA1 is formed as a curved surface, it may have a constant curvature or a varying curvature. When the second areas DRA2 are formed as curved surfaces, they may have a constant curvature or a varying curvature. When both the first area DRA1 and the second areas DRA2 are formed as flat surfaces, the angle between the first area DRA1 and the second areas DRA2 may be an obtuse angle.
Although the second areas DRA2 are extended from the left and right sides of the first area DRA1, respectively, in
The cover window 100 may be disposed on the display panel 300 to cover or overlap an upper surface of the display panel 300. Thus, the cover window 100 may protect the upper surface of the display panel 300.
The cover window 100 may include a transmissive portion DA100 corresponding to the display panel 300 and a non-transmissive portion NDA100 corresponding to the other area than the display panel 300. The cover window 100 may be disposed in the first region DR1 and the second regions DR2. The transmissive portion DA100 may be disposed in a part of the first region DR1 and a part of each of the second regions DR2. The non-transmissive portion NDA100 may include an opaque material that blocks light. The non-transmissive portion NDA100 may include a pattern that may be perceived by a user when no image is displayed.
The display panel 300 may be disposed under or below the cover window 100. The display panel 300 may be disposed such that it overlaps with the transmissive portion 100DA of the cover window 100. The display panel 300 may be disposed in the first area DR1 and the second areas DR2. A user may see images from the display panel 300 in the first area DR1 as well as the second areas DR2.
The display panel 300 may be a light-emitting display panel including light-emitting elements. For example, the display panel 300 may be an organic light-emitting display panel using organic light-emitting diodes including organic emissive layer, a micro light-emitting diode display panel using micro LEDs, a quantum-dot light-emitting display panel including quantum-dot light-emitting diodes including an quantum-dot emissive layer, or an inorganic light-emitting display panel using inorganic light-emitting elements including an inorganic semiconductor.
The display panel 300 may be a rigid display panel that is rigid and thus is not easily bent, or a flexible display panel that is flexible and thus may be easily bent, folded or rolled. For example, the display panel 300 may be a foldable display panel that may be folded and unfolded, a curved display panel having a curved display surface, a bended display panel having a bent area other than the display surface, a rollable display panel that may be rolled and unrolled, and a stretchable display panel that may be stretched.
The display panel 300 may be a transparent display panel to allow a user to see an object or a background under or below the display panel from above the display panel 300 through it. Alternatively, the display panel 300 may be a reflective display panel that may reflect an object or a background on the upper surface of the display panel 300.
A first flexible film 340 may be attached to one edge of the display panel 300. One side of the first flexible film 340 may be attached to the edge of the display panel 300 using an anisotropic conductive film. The first flexible film 340 may be a flexible film that may be bent.
The display driver 320 may be disposed on the first flexible film 340. The display driver 320 may receive control signals and supply voltages and may generate and output signals and voltages for driving the display panel 300. The display driver 320 may be an integrated circuit (IC).
The display circuit board 310 may be attached to the opposite side of the first flexible film 340. The opposite side of the first flexible film 340 may be attached to the upper surface of the display circuit board 310 using an anisotropic conductive film. The display circuit board 310 may be a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) that may be bent, a rigid printed circuit board (PCB) that is rigid and not bendable, or a hybrid printed circuit board including a rigid printed circuit board and a flexible printed circuit board.
The sensor driver 330 may be disposed on the display circuit board 310. The sensor driver 330 may be an integrated circuit. The sensor driver 330 may be attached on the display circuit board 310. The sensor driver 330 may be electrically connected to sensor electrodes of a sensor electrode layer of the display panel 300 through the display circuit board 310.
The sensor electrode layer of the display panel 300 may sense a user's touch input using at least one of a variety of touch sensing schemes such as resistive sensing and capacitive sensing. For example, when a user's touch input is sensed by using the sensor electrode layer of the display panel 300 by the capacitive sensing, the sensor driver 330 applies driving signals to the driving electrodes among the sensor electrodes, and senses the voltages charged in the mutual capacitance between the driving electrodes and the sensing electrodes through the sensing electrodes among the sensor electrodes, thereby determining whether there is a user's touch. User's touches may include a physical contact and a near proximity. A user's physical contact refers to that an object such as the user's finger or a pen is brought into contact with the cover window 100 disposed on the sensor electrode layer. A near proximity refers to that an object such as the user's finger or a pen is close to but is spaced apart from the cover window 100, such as hovering over it. The sensor driver 330 may transmit sensor data to the main processor 710 based on the sensed voltages, and the main processor 710 may analyze the sensor data to calculate the coordinates of the position where the touch input is made.
On the display circuit board 310, a power supply for supplying driving voltages for driving the pixels P, the scan driver and the display drive 320 of the display panel 300 may be disposed. Alternatively, the power supply may be integrated with the display drive 320, in which case, the display driver 320 and the power supply may be a single integrated circuit.
The bracket 600 for supporting the display panel 300 may be disposed under or below the display panel 300. The bracket 600 may include plastic, metal, or both plastic and metal. In the bracket 600, a first camera hole CMH1 in which a camera device 731 may be inserted, a battery hole BH in which the battery 790 may be disposed, a cable hole CAH through which a cable 314 connected to the display circuit board 310 may pass, for example.
The main circuit board 700 and the battery 790 may be disposed under or below the bracket 600. The main circuit board 700 may be either a printed circuit board or a flexible printed circuit board.
The main circuit board 700 may include a main processor 710, a camera device 731, and a main connector 711. The maintain processor 710 may be an integrated circuit. The camera device 731 may be disposed on both the upper and lower surfaces of the main circuit board 700, and the main processor 710 and the main connector 711 may be disposed on one of the upper and lower surfaces of the main circuit board 700.
The main processor 710 may control all the functions of the display device 10. For example, the main processor 710 may output digital video data to the display driver 320 through the display circuit board 310 so that the display panel 300 displays images. The main processor 710 may receive detection data from the sensor driver 330. The main processor 710 may determine whether there is a user's touch based on the detection data, and may execute an operation associated with the user's physical contact or near proximity if determined. For example, the main processor 710 may calculate the coordinates of the user's touch by analyzing the detection data, and then may run an application indicated by an icon touched by the user or perform the operation. The main processor 710 may be an application processor, a central processing unit, or a system chip as an integrated circuit.
The camera device 731 processes image frames such as still image and video obtained by the image sensor in the camera mode and outputs them to the main processor 710. The camera device 731 may include at least one of a camera sensor (e.g., CCD, CMOS, within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure), a photo sensor (or an image sensor), and a laser sensor.
The cable 314 passing through the cable hole CAH of the bracket 600 may be connected to the main connector 711, and thus the main circuit board 700 may be electrically connected to the display circuit board 310.
In addition to the main processor 740, the camera device 731 and the main connector 711, the main circuit board 700 may include a wireless communications unit 720, at least one input unit 730, at least one sensor unit 740, at least one output unit 750, at least one interface 760, a memory 770, and a power supply unit 780, shown in
For example, the wireless communications unit 720 may include at least one of a broadcasting receiving module 721, a mobile communications module 722, a wireless Internet module 723, a near-field communications module 724, and a location information module 725.
The broadcast receiving module 721 receives a broadcast signal and/or broadcast related information from an external broadcast managing server through a broadcast channel. The broadcasting channel may include a satellite channel and a terrestrial channel.
The mobile communications module 722 transmits/receives wireless signals to/from at least one of a base station, an external terminal and a server in a mobile communications network established according to technical standards or communications schemes for mobile communications (e.g., global system for mobile communications (GSM), code division multi access (CDMA), code division multi access 2000 (CDMA2000), enhanced voice-data optimized or enhanced voice-data only (EV-DO), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high speed uplink packet access (HSDPA), long term evolution (LTE), long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A), within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure). The wireless signals may include a voice call signal, a video call signal, or a variety of types of data depending on transmission and reception of a text/multimedia message.
The wireless Internet module 723 refers to a module for wireless Internet connection. The wireless Internet module 723 may transmit and receive wireless signals in a communications network according to wireless Internet technologies. Examples of wireless Internet technologies include wireless LAN (WLAN), wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) Direct, digital living network alliance (DLNA), within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure.
The near-field communications module 724 is for near field communications, and may support near field communications by using at least one of: Bluetooth™, radio frequency identification (RFID), infrared data association (IrDA), ultra wideband (UWB), ZigBee, near-field communications (NFC), Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi Direct and wireless universal serial bus (Wireless USB). The near-field communications module 724 may support wireless communications between the display device 10 and a wireless communications system, between the display device 10 and another electronic device, or between the display device 10 and a network where another electronic device (or an external server) is located over wireless area networks. The wireless area network may be a wireless personal area network. Another electronic device may be a wearable device capable of exchanging (or interworking) data with the display device 10.
The location information module 725 is a module for acquiring the location (or current location) of the display device 10. Examples of the location information module 725 include a global positioning system (GPS) module or a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) module. For example, the display device 10 utilizing a GPS module may acquire its location 10 by using signals transmitted from GPS satellites. By utilizing a Wi-Fi module, the display device 10 may acquire its location based on the information of wireless access points (APs) that transmit/receive wireless signals to/from the Wi-Fi module. The location information module 725 refers to any module that may be used to acquire the location (or current location) of the display device 10 and is not limited to a module that calculates or acquires the location of the display device 10 by itself.
The input unit 730 may include an image input unit for inputting an image signal, such as a camera device 731, an audio input unit for inputting an audio signal, such as a microphone 732, and an input device 733 for receiving information from a user.
The camera device 731 processes an image frame such as a still image or a moving image obtained by an image sensor in a video call mode or a recording mode. The processed image frames may be displayed on the display panel 300 or stored in the memory 770.
The microphone 732 processes external sound signals into electrical voice data. The processed voice data may be utilized in a variety of ways depending on a function or an application being executed on the display device 10. In the microphone 732, a variety of algorithms for removing different noises generated during a process of receiving an external sound signal may be implemented.
The main processor 710 may control the operation of the display device 10 in response to the information input through the input device 733. The input device 733 may include a mechanical input means or a touch input means such as a button, a dome switch, a jog wheel, a jog switch, for example, positioned on the rear or side surface of the display device 10. The touch input means may be implemented with the sensor electrode layer of the display panel 300.
The sensor unit 740 may include one or more sensors that sense at least one of information in the display device 10, the environment information surrounding the display device 10, and user information, and generate a sensing signal associated with it. The main processor 710 may control driving or operation of the display device 10 or may perform data processing, function, or operation associated with an application installed on the display device 10 based on the sensing signal. The sensor unit 740 may include at least one of: a proximity sensor, an illumination sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gravity sensor (G-sensor), a gyroscope sensor, a motion sensor, a RGB sensor, an infrared sensors (IR sensor), a finger scan sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a battery gauge, an environmental sensor (e.g., a barometer, a hygrometer, a thermometer, a radiation sensor, a heat sensor, a gas sensor, for example), and a chemical sensor (e.g., an electronic nose, a healthcare sensor, a biometric sensor, for example)
The proximity sensor may refer to a sensor that may detect the presence of an object approaching a predetermined detection surface or a nearby object by using an electromagnetic force, an infrared ray, for example, without using a mechanical contact. Examples of the proximity sensor include a transmissive photoelectric sensor, a direct reflective photoelectric sensor, a mirror reflective photoelectric sensor, a high-frequency oscillation proximity sensor, a capacitive proximity sensor, a magnetic proximity sensor, an infrared proximity sensor, for example. The proximity sensor may detect not only a proximity touch but also a proximity touch pattern such as a proximity touch distance, a proximity touch direction, a proximity touch speed, a proximity touch time, a proximity touch position, and a proximity touch moving state. The main processor 710 may process data (or information) corresponding to the proximity touch operation and the proximity touch pattern detected by the proximity sensor, and may control the display panel 300 so that it displays visual information corresponding to the processed data. The ultrasonic sensor may recognize location information of an object using ultrasonic waves. The main processor 710 may calculate the location of an object based on information detected from the optical sensor and the ultrasonic sensors. Because the speed of the light is different from the speed of the ultrasonic waves, the position of the object may be calculated using the time taken for the light to reach the optical sensor and the time taken for the ultrasonic wave to reach the ultrasonic sensor.
The output unit 750 is for generating outputs associated with visual, auditory, tactile effects, and the like, may include at least one of the display panel 300, the sound output module 752, the haptic module 753 and the light output 754.
The display panel 300 displays (outputs) information processed by the display device 10. For example, the display panel 300 may display information on an application run on the screen of the display device 10, or user interface (UI) or graphic user interface (GUI) information according to the execution screen information. The display panel 300 may include a display layer for displaying images and a sensor electrode layer for sensing a user's touch input. As a result, the display panel 300 may work as one of the input devices 733 providing an input interface between the display device 10 and the user, and also work as one of the output units 750 for providing an output interface between the display device 10 and the user.
The sound output module 752 may output source data received from the wireless communications unit 720 or stored in the memory 770 in a call signal reception mode, a talking or recording mode, a voice recognition mode, a broadcast reception mode or the like. The sound output unit 752 may also output a sound signal associated with a function performed in the display device 10 (e.g., a call signal reception sound, a message reception sound, for example.) The sound output unit 752 may include a receiver and a speaker. At least one of the receiver and the speaker may be a sound generator that is attached under or below the display panel 300 and vibrates the display panel 300 to output sound. The second generator may be a piezoelectric element or a piezoelectric actuator that contracts or expands depending on a voltage applied thereto, or may be an exciter that generates a magnetic force using a voice coil to vibrate the display panel 300.
The haptic module 753 may generate a variety of tactile effects sensed by a user. The haptic module 753 may provide a user with vibration as the tactile effect. The intensity and pattern of the vibration generated by the haptic module 753 may be controlled by user selection or setting of the main processor 710. For example, the haptic module 753 may output different vibrations by synthesizing them or sequentially. In addition to the vibration, the haptic module 753 may generate various types of tactile effects, such as stimulus effects by a pin arrangement vertically moving on a skin, a spraying or suction force through a spraying or suction hole, a graze on a skin, contact of an electrode, and an electrostatic force, or effects of cold or hot feeling reproduced by using a device capable of absorbing or generating heat. The haptic module 753 may not only transmit a tactile effect through direct contact, but also may allow a user to feel the tactile effect through a muscle sense such as a finger or an arm.
The light output unit 754 outputs a signal for notifying occurrence of an event by using light of a light source. Examples of the events occurring in the display device 10 may include message reception, call signal reception, missed call, alarm, schedule notification, email reception, information reception through an application, within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure. The signal output from the light output unit 754 is produced as the display device 10 emits light of a single color or multiple colors through the front or the rear surface. The signal output may be terminated once the display device 10 detects that the user has checked the event.
The interface 760 serves as a path to various types of external devices connected to the display device 10. The interface 150 may include at least one of a wired/wireless headset port, an external charger port, a wired/wireless data port, a memory card port, a port for electrically connecting to a device including an identity module, an audio input/output (I/O) port, a video I/O port and an earphone port. When an external device is connected to the interface 760 of the display device 10, appropriate control associated with the connected external device may be carried out.
The memory 770 stores data supporting various functions of the display device 10. The memory 770 may store application programs that are run on the display device 10, and data items and instructions for operating the display device 10. At least some of the application programs may be downloaded from an external server via wireless communications. The memory 770 may store an application program for operating the main processor 710, and may temporally store input/output data, e.g., a phone book, a message, a still image, a moving picture, for example. therein. The memory 770 may store haptic data for vibration in different patterns provided to the haptic module 753 and acoustic data regarding various sounds provided to the sound output unit 752. The memory 770 may include at least one of a flash memory type storage medium, a hard disk type storage medium, a solid state disk (SSD) type storage medium, a silicon disk drive (SDD) type storage medium, a multimedia card micro type storage medium, a card type memory (for example, an SD or XD memory), a random access memory (RAM), a static random access memory (SRMA), a read-only memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a magnetic memory, a magnetic disk, and an optical disk.
The power supply unit 780 may receive a power from an external power source and an internal power source to supply the power to each of elements included in the display device 10 under the control of the main processor 710. The power supply unit 780 may include the battery 790. The power supply unit 780 includes a connection port. The connection port may be an example of the interface 760 to which the external charger for supplying power for charging the battery is electrically connected. Alternatively, the power supply unit 780 may charge the battery 790 in a wireless manner without using the connection port. The battery 790 may receive power from an external wireless power transmitter using at least one of inductive coupling based on the magnetic induction phenomenon or magnetic resonance coupling based on the electromagnetic resonance phenomenon. The battery 790 may be disposed so that it does not overlap the main circuit board 700 in the third direction (z-axis direction). The battery 790 may overlap with the battery hole BH of the bracket 600.
The bottom cover 900 may be disposed under or below the main circuit board 700 and the battery 790. The bottom cover 900 may be fastened and fixed to the bracket 600. The bottom cover 900 may form the exterior of the lower surface of the display device 10. The bottom cover 900 may include plastic, metal or plastic and metal.
A second camera hole CMH2 may be formed or disposed in the bottom cover 900 via which the lower surface of the camera device 731 is exposed. The positions of the camera device 731 and the first and second camera holes CMH1 and CMH2 in line with the camera device 731 are not limited to those of an embodiment shown in
Referring to
The substrate SUB may be made of an insulating material such as glass, quartz and a polymer resin. The substrate SUB may be a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate that may be bent, folded, and/or rolled, within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure.
The display layer DISL may be disposed on the substrate SUB. The display layer DISL may include pixels and display images. The display layer DISL may include a thin-film transistor layer on which thin-film transistors may be formed or disposed, an emission material layer on which light-emitting elements emitting light may be formed or disposed, and an encapsulation layer for encapsulating the emission material layer.
The display layer DISL may be divided into a display area DA and a non-display area NDA. In the display area DA, pixels are disposed to display images. In the non-display area NDA, no image is displayed. The non-display area NDA may surround the display area DA. The non-display area NDA may be defined as the area from the outer side of the display area DA to the edge of the display panel 300. In addition to the pixels, scan lines, data lines, power lines, for example electrically connected to the pixels may be disposed in the display area DA. In the non-display area NDA, the scan driver for applying scan signals to scan lines, fan-out lines electrically connecting the data lines with the display driver 320, for example may be disposed.
The sensor electrode layer SENL may be disposed on the display layer DISL. The sensor electrode layer SENL may include sensor electrodes and may sense whether there is a user's touch. The sensor electrode layer SENL may include a first layer in which connection units electrically connecting between the driving electrodes among the sensor electrodes may be formed or disposed, and a second layer in which the sensor electrodes may be formed or disposed.
The sensor electrode layer SENL may include a sensor area TSA and a sensor peripheral area TPA. In the sensor area TSA, sensor electrodes may be disposed to sense a user's touch input. In the sensor peripheral area TPA, no sensor electrodes are disposed. The sensor peripheral area TPA may surround the sensor area TSA. The sensor peripheral area TPA may be defined as the area from the outer side of the sensor area TSA to the edge of the display panel 300. The sensor electrodes, the connection units, and conductive patterns may be disposed in the sensor area TSA. Sensor lines electrically connected to the sensor electrodes may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA.
The sensor area TSA of the sensor electrode layer SENL may overlap the display area DA of the display layer DISL. Most of the sensor peripheral area TPA of the sensor electrode layer SENL may overlap the non-display area NDA of the display layer DISL.
The polarizing film PF may be disposed on the sensor electrode layer SENL. The polarizing film may include a linear polarizer and a retardation film such as a λ/4 (quarter-wave) plate. The phase retardation film may be disposed on the sensor electrode layer SENL, and the linear polarizer may be disposed on the phase retardation film.
The cover window 100 may be disposed on the polarizing film PF. The cover window 100 may be attached onto the polarizing film PF by a transparent adhesive member such as an optically clear adhesive (OCA) film.
The panel bottom cover PB may be disposed under or below the display panel 300. The panel bottom cover PB may be attached to the lower surface of the display panel 300 by an adhesive member. The adhesive member may be a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA). The panel bottom cover PB may include at least one of: a light-absorbing member for absorbing light incident from outside, a buffer member for absorbing external impact, and a heat dissipating member for efficiently discharging heat from the display panel 300.
The light-absorbing member may be disposed under or below the display panel 300. The light-absorbing member blocks the transmission of light to prevent the elements disposed thereunder from being seen from above the display panel 300, such as the display circuit board 310. The light-absorbing member may include a light-absorbing material such as a black pigment and a black dye.
The buffer member may be disposed under or below the light-absorbing member. The buffer member absorbs an external impact to prevent the display panel 300 from being damaged. The buffer member may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the buffer member may be formed of a polymer resin such as polyurethane, polycarbonate, polypropylene and polyethylene, or may be formed of a material having elasticity such as a rubber and a sponge obtained by foaming a urethane-based material or an acrylic-based material.
The heat dissipating member may be disposed under or below the buffer member. The heat-dissipating member may include a first heat dissipation layer including graphite or carbon nanotubes, and a second heat dissipation layer formed of a thin metal film such as copper, nickel, ferrite and silver, which may block electromagnetic waves and have high thermal conductivity.
The first flexible film 340 may be disposed in a non-display area NDA at one edge of the display panel 300. For example, the first flexible film 340 may be disposed in the non-display area NDA at the lower edge of the display panel 300. The first flexible film 340 may be bent so that it is disposed under or below the display panel 300, and the display circuit board 310 may be disposed on the lower surface of the panel bottom cover PB. The display circuit board 310 may be attached to and fixed to the lower surface of the panel bottom cover PB via a first adhesive member 391. The first adhesive member 391 may be a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
An antenna area APA may include a first conductive pattern utilized as an antenna. The first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA may be utilized as a patch antenna for 5G mobile communications, or may be utilized as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. When the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA is utilized as a patch antenna for 5G mobile communications, it may be formed as a quadrangle patch when viewed from the top. When the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA is utilized as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications, it may be formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape.
The antenna area APA may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area on at least three outer sides of the sensor area TSA. The antenna area APA may be disposed such that it surrounds at least three sides of the sensor area TSA. For example, the antenna area APA may be disposed such that it surrounds the upper side, the left side and the right side of the sensor area TSA. Alternatively, the antenna area APA may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area on the four outer sides of the sensor area TSA For example, the antenna area APA may be disposed such that it may surround at least four sides of the sensor area TSA.
The first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA may be electrically connected to the first flexible film 340 at one edge of the display panel 300. The first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA may be electrically connected to sensor pads disposed at one edge of the display panel 300. The sensor pads may be connected to the first flexible film 340 via an anisotropic conductive film. A radio frequency driver 350 may be disposed on the first flexible film 340. The radio frequency driver 350 may be an integrated circuit. The radio frequency driver 350 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA.
The radio frequency driver 350 may process a radio frequency (RF) signal transmitted or received to the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA. For example, the radio frequency driver 350 may change the phase and amplify the amplitude of the radio frequency signal received to the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA. The radio frequency driver 350 may transmit the radio frequency signal that has the changed phase and the amplified amplitude to the mobile communications module 722 or the near-field communications module 725 of the main circuit board 700. Alternatively, the radio frequency driver 350 may change the phase and amplify the amplitude of the radio frequency signal transmitted from the mobile communications module 722 or the near-field communications module 725 of the main circuit board 700. The radio frequency driver 350 may transmit the radio frequency signal having the changed phase and the amplified amplitude to the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA.
As shown in
An embodiment shown in
Referring to
Alternatively, the antenna area APA may be disposed in the sensor area TSA. The first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA disposed in the sensor area TSA may be formed in a substantially serpentine shape including bending portions when viewed from the top, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA disposed in the sensor area TSA may be formed in a quadrangular patch, a substantially loop shape, or a substantially coil shape when viewed from the top.
The first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA may be electrically connected to the second flexible film 360 at the opposite edge of the display panel 300. The first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA may be electrically connected to sensor pads disposed at one edge of the display panel 300. The sensor pads may be connected to the second flexible film 360 via an anisotropic conductive film. The radio frequency driver 350 may be disposed on the second flexible film 360. The radio frequency driver 350 may be an integrated circuit. The radio frequency driver 350 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The display panel 300 may be bent at the first bending area BA1, and the first pad area PDA1 may be disposed on the lower surface of the panel cover member 400. The first pad area PDA1 may overlap the sensor area TSA in the thickness direction (z-axis direction) of the display panel 300. The display driver 320 and the display circuit board 310 may be disposed in the first pad area PDA1.
The second bending area BA2 and the second pad area PDA2 may protrude from the sensor peripheral area TPA on the other side of the display panel 300 in the second direction (y-axis direction). In
Although the other side of the display panel 300 is the opposite side to the side of the display panel 300 in
The display panel 300 may be bent at the second bending area BA2, and the second pad area PDA2 may be disposed on the lower surface of the panel cover member 400. The second pad area PDA2 may overlap the sensor area TSA in the thickness direction (z-axis direction) of the display panel 300.
The antenna area APA and the radio frequency driver 350 may be disposed in the second pad area PDA2. The antenna area APA may include the first conductive pattern formed in a substantially loop shape, a substantially coil shape, or a quadrangular patch. Since the second pad area PDA2 is disposed on the lower surface of the panel cover member 400, the first conductive pattern may be disposed on the lower surface of the panel cover member 400.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second bending areas BA2 may protrude from the sensor peripheral area TPA at the first edge and the second edge of one side of the display panel 300 in the second direction (y-axis direction). The first edge of the side of the display panel 300 may be disposed on the left side of the center of the side of the display panel 300, and the second edge of the side of the display panel 300 may be disposed on the right side of the center of the side of the display panel 300. Although the second bending areas BA2 protrude from the sensor peripheral area TPA at the first edge and the second edge of the side of the display panel 300 in
There may be a gap between the first bending area BA1 and the second bending area BA2. Since the length of the part of the display panel 300 that is bent at the second bending area BA2 is larger than the length of the part of the display panel 300 that is bent at the first bending area BA1, the length of the second bending area BA2 in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be larger than the length of the first bending area BA1 in the second direction (y-axis direction), as shown in
The second pad area PDA2 may be extended from the second bending areas BA2. There may be a gap between the first pad area PDA1 and the second pad area PDA2. The second pad area PDA2 may surround the left side, the right side and the lower side of the first pad area PDA1. The maximum length of the second pad area PDA2 in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be larger than the maximum length of the first pad area PDA1 in the first direction (x-axis direction). The maximum length of the second pad area PDA2 in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be larger than the maximum length of the first pad area PDA1 in the second direction (y-axis direction).
The display panel 300 may be bent at the first bending area BA1 and the second bending area BA2, and the first pad area PDA1 and the second pad area PDA2 may be disposed on the lower surface of the panel cover member 400. The first pad area PDA1 and the second pad area PDA2 may overlap the sensor area TSA in the thickness direction (z-axis direction) of the display panel 300. The display driver 320 and the display circuit board 310 may be disposed in the first pad area PDA1. The antenna area APA and the radio frequency driver 350 may be disposed in the second pad area PDA2.
As shown in
The first conductive pattern AP and the radio frequency driver 350 connected to the first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the mobile communications module 722 or the near-field communications module 725 for wireless communications or may be electrically connected to the battery 790 for wireless charging. When the radio frequency driver 350 is electrically connected to the battery 790, a circuit board electrically connecting the battery 790 with the second pad area PDA2 may be disposed the edge of the second pad area PDA2 as shown in
When the first conductive pattern AP is used for wireless charging, it may include six layers L1 to L6 as shown in
An embodiment 15 and 16 may be different from an embodiment of
Referring to
The display panel 300 may be bent at the first bending area BA1, and the first pad area PDA1 may be disposed on the lower surface of the panel cover member 400. The first pad area PDA1 may overlap the sensor area TSA in the thickness direction (z-axis direction) of the display panel 300. The display driver 320, the display circuit board 310 and the antenna area APA may be disposed in the first pad area PDA1.
As shown in
As shown in
In the example shown in
In
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
The sensor electrodes TE and RE may include first sensor electrodes TE and second sensor electrodes RE. In an embodiment shown in
The sensing electrodes RE may be arranged or disposed in the first direction (x-axis direction) and electrically connected to one another. The driving electrodes TE may be arranged or disposed in the second direction (y-axis direction) crossing the first direction (x-axis direction) and may be electrically connected to one another. The driving electrodes TE may be electrically separated from the sensing electrodes RE. The driving electrodes TE may be spaced apart from the sensing electrodes RE. The driving electrodes TE may be arranged or disposed in parallel in the second direction (y-axis direction). In order to electrically separate the sensing electrodes RE from the driving electrodes TE at their intersections, the driving electrodes TE adjacent to each other in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be electrically connected through the first connection unit BE1, and the sensing electrodes RE adjacent to each other in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be electrically connected through second connection unit BE2.
The dummy patterns DE may be electrically separated from the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE may be disposed apart from each other. The dummy patterns DE may be surrounded by the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE, respectively. Each of the dummy patterns DE may be electrically floating.
The parasitic capacitance between the second electrode of the emission material layer EML and the driving electrode TE or the sensing electrode RE may be reduced due to the dummy patterns DE. When the parasitic capacitance is reduced, there is an advantage in that the mutual capacitance between the driving electrode TE and the sensing electrode RE may be charged more quickly. However, as the area of the driving electrode TE and the sensing electrode RE is reduced due to the dummy patterns DE, the mutual capacitance between the driving electrode TE and the sensing electrode RE may be reduced. As a result, the voltage charged in the mutual capacitance may be easily affected by noise. Therefore, it is desired to determine the area of the dummy patterns DE by the trade-off between the parasitic capacitance and the mutual capacitance.
The sensor lines TL and RL may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA. The sensor lines TL and RL may include sensing lines RL electrically connected to the sensing electrodes RE, and first driving lines TL1 and second driving lines TL2 electrically connected to the driving electrodes TE.
The sensing electrodes RE disposed on one side of the sensor area TSA may be electrically connected to the sensing lines RL. For example, some of the sensing electrodes RE electrically connected in the first direction (x-axis direction) that are disposed at the right end may be electrically connected to the sensing lines RL as shown in
The driving electrodes TE disposed on one side of the sensor area TSA may be electrically connected to the first driving lines TL1, while the driving electrodes TE disposed on the other side of the sensor area TSA may be electrically connected to the second driving lines TL2. For example, some of the driving electrodes TE electrically connected to one another in the second direction (y-axis direction) on the lowermost side may be electrically connected to the first driving line TL1, while some of the driving electrodes TE disposed on the uppermost side may be electrically connected to the second driving line TL2, as shown in
The first guard line GL1 may be disposed on the outer side of the outermost one of the sensing lines RL. The first ground line GRL1 may be disposed on the outer side of the first guard line GL1. As shown in
A second guard line GL2 may be disposed between the innermost one of the sensing lines RL and the rightmost one of the first driving lines TL1. As shown in
A third guard line GL3 may be disposed between the innermost one of the sensing lines RL and the second ground line GRL2. The second ground line GRL2 may be connected to the rightmost one of the first sensor pads TP1 and the leftmost one of the second sensor pads TP2.
A fourth guard line GL4 may be disposed on the outer side of the outermost one of the second driving lines TL2. As shown in
The third ground line GRL3 may be disposed on the outer side of the fourth guard line GL4. As shown in
The fifth guard line GL5 may be disposed on the inner side of the innermost one of the second driving lines TL2. As shown in
A ground voltage may be applied to the first ground line GRL1, the second ground line GRL2 and the third ground line GRL3. A ground voltage may be applied to the first guard line GL1, the second guard line GL2, the third guard line GL3, the fourth guard line GL4 and the fifth guard line GL5.
As shown in
As shown in
The antenna area APA may be disposed in the sensor periphery area TPA on the right outer side of the sensor area TSA and in the sensor periphery area TPA on the upper outer side of the sensor area TSA. In the sensor peripheral area TPA on the right outer side of the sensor area TSA, the number of sensing lines RL is reduced from the lower side to the upper side. Therefore, there may be an empty area where the sensing lines RL are not disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the right outer side of the sensor area TSA. In the sensor peripheral area TPA on the upper outer side of the sensor area TSA, the number of the second driving lines TL2 is reduced from the left side to the right side. Therefore, there may be an empty area where the second driving lines TL2 are not disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the upper outer side of the sensor area TSA. The antenna area APA may be disposed in an empty area where the sensing lines RL are not disposed in the sensor periphery area TPA on the right outer side of the sensor area TSA, and an empty area where the second driving lines TL2 are not disposed in the sensor periphery area TPA on the upper outer side of the sensor area TSA. Accordingly, the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may be formed or disposed on a same layer as the sensing lines RL and the second driving lines TL2 of the sensor peripheral area TPA.
For example, as shown in
A first guard line GL1 may be disposed between the antenna area APA and the rightmost one of the sensing lines RL. By virtue of the first guard line GL1, it is possible to reduce or prevent the sensing lines RL from being affected by the electromagnetic waves radiated from the antenna area APA. A fourth guard line GL4 may be disposed between the antenna area APA and the second driving line TL2 disposed at the upper end. By virtue of the fourth guard line GL4, it is possible to reduce or prevent the second driving lines TL2 from being affected by the electromagnetic waves radiated from the antenna area APA.
Although the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA is formed as a rectangular patch in
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
The driving signal output 331 may output a touch driving signal TD to the driving electrodes TE through a first driving line TL1, and the touch driving signal TD to the driving electrodes TE through a second driving line TL2. The touch driving signal TD may include pulses.
The driving signal output 331 may output the touch driving signal TD to the driving lines TL1 and TL2 in a predetermined order. For example, the driving signal output 331 may output the touch driving signal TD sequentially from the driving electrodes TE disposed on the left side of the touch sensing area TSA of
The first sensor detector 332 detects a voltage charged in a first mutual capacitance Cm1 through the sensing line RL electrically connected to the sensing electrodes RE. As shown in
The first sensor detector 332 may include a first operational amplifier OA1, a first feedback capacitor Cfb1, and a first reset switch RSW1. The first operational amplifier OA1 may include a first input terminal (−), a second input terminal (+), and an output terminal (out). The first input terminal (−) of the first operational amplifier OA1 may be connected to the sensing line RL, the initialization voltage VREF may be supplied to the second input terminal (+), and the output terminal (out) of the first operational amplifier OA1 may be electrically connected to a first storage capacitor Cs1. The first storage capacitor Cs1 may be electrically connected between the output terminal (out) of the first operational amplifier OA1 and the ground to store the output voltage Vout1 of the first operational amplifier OA1. The first feedback capacitor Cfb1 and the first reset switch RSW1 may be electrically connected in parallel between the first input terminal (−) and the output terminal (out) of the first operational amplifier OA1. The first reset switch RSW1 controls the connection of both ends of the first feedback capacitor Cfb1. When the first reset switch RSW1 is turned on such that both ends of the first feedback capacitor Cfb1 may be electrically connected, the first feedback capacitor Cfb1 may be reset.
The output voltage Vout1 of the first operational amplifier OA1 may be defined as in Equation 1 below:
where Vout1 denotes the output voltage of the first operational amplifier OA1, Cm1 denotes the first mutual capacitance, Cfb1 denotes the capacitance of the first feedback capacitor, and Vt1 denotes the voltage charged in the first mutual capacitance Cm1.
The first analog-to-digital converter 333 may convert the output voltage Vout1 stored in the first storage capacitor Cs1 into first digital data and output the first digital data.
As shown in
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
The sensing electrodes RE may be arranged or disposed in the first direction (x-axis direction) and electrically connected to one another. The driving electrodes TE may be arranged or disposed in the second direction (y-axis direction) and may be electrically connected to one another. The dummy patterns DE may be surrounded by the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE, respectively. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE may be electrically separated from each other. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE may be disposed apart from each other.
In order to electrically separate the sensing electrodes RE from the driving electrodes TE at their intersections, the driving electrodes TE adjacent to each other in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be connected through the first connection units BE1, and the sensing electrodes RE adjacent to each other in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be connected through second connection units BE2. The first connection unit BE1 may be formed or disposed on a different layer from the driving electrodes TE and may be connected to the driving electrodes TE through the first contact holes CNT1. For example, the first connection unit BE1 may be disposed on a second buffer layer BF2 shown in
Each of the first connection units BE1 may be bent at least once. In
The second connection unit BE2 is formed or disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes RE and may have a shape extended from the sensing electrodes RE. The sensing electrodes RE and the second connection unit BE2 may be formed of the same or similar material. For example, the sensing electrodes RE and the second connection unit BE2 may be formed or disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 shown in
As shown in
Referring to
The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE and the second connection units BE2 may be formed or disposed in a same layer, and thus they may be spaced apart from each other. There may be a gap between the driving electrode TE and the sensing electrode RE, between the driving electrode TE and the second connection unit BE2, between the driving electrode TE and the dummy pattern DE, and between the sensing electrode RE and the dummy pattern DE. For convenience of illustration, the boundary between the driving electrode TE and the sensing electrode RE, the boundary between the driving electrode TE and the second connection unit BE2, and the boundary between the sensing electrode RE and the second connection unit BE2 are indicated by dashed lines in
The first connection units BE1 may be connected to the driving electrodes TE through the first contact holes CNT1, respectively. One end of each of the first connection units BE1 may be connected to one of the driving electrodes TE adjacent to each other in the second direction (y-axis direction) through a first contact hole CNT1. The other end of each of the first connection units BE1 may be connected to another one of the driving electrodes TE adjacent to each other in the second direction (y-axis direction) through a first contact hole CNT1. The first connection units BE1 may overlap the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrode RE. Alternatively, the first connection unit BE1 may overlap the second connection unit BE2 instead of the sensing electrode RE. Alternatively, the first connection unit BE1 may overlap the sensing electrode RE as well as the second connection unit BE2. Since the first connection unit BE1 may be formed or disposed on a different layer from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the second connection unit BE2, it is possible to prevent a short-circuit from being created in the sensing electrode RE and/or the second connection unit BE2 even though they overlap the sensing electrode RE and/or the second connection unit BE2.
The second connection unit BE2 may be disposed between the sensing electrodes RE. The second connection unit BE2 is formed or disposed on a same layer as the sensing electrodes RE and may be extended from each of the sensing electrodes RE. Therefore, the second connection unit BE2 may be connected to the sensing electrodes RE without any additional contact hole.
Sub-pixels R, G and B may include a first sub-pixel R emitting a first color, a second sub-pixel G emitting a second color, and a third sub-pixel B emitting a third color. Although the first sub-pixel R is a red sub-pixel, the second sub-pixel G is a green sub-pixel and the third sub-pixel B is a blue sub-pixel in the example shown in
A pixel P refers to a group of sub-pixels capable of representing grayscales. In the example shown in
Since the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the first connection units BE1 and the second connection units BE2 are formed in a substantially mesh topology, the sub-pixels R, G and B may not overlap the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the first connection units BE1 and the second connection units BE2. Accordingly, it may be possible to prevent that the light output from the sub-pixels R, G and B is covered by the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the first connection units BE1 and the second connection units BE2 and thus the luminance of light may be reduced.
Referring to
The first buffer layer BF1 may be formed or disposed on one surface of the substrate SUB. The first buffer layer BF1 may be formed or disposed on one surface of the substrate SUB in order to protect the thin-film transistors 120 and organic emitting layer 172 of the light-emitting element layer EML from moisture that is likely to permeate through the substrate SUB. The first buffer layer BF1 may be made up of multiple inorganic layers sequentially stacked on one another. For example, the first buffer layer BF1 may be made up of multiple layers in which one or more inorganic layers of a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer and an aluminum oxide layer are alternately stacked on one another. The first buffer layer BF1 may be eliminated.
The thin-film transistor layer TFTL includes thin-film transistors 120, a gate insulating layer 130, an interlayer dielectric layer 140, a protective layer 150, and a planarization layer 160.
The thin-film transistors 120 may be formed or disposed on the first buffer layer BF1. Each of the thin-film transistor 120 includes an activate layer 121, a gate electrode 122, a source electrode 123, and a drain electrode 124. In
The active layer 121 may be formed or disposed on the first buffer layer BF1. The active layer 121 may include polycrystalline silicon, single crystal silicon, low-temperature polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, or an oxide semiconductor. The oxide semiconductor may include, for example, a binary compound (ABx), a ternary compound (ABxCy) and a quaternary compound (ABxCyDz) containing indium, zinc, gallium, tin, titanium, aluminum, hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), magnesium (Mg), or other materials within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure. For example, the active layer 121 may include an oxide including indium, tin, and titanium (ITZO) or an oxide including indium, gallium and tin (IGZO). A light-blocking layer for blocking external light incident on the active layer 121 may be formed or disposed between the buffer layer and the active layer 121.
The gate insulating layer 130 may be formed or disposed on the active layer 121. The gate insulating layer 130 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The gate electrodes 122 and gate lines may be formed or disposed on the gate insulating layer 130. The gate electrode 122 may overlap the active layer 121. The gate electrodes 122 and the gate lines may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
A first interlayer dielectric layer 141 may be formed or disposed over the gate electrode 122 and the gate line. The first interlayer dielectric layer 141 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
A capacitor electrode 125 may be formed or disposed on the first interlayer dielectric layer 141. The capacitor electrode 125 may overlap the gate electrode 122. The capacitor electrode 125 may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
A second interlayer dielectric layer 142 may be formed or disposed over the capacitor electrode 125. The second interlayer dielectric layer 142 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The source electrode 123 and the drain electrode 124 may be formed or disposed on the second interlayer dielectric layer 142. Each of the source electrode 123 and the drain electrode 124 may be connected to the active layer 121 through a contact hole penetrating through the interlayer dielectric layer 140. The source electrode 123 and the drain electrode may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
The protective layer 150 may be formed or disposed on the source electrode 213 and the drain electrode 124 in order to insulate the thin-film transistors 120. The protective layer 150 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The planarization layer 160 may be formed or disposed on the protective layer 150 to provide a flat surface over the step differences of the thin-film transistors 120. The planarization layer 160 may be formed of an organic layer such as an acryl resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin and a polyimide resin.
The emission material layer EML is formed or disposed on the thin-film transistor layer TFTL. The emission material layer EML includes light-emitting elements 170 and a bank 180.
The light-emitting elements 170 and the bank 180 are formed or disposed on the planarization layer 160. Each of the light-emitting elements 170 may include a first electrode 171, an organic emitting layer 172, and a second electrode 173. In
The first electrode 171 may be formed or disposed on the planarization layer 160. Although the first electrode 171 is connected to the drain electrode 124 of the thin-film transistor 120 through the contact hole penetrating through the protective layer 150 and the planarization layer 160 in the example shown in
In the top-emission organic light-emitting diode that light exits from the organic emitting layer 172 toward the second electrode 173, the first electrode 171 may be made of a metal material having a high reflectivity such as a stack structure of aluminum and titanium (Ti/Al/Ti), a stack structure of aluminum and ITO (ITO/Al/ITO), an APC alloy and a stack structure of APC alloy and ITO (ITO/APC/ITO). The APC alloy is an alloy of silver (Ag), palladium (Pd) and copper (Cu).
In the bottom-emission organic light-emitting diode that light exits from the organic emitting layer 172 toward the first electrode 173, the first electrode 171 may be formed of a transparent conductive material (TCP) such as ITO and IZO that may transmit light, or a semi-transmissive conductive material such as magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag) and an alloy of magnesium (Mg) and silver (Ag). In such case, when the first electrode 171 is made of a semi-transmissive metal material, the light extraction efficiency may be increased by using microcavities.
The bank 180 may partition the first electrode 171 on the planarization layer 250 in order to define each of the sub-pixels PX. The bank layer 180 may be formed or disposed to cover or overlap an edge of the first electrode 171. The bank 180 may be formed of an organic layer such as an acryl resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin and a polyimide resin.
In each of the sub-pixels PX, the first electrode 171, the organic emitting layer 172 and the second electrode 173 so that holes from the first electrode 171 and electrons from the second electrode 173 are combined with each other in the organic emitting layer 172 to emit light.
The organic emitting layer 172 is formed or disposed on the first electrode 171 and the bank 180. The organic emitting layer 172 may include an organic material and emit light of a certain color. For example, the organic emitting layer 172 may include a hole transporting layer, an organic material layer, and an electron transporting layer. In the example shown in
Alternatively, the organic emitting layers 172 of the sub-pixels PX may be formed as a single layer to emit white light, ultraviolet light, or blue light. In the example shown in
The second electrode 173 is formed or disposed on the organic emitting layer 172. The second electrode 173 may be formed or disposed to cover or overlap the organic emitting layer 172. The second electrode 173 may be a common layer formed or disposed across the sub-pixels PX. A capping layer may be formed or disposed on the second electrode 173.
In the top-emission organic light-emitting diode, the second electrode 173 may be formed of a transparent conductive material (TCP) such as ITO and IZO that may transmit light, or a semi-transmissive conductive material such as magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag) and an alloy of magnesium (Mg) and silver (Ag). When the second electrode 173 is formed of a semi-transmissive conductive material, the light extraction efficiency may be increased by using microcavities.
In the bottom-emission organic light-emitting diode, the second electrode 173 may be made of a metal material having a high reflectivity such as a stack structure of aluminum and titanium (Ti/Al/Ti), a stack structure of aluminum and ITO (ITO/Al/ITO), an APC alloy and a stack structure of APC alloy and ITO (ITO/APC/ITO). The APC alloy is an alloy of silver (Ag), palladium (Pd) and copper (Cu).
The encapsulation layer TFFL may be formed or disposed on the emission material layer EML. The encapsulation layer TFEL may be disposed on the second electrode 173. The encapsulation layer TFEL may include at least one inorganic layer to prevent oxygen or moisture from permeating into the organic emitting layer 172 and the second electrode 173. The encapsulation layer TFEL may include at least one organic layer to protect the light-emitting element layer EML from foreign substances such as dust. For example, the encapsulation layer TFEL may include a first inorganic layer disposed on the second electrode 173, an organic layer disposed on the first inorganic layer, and a second inorganic layer disposed on the organic layer. The first inorganic layer and the second inorganic layer may be formed of, but is not limited to, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer. The organic layer may be formed of, but is not limited to, an acryl resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin and a polyimide resin.
The sensor electrode layer SEL may be formed or disposed on the encapsulation layer TFEL. The sensor electrode layer SENL may include the second buffer layer BF2, the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the second connection units BE2, the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4, the first sensor insulating layer TINS1, and the second sensor insulating layer TINS2.
The second buffer layer BF2 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The first connection units BE1 may be formed or disposed on the second buffer layer BF2. The first connection units BE1 may be disposed to overlap the bank 180 in the third direction (z-axis direction). The first connection units BE1 may be made up of, but is not limited to, a stack structure of aluminum and titanium (Ti/Al/Ti), a stack structure of aluminum and ITO (ITO/Al/ITO), an APC alloy and a stack structure of APC alloy and ITO (ITO/APC/ITO).
The first sensor insulating layer TINS1 may be formed or disposed on the first connection units BE1. The first sensor insulating layer TINS1 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer. Alternatively, the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 may be formed of an organic layer such as an acryl resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin and a polyimide resin.
The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the second connection units BE2, the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sense lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4 may be formed or disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, and the second connection units BE2 may be disposed to overlap the bank 180 in the third direction (z-axis direction). The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the second connection units BE2, the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5 and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4 may be formed as, but is not limited to, a stack structure of aluminum and titanium (Ti/Al/Ti), a stack structure of aluminum and ITO (ITO/Al/ITO), an APC alloy, and a stack structure of APC alloy and ITO (ITO/APC/ITO).
First contact holes CNT1 may be formed or disposed through the first touch second layer TINS1, via which the first connection units BE1 are exposed. The driving electrodes TE may be connected to the first connection units BE1 through the first contact holes CNT1.
The second sensor insulating layer TINS2 may be formed on the driving electrodes TE. The second sensor insulating layer TINS2 may provide a flat surface over the level difference of the sensor electrode layer SENL. The second sensor insulating layer TINS2 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer. Alternatively, the second sensor insulating layer TINS2 may be formed of an organic layer such as an acryl resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin and a polyimide resin.
As shown in
Referring to
Each of the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 may be formed in a substantially mesh topology when viewed from the top. In 5G mobile communications recently available, the frequency of approximately or about 28 GHz or about 39 GHz may be used. Therefore, for 5G mobile communications, the length a of each of the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 in one direction DR1 may be approximately or about 2.17 mm, while the length b of the other direction DR2 may be approximately or about 2.06 mm. The area of each of the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 may be approximately or in a range of about 4 to about 5 mm2 when viewed from the top. The distance C between the centers of adjacent ones of the first conductive patterns in the direction DR1 may be approximately or about 6 mm.
Each of the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 may be connected to the radio frequency driver 350 through a feeding line FDL. The first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 may be commonly connected to one feeding line FDL. A feeding line FDL connected to one of the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 and a feeding line FDL connected to another one of the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 may be merged into one line between the two first conductive patterns.
The radio frequency driver 350 may change the phase and amplify the amplitude of the radio frequency signal received from the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 through the feeding line FDL. The radio frequency driver 350 may transfer the radio frequency signal to the first conductive patterns AP1 to AP4 through the feeding line FDL.
Referring to
The first conductive pattern AP may have a shape in which a substantially quadrangular pattern such as a diamond may be repeated when viewed from the top. The length d of the diamond in the direction DR1 may be smaller than the length e in the other direction DR2. The length d of the diamond in the direction DR1 may be half the length e in the other direction DR2. For example, the length d of the first conductive pattern AP defined as a diamond in the direction DR1 may be approximately or about 260 μm, and the length e in the other direction DR2 may be approximately or about 130 μm. The angle θ1 formed by two vertices facing each other in the direction DR2 may be larger than the angle θ2 formed by two vertices facing each other in the direction DR1.
Each vertex of the diamond may be the intersection where at least two sides intersect. In order to prevent the first conductive pattern AP from being formed or disposed in an inverted taper shape at the intersection due to overetching, a dummy pattern DM may be formed or disposed at the intersection. The minimum distance and the maximum distance of the dummy pattern DM in the direction DR1 may be smaller than the minimum distance and the maximum distance of the dummy pattern DM in the other direction DR2. For example, the minimum distance of the dummy pattern DM in the direction DR1 may be approximately or about 9.25 μm, and the maximum distance may be approximately or about 11 μm. The minimum distance of the dummy pattern DM may be approximately or about 13.5 μm, and the maximum distance may be approximately or about 15.5 μm in the direction DR2.
Referring to
In order for the patch antenna to emit electromagnetic waves, a second conductive pattern GP overlapping the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) is required. It is, however, to be noted that when the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 between the first conductive pattern AP and the second conductive pattern GP is made of a material having a low dielectric constant, the second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection units BE1.
When the first conductive pattern AP is formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape to be utilized as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications, by forming or disposing the second conductive pattern GP overlapping the first conductive pattern AP, it is possible to reduce or prevent the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173 of the display layer DISL from being affected by electromagnetic waves emitted from the first conductive pattern AP.
As shown in
When the first conductive pattern AP overlaps the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 in the antenna area APA, the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 disposed in the antenna area APA may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2, and the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 disposed in the area other than the antenna area APA may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second conductive pattern GP may be connected to at least one of the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3.
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP overlapping the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same or similar material as the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4.
It is to be noted that the second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated when the first conductive pattern AP overlaps the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 in the antenna area APA.
Referring to
The first sub conductive pattern SAP1 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The first sub conductive pattern SAP1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE. The first conductive pattern SGAP1 may be made of the same or similar material on the same or similar material as the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4.
The second sub conductive pattern SAP2 may be disposed on the second sensor insulating layer TINS2. The second sub conductive pattern SAP2 may be connected to the first sub conductive pattern SAP1 through a second contact hole H2 penetrating through the second sensor insulating layer TINS2 to expose the first sub conductive pattern SAP1.
The second conductive pattern GP overlapping the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection units BE1.
When the first conductive pattern AP overlaps the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 in the antenna area APA, the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 disposed in the antenna area APA may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2, and the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 disposed in the area other than the antenna area APA may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second conductive pattern GP may be connected to at least one of the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3.
An embodiment of
Referring to
Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may be disposed to surround the four sides of the sensor area TSA. When the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA is disposed to surround the four sides of the sensor area TSA, it may overlap the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2 and the sensing lines RL on the lower side of the sensor area TSA. In such case, in order to reduce the influence on the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2 and the sensing lines RL by electromagnetic waves from the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA, additional guard lines may be disposed between the first conductive pattern and the first driving line TL1, between the first conductive pattern and the second driving line TL2, and between the first conductive pattern and the sensing line RL in the third direction (z-axis direction).
Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may overlap the first ground line GRL1, the third ground line GRL3, the first guard line GL1 and the fourth guard line GL4 in the third direction (z-axis direction). Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may be disposed to overlap the first ground line GRL1 and the third ground line GRL3 in the third direction (z-axis direction).
The first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may include conductive pads CP disposed adjacent to the sensor pads TP1 and TP2 on one side of the display panel 300 in order to be electrically connected to the display circuit board 310 on which the radio frequency driver 350 is disposed. One of the conductive pads CP may be disposed on the left outer side of the first sensor pad area TPA1 in which the first sensor pads TP1 are disposed, and another one may be disposed on the right outer side of the second sensor pad area TPA2 in which the second sensor pads TP2 are disposed. The conductive pads CP may be electrically connected to the display circuit board 310 by an anisotropic conductive film.
The first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may be formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, in which case the first antenna of the antenna area APA may be an antenna for an RFID tag, so that it may be utilized as an antenna for near field communications. Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may be a quadrangular patch, in which case the first antenna of the antenna area APA may be a patch antenna, so that it may be utilized as an antenna for mobile communications.
The schematic cross-sectional structure of the antenna area APA shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
Although the antenna area APA is disposed on the upper side end of the display panel in the example shown in
Although
The first conductive pattern AP of the antenna area APA may be a quadrangular patch, in which case the first antenna of the antenna area APA may be a patch antenna, so that it may be utilized as an antenna for mobile communications. Alternatively, the first conductive pattern of the antenna area APA may be formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, in which case the first antenna of the antenna area APA may be an antenna for an RFID tag, so that it may be utilized as an antenna for near field communications.
The schematic cross-sectional structure of the antenna area APA shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
Some of the sensing electrodes RE may be disposed closer to the first conductive pattern AP than the dummy pattern DE, and the others of the sensing electrodes RE may be disposed closer to the dummy pattern DE than the first conductive pattern AP. Each of the first conductive patterns AP and the dummy patterns DE may be disposed to be surrounded by the sensing electrode RE.
Although each of the first conductive patterns AP is surrounded by the sensing electrode RE in the example shown in
The first conductive patterns AP adjacent to one another in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be connected to one another through third connection units BE3. The first conductive patterns AP adjacent to one another in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be connected to one another through fourth connection units BE4.
In
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The first conductive patterns AP may be surrounded by the sensing electrodes RE, respectively. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE and the first conductive patterns AP may be electrically spaced apart from one another. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE and the first conductive patterns AP may be spaced apart from one another.
The first conductive patterns AP adjacent to one another in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be connected to one another through third connection units BE3. The third connection unit BE3 may include a first sub connection unit BE31 and a second sub connection unit BE32 in order to be electrically separated from the sensing electrodes RE and the driving electrodes TE.
The first sub connection unit BE31 may be disposed on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the dummy patterns DE. The first sub connection unit BE31 may be electrically separated from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the dummy patterns DE. The first sub connection unit BE31 may be spaced apart from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the dummy patterns DE.
The second sub connection unit BE32 may be formed or disposed on a different layer from the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE, and may be connected to the first sub connection unit BE31 through a third contact holes CNT3. For example, the first sub connection unit BE31 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 shown in
The second sub connection unit BE32 may be bent at least once. In
The first conductive patterns AP adjacent to one another in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be connected to one another through the fourth connection units BE4. The fourth connection unit BE4 may be disposed on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the dummy patterns DE. The fourth connection unit BE4 may be electrically separated from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the dummy patterns DE. The fourth connection unit BE4 may be spaced apart from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the dummy patterns DE.
As shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection units BE1. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed to overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction).
Each of the first conductive patterns AP may be formed in a substantially loop shape, a substantially coil shape, or as a rectangular patch. When each of the first conductive patterns AP is formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, it may be utilized as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. Alternatively, when each of the first conductive patterns AP may be a quadrangular patch, it may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communications.
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TNIS1. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on the same or similar material as the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed to overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction).
Each of the first conductive patterns AP may be formed in a substantially loop shape, a substantially coil shape, or as a rectangular patch. When each of the first conductive patterns AP is formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, it may be used as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. Alternatively, when each of the first conductive patterns AP may be a quadrangular patch, it may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communications.
An embodiment of
The second conductive pattern GP may include a first sub conductive pattern SGP1 and a second sub conductive pattern SGP2. The first sub conductive pattern SGP1 may be disposed on a second buffer layer BF2. The first sub conductive pattern SGP1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection units BE1.
The second sub conductive pattern SGP2 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second sub conductive pattern SGP2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE. The second sub conductive pattern SGP2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same material as the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4. The second sub conductive pattern SGP2 may be connected to the first sub conductive pattern SGP1 through a contact hole penetrating the first sensor insulating layer TINS1.
An embodiment of
Referring to
As the guard pattern GAP is disposed between the sensing electrode RE and the first conductive pattern AP as shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection units BE1. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed to overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction).
Each of the first conductive patterns AP may be formed in a substantially loop shape, a substantially coil shape, or as a rectangular patch. When each of the first conductive patterns AP is formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, it may be used as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. Alternatively, when each of the first conductive patterns AP may be a quadrangular patch, it may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communications.
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the dummy patterns DE. The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be made of the same or similar material on the same or similar material as the first driving lines TL1, the second driving lines TL2, the sensing lines RL, the guard lines GL1, GL2, GL3, GL4 and GL5, and the ground lines GRL1, GRL2, GRL3 and GRL4. The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be connected to the first sub guard pattern SGAP1 through a contact hole penetrating the first sensor insulating layer TINS1.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
Some of the driving electrodes TE may be disposed closer to the proximity sensor electrode PE than the dummy pattern DE, and the others of the driving electrodes TE may be disposed closer to the dummy pattern DE than the proximity sensor electrode PE. Each of the proximity sensor electrodes PE and the dummy patterns DE may be surrounded by the driving electrode TE.
Although each of the first conductive patterns AP is surrounded by the sensing electrode RE and each of the proximity sensor electrodes PE is surrounded by the driving electrode TE in the example shown in
The proximity sensor electrodes PE adjacent to one another in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be connected through the fifth connection units BE5. The proximity sensor electrodes PE adjacent to one another in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be connected through the sixth connection units BE6. The proximity sensor electrodes PE may be connected to a proximity sensor line PL in the sensor peripheral area TPA as shown in
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second sensor detector 334 may include a second operational amplifier OA2, a second feedback capacitor Cfb2, and a second reset switch RSW2. The second operational amplifier OA2 the second feedback capacitor Cfb2 and the second reset switch RSW2 of the second sensor detector 334 may be substantially identical to the first operational amplifier OA1, the first feedback capacitor Cfb1 and the first reset switch RSW1 of the first sensor detector 332, respectively. The second storage capacitor Cs2 is connected between the output terminal (out) of the second operational amplifier OA2 and the ground to store the output voltage Vout2 of the second operational amplifier OA2.
The second analog-to-digital converter 335 may convert the output voltage stored in the second storage capacitor Cs2 into second digital data and output the second digital data.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Although each of the proximity sensor electrodes PE in
The proximity sensor electrodes PE may be surrounded by the driving electrodes TE, respectively. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the first conductive patterns AP and the proximity sensing electrodes PE may be electrically separated from each other. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, the dummy patterns DE, the first conductive patterns AP and the proximity sensor electrodes PE may be spaced apart from one another.
The proximity sensor electrodes PE adjacent to one another in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be electrically connected through the fifth connection unit BE5. The proximity sensor electrodes PE and the fifth connection unit BE5 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 as shown in
The proximity sensor electrodes PE adjacent to one another in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be electrically connected through the sixth connection units BE6. The sixth connection unit BE6 may include a first sub connection unit BE61 and a second sub connection unit BE62 in order to be electrically separated from the sensing electrodes RE, the driving electrodes TE and the first conductive patterns AP.
The first sub connection unit BE31 may be disposed on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the first conductive patterns AP. The first sub connection unit BE61 may be electrically separated from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the first conductive patterns AP. The first sub connection unit BE31 may be spaced apart from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE, and the first conductive patterns AP.
The second sub connection unit BE32 may be formed or disposed on a different layer from the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the first conductive patterns AP, and may be electrically connected to the first sub connection unit BE61 through a fourth contact holes CNT4. For example, the first sub connection unit BE61 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 shown in
The second sub connection unit BE62 may be bent at least once. In
As shown in
An embodiment shown in
Referring to
The Wheatstone bridge circuit WB includes a first node N1, a second node N2, a first output node N3, and a second output node N4. The driving voltage Vs may be applied to the first node N1, and the second node N2 may be connected to the ground GND.
The Wheatstone bridge circuit WB may include a first resistor WBa connected to the second node N2 and the second output node N4, a second resistor WBb connected to the first node N1 and the second output node N4, and a third resistor WBc connected to the second node N2 and first output node N3.
The resistance R1 of the first resistor WBa, the resistance R2 of the second resistor WBb, and the resistance R3 of the third resistor WBc may each have a predetermined value. In other words, the first resistor WBa to the third resistor WBc may be fixed resistors.
The Wheatstone bridge circuit WB may include an amplifier circuit OPA3, such as an operational amplifier. The amplifier circuit OPA3 may include an inverting input terminal, a non-inverting input terminal, and an output terminal. An electrical flow between the first output node N3 and the second output node N4 may be detected through the amplifier circuit OPA3. In other words, the amplifier circuit OPA3 may operate as a current or voltage measuring element.
One of the first output node N3 and the second output node N4 may be electrically connected to one of the input terminals of the amplifier circuit OPA3, and the other one of the first output node N3 and the second output node N4 may be electrically connected to the other input terminal of the amplifier circuit OPA3. For example, the first output node N3 may be connected to the inverting input terminal of the amplifier circuit OPA3, and the second output node N4 may be connected to the non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier circuit OPA3.
The output terminal of the amplifier circuit OPA3 may output a first voltage Va proportional to the difference between the voltages input to the two input terminals.
One end of the strain gauge SG formed by the force sensor electrodes PRE may be electrically connected to the first node N1, and the other end of the strain gauge SG formed by the force sensor electrodes PRE may be connected to the first node N3.
According to an embodiment, the strain gauge SG, the first resistor WBa, the second resistor WBb and the third resistor WBc may be electrically connected with each other to implement the Wheatstone bridge circuit WB.
When no pressure is applied, the product of the resistance Ra of the strain gauge SG and the resistance R1 of the first resistance WBa may be substantially equal to the product of the resistance R2 of the second resistance WBb and the third resistance R3 of the third resistor WBc. When the product of the resistance Ra of the first force sensor electrode PE1 and the resistance R1 of the first resistor WBa is equal to the product of the resistance R2 of the second resistance WBb and the third resistance R3 of the third resistor WBc, the voltage of the first output node N3 may be equal to the voltage of the second output node N4. When the voltage of the first output node N3 is equal to the voltage of the second output node N4, the voltage difference between the first output node N3 and the second output node N4 may be 0V, and the first voltage Va output by the amplifier circuit OPA3 may be 0V.
When a pressure of is applied to the sensor area PSA by a user, the force sensor electrode PRE may be deformed depending on the strength of the pressure, and the resistance Ra of the strain gauge SG may be changed by the deformation. Therefore, a voltage difference is made between the first output node N3 and the second output node N4. When a voltage difference is made between the first output node N3 and the second output node N4, the amplifier circuit OPA outputs a value other than 0V as the first voltage Va. Therefore, it is possible to detect the pressure of the user's touch based on to the first voltage Va output from the amplifier circuit OPA.
An embodiment of
Referring to
As shown in
In the example shown in
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
At least one sensing electrode RE may be disposed between a driving electrode TE disposed in an odd column and a driving electrode TE disposed in another odd column. At least one driving electrode TE may be disposed between a sensing electrode RE disposed in an even column and a sensing electrode RE disposed in another even column.
Each of the sensing electrodes RE may be connected to at least one sensing line RL. The sensing electrodes RE arranged or disposed in the odd rows may be commonly connected to the sensing line RL disposed on one side thereof, while the sensing electrodes RE arranged or disposed in the even rows may be commonly connected to the sensing line RL disposed on the other side thereof.
Each of the driving electrodes TE may be connected to at least one driving line TL. Each of the driving electrodes TE arranged or disposed in the odd rows may be connected to the driving line TL disposed on one side thereof, while each of the driving electrodes TE arranged or disposed in the even rows may be connected to the driving line TL disposed on the other side thereof.
The length of the driving electrodes TE may be larger than that of the sensing electrodes RE in the second direction (y-axis direction). For example, as shown in
One driving electrode TE may overlap the sensing electrodes RE adjacent to the driving electrode TE in the first direction (x-axis direction). For example, as shown in
The first conductive patterns AP may be electrically separated from the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE. The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the first conductive patterns AP may be spaced apart from each other. The first conductive patterns AP may be surrounded by the driving electrodes TE, respectively. Alternatively, the first conductive patterns AP may be surrounded by the sensing electrodes RE, respectively. The first conductive patterns AP adjacent to each other in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be connected to a single feeding line FDL.
The sensor lines TL and RL may be disposed in the sensor area TSA and in the sensor peripheral area TPA. The sensor lines TL and RL may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on one outer side of the sensor area TSA. The sensor lines TL and RL may include sensing lines RL connected to the sensing electrodes RE and driving lines TL connected to the driving electrodes TE.
The feeding line FDL may be connected to the first conductive patterns AP. The feeding line FDL may be disposed on one side of the driving electrodes TE arranged or disposed in a column. Each of the feeding lines FDL may be connected to one of the first sensor pads TP1 and the second sensor pads TP2. Since the first sensor pads TP1 and the second sensor pads TP2 are connected to the display circuit board 310 through an anisotropic conductive film, the first conductive patterns AP may be electrically connected to the radio frequency driver 350 disposed on the display circuit board 310. The first conductive pattern AP may be utilized as an antenna for near field communications such as an antenna for an RFID tag, or may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communications.
Ground voltage may be applied to the first ground line GRL1 and the second ground line GRL2. The first ground line GRL1 may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the left outer side of the sensor area TSA. The second ground line GRL2 may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the right outer side and in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the upper outer side of the sensor area TSA.
Referring to
The driving electrode TE may be formed in the shape of a substantially rectangular window frame with an empty center. The driving electrode TE may include an empty space at its center. The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed in the empty space of the driving electrode TE. The first conductive pattern AP may surround the driving electrode TE. Although the first conductive pattern AP may have a substantially rectangular shape when viewed from the top in
The guard pattern GAP may be formed or disposed between the first conductive pattern AP and the driving electrode TE. The guard pattern GAP may be electrically floated or may be connected to at least one of the ground lines GRL1 to GRL3 in the sensor peripheral area TPA to receive a ground voltage. As the guard pattern GAP is disposed between the driving electrode TE and the first conductive pattern AP, it is possible to block the driving electrode TE from being affected by electromagnetic waves from the first conductive pattern AP.
Although the feeding line FDL is disposed on one side of the driving electrode TE and the driving line TL is disposed on the other side of the driving electrode TE in the example shown in
Referring to
The driving electrode TE, the sensing electrode RE, the dummy pattern DE, the driving line TL, the sensing line RL, the feeding line FDL, the guard pattern GAP and first conductive pattern AP may be disposed to overlap the bank 180 in the third direction (z-axis direction). Therefore, it is possible to avoid that the luminance of the light output from the sub-pixels PX is reduced as the light is hidden by the driving electrode TE, the sensing electrode RE, the dummy pattern DE, the driving line TL, the sensing line RL, the feeding line FDL, the guard pattern GAP and the first conductive pattern AP.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first conductive pattern AP.
As shown in
In the example shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
In the example shown in
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
The dummy patterns DE may be surrounded by the sensor electrodes SE, respectively. The sensor electrodes SE may be electrically separated from the dummy patterns DE. The sensor electrodes SE may be spaced apart from the dummy patterns DE. Each of the dummy patterns DE may be electrically floated.
The first conductive patterns AP may be electrically separated from the sensor electrodes SE. The sensor electrodes SE may be spaced apart from the first conductive patterns AP. The first conductive patterns AP may be surrounded by the sensor electrodes SE, respectively. The first conductive patterns AP adjacent to each other in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be connected to a single feeding line FDL.
The sensor lines SEL and the feeding lines FDL may be disposed in the sensor area TSA and in the sensor peripheral area TPA. The sensor lines SEL and the feeding lines FDL may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on one outer side of the sensor area TSA. Each of the sensor lines SEL may be connected to the sensor electrode SE, and each of the feeding lines FDL may be connected to the first conductive patterns AP. Each of the sensor lines SEL may be disposed on one side of the sensor electrode SE. Each of the feeding lines FDL may be disposed on the other side of the sensor electrode SE.
The sensor electrodes SE, the dummy patterns DE, the first conductive patterns AP, the sensor lines SL, and the feeding lines FDL may be formed in a mesh when viewed from the top.
Ground voltage may be applied to the first ground line GRL1 and the second ground line GRL2. The first ground line GRL1 may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the left outer side of the sensor area TSA. The second ground line GRL2 may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the right outer side and in the sensor peripheral area TPA on the upper outer side of the sensor area TSA.
The connection between the sensor electrodes SE and the sensor lines SEL and the connection between the first conductive patterns AP and the feeding lines FDL may be substantially identical to the connection between the driving electrodes TE and the driving lines TL and the connection between the first conductive pattern AP and the feeding line FDL shown in
Referring to
The driving signal output 331 may output a touch driving signal TD to the sensor electrodes SE through the sensor line SEL. The touch driving signal TD may include pulses. The driving signal output 331 may output the touch driving signal TD to the sensor lines SEL in a predetermined order.
The first sensor detector 332 detects a voltage charged in a self-capacitance Cs through the sensor line SEL electrically connected to the sensing electrodes RE. As shown in
The first sensor detector 332 may include a first operational amplifier OA1, a first feedback capacitor Cfb1, and a first reset switch RSW1. The first operational amplifier OA1, the first feedback capacitor Cfb1 and the first reset switch RSW1 of the first sensor detector 332 may be substantially identical to those described above with reference to
The first analog-to-digital converter 333 may convert the output voltage Vout1 stored in the first storage capacitor Cs1 into first digital data and output the first digital data.
According to an embodiment shown in
In
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
The force sensor electrodes PRE may include the strain gauge SG. The strain gauge SG may have a substantially serpentine shape including bending portions. For example, in
The force sensor electrodes PRE may be disposed in the sensor area TSA. Some of the force sensor electrodes PRE may be arranged or disposed along the folding line FOL. When the display panel 300 is folded along the folding line FOL, the shape of the strain gauge SG of each of some of the force sensor electrodes PRE may be deformed. Therefore, it is possible to determine whether the display panel 300 is folded or not based on a change in the resistance of the strain gauge SG of each of some force sensor electrodes PRE.
The other force sensor electrodes PRE may not overlap the folding line FOL. According to the pressure of the user's touch, the shape of the strain gauge SG of each of the other force sensor electrodes PRE may be changed. Therefore, it is possible to determine whether there is a user's touch pressure based on a change in the resistance of the strain gauge SG of each of the other force sensor electrodes PRE.
The strain gauge SG of each of the force sensor electrodes PRE may be connected to the pressure sensing lines PRL. One side of the strain gauge SG of each of the force sensor electrodes PRE may be connected to one pressure sensing line PRL, and the other side thereof may be connected to another pressure sensing line PRL. The pressure sensing lines PRL may be connected to the sensor pads TP1 and TP2, and thus may be electrically connected to the sensor driver 330. The sensor driver 330 may include a third sensor detector 336 as shown in
When the first conductive pattern AP is disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA, it may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area on at least three outer sides of the sensor area TSA. The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed to surround at least three sides of the sensor area TSA. For example, the first conductive pattern AP may be disposed to surround the upper side, the left side, and the right side of the sensor area TSA. The first conductive pattern AP may be connected to the conductive pads CP on the lower side of the sensor area TSA.
When the first conductive pattern AP is disposed in the sensor area TSA, it may be disposed so as not to overlap the force sensor electrodes PRE. The first conductive pattern AP may be connected to the feeding lines FL disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA, and the feeding lines FL may be connected to the conductive pads CP. One end of the first conductive pattern AP may be connected to a feeding line FL disposed on the left outer side of the sensor area TSA, while the other end of the first conductive pattern AP may be connected to a feel line FL disposed on the right outer side of the sensor area TSA.
The conductive pads CP may be electrically connected to the display circuit board 310 via an anisotropic conductive film. Therefore, the conductive patterns AP may be electrically connected to the radio frequency driver 350 disposed on the display circuit board 310.
Although the first conductive pattern AP is formed in a substantially loop or a substantially coil shape in
The first conductive patterns AP and the feeding lines FDL may be disposed on a same layer as the force sensor electrodes PRE and the pressure sensing lines PRL. Therefore, the first conductive patterns AP and the feeding lines FDL may be formed or disposed without any additional process.
An embodiment of
Referring to
In order to prevent the moiré phenomenon possibly caused by the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE when a user watches images on the display panel 300, the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes may have zigzag sides when viewed from the top as shown in
Each of the connection units CE7 may electrically connect the driving electrode TE with the island electrode TEI. One end of each of the connection units CE7 may be electrically connected to the driving electrode TE, and the other end thereof may be electrically connected to the island electrode TEI. The island electrode TEI may be surrounded by the sensing electrode RE.
As shown in
The first sensor insulating layer TINS1 may be formed or disposed on the connection units CE7. The first sensor insulating layer TINS1 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the island electrodes TEI may be formed or disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. Each of the driving electrodes TE may be electrically connected to the connection unit CE7 through a fifth contact hole CNT5 that penetrates the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 and exposes the connection unit CE7. Each of the island electrodes TEI may be electrically connected to the connection unit CE7 through a fifth contact hole CNT5 that penetrates through the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 and exposes the connection unit CE7. Accordingly, the driving electrode TE may be electrically connected to the island electrode TEI via the seventh connection unit CE7. Accordingly, the driving electrodes TE arranged or disposed in the second direction (y-axis direction) may be electrically connected to one another.
The first conductive patterns AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrodes TE, the sensing electrodes RE and the island electrodes TEI. Each of the first conductive patterns AP may be made of a transparent metal oxide (TCO) such as ITO and IZO, which may transmit light. Therefore, each of the first conductive patterns AP may overlap the sub-pixel PX or the bank 180 in the third direction (z-axis direction). The width of each of the first conductive patterns AP may be 2 μm or less in order to prevent the first conductive patterns AP from being recognized by the user.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
A dead space DS may surround the through hole TH. The driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may not be formed or disposed in the dead space DS. The dead space DS may be formed in order to prevent the through hole TH from being formed so large by a processing error that it may be formed or disposed beyond the wiring area LA and the sensor area TSA during the process of forming the through hole TH. The dead space DS may be formed in, but is not limited to, a substantially ring or annular shape when viewed from the top. For example, since the dead space DS may surround the through hole TH, the shape of the dead space DS may substantially conform to the shape of the through hole TH when viewed from the top.
The wiring area LA may surround the dead space DS. The wiring area LA may be formed or disposed in, but is not limited to, a substantially ring or annular shape when viewed from the top. For example, since the wiring area LA may surround the dead space DS, the shape of the wiring area LA may substantially conform to the shape of the through hole TH and the dead space DS when viewed from the top.
The driving electrode TE and the sensing electrode RE may not be formed or disposed in the wiring area LA. In the wiring area LA, a driving connection unit electrically connecting between the driving electrodes TE disconnected by the through hole TH, and a sensing connection unit electrically connecting between sensing connection lines for electrically connecting between the sensing electrodes RE disconnected by the through hole TH. The wiring area LA may overlap a light-blocking layer of a cover window 100 in the third direction (z-axis direction). Therefore, the wiring area LA may be covered or overlapped by the light-blocking layer of the cover window 100.
Referring to
The driving connection unit TCL may electrically connect between the driving electrodes TE disconnected by the through hole TH. The driving connection unit TCL may include a first driving connection unit TCL1 and a second driving connection unit TCL2.
The first driving connection unit TCL1 may be formed or disposed along the edge of the wiring area LA adjacent to the dead space DS. For example, as the wiring area LA is formed in a substantially ring or annular shape when viewed from the top, the first driving connection unit TCL1 may be formed in a substantially circular shape when viewed from the top.
The second driving connection unit TCL2 may electrically connect the first driving connection unit TCL1 with the driving electrode TE. One side of the second driving connection unit TCL2 may be electrically connected to the first driving connection unit TCL1 through a sixth contact hole CNT6 exposing the first driving connection unit TCL1, and the other side of the second driving connection unit TCL2 may be electrically connected to the driving electrode TE through the sixth contact hole CNT6 exposing the driving electrode TE.
The first driving connection unit TCL1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the driving electrode TE. The second driving connection unit TCL2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection unit BE1. The first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2 may be disposed on different layers. For example, the first driving connection unit TCL1 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1, and the second driving connection unit TCL2 may be disposed on the second buffer layer BF2.
The first sensing connection unit RCL1 may electrically connect the sensing electrodes TE disconnected by the through hole TH. The first sensing connection unit RCL1 may be electrically separated from the driving electrode TE, the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2. The first sensing connection unit RCL1 may intersect the second driving connection unit TCL2. The first sensing connection unit RCL1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE.
The second sensing connection unit RCL2 may electrically connect other sensing electrodes TE disconnected by the through hole TH. The second sensing connection unit RCL2 may be electrically separated from the driving electrode TE, the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2. The second sensing connection unit RCL2 may intersect the second driving connection unit TCL2. The second sensing connection unit RCL2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE.
Incidentally, because the area of the sensing electrode RE removed by the through hole TH is greater than the area of the driving electrode TE removed by the through hole TH, it is necessary to compensate for the area of the sensing electrode RE removed by the through hole TH. Therefore, the width of the first sensing connection unit RCL1 and the width of the second sensing connection unit RCL2 may be larger than the width of the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the width of the second driving connection unit TCL2, respectively. For example, the first sensing connection unit RCL1 may be formed or disposed between the driving electrode TE and the first driving connection unit TCL1.
The first area compensating portion ES1 may compensate for the area of a sensing electrode RE removed by the through hole TH. The first area compensating portion ES1 may be electrically separated from the driving electrode TE, the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2. The first area compensating portion ES1 may intersect the second driving connection unit TCL2. The first area compensating portion ES1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE.
The second area compensating portion ES2 may compensate for the area of another sensing electrode RE removed by the through hole TH. The first area compensating portion ES1 may be adjacent to the second area compensating portion ES2. The second area compensating portion ES2 may be electrically separated from the driving electrode TE, the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2. The second area compensating portion ES2 may intersect the second driving connection unit TCL2. The second area compensating portion ES2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE.
The third area compensating portion ES3 may compensate for the area of still another sensing electrode RE removed by the through hole TH. The third area compensating portion ES3 may be electrically separated from the driving electrode TE, the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2. The third area compensating portion ES3 may intersect the second driving connection unit TCL2. The third area compensating portion ES3 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE.
The fourth area compensating portion ES4 may compensate for the area of another sensing electrode RE removed by the through hole TH. The third area compensating portion ES3 may be adjacent to the fourth area compensating portion ES4. The fourth area compensating portion ES4 may be electrically separated from the driving electrode TE, the first driving connection unit TCL1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2. The fourth area compensating portion ES4 may intersect the second driving connection unit TCL2. The fourth area compensating portion ES4 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE.
In the wiring area LA, the first conductive patterns AP may be disposed between the first sensing connection unit RCL1 and the first area compensating portion ES1, between the first sensing connection unit RCL1 and the third area compensating portion ES3, between the second sensing connection unit RCL2 and the second area compensating portion ES2, and between the second sensing connection unit RCL2 and the fourth area compensating portion ES4. The first conductive patterns AP may be electrically connected by a single feeding line. Alternatively, the first conductive patterns AP may be electrically connected to different feeding lines.
Each of the first conductive patterns AP may be formed in a substantially loop shape, a substantially coil shape, or as a rectangular patch. When each of the first conductive patterns AP is formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, it may be used as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. When each of the first conductive patterns AP may be the quadrangular patch as shown in
As shown in
The second conductive pattern GP overlapping the first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection unit CE1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2 as shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE, and the second conductive pattern GP is made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first connection unit CE1 and the second driving connection unit TCL2, and thus the first conductive pattern AP and the second conductive pattern GP may be formed without any additional process.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
As the guard pattern GAP is disposed between the sensing electrode RE and the first conductive pattern AP as shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensing electrode RE and the first conductive pattern AP. The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1. The second sub guard pattern SGAP2 may be electrically connected to the first sub guard pattern SGAP1 through a contact hole penetrating the first sensor insulating layer TINS1.
As shown in
For convenience of illustration,
Referring to
Each of the sub-pixels PX may be electrically connected to at least one of the scan lines SL and at least one of the data lines DL. Each of the sub-pixels PX may include thin-film transistors including a driving transistor and at least one switching transistor, a light-emitting element, and a capacitor. When a scan signal is applied from a scan line SL, each of the sub-pixels P receives a data voltage of a data line DL and supplies a driving current to the light-emitting element according to the data voltage applied to the gate electrode, so that light is emitted.
The scan driver 380 may be electrically connected to the display driver 320 through scan control lines SCL. Accordingly, the scan driver 380 may receive the scan control signal from the display driver 320. The scan driver 380 generates scan signals according to a scan control signal and supplies the scan signals to the scan lines SL.
Although the scan driver 380 may be formed or disposed in the non-display area NDA on the left outer side of the display area DA in the drawing, the disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, the scan driver 380 may be formed or disposed in the non-display area NDA on the left outer side as well as in the non-display area NDA on the right outer side of the display area DA.
The display driver 320 may be electrically connected to the display pads DP and receives digital video data and timing signals. The display driver 320 converts the digital video data into analog positive/negative data voltages and supplies them to the data lines DL through the fan-out lines DLL. The display driver 320 generates and supplies scan control signals for controlling the scan driver 380 through the scan control line SCL. The pixels P to which the data voltages are to be supplied are selected by the scan signals of the scan driver 380, and the data voltages are supplied to the selected pixels P. The display driver 320 may be an integrated circuit (IC) and may be attached to the substrate SUB by a chip on glass (COG) technique, a chip on plastic (COP) technique, or an ultrasonic bonding. It is, however, to be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, the display driver 320 may be mounted on the display circuit board 310.
As shown in
Referring to
Each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 may include a first electrode 171, a second electrode 173, a contact electrode 174, a light-emitting element 175, a first conductive pattern AP, and a first connection pattern CP1.
The first electrode 171 may be a pixel electrode disposed in each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3, while the second electrode 173 may be a common electrode electrically connected across the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3. Alternatively, the first electrode 171 may be an anode electrode of the light-emitting element 175, and the other may be a cathode electrode of the light-emitting element 175.
The first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173 may include electrode stems 171S and 173S extended in the first direction (x-axis direction), respectively, and one or more electrode branches 171B and 173B branching off from the electrode stems 171S and 173S, respectively, and extended in the second direction (y-axis direction) intersecting the first direction D1 (x-axis direction).
The first electrode 171 may include the first electrode stem 171S extended in the first direction (x-axis direction), and at least one first electrode branch 171B branching off from the first electrode stem 171S and extended in the second direction (y-axis direction).
The first electrode stem 171S of a pixel may be electrically separated from the first electrode stem 171S of another pixel adjacent to the pixel in the first direction (x-axis direction). The first electrode stem 171S of a pixel may be spaced apart from the first electrode stem 171S of another pixel adjacent to the pixel in the first direction (x-axis direction). The first electrode stem 171S may be electrically connected to the thin-film transistor through a first electrode contact hole CNTD.
The first electrode branch 171B may be spaced apart from the second electrode stem 173S in the second direction (y-axis direction). The first electrode branch 171B may be spaced apart from the second electrode stem 173S in the second direction (y-axis direction).
The second electrode 173 may include the second electrode stem 173S extended in the first direction (x-axis direction), and a second electrode branch 173B branching off from the second electrode stem 173S and extended in the second direction (y-axis direction).
The second electrode stem 173S of a pixel may be electrically connected to the second electrode stem 173S of another pixel adjacent to the pixel in the first direction (x-axis direction). The second electrode stem 173S may traverse the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 in the first direction (x-axis direction).
The second electrode branch 173B may be spaced apart from the first electrode stem 171S in the second direction (y-axis direction). The second electrode branch 173B may be spaced apart from the first electrode branch 171B in the first direction (x-axis axis direction). The second electrode branch 173B may be disposed between the first electrode branches 171B in the first direction (x-axis axis direction).
Although
The light-emitting elements 175 may be disposed between the first electrode line 171 and the second electrode line 173. One end of each of the light-emitting element 175 may be electrically connected to the first electrode 171, and the other end thereof may be electrically connected to the second electrode 173. The light-emitting elements 175 may be spaced apart from each other. The light-emitting elements 175 may be arranged or disposed substantially in parallel.
The light-emitting element 175 may have a shape of a rod, a line (line), a tube, a nanorod, within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure. For example, the light-emitting element 175 may be formed in a substantially cylindrical shape or a substantially rod shape as shown in
The light-emitting element 175 of the first sub-pixel PX1 may emit first light, the light-emitting element 175 of the second sub-pixel PX2 may emit second light, and the light-emitting element 175 of the third sub-pixel PX3 may emit third light. The first light may be red light having a center wavelength band in a range of 620 nm to 752 nm, the second light may be green light having a center wavelength band in a range of 495 nm to 570 nm, and the third light may be blue light having a center wavelength band in a range of 450 nm to 495 nm. Alternatively, the light-emitting element 175 of the first sub-pixel PX1, the light-emitting element 175 of the second sub-pixel PX2 and the light-emitting element 175 of the third sub-pixel PX3 may emit light of substantially the same color.
The contact electrode 174 may include a first contact electrode 174a and a second contact electrode 174b. The first contact electrode 174a and the second contact electrode 174b may have a shape extended in the second direction (y-axis direction).
The first contact electrode 174a may be disposed on the first electrode branch 171B and electrically connected to the first electrode branch 171B. The first contact electrode 174a may be in contact with one end of the light-emitting element 175. The first contact electrode 174a may be disposed between the first electrode branch 171B and the light-emitting element 175. Accordingly, the light-emitting element 175 may be electrically connected to the first electrode 171 through the first contact electrode 174a.
The second contact electrode 174b may be disposed on the second electrode branch 173B and electrically connected to the second electrode branch 173B. The second contact electrode 174b may be in contact with the other end of the light-emitting element 175. The second contact electrode 174b may be disposed between the second electrode branch 173B and the light-emitting element 175. Accordingly, the light-emitting element 175 may be electrically connected to the second electrode 173 through the second contact electrode 174b.
The width (or length in the first direction (x-axis direction)) of the first contact electrode 174a may be greater than the width (or length in the first direction (x-axis direction)) of the first electrode branch 171B, and the width (or length in the first direction (x-axis direction)) of the second contact electrode 174b may be greater than the width (or length in the first direction (x-axis direction)) of the second electrode branch 173B.
Outer banks 430 may be disposed between the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3. The outer banks 430 may be extended in the second direction (y-axis direction). The length of each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 in the first direction (x-axis direction) may be defined as the distance between the outer banks 430.
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed to surround the emission area EMA in which the light-emitting elements 175 are disposed. The first conductive pattern AP may not cover or overlap the light-emitting elements 175 but may expose them. The first conductive pattern AP may not cover or overlap at least a part of the first contact electrode 174a and the second contact electrode 174b but may expose it. The first conductive pattern AP may overlap the first electrode branch 171B and the second electrode branch 173B.
The first conductive patterns AP of the first sub-pixel PX1, the second sub-pixel PX2 and the third sub-pixel PX3 may be electrically connected with one another as a single piece as shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the outer bank 430 between the first sub-pixel PX1 and the second sub-pixel PX2, and on the outer bank 430 between the second sub-pixel PX2 and the third sub-pixel PX3. The first conductive pattern AP is not disposed on the outer bank 430 between the first sub-pixel PX1 and the third sub-pixel PX3. The first connection pattern CP1 may be disposed on the outer bank 430 between the first sub-pixel PX1 and the third sub-pixel PX3.
Although a single pixel PX includes a single first conductive pattern AP in the example shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the feeding line through the contact hole. Accordingly, the first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the radio frequency driver disposed on the display circuit board or the flexible film through the feeding line. Therefore, the first conductive pattern AP may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communication or an antenna for an RFID tag for short range communication.
Referring to
The first semiconductor layer 175a may be, e.g., an n-type semiconductor having a first conductivity-type. The first semiconductor layer 175a may be one or more of n-type doped AlGaInN, GaN, AlGaN, InGaN, AlN and InN. For example, when the light-emitting element 175 emits light of a blue wavelength band, the first semiconductor layer 175a may include a semiconductor material having Chemical Formula below: AlxGayIn1-x-yN (0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤x+y≤1). The first semiconductor layer 175a may be doped with a first conductivity-type dopant such as Si, Ge and Sn. For example, the first semiconductor layer 175a may be n-GaN doped with n-type Si.
The second semiconductor layer 175b may be a second conductive-type, e.g., a p-type semiconductor. The second semiconductor layer 175b may be one or more of p-type doped AlGaInN, GaN, AlGaN, InGaN, AlN and InN. For example, when the light-emitting element 175 emits light of a blue or green wavelength band, the second semiconductor layer 175b may include a semiconductor material having Chemical Formula below: AlxGayIn1-x-yN (0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤x+y≤1). The second semiconductor layer 175b may be doped with a second conductivity-type dopant such as Mg, Zn, Ca, Se and Ba. According to an embodiment, the second semiconductor layer 175b may be p-GaN doped with p-type Mg.
The active layer 175c may be disposed between the first semiconductor layer 175a and the second semiconductor layer 175b. The active layer 175c may include a material having a single or multiple quantum well structure. When the active layer 175c includes a material having the multiple quantum well structure, quantum layers and well layers may be alternately stacked in the structure. Alternatively, the active layer 175c may have a structure in which a semiconductor material having a large band gap energy and a semiconductor material having a small band gap energy may be alternately stacked on one another, and may include other Group III to Group V semiconductor materials depending on the wavelength range of the emitted light.
The active layer 175c may emit light as electron-hole pairs are combined therein in response to an electrical signal applied through the first semiconductor layer 175a and the second semiconductor layer 175b. The light emitted from the active layer 175c is not limited to light in the blue wavelength band. The active layer 175c may emit light in the red or green wavelength band. For example, when the active layer 175 emits light of the blue wavelength band, it may include a material such as AlGaN and AlGaInN. In particular, when the active layer 175c has a multi-quantum well structure in which quantum layers and well layers are alternately stacked on one another, the quantum layers may include AlGaN or AlGaInN, and the well layers may include a material such as GaN and AlGaN. For example, the active layer 175c includes AlGaInN as the quantum layer and AlInN as the well layer, and as described above, the active layer 175c may emit blue light having a center wavelength band of 450 nm to 495 nm.
The light emitted from the active layer 175c may exit not only through the outer surfaces of the light-emitting element 175 in the longitudinal direction but also through both side surfaces. For example, the direction in which the light emitted from the active layer 175c propagates is not limited to one direction.
The electrode layer 175d may be an ohmic contact electrode or a Schottky contact electrode. The light-emitting element 175 may include at least one electrode layer 175d. When the light-emitting element 175 is electrically connected to the first electrode 171 or the second electrode 173, the resistance between the light-emitting element 175 and the first electrode 171 or between the light-emitting element 175 and the second electrode 173 may be reduced due to the electrode layer 175d. The electrode layer 175d may include a conductive metal material such as at least one of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), indium (In), gold (Au), silver (Ag), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO) and indium tin-zinc oxide (ITZO). The electrode layer 175d may include a semiconductor material doped with n-type or p-type impurities. The electrode layer 175d may include the same or similar material or may include different materials. It is, however, to be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto.
The insulating layer 175e is disposed to surround the outer surfaces of the first semiconductor layer 175a, the second semiconductor layer 175b, the active layer 175c, and the electrode layer 175d. The insulating layer 175e serves to protect the first semiconductor layer 175a, the second semiconductor layer 175b, the active layer 175c, and the electrode layer 175d. The insulating layer 175e may be formed to expose both ends of the light-emitting element 175 in the longitudinal direction. For example, an end of the first semiconductor layer 175a and another end of the electrode layer 175d may not be covered or overlapped by the insulating layer 175e but may be exposed. As the insulating layer 175e includes the active layer 175c, and may cover or overlap only the outer surface of a part of the first semiconductor layer 175a and a part of the second semiconductor layer 175b, or may cover or overlap only the outer surface of a part of the electrode layer 175d.
The insulating layer 175e may include materials having an insulating property such as silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Accordingly, it is possible to prevent an electrical short-circuit that may be created when the active layer 175c is brought into contact with the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173 to which an electrical signal is transmitted. Since the insulating layer 175e may include the active layer 175c to protect the outer surface of the light-emitting element 175, it may be possible to avoid a decrease in luminous efficiency.
Referring to
The emission material layer EML may include a first inner bank 410, a second inner bank 420, a first electrode 171, a second electrode 173, a contact electrode 174, a light-emitting element 175, a first insulating layer 181, a second insulating layer 182, and a third insulating layer 183.
The first inner bank 410, the second inner bank 420 and the outer bank 430 may be disposed on a planarization layer 160. The first inner bank 410, the second inner bank 420 and the outer bank 430 may protrude from the upper surface of the planarization layer 160. The first inner bank 410, the second inner bank 420 and the outer bank 430 may have, but is not limited to, a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape. Each of the first inner bank 410, the second inner bank 420 and the outer bank 430 may include a lower surface in contact with the upper surface of the planarization layer 160, an upper surface opposed to the lower surface, and side surfaces between the upper surface and the lower surface. The side surfaces of the first inner bank 410, the side surfaces of the second inner bank 420, and the side surfaces of the third inner bank 430 may be inclined.
The first inner bank 410 may be spaced apart from the second inner bank 420. The first inner bank 410 and the second inner bank 420 may be an organic layer such as an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin, and a polyimide resin.
The first electrode branch 171B may be disposed on the first inner bank 410, and the second electrode branch 173B may be disposed on the second inner bank 420. The first electrode branch 171B may be electrically connected to the first electrode stem 171S, and the first electrode stem 171S may be electrically connected to the drain electrode 124 of the thin-film transistor 120 in the first electrode contact hole CNTD. Therefore, the first electrode 171 may receive a voltage from the drain electrode 124 of the thin-film transistor 120.
The first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173 may include a conductive material having high reflectance. For example, the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173 may include a metal such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al). Therefore, some of the lights that are emitted from the light-emitting element 175 and travels toward the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173 are reflected off the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173, so that they may travel toward the upper side of the light-emitting element 175.
The first insulating layer 181 may be disposed on the first electrode 171 and the second electrode branch 173B. The first insulating layer 181 may cover or overlap a first electrode stem 171S, a first electrode branch 171B disposed on the side surfaces of the first inner bank 410, and a second electrode branch 173B disposed on the side surfaces of the second inner bank 420. The first electrode branch 171B disposed on the upper surface of the first inner bank 410 and the second electrode branch 173B disposed on the upper surface of the second inner bank 420 may not be covered or overlapped by the first insulating layer 181 but may be exposed. The first insulating layer 181 may be disposed on the outer bank 430. The first insulating layer 181 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The light-emitting element 175 may be disposed on the first insulating layer 181 disposed between the first inner bank 410 and the second inner bank 420. One end of the light-emitting element 175 may be disposed adjacent to the first inner bank 410, while the other end thereof may be disposed adjacent to the second inner bank 420.
The second insulating layer 182 may be disposed on the light-emitting element 175. The second insulating layer 182 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The first contact electrode 174a may be disposed on the first electrode branch 171B that may not be covered or overlapped by the first insulating layer 181 but may be exposed and may be in contact with one end of the light-emitting element 175. The first contact electrode 174a may be disposed on the second insulating layer 182.
The first connection pattern CP1 may be disposed on the first insulating layer 181 covering or overlapping or disposed on the outer bank 430. The first connection pattern CP1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first contact electrode 174a.
The third insulating layer 183 may be disposed on the first contact electrode 174a and the first connection pattern CP1. The third insulating layer 183 may cover or overlap the first contact electrode 174a to electrically separate the first contact electrode 174a from the second contact electrode 174b. The third insulating layer 183 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The second contact electrode 174b may be disposed on the second electrode branch 173B that may not be covered or overlapped by the first insulating layer 181 but may be exposed and may be in electrical contact with the other end of the light-emitting element 175. The second contact electrode 174b may be disposed on the second insulating layer 182 and the third insulating layer 183.
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the third interlayer dielectric layer 183. The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the second contact electrode 174b. The first conductive pattern AP may not overlap the first contact electrode 174a and the second contact electrode 174b in the third direction (z-axis direction). The first conductive pattern AP may overlap the first electrode branch 171B in the third direction (z-axis direction).
The first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the first connection pattern CP1 through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the third insulating layer 183 to expose the first connection pattern CP1.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The third insulating layer 183 may be disposed on the first contact electrode 174a and the first conductive pattern AP. The first connection pattern CP1 may be disposed on the third insulating layer 183 covering or overlapping or disposed on the outer bank 430. The first connection pattern CP1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the second contact electrode 174b.
The first connection pattern CP1 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern AP through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the third insulating layer 183 to expose the first conductive pattern AP.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The first contact electrode 174a, the second contact electrode 174b and the first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the first insulating layer 181. The first contact electrode 174a, the second contact electrode 174b and the first conductive pattern AP may be covered or overlapped by the third insulating layer 183. The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first contact electrode 174a and the second contact electrode 174b. The first conductive pattern AP may not overlap the first contact electrode 174a and the second contact electrode 174b in the third direction (z-axis direction). The first conductive pattern AP may overlap the first electrode branch 171B in the third direction (z-axis direction).
The first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the first connection pattern CP1 through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the first insulating layer 181 to expose the first connection pattern CP1.
As shown in
An embodiment shown in
Referring to
One of the first conductive patterns AP may be disposed between the respective one of the first electrode branches 171B and the outer bank 430. Another one of the first conductive patterns AP may be disposed between the respective one of the first electrode branches 171B and the outer bank 430. Each of the first conductive patterns AP may be disposed between the first electrode branch 171B and the second electrode stem 173S. The second electrode branch 173B may be disposed between the first conductive patterns AP.
The first conductive patterns AP may be disposed on the planarization layer 160. The first conductive patterns AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173. The first conductive patterns AP may not overlap the first electrode 171, the second electrode 173, the first contact electrode 174a, and the second contact electrode 174b in the third direction (z-axis direction). The first insulating layer 181 may be disposed on the first conductive patterns AP.
The first connection pattern CP1 may be disposed on the first insulating layer 181 covering or overlapping or disposed on the outer bank 430. The first connection pattern CP1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first contact electrode 174a. The third insulating layer 183 may be disposed on the first contact electrode 174a and the first connection pattern CP1.
The first connection pattern CP1 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern AP through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the first insulating layer 181 to expose the first connection pattern CP1. The first connection pattern CP1 may intersect the second electrode branch 173B.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The first connection pattern CP1 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern AP through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the first insulating layer 181 and the third insulating layer 183 to expose the first conductive pattern AP.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The first connection pattern CP1 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern AP through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the first insulating layer 181 to expose the first conductive pattern AP.
As shown in
An embodiment shown in
Referring to
The shielding electrode 177 may be disposed on the first insulating layer 181 disposed on the upper and side surfaces of the first inner bank 410. The shielding electrode 177 may be in contact with the first contact electrode 174a on the upper surface of the first inner bank 410. The first contact electrode 174a may be disposed on the shielding electrode 177 on the upper surface of the first inner bank 410. The shielding electrode 177 may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
The third insulating layer 183 may be disposed on the first contact electrode 174a and the shielding pattern 177. The first contact electrode 174a and the shielding electrode 177 may be covered or overlapped by the third insulating layer 183.
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed to surround the emission areas EMA1, EMA2 and EMA3. The first conductive pattern AP may be spaced apart from the shielding electrode 177. The first conductive pattern AP may not overlap the first contact electrode 174a, the second contact electrode 174b and the shielding electrode 177 in the third direction (z-axis direction).
The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the shielding electrode 177. The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the first insulating layer 181. The third insulating layer 183 may be disposed on the first conductive pattern AP.
The first connection pattern CP1 may be disposed on the outer bank 430. The first connection pattern CP1 may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first electrode 171 and the second electrode 173. The first insulating layer 181 may be disposed on the first connection pattern CP1.
The first connection pattern CP1 may be electrically connected to the first conductive pattern AP through a first connection contact hole CNTC1. The first connection contact hole CNTC1 may be a hole penetrating through the first insulating layer 181 to expose the first connection pattern CP1.
As shown in
An embodiment shown in
Referring to
The first conductive pattern AP may include a conductive material having high reflectance. For example, the first conductive pattern AP may include a metal such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al). As a result, the light incident from above the display panel 300 may be reflected by the first conductive pattern AP to be output to the outside. Therefore, the display panel 300 may be a reflective display panel that may reflect an object or a background on the upper surface of the display panel 300.
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may include a conductive material. For example, the second conductive pattern GP may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof. Alternatively, the second conductive pattern GP may include a conductive material having high reflectance. For example, the second conductive pattern GP may include a metal such as silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al). When the second conductive pattern GP includes a conductive material having high reflectance, it is possible to reflect the light incident from above the display panel 300 by using the two reflective layers, i.e., the second conductive pattern GP and the first conductive pattern AP.
A fourth insulating layer 184 may be disposed on the second conductive pattern GP. The fourth insulating layer 184 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the fourth insulating layer 184. The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed to overlap the second conductive pattern GP in the third direction (z-axis direction). As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
Although the slits are disposed between the emission areas EMA1, EMA2 and EMA3 adjacent to one another in the first direction (x-axis direction) in
It is to be noted that the sensor electrode layer SENL including the first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the encapsulation layer TFE, instead of the first conductive pattern AP in
Referring to
Each of the pixels PXG may include a first sub-pixel PX1, a second sub-pixel PX2 and a third sub-pixel PX3. Each of the first sub-pixel PX1, the second sub-pixel PX2 and the third sub-pixel PX3 may include a light-emitting element that emits light. The light-emitting element may be an organic light-emitting diode including an organic light-emitting layer, a micro LED, a quantum-dot light-emitting diode including a quantum-dot light-emitting layer, or an inorganic light-emitting diode including an inorganic semiconductor.
The first sub-pixel PX1 may emit a first light, the second sub-pixel PX2 may emit a second light, and the third sub-pixel PX3 may emit a third light. The first light may be red light, the second light may be green light, and the third light may be blue light. It is, however, to be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Alternatively, the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 may emit light of the same color.
Each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 may have, but is not limited to, a substantially rectangular shape having longer sides in the first direction (x-axis direction) and shorter sides in the second direction (y-axis direction). The sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 may be arranged or disposed in, but is not limited to, the second direction (y-axis direction).
In the non-emission area NEA, lines for driving the light-emitting element of each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3 may be disposed. The non-emission area NEA may surround the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3. The non-emission area NEA may be disposed between adjacent ones of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3. The non-emission area NEA may be disposed between the transmissive area TA and each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2 and PX3. The non-emission area NEA may be disposed between adjacent ones of the transmissive areas TA.
The transmissive areas TA transmit the incident light substantially as it is. The transmissive areas TA may be arranged or disposed in the second direction (y-axis direction). Due to the transmissive areas TA, an object or a background located or disposed on the lower surface of the display panel 300 may be seen from the upper surface of the display panel 300.
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed in the transmissive areas TA. The first conductive pattern AP may have a substantially mesh topology. The width of the first conductive patterns AP may be 2 μm or less in order to prevent the first conductive pattern AP from being recognized by the user. Although the first conductive pattern AP is disposed in every transmissive area TA in the example shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to a feeding line in the non-emission area NEA. Therefore, the first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the radio frequency driver 350 disposed on the display circuit board 310 or the first flexible film 340 through the feeding line. Therefore, the first conductive pattern AP may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communications or an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications.
As shown in
Referring to
The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first electrode 171 in the transmissive area TA. The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the planarization layer 160.
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the source electrode 123 and the drain electrode 124 of the thin-film transistor 120. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the first interlayer dielectric layer 141.
Alternatively, the second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the gate electrode 122 of the thin-film transistor 120. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the gate insulating layer 130.
As shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as a capacitor electrode 125. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the first interlayer dielectric layer 141.
As shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the gate electrode 122 of the thin-film transistor 120. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the gate insulating layer 130.
As shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as a first light-blocking layer BML1. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the substrate SUB, and the first buffer layer BF1 may be disposed on the second conductive pattern GP.
As shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as a first light-blocking layer BML1. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the substrate SUB, and the first buffer layer BF1 may be disposed on the second conductive pattern GP.
As shown in
Referring to
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the opposite surface of the substrate SUB, and a third buffer layer BF3 may be disposed on the second conductive pattern GP.
The first conductive pattern AP may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communication or an antenna for an RFID tag for short range communication.
Referring to
The first thin-film transistor 120a may include a first active layer 121a, a first gate electrode 122a, a first source electrode 123a, and a first drain electrode 124a. The second thin-film transistor 120b may include a second active layer 121b, a second gate electrode 122b, a second source electrode 123b, and a second drain electrode 124b.
The first active layer 121a may be disposed on the first buffer layer BF1. The first active layer 121a may be made of polycrystalline silicon or low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS).
The first gate insulating layer 131 may be disposed on the first active layer 121a. The first gate insulating layer 131 may be formed of an inorganic layer, for example, a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxynitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The first gate electrode 122a may be disposed on the first gate insulating layer 131. The first gate electrode 122a may overlap the first active layer 121a in the third direction (z-axis direction).
The first interlayer dielectric layer 141 may be disposed on the first gate electrode 122a. A light-blocking layer BML may be disposed on the first interlayer dielectric layer 141. The light-blocking layer BML may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
The second interlayer dielectric layer 142 may be disposed on the light-blocking layer BML. The second active layer 121b may be disposed on the second interlayer dielectric layer 142. The second active layer 121b may overlap the light-blocking layer BML in the third direction (z-axis direction). The second active layer 121b may be made of an oxide semiconductor.
The second gate electrode 122b may be disposed on the second active layer 121b. The second gate electrode 122b may overlap the second active layer 121b in the third direction (z-axis direction). The first gate electrode 122a and the second gate electrode 122b may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
A third interlayer dielectric layer 143 may be disposed on the second gate electrode 122b. Each of the first interlayer dielectric layer 141, the second interlayer dielectric layer 142 and the third interlayer dielectric layer 143 may be formed of an inorganic layer, e.g., a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxy nitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, a titanium oxide layer, or an aluminum oxide layer.
The first source electrode 123a, the second source electrode 123b, the first drain electrode 124a, and the second drain electrode 124b may be formed or disposed on the third interlayer dielectric layer 143. The first source electrode 123a and the first drain electrode 124a may be electrically connected to the first active layer 121a through contact holes penetrating through the first interlayer dielectric layer 141, the second interlayer dielectric layer 142 and the third interlayer dielectric layer 143. The second source electrode 123b and the second drain electrode 124b may be electrically connected to the second active layer 121b through a contact hole penetrating through the third interlayer insulating layer 143. Each of the first source electrode 123a, the second source electrode 123b, the first drain electrode 124a and the second drain electrode 124b may be made up of a single layer or multiple layers made of one of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd) and copper (Cu) or an alloy thereof.
The planarization layer 160 may be formed or disposed on the first source electrode 123a, the second source electrode 123b, the first drain electrode 124a and the second drain electrode 124b in order to provide a flat surface over the step differences caused by the first thin-film transistor 120a and the second thin-film transistor 120b. The planarization layer 160 may be formed of an organic layer such as an acryl resin, an epoxy resin, a phenolic resin, a polyamide resin and a polyimide resin.
The emission material layer EML and the encapsulation layer TFEL may be formed or disposed on the thin-film transistor layer TFTL. The emission material layer EML and the encapsulation layer TFEL may be substantially identical to those described above with reference to
The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first electrode 171 in the transmissive area TA. The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the planarization layer 160.
The second conductive pattern GP may overlap the first conductive pattern AP in the third direction (z-axis direction) in the transmissive area TA. The second conductive pattern GP may be eliminated. The second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first source electrode 123a, the second source electrode 123b, the first drain electrode 124a and the second drain electrode 124b. The second conductive pattern GP may be disposed on the third interlayer dielectric layer 143. Alternatively, the second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as one of the second gate electrode 122b, the second light-blocking layer BML2, the first gate electrode 122a, and the first light-blocking layer BML1.
Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first source electrode 123a, the second source electrode 123b, the first drain electrode 124a and the second drain electrode 124b. In such case, the second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as one of the second gate electrode 122b, the second light-blocking layer BML2, the first gate electrode 122a, and the first light-blocking layer BML1.
Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the second gate electrode 122b. In such case, the second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as one of the second light-blocking layer BML2, the first gate electrode 122a, and the first light-blocking layer BML1.
Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the light-blocking layer BML. In such case, the second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first gate electrode 122a and the first light-blocking layer BML1.
Alternatively, the first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the first gate electrode 122a and the first active layer 121a. In such case, the second conductive pattern GP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as a first light-blocking layer BML1.
As shown in
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
In a bracket 600, a sensor hole SH may be formed or disposed to overlap the sub area SDA of the display panel 300 in the third direction (z-axis direction). The sensor hole SH may overlap the sensor devices 741, 742, 743 and 744 of the main circuit board 700 in the third direction (z-axis direction). Therefore, the sub area SDA of the display panel 300 may overlap the sensor devices 741, 742, 743 and 744 of the main circuit board 700 in the third direction (z-axis direction). For example, the sub area SDA of the display panel 300 may be disposed on the sensor devices 741, 742, 743 and 744 of the main circuit board 700. The sensor hole SH may not be formed or disposed in the bracket 600. In which case, the bracket 600 may be disposed so as not to overlap the sensor area SDA of the display panel 300 in the third direction (z-axis direction).
A proximity sensor 741, an illuminance sensor 742, an iris sensor 743 and a front camera sensor 744 may be disposed on one surface of the main processor 710. Since the sub area SDA of the display panel 300 includes the transmissive areas TA as shown in
As shown in
An embodiment of
Each of the pixels PXG may include a first sub-pixel PX1, a second sub-pixel PX2, a third sub-pixel PX3 and a fourth sub-pixel PX4. The first sub-pixel PX1 may emit a first light, the second sub-pixel PX2 and the fourth sub-pixel PX4 may emit a second light, and the third sub-pixel PX3 may emit a third light. The first light may be red light, the second light may be green light, and the third light may be blue light. It is, however, to be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. Alternatively, the sub-pixels PX1, PX2, PX3 and PX4 may emit light of the same color. Each of the sub-pixels PX1, PX2, PX3 and PX4 may have, but is not limited to, a substantially rectangular shape having longer sides in the second direction (y-axis direction) and shorter sides in the first direction (x-axis direction).
Although each of pixels PXG includes four sub-pixels PX1, PX2, PX3, PX4 in the example shown in
The transmissive areas TA transmit the incident light substantially as it is. Due to the transmissive areas TA, an object or a background located or disposed on the lower surface of the display panel 300 may be seen from the upper surface of the display panel 300.
The first conductive pattern AP may be disposed in the transmissive areas TA. The first conductive pattern AP may have a substantially mesh topology. The width of the first conductive patterns AP may be 2 μm or less in order to prevent the first conductive pattern AP from being recognized by the user. Although the first conductive pattern AP is disposed in every transmissive area TA in the example shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to a feeding line in the non-emission area NEA. Accordingly, the first conductive pattern AP may be electrically connected to the radio frequency driver disposed on the display circuit board or the flexible film through the feeding line. Therefore, the first conductive pattern AP may be utilized as a patch antenna for mobile communications or an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications.
Referring to
Although the first conductive pattern AP is disposed in every transmissive area TA in the example shown in
As shown in
Although the second electrode 173 is not disposed in the mirror area MA in the example shown in
A display layer DISL and a sensor electrode layer SENL of a fourth side surface SS4 shown in
Referring to
The upper surface PS may be flat without being bent. The upper surface PS may be a rectangular surface having shorter sides in the first direction (x-axis direction) and longer sides in the second direction (y-axis direction). The corners where the shorter sides and the longer side meet on the upper surface PS may be bent with a certain curvature. The upper surface PS may be the upper surface of the display panel 300.
The first side surface SS1 may be extended from the first side of the upper surface PS. The first side surface SS1 may be extended from the left side of the upper surface PS. The first side surface SS1 may be bent at a first bending line BL1. The first bending line BL1 may be the boundary between the upper surface PS and the first side surface SS1. The first side surface PS may be a rectangular surface having shorter sides in the third direction (z-axis direction) and longer sides in the second direction (y-axis direction) when viewed from the top. The first side surface SS1 may be the left side surface of the display panel 300.
The second side surface SS2 may be extended from the second side of the upper surface PS. The second side surface SS2 may be extended from the lower side of the upper surface PS. The second side surface SS2 may be bent at a second bending line BL2. The second bending line BL2 may be the boundary between the upper surface PS and the second side surface SS2. The second side surface SS2 may be a rectangular surface having shorter sides in the third direction (z-axis direction) and longer sides in the first direction (x-axis direction) when viewed from the top. The second side surface SS2 may be the lower side surface of the display panel 300.
The third side surface SS3 may be extended from the third side of the upper surface PS. The third side surface SS3 may be extended from the upper side of the upper surface PS. The third side surface SS3 may be bent at a third bending line BL3. The third bending line BL3 may be the boundary between the upper surface PS and the third side surface SS2. The third side surface SS3 may be a rectangular surface having shorter sides in the third direction (z-axis direction) and longer sides in the first direction (x-axis direction) when viewed from the top. The third side surface SS3 may be the upper side surface of the display panel 300.
The fourth side surface SS4 may be extended from the fourth side of the upper surface PS. The fourth side surface SS4 may be extended from the right side of the upper surface PS. The fourth side surface SS4 may be bent at a fourth bending line BL4. The fourth bending line BL4 may be the boundary between the upper surface PS and the fourth side surface SS4. The fourth side surface SS4 may be a rectangular surface having shorter sides in the third direction (z-axis direction) and longer sides in the second direction (y-axis direction) when viewed from the top. The fourth side surface SS4 may be the right side surface of the display panel 300.
The first corner CS1 may be located or disposed between the first side surface SS1 and the second side surface SS2. The width of the first corner CS1 may be smaller than the width of the first side surface SS1 and the width of the second side surface SS2. Therefore, an empty space ES may be formed between a part of the first side surface SS1 and a part of the second side surface SS2.
The second corner CS2 may be located or disposed between the first side surface SS1 and the third side surface SS3. The width of the second corner CS2 may be smaller than the width of the first side surface SS1 and the width of the third side surface SS3. Therefore, an empty space ES may be formed between a part of the first side surface SS1 and a part of the third side surface SS3.
The third corner CS3 may be located or disposed between the second side surface SS2 and the fourth side surface SS4. The width of the third corner CS3 may be smaller than the width of the second side surface SS2 and the width of the fourth side surface SS4. Therefore, an empty space ES may be formed between a part of the second side surface SS2 and a part of the fourth side surface SS4.
The fourth corner CS4 may be located or disposed between the third side surface SS3 and the fourth side surface SS4. The width of the fourth corner CS4 may be smaller than the width of the third side surface SS3 and the width of the fourth side surface SS4. Therefore, an empty space ES may be formed between a part of the third side surface SS3 and a part of the fourth side surface SS4.
A pad area PDA may be extended from one side of the second side surface SS2. The pad area PDA may be bent at a fifth bending line BL5. The fifth bending line BL5 may be the boundary between the second side surface SS2 and the pad area PDA. The pad area PDA may be a rectangular surface having shorter sides in the second direction (y-axis direction) and longer sides in the first direction (x-axis direction) when viewed from the top. The second side surface SS2 may be the lower side surface of the display panel 300 that faces the upper surface.
The upper surface PS may include a main display area MDA where a main image is displayed. The upper surface PS may not include a non-display area, and accordingly the entire upper surface PS may be the main display area MDA.
The first side surface SS1 may include a first sub display area SDA1 where a first sub image is displayed, and a first non-display area NDA1. As shown in
The second side surface SS2 may include a second sub display area SDA2 where a second sub image is displayed, and a second non-display area NDA2. As shown in
The third side surface SS3 may include a third sub display area SDA3 where a third sub image is displayed, and a third non-display area NDA3. As shown in
The fourth side surface SS4 may include a fourth sub display area SDA4 where a fourth sub image is displayed, and a fourth non-display area NDA4. As shown in
The first corner CS1, the second corner CS2, the third corner CS3 and the fourth corner CS4 may be, but is not limited to, the non-display area. A part of the first corner CS1, a part of the second corner CS2, a part of the third corner CS3 and a part of the fourth corner CS4 may be the display area where images are displayed. In such case, a part of the first corner CS1, a part of the second corner CS2, a part of the third corner CS3 and a part of the fourth corner CS4 may be extended from the main display area MDA.
In the sensor area TSA, the sensor electrodes are disposed in the sensor electrode layer SENL so that a user's touch, the presence of a nearby object, and the pressure of the user's touch may be sensed. The sensor area TSA may overlap the main display area MDA, the first sub display area SDA1, the second sub display area SDA2, the third sub display area SDA3, and the fourth sub display area SDA4. The sensor area TSA may be substantially identical to the sum of the main display area MDA, the first sub display area SDA1, the second sub display area SDA2, the third sub display area SDA3 and the fourth sub display area SDA4.
In the sensor peripheral area TPA, no sensor electrodes are disposed. The sensor peripheral area TPA may surround the sensor area TSA. The sensor peripheral area TPA may overlap the first non-display area NDA1, the second non-display area NDA2, the third display area NDA3, the fourth non-display area NDA4, and the pad area PDA. The sensor peripheral area TPA may be substantially identical to the sum of the first non-display area NDA1, the second non-display area NDA2, the third display area NDA3, the fourth non-display area NDA4 and the pad area PDA.
As shown in
Although the sensor lines SENL are single lines disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS in the example shown in
It is to be noted that the first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2 and the third side surface SS3 may be formed to be substantially identical to the fourth side surface shown in
As shown in
When the first conductive pattern AP is disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA including the first to fourth non-display areas NDA1, NDA2, NDA3 and NDA4, there is not enough space for forming the first conductive pattern AP. Therefore, the first conductive pattern AP is preferably formed substantially in the form of a loop or a coil, but is not limited thereto. The first conductive pattern AP may be quadrangular patches.
Although the first conductive pattern AP for implementing the antenna may be disposed in the sensor peripheral area TPA in the example shown in
An embodiment shown in
Referring to
The fourth non-display area NDA4 may include a sensor wiring area TRA electrically connected to the sensor electrodes of the sensor area TSA overlapping the main display area MDA, and an antenna area APA where the first conductive pattern AP may be formed or disposed.
The sensor wiring area TRA may be extended from the upper surface PS. The sensor wiring area TRA may be disposed on the right side of the upper surface. For the mutual capacitive sensing, the sensor lines SEL disposed in the sensor wiring area TRA may be driving lines or sensing lines.
When the sensor area TSA is not disposed in the fourth side surface SS4, the sensor wiring area TRA and the antenna area APA may be increased compared to when the sensor area TSA is disposed in the fourth side surface SS4. Therefore, the sensor lines SEL of the sensor wiring area TRA may be spaced apart from one another by a second distance D2 that is larger than the first distance D1.
The antenna area APA may be the area of the fourth side surface SS4 other than the sensor wiring area TRA. The first conductive pattern AP may be formed or disposed in the antenna area APA. In the example shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensor lines SEL of the sensor wiring area TRA. The first conductive pattern AP may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the sensor electrodes of the sensor area TSA. For example, the first conductive pattern AP may be disposed on the first sensor insulating layer TINS1 as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
When the sensor area TSA is not disposed in at least one side surface as shown in
It is to be noted that the first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2 and the third side surface SS3 may be formed to be substantially identical to the fourth side surface shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
Because the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves of an antenna is short in 5G mobile communications, it may be difficult for the electromagnetic waves of the antenna radiated toward the upper side of the display device 10 to pass through the lines and the electrodes of the display layer DISL of the display panel 300. For this reason, by forming through holes TH2 in the substrate SUB and the display layer DISL of the display panel 300, it may be possible to reduce electromagnetic waves of the antenna radiated from the antenna module AMD disposed under or below the substrate SUB from being disturbed by the lines and the electrodes of the display layer DISL disposed on the substrate SUB.
It is to be noted that the first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2 and the third side surface SS3 may be formed to be substantially identical to the fourth side surface shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
In
It is to be noted that the first side surface SS1, the second side surface SS2 and the third side surface SS3 may be formed to be substantially identical to the fourth side surface shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The second through hole TH2 may be formed or disposed in one side surface of the display panel 300. For example, the second through hole TH2 may be formed or disposed in the fourth side surface SS4 of the display panel 300. Although the single second through hole TH2 may be formed or disposed in the upper surface PS of the display panel 300 in the example of
Although the through holes TH1 and TH2 may be formed or disposed in the upper surface PS and one side surface of the display panel 300 in the example of
A dead space and a wiring area may be disposed around each of the through holes TH1 and TH2 formed or disposed in the upper surface PS and one side surface the upper surface PS of the display panel 300. A first conductive pattern for implementing the antenna may be formed or disposed in a part of the wiring area as shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
The antenna layer APL may be the same layer as the sensor electrode layer SENL as shown in
The first conductive pattern AP may be formed in a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape, or as quadrangular patches. The antenna implemented with the first conductive pattern AP having a substantially loop shape or a substantially coil shape may be utilized as an antenna for an RFID tag for near field communications. The antenna implemented with the first conductive pattern AP having rectangular patches may be utilized as an antenna for mobile communications.
A force sensor FOS for sensing a user's touch input or a user's pressure may be disposed in the side surface where the antenna layer APL is disposed and the sensor electrode layer SENL is not disposed. The force sensor FOS may include a strain-gauge force sensor, a capacitive force sensor, a gap-cap type force sensor, or a force sensor including metal microparticles such as quantum tunneling composite (QTC) force sensor. The force sensor FOS including the strain gauge may be similar to that described above with reference to
The force sensor FOS may be disposed on the opposite surface of the first side surface SS1. The force sensor FOS may be attached to the other surface of the first side surface SS1 using a pressure sensitive adhesive. The force sensor FOS may be disposed between the display panel 300 and the bracket 600. The bracket 600 may work as a supporting member for supporting the force sensors FOS. The force sensor FOS may be attached to the bracket 600 using a pressure sensitive adhesive.
Referring to
The first base member BS1 and the second base member BS2 are disposed to face each other. Each of the first base member BS1 and the second base member BS2 may be made of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film or a polyimide film.
The driving electrodes TE1 and the sensing electrodes RE1 are disposed adjacent to each other but are not electrically connected to each other. The driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be arranged or disposed in parallel. The driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be arranged or disposed alternately. For example, the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be repeatedly arranged or disposed in the order of the driving electrode TE, the sensing electrode RE, the driving electrode TE, the sensing electrode RE, within the spirit and the scope of the disclosure.
The driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may include a conductive material such as silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). The driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be formed or disposed on the first substrate SUB1 by screen printing.
The pressure sensing layer PSL is disposed on the surface of the second substrate SUB2 facing the first substrate SUB1. The pressure sensing layer PSL may be disposed such that it overlaps with the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE.
The pressure sensing layer PSL may include a polymer resin having a pressure sensitive material. The pressure sensitive material may be metal microparticles (or metal nanoparticles) such as nickel, aluminum, titanium, tin and copper. For example, the pressure sensing layer PSL may be a quantum tunneling composite (QTC).
When no pressure is applied to the second substrate SUB2 in the height direction (z-axis direction) of the force sensor FOS, there is a gap between the pressure sensing layer PSL and the driving electrode TE1 and between the pressure sensing layer PSL and the sensing electrodes RE1. For example, when no pressure is applied to the second substrate SUB2, the pressure sensing layer PSL may be spaced apart from the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE.
When a pressure is applied to the second substrate SUB2 in the height direction (z-axis direction) of the force sensor FOS, the pressure sensing layer PSL may contact the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE. In this case, at least one of the driving electrodes TE1 and at least one of the sensing electrodes RE1 may be physically connected with one another through the pressure sensing layer PSL, and the pressure sensing layer PSL may work as an electrical resistance.
Therefore, since the area in which the pressure sensing layer PSL is brought into contact with the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE varies depending on the applied pressure, the resistance of the sensing electrodes RE may vary. For example, as the pressure applied to the force sensor FOS increases, the resistance of the sensing electrodes RE may decrease. A pressure sensing unit may sense a change in current value or a voltage value from the sensing electrodes RE based on a change in the resistance, thereby determining the pressure that the user presses by a finger. Therefore, the force sensor FOS may be used as the input device for sensing a user's input.
One of the first base member BS1 and the second base member BS2 of the force sensor FOS may be attached to the other surface of the first side surface SS1 of the substrate via a pressure sensitive adhesive, while the other may be attached to the bracket 600 via a pressure sensitive adhesive.
Alternatively, one of the first base member BS1 and the second base member BS2 of the force sensor FOS may be eliminated. For example, when the first base member BS1 of the force sensor FOS is eliminated, the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be disposed on one surface or the other surface of the first side surface SS1. For example, the force sensor FOS may use the first side surface SS1 of the display panel 300 as a base member. If the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE are disposed on one surface of the first side surface SS1, the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be made of the same or similar material on a same layer as the light-blocking layer BML1 of the display layer DISL.
Alternatively, when the first base member BS1 of the force sensor FOS is eliminated, the driving electrodes TE and the sensing electrodes RE may be disposed on the bracket 600. In other words, the force sensor FOS may use the bracket 600 as the base member.
Alternatively, if the second base member BS2 of the force sensor FOS is eliminated, the pressure sensing layer PSL may be disposed on the other surface of the first side surface SS1. For example, the force sensor FOS may use the first side surface SS1 of the display panel 300 as the base member.
Alternatively, if the second base member BS2 of the force sensor FOS is eliminated, the pressure sensing layer PSL may be disposed on the bracket 600. In other words, the force sensor FOS may use the bracket 600 as the base member.
In the example shown in
When the force sensor FOS of the gap-cap manner is disposed on four side surfaces SS1, SS2, SS3 and SS4 as shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
As shown in
An embodiment of
Referring to
Although the ultrasonic sensor US is disposed on the first side surface SS1 in the example shown in
While embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms thereof. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the of the disclosure. The features of various embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments.
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