Patent Application
20080015531
As referred to herein, “disposable” absorbent articles are those which are intended to be discarded after a limited number of uses, frequently a single use (i.e., the original absorbent article as a whole is not intended to be laundered or reused as an absorbent article, although certain materials or portions of the absorbent article may be recycled, reused, or composted). Certain disposable absorbent articles may be temporarily restored to substantially full functionality through the use of removable/replaceable components but the article is nevertheless considered to be disposable because the entire article is intended to be discarded after a limited number of uses.
As used herein, the term “diaper” refers to a garment generally worn by infants and incontinent persons that is worn about the lower torso of the wearer. It should be understood, however, that the present invention is also applicable not only to diapers as defined above but also to other absorbent articles such as incontinent briefs, incontinent pads, training pants, diaper inserts, catamenial pads, sanitary napkins, tampons, bandages, facial tissues, paper towels, and the like.
As used herein, the term “body liquids” includes, but is not limited to, urine, menses, vaginal discharges, blood, sweat and feces.
As used herein, the term “absorbent core” refers to the component of the absorbent article that is primarily responsible for liquid handling properties of the article, including acquiring, distributing and storing body liquids. As such, the absorbent core typically does not include the topsheet or backsheet of the absorbent article.
As used herein, the term “absorbent member” refers to a component of the absorbent core that typically provides one or more liquid handling functions, i.e., fluid acquisition, distribution or storage. The absorbent member can comprise the entire absorbent core or only a portion of the absorbent core, i.e., the absorbent core can comprise one or more absorbent members. The “fluid distribution member” or “distribution member” is the component(s) of the absorbent core that functions primarily to distribute absorbed liquids. As discussed above, the fluid distribution member may also function to acquire fluid.
As used herein the term “removable” refers to a component that can be removed from the absorbent article (with or without removing the article from the wearer) without causing damage to the article.
A “replaceable” component is one that may be inserted into the absorbent article without damaging the article so as to again provide the functionality of a component that was removed. The removed component is typically soiled by urine, and is replaced by another unsoiled component, but the original component may be re-inserted as desired if unsoiled.
As used herein, the term “superabsorbent” refers to a material capable of absorbing at least ten times its dry weight of a 0.9% saline solution at 25° C. Superabsorbent polymers absorb fluid via an osmotic mechanism to form a gel.
As used herein, the term “microfibers” refers to fibers with an average effective diameter of from about 0.1 micron to about 6 microns and an aspect ratio of at least about 100, where the aspect ratio of the microfiber is its contour length divided by its average effective diameter. Long microfibers can have aspect ratios which exceed 1×1012. The microfiber may be of any configuration, including but not limited to straight, curled, kinked, crimped, and combinations thereof. The cross sectional area of the microfiber orthogonal to its contour length at any point may have any geometric shape, including but not limited to circular (round), square, flat, oval, star-shaped, irregular, and combinations thereof. For fibers with a non-circular cross section, the effective diameter is the diameter of the circle having a cross sectional area equal to that of the fiber. Microfibers may comprise any material, including but not limited to natural polymers, synthetic polymers, minerals, glass, ceramics, metals, vegetable matter, animal matter, carbon, and combinations thereof. A sample of microfibers with an average effective diameter between 0.1 and 6 microns may contain individual fibers with diameters greater than 6 microns and/or individual fibers with diameters less than 0.1 micron. A member comprising such a material is within the scope of the current invention as long as the average effective diameter is between 0.1 and 6 microns.
As used herein, the term “inorganic” refers to a material which is not organic in nature. As used herein, the term “organic” refers to compounds of carbon.
As used herein, the term “vitreous” refers to a material which is substantially non-crystalline (i.e., contains more than 90% amorphous material, preferably more than 99% amorphous material) and which is glassy at room temperature.
As used herein, an inorganic vitreous microfiber is “non-biopersistent” if its in vitro dissolution rate, kdis, is equal to or greater than 100 ng/cm2/hr when measured according to the test method described below.
As used herein, the term “layer” refers to an absorbent member whose primary dimension is X-Y, i.e., along its length and width. It should be understood that the term layer is not necessarily limited to single layers or sheets of material. Thus the layer may comprise laminates or combinations of several sheets or webs of the requisite type of materials. Accordingly, the term “layer” includes the terms “layers” and “layered.”
As used herein, the term “X-Y dimension” refers to the plane orthogonal to the thickness of the member, core or article. The X-Y dimension usually corresponds to the length and width, respectively, of the member, core or article when the article is laid flat, with the X dimension being the longest dimension.
As used herein, the term “Z-dimension” refers to the dimension orthogonal to the length and width of the member, core or article. The Z-dimension usually corresponds to the thickness of the member, core or article.
As used herein, the terms “region(s)” or “zone(s)” refer to portions or sections of the absorbent article or component thereof.
As used herein, the term “flexible” refers to materials which are compliant and which will readily conform to the general shape and contours of the wearer's body.
For purposes of this invention, it should also be understood that the term “upper” refers to absorbent members, such as layers, that are nearest to the wearer of the absorbent article, and typically are relatively proximate the topsheet of an absorbent article; conversely, the term “lower” refers to absorbent members that are furthermost away from the wearer of the absorbent article and typically are more proximate the backsheet.
As used herein, the term “comprising” means various components, members, steps and the like can be conjointly employed according to the present invention. Accordingly, the term “comprising” encompasses the more restrictive terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of,” these latter, more restrictive terms having their standard meaning as understood in the art.
All percentages, ratios and proportions used herein are by weight unless otherwise specified.
Distribution materials according to the present invention are broadly useful in absorbent cores of disposable diapers, as well as other absorbent articles. These materials can also be employed in other absorbent articles, especially when there is a need to wick liquid to some height against the force of gravity.
The topsheet 61 is compliant, soft feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin. Further, the topsheet 61 is liquid pervious permitting liquids to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet 61 can be manufactured from a wide range of materials such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers (e.g., polyester or polypropylene fibers) or from a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. In one embodiment, the topsheet 61 is made of a hydrophobic material to isolate the wearer's skin from liquids in the absorbent core 10. Preferably the topsheet comprises a means to adjust hydrophilicity of the material.
A suitable topsheet is a nonwoven material made using means well known to those skilled in the fabrics art. Preferably, the topsheet 61 has a basis weight from about 10 to about 25 g/m2, a minimum dry tensile strength of at least about 150 g/cm in the machine direction and a strikethrough of less than about 3 seconds according to European Disposables and Nonwovens Association standard method 150.4-99. One suitable topsheet 61 comprises a polypropylene spunbonded nonwoven comprises fibers of less than 3 denier having a basis weight of about 18 g/m2 as is available from BBA Fiberweb of Simpsonville, S.C.
The backsheet 62 prevents the exudates absorbed and contained in the absorbent core 10 from wetting articles which contact the diaper 60 such as bed sheets and garments. The backsheet 62 is preferably manufactured from a thin polymer film. In one preferred embodiment the film comprising backsheet 62 is impervious to liquids. Typically, the backsheet 62 comprises a layer of polyethylene film having a basis weight between about 10 g/m2 and about 30 g/m2, although other flexible, liquid impervious materials can be used. Preferably, the film is breathable (e.g., via micropores) so as to permit vapors to escape from the diaper 60 while still preventing exudates from passing through the backsheet 62. Particularly preferred backsheet materials have a nonwoven laminated to the film layer so as to make backsheet 62 more “cloth-like”. Such a nonwoven layer may comprise a nonwoven material (e.g., one having a spunbonded or other suitable structure) with a basis weight between about 15 g/m2 and about 25 g/m2. Suitable materials for use as backsheet 62 are available form Clopay Plastic Products Company of Mason, Ohio.
The size of the backsheet 62 is dictated by the size of the absorbent core 28 and the exact diaper design selected. In one preferred embodiment, the backsheet 62 has a modified hourglass-shape extending beyond the absorbent core 28 a minimum distance of at least about 1.3 centimeters to at least about 2.5 centimeters (about 0.5 to about 1.0 inch) around the entire diaper periphery.
The topsheet 61 and the backsheet 62 are joined together in any suitable manner. As used herein, the term “joined” encompasses configurations whereby the topsheet 61 is directly joined to the backsheet 62 by affixing the topsheet 61 directly to the backsheet 62, and configurations whereby the topsheet 61 is indirectly joined to the backsheet 62 by affixing the topsheet 61 to intermediate members which in turn are affixed to the backsheet 62. In a preferred embodiment, the topsheet 61 and the backsheet 62 are affixed directly to each other in the diaper periphery by attachment means (not shown) such as an adhesive or any other attachment means as known in the art. For example, a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterned layer of adhesive, or an array of separate lines or spots of adhesive can be used to affix the topsheet 61 to the backsheet 62.
The diaper 60 may also include a fastening system 65. The fastening system 65 preferably maintains diaper 60 in a configuration so as to provide lateral tensions about the circumference of the diaper 60 to hold the diaper 60 on the wearer. The fastening system 65 preferably comprises a fastener such as tape tabs, hook and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as “tabs and slots”, buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or cohesive fastening components, although any other known fastening means are generally acceptable.
Elastic members 69 are disposed adjacent the periphery of the diaper 60, preferably along each longitudinal edge 64, so that the elastic members tend to draw and hold the diaper 60 against the legs of the wearer. Additionally, elastic members 67 can be disposed adjacent either or both of the waistband regions 63 of the diaper 60 to provide a waistband as well as or rather than leg cuffs. For example, a suitable waistband is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,595. In addition, a method and apparatus suitable for manufacturing a disposable diaper having elastically contractible elastic members is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,301. Additional elastic features (not shown) may be disposed inboard of the longitudinal edges 64 to provide additional protection against leakage. Such inboard features are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,695,278 and 4,795,454.
The elastic members may be secured to the diaper 60 in an elastically contractible condition so that in a normally unrestrained configuration, the elastic members effectively contract or gather the diaper 60. The elastic members can be secured in an elastically contractible condition in at least two ways. For example, the elastic members can be stretched and secured while the diaper 60 is in an uncontracted condition. Alternatively, the diaper 60 can be contracted, for example, by pleating, and the elastic members secured and connected to the diaper 60 while the elastic members are in their unrelaxed or unstretched condition. The elastic members may extend along a portion of the length of the diaper 60. Alternatively, the elastic members can extend the entire length of the diaper 60, or any other length suitable to provide an elastically contractible line. The length of the elastic members is dictated by the diaper design.
In alternative embodiments (not shown), the article may be preformed by the manufacturer by joining opposing portions of the longitudinal edges 64 that lie adjacent to the end edges 63 to create a pant. The term “pant”, as used herein, refers to disposable garments having a waist opening and leg openings designed for infant or adult wearers. A pant may be placed in position on the wearer by inserting the wearer's legs into the leg openings and sliding the pant into position about the wearer's lower torso. A pant may be preformed by any suitable technique including, but not limited to, joining together portions of the article using refastenable and/or non-refastenable bonds (e.g., seam, weld, adhesive, cohesive bond, fastener, etc.). A pant may be preformed anywhere along the circumference of the article (e.g., side fastened, front waist fastened). While the term “pant” is used herein, pants are also commonly referred to as “closed diapers”, “prefastened diapers”, “pull-on diapers”, “training pants” and “diaper-pants”. Suitable pants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,246,433; 5,569,234; 6,120,487; 6,120,489; 4,940,464; 5,092,861; 5,897,545; 5,957,908 and in U.S. Pat. Application Publication 2003/0233082A1.
In use, the diaper 60 is applied to a wearer by positioning one waistband region under the wearer's back, and drawing the remainder of the diaper 60 between the wearer's legs so that the other waistband region is positioned across the front of the wearer. The fastening system 65 is then secured preferably to outwardly facing areas of the diaper 60.
When used as an absorbent core in a disposable diaper 60, a preferred embodiment of the core 28 according to the present invention is positioned such that an acquisition member 52 is in liquid communication with topsheet 61, and serves to quickly acquire and partition body exudates from the wearer's body to distribution member 51. Adhesive bonding of acquisition member 52 to topsheet 61 may enhance the liquid communication by providing interfacial bonding and preventing topsheet separation from impeding liquid flow. A distribution member 51 of the present invention moves liquid in the X and Y dimensions of the core 28 and the liquid is subsequently absorbed by the liquid storage component, shown generally as 10. While components 52 and 51 are shown generally as being rectilinear and of equal size, other shapes and size relationships may be utilized. As shown, the generally rectilinear components have a width 53 corresponding to a suitable width for the crotch area 66 of a disposable diaper. As well, the length of the respective core components may be varied to provide a suitable fit for various wearer sizes.
As is shown in
Alternatively, storage component 10 may be a unitary layer or layers of storage material (i.e., where the dashed lines 70 in
In one embodiment, acquisition member 52 will be a liquid handling layer, positioned in the liquid discharge region of the wearer of the article, in the form of a high loft nonwoven. A preferred material of this type is a carded, resin bonded polyester nonwoven material having a basis weight of about 60 g/m2 as is available from BBA Fiberweb of Simpsonville, S.C. Alternatively, acquisition member 52 may be in the form of a layer of modified cellulosic fibers, e.g., stiffened curled cellulosic fibers, and, optionally, up to about 10% by weight of this layer of superabsorbent material. The modified cellulosic fibers used in the liquid acquisition member 52 of such an embodiment are preferably wood pulp fibers that have been stiffened and curled by means of chemical and/or thermal treatment. Such modified cellulosic fibers are of the same type as are employed in the absorbent articles described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,622. In other embodiments, acquisition member 52 may comprise blends of synthetic fibers, semi-synthetic fibers and natural fibers as desired. A preferred blend of this type is a carded, through air bonded 50/50 blend of staple length 4.2 denier rayon fibers and 6.0 denier polyester fibers having a basis weight of about 250 g/m2. As used herein, the term “staple length fibers” refers to those fibers having a length of at least about 15.9 mm (0.62 inches).
Distribution members 51 of the present invention comprise non-biopersistent inorganic vitreous microfiber material (described in detail below). Because these members are effective and efficient at distributing aqueous liquids, they are particularly useful as the liquid distribution component of an absorbent core 28 that benefits from such liquid movement.
Such liquid movement capability is especially useful in a preferred embodiment of absorbent core 28 where not more than about 40% of the total superabsorbent polymer present in absorbent core 28 is located in crotch region 82. Such cores are designed so that most of the absorbed liquid is stored away from crotch region 82 in one or both of end regions 80, 84. The weight of superabsorbent polymer in each region 80, 82, 84 may be measured by cutting diaper 60 perpendicular to longitudinal centerline 5 to separate crotch region 82 from front and rear waist regions 80 and 84. The amount of superabsorbent polymer in each region is then determined using methods known to the art (e.g., titration). The percent superabsorbent polymer in crotch region 82 is defined as the quantity of superabsorbent polymer therein divided by the total amount of superabsorbent in core 28 multiplied by 100.
By designing a crotch region 82 to have a relatively low absorbent capacity, the crotch region 82 can be made narrow. Suitably, for infant diapers, crotch regions of this type have a width at the narrowest point of less than about 7 cm, preferably less than about 6 cm, more preferably less than about 5 cm. As described above, a narrow crotch facilitates good fit and comfort for the wearer of the disposable article. Such designs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,015,935 and 6,083,210.
In some embodiments according to the present invention, the distribution member of the absorbent core will be placed in a specific positional relationship with respect to the topsheet and the storage component of the absorbent core. More particularly, the distribution member 51 of the core is preferably positioned so that it is effectively located to receive discharged body liquid from the acquisition member 52 and transport such liquid to other regions of the core. Thus the distribution member 51 can span between an acquisition zone (e.g., in the crotch region) and some distal storage zone. The acquisition layer would include the crotch area and, preferably for articles to be worn by males, also the region where urination discharges occur in the front of the diaper. For a diaper, the front of the absorbent article means the portion of the absorbent article which is intended to be placed on the front of the wearer.
For diaper executions, the distribution member 51 of the core can be positioned relative to an elongated topsheet and/or the storage component such that the distribution member 51 is of sufficient length to extend to areas corresponding at least to about 50%, preferably at least about 75%, of the length of the topsheet and/or from about 50 to about 200% of the total length of the storage component(s). The distribution member 51 should have a width sufficient to receive body liquids from the acquisition layer. Generally, for infant diapers, the width of the distribution member 51 at the narrowest point in the crotch area will be less than 7 cm, preferably less than about 6 cm, more preferably less than about 5 cm The distribution member 51 can be of any desired shape consistent with comfortable fit and the sizing limitations discussed above. These shapes include, for example, hourglass-shaped, rectangular or oblong, trapezoidal, dog-bone-shaped, half-dog-bone-shaped, oval, triangular, circular, or irregularly shaped. The distribution layer can be of similar shape or differing shape from that of the storage component. The storage component of the preferred absorbent core configuration can also be of any desired shape consistent with comfortable fit including, for example, hourglass-shaped, rectangular or oblong, trapezoidal, dog-bone-shaped, half-dog-bone-shaped, oval, triangular, circular, or irregularly shaped. (The storage component need not be physically separated from the distribution member 51 or completely unattached from the distribution member 51.)
As can be seen most clearly in
Non-removable core component 305 comprises acquisition member 352 (shown in
Materials suitable for acquisition member 352 and fixed distribution member 351 are generally the same materials described above for use in acquisition member 52 and distribution member 51. However, depending upon the design of diaper core 28, the fixed distribution member 351 is not necessarily required to wick fluids as high as distribution member 51 (see
Removable/replaceable core component 310 comprises removable distribution member 320 and superabsorbent storage material 330. One particularly preferred embodiment further comprises covering layer 340 and permeable liquid transfer region 348. Covering layer 340 substantially encapsulates the removable/replaceable core component 310. Suitably, superabsorbent material 330 is adhesively bonded to at least one face of removable distribution member 320 so as to provide readily accessible volume for osmotic storage of absorbed aqueous liquids. The removable distribution member 320 may comprise one or more layers of distribution material. In one preferred embodiment (as illustrated in
Transfer region 348 is provided so as to ensure that non-removable core component 305 and removable/replaceable core component 310 are in fluid communication. In some instances it may be desirable to provide an interface layer (not shown) between removable/replaceable core component 310 and overlying and underlying layers so as to reduce frictional resistance during installation and removal of removable/replaceable core component 310. When used, an interface layer should comprise a substantially hydrophilic material so as to minimally resist fluid communication between non-removable core component 305 and removable/replaceable core component 310. A suitable material for this use is a polyolefin having an ionic material grafted thereto. An exemplary material of this type comprises polypropylene having acrylic acid grafted thereto which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,604.
Superabsorbent material 330 may comprise any superabsorbent polymer as may be known to the art as suitable for absorption of aqueous liquids in a disposable absorbent article. An exemplary material of this type is the partially neutralized polyacrylic acid, ASAP 500, as is available from BASF Corporation Superabsorbents of Charlotte, N.C. Other suitable superabsorbent polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,669,894 and 6,849,665. When a covering layer 340 is used, materials suitable for use as a backsheet 362 are also suitable for use as covering layer 340. A particularly preferred material for use as removable distribution layer 320 is a web comprising the non-biopersistent vitreous microfibers that are described in detail below.
While removable/replaceable core component 310 is shown in
In yet another alternative embodiment (not shown), the entire absorbent core is removable/replaceable with no fixed core members present.
Such embodiments having removable/replaceable components are described more fully in one or more of the following: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,989,005, 6,989,006, 6,932,800 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/099791 filed in the name of Lavon, et al. on Apr.4, 2005 and in U.S. Pat. Application Publications 2003/0199844, 2004/0024379, 2004/0030314.
A suitable microfiber for use as a fluid distribution member for the various embodiments of the present invention is a non-biopersistent inorganic vitreous microfiber having an average effective diameter of between about 0.1 microns and 6 microns. For purposes of the present invention, an inorganic vitreous microfiber is non-biopersistent if its in vitro dissolution rate, kdis, is equal to or greater than 100 ng/cm2/hr when measured according to the test method described below. Preferably the non-biopersistent inorganic vitreous microfibers useful in the present invention have dissolution rates, kdis, of more than about 125 ng/cm2/hr, more preferably more than about 150 ng/cm2/hr, and even more preferably more than about 250 ng/cm2/hr. It has been found that such microfibers have the particularly desirable combination of fluid handling properties, resiliency, softness and lack of biopersistence. Inorganic compositions suitable for making microfibers useful in the present invention are described in European Pat. 1 048 625B, U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,335 and U.S. Pat. Application Publication 2003/0015003. Suitable non-biopersistent inorganic vitreous microfibers are available from Lauscha Fiber International Corp. of Summerville, S.C.
Such inorganic vitreous microfibers may be produced using known techniques including:
While all known web forming techniques that are suitable for staple fibers may be used with a vitreous microfiber staple feedstock, wet laying is particularly preferred as a means to produce a web form of the vitreous microfibers. As is well known the vitreous microfiber staple is dispersed in an aqueous medium; the dispersion is then laid down on a forming screen from a headbox or other suitable distribution means; the aqueous medium drains through the forming screen to form a nascent web which is then dried and wound to form a roll of vitreous microfibers.
In an alternative embodiment the web is provided with a binder so as to provide increased mechanical stability thereto. Nonlimiting examples of such binders include:
Since such binders may affect the fluid handling properties of the web, only the minimum level necessary for the required mechanical strength should be used. For thermoplastic binders the level is preferably less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 15%. For post formation binders the add-on to the dry web is preferably less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 15%.
In addition to blends with binder fibers the other types of fibers may be incorporated into the distribution member. For example:
The concentration of such fibers depends on the desired final properties of the web. Suitably such fibers are used at a level less than about 15%, preferably less than about 10%.
In an alternate embodiment, the web may be airlaid directly after formation of the microfibers by collecting the fibers on a suitable forming device or by using conventional airlaying techniques using staple-length fibers. In either case, the web in this embodiment may be formed by collection of fibers on a foraminous structure. In preferred processes of this type a vacuum system underlying the foraminous structure can aid in gathering the fibers into a web form. Airlaid webs of this type can also use binders and other fibrous materials as described above for wet-laid webs.
Suitably, the web has a basis weight of between about 40 g/m2 and about 350 g/m2, preferably between about 80 g/m2 and about 160 g/m2. Layers of the web may be stacked to achieve higher overall basis weights. The density of the web is suitably between about 0.04 g/cc and about 0.25 g/cc, preferably between about 0.07 g/cc and about 0.10 g/cc.
As will be recognized, mechanical integrity of the material comprising the fluid distribution members of the present invention is important for both reliability in the process used to produce the member and for reliable performance of any product incorporating the member. One measure of mechanical integrity is dry tensile strength (a method is provided in the Test methods section below). Typically, a material for use as a fluid distribution member according to the present invention has a dry tensile strength of at least about 0.05 kN/m, preferably at least about 0.25 kN/m, more preferably at least about 0.4 kN/m or even greater when measured according to the method described in the Test methods section below.
The primary functions of the fluid distribution member are to dewater any acquisition members in the absorbent article that are in capillary communication therewith and to distribute fluid as rapidly as possible throughout the distribution member. In order to spontaneously dewater an acquisition member via a capillary mechanism to achieve to a particular moisture content in the acquisition member, the absorptive capillary pressure of the distribution member must be equal to or greater than the desorptive capillary pressure of the acquisition layer at that particular moisture content. It is desirable for the distribution member to have sufficient additional absorptive capillary pressure to enable wicking of fluid throughout the distribution member, often against gravity.
Surprisingly, very high absorptive capillary pressure is not necessarily advantageous in a fluid distribution member. In part, this is due to the fact that capillary continuity within an acquisition member is lost below a certain moisture content. When the moisture content of the acquisition member is below this level, increasing the absorptive capillary pressure of an adjacent member does not necessarily result in further capillary dewatering of the acquisition member. Another reason very high absorptive capillary pressure is not necessarily advantageous in a fluid distribution member is that the small pore sizes necessary to achieve high capillary pressures also tend to result in the member having relatively low permeability and a low rate of wicking.
For purposes of the present invention, these capillary forces are measured in terms of the member's ability to wick fluid to a specific height against gravity as described in the various fluid handling tests discussed below.
A. Vertical Wicking Rate of the Distribution Member
The rate at which the fluid distribution member wicks fluid is determined, amongst other factors, by the capillary pressure and the permeability of the structure. For purposes of the present disclosure the wicking rate is determined by measuring the time taken for a colored test liquid (e.g., synthetic urine) in a reservoir to wick a specified vertical distance through a representative sample of the member according to the Vertical Wicking Rate test described in the Test methods section below.
The fluid distribution members of the present invention comprises a material that suitably wicks fluid vertically to a height of 5 cm in less than about 5 minutes, preferably in less than about 2 minutes, more preferably in less than about 1 minute, and even more preferably in less than about 30 seconds. Preferred embodiments of the fluid distribution members of the present invention comprise a material that suitably wicks fluid vertically to a height of 10 cm in less than about 15 minutes, preferably in less than about 10 minutes, more preferably in less than about 5 minutes, and even more preferably in less than about 2.5 minutes. Particularly preferred embodiments the fluid distribution members of the present invention comprise a material that suitably wicks fluid vertically to a height of 15 cm in less than about 20 minutes, preferably in less than about 15 minutes, more preferably in less than about 10 minutes, and even more preferably in less than about 5.5 minutes.
B. Vertical Wicking Height
For purposes of the present invention, the capillary absorption pressure of a porous material is determined by measuring its ability to wick fluid vertically, according to the Vertical Wicking Height test described in the Test methods section below.
The fluid distribution members of the present invention preferably, but not necessarily, have vertical wicking heights of from about 15 cm to about 90 cm, more preferably from about 20 cm to about 80 cm, and even more preferably from about 25 cm to about 70 cm.
C. Permeability of the Distribution Member to Fluid
For purposes of the present disclosure the permeability of the fluid distribution member is measured according to the Permeability test described in the Test methods section below.
Desirably, a fluid distribution member of the present invention comprises a material having as high a permeability as possible consistent with other fluid handling properties, even greater than 100 Darcys. Suitably, permeability should be greater than about 4 Darcys, preferably greater than about 10 Darcys. Typically, the fluid distribution members of the present invention have permeability values of from about 10 Darcys to about 35 Darcys, more typically from about 15 Darcys to about 30 Darcys, and even more typically from about 15 Darcys to about 25 Darcys.
D. Surface Tension Reduction
As noted above, surfactant materials are frequently added to absorbent article components to improve the hydrophilicity of a variety of materials therein. The presence of surfactants can cause the surface tension of absorbed fluids to be reduced substantially. Desirably, the distribution members of the present invention comprise vitreous microfibers which are inherently hydrophilic. As a result, no surfactant is needed to cause them to become hydrophilic.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the distribution member has a surface tension reduction of less than about 10 mN/m, when tested in accordance with the Surface Tension Reduction Test in the Test methods section. Preferably, the surface tension reduction is less than about 8 mN/m, more preferably less than about 5 mN/m, and most preferably less than about 2 mN/m.
E. Biopersistence
As noted above, distribution members of the present invention comprise inorganic vitreous microfibers which are considered to be non-biopersistent.
The following is a detailed description of the various methods used to characterize the distribution materials of the present invention. It will be recognized that, with respect to test methods A, B and C, where the test material lacks sufficient integrity to withstand the testing protocol, a hydrophobic screen that does not impact wicking performance can be used to support the material.
Sample Preparation
Before using any of the following test methods to evaluate a material, the material should be prepared for evaluation according to at least one of the following steps.
Where the material to be tested is obtained from an absorbent article, sufficient number of representative absorbent articles should be selected from the retail packaging of the absorbent article to conduct all required tests. Each article should be disassembled in a manner that minimally disturbs the structure of any layers comprising the absorbent article. For example, adhesively joined layers can be separated by first freezing them using a freeze spray such as Freez-It® as is available from ITW Chemtronics Americas of Kennesaw, Ga.
All samples should be preconditioned at 22±2° C. and 50±2% relative humidity prior to evaluation using any of the following test methods unless specified otherwise. All tests are conducted at 22±2° C. and 50±2% relative humidity unless specified otherwise.
A. Vertical Wicking Rate
A rectilinear test strip of material 1-2 cm wide and approximately 20 cm long is cut taking care not to compress the material or otherwise unduly disturb its structure. The orientation of the material should be such that the long dimension of the sample corresponds with the primary direction in which fluid is transported through the material in an absorbent article. The strip is suspended vertically from a suitable adjustable support such that the material is not excessively curled, twisted, creased or wrinkled, and the lower edge of the material is approximately 2 cm above the rim of a Petri dish having a diameter of at least 6 cm. The Petri dish is filled to a depth of at least 1 cm with a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride. Approximately 0.25 g/l F&DC Blue No. 1 colorant powder is added to the solution to impart an intense uniform blue color. A ruler graduated in millimeters is clamped vertically by suitable means such that the ruler is alongside but not touching the test strip and the zero millimeter mark is at the surface of the liquid. The test strip is lowered rapidly so that the bottom 5 mm of the strip is submerged in the liquid near the center of the Petri dish. A stopwatch is activated as soon as the bottom of the test strip is submerged in the liquid. The time taken for the fluid front to wick to 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm is recorded by visual inspection of the test strip and ruler. The highest point to which fluid has wicked is considered to be the fluid front. Measurements are conducted in triplicate and the average value is used to represent the wicking rate at the specified height.
B. Vertical Wicking Height
A rectilinear test strip of material 1-2 cm wide is cut taking care not to compress the material or otherwise unduly disturb its structure. The length of the sample is at least several centimeters longer than the expected vertical wicking height of the material. The orientation of the material should be such that the long dimension of the sample corresponds with the primary direction in which fluid is transported through the material in an absorbent article. The strip is suspended vertically from a suitable support within a rigid clear impervious cylinder having an internal diameter of approximately 3-4 cm, and an outer diameter which will fit through the neck of a 2 liter Ehrlenmeyer flask. The cylinder is clamped in a vertical position, such that the test strip protrudes approximately 0.5 cm from the bottom of the cylinder. The strip is not unduly curled, twisted, creased or wrinkled, and does not touch the inner walls of the cylinder. The top of the cylinder is sealed except for a pinhole. A 2 liter Ehrlenmeyer flask containing 1 liter of a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride by weight is positioned directly below the bottom of the cylinder. Approximately 0.25 g/l F&DC Blue No. 1 colorant powder is added to the solution to impart an intense uniform blue color. The cylinder is lowered through the neck of the Ehrlenmeyer flask until the bottom 5 mm of the cylinder is submerged in the liquid. The height of the fluid front above the surface of the liquid in the Ehrlenmeyer flask is measured by any suitable means, such as pre-inscribed gradations on the cylinder, or with the aid of a suitable ruler. The highest point to which fluid has wicked is considered to be the fluid front. For purposes of the present invention vertical wicking height is measured at 16 hours±30 minutes. Measurements are conducted in triplicate and the average value is used to represent the wicking height of the material.
C. Permeability
Sample
A rectilinear test strip of material approximately 2.5 cm wide and approximately 30 cm long is cut taking care not to compress the material or otherwise unduly disturb its structure. The orientation of the material should be such that the long dimension of the sample corresponds with the primary direction in which fluid is transported through the material in an absorbent article. The thickness of the sample is determined as described below. The width of the test strip is measured to within ±0.5 mm. The cross-sectional area (A) of the test strip is determined by multiplying the thickness of the strip by its width.
Apparatus and Test Setup
A suitable apparatus 500 is shown in
Operation
The chamber is sealed and the water is allowed to wick through the sample and drip into the beaker for thirty minutes. The chamber is then opened; the beaker is replaced with a clean, dry beaker of known weight (Wi); and a stopwatch is activated simultaneously. The chamber is re-sealed immediately and water is allowed to drip into the beaker for approximately 20 minutes. The chamber is opened and the beaker is promptly replaced by another clean, dry beaker of known weight, after which the chamber is resealed immediately. The time period during which water was collected in the beaker just removed is recorded (t). This beaker containing the collected water is weighed immediately upon removal from the chamber and the weight recorded (Wf). Water is collected in three separate beakers successively in this fashion, with the initial weight, final weight, and collection time recorded for each beaker. After the third beaker has been removed from the chamber, the absolute vertical distance (Δh) between the surface 535 of the water and the end of the test strip 537 is measured. The strip is marked on one edge with a waterproof marker or other suitable means at the surface of the water. The test strip is then carefully removed and laid on a flat surface. The length of the portion of the strip which was not submerged (L) is determined by measuring the distance from the end of the strip 537 to the mark made at the surface of the water.
Calculation and Reporting
The volumetric flow rate for each beaker of fluid collected is calculated using the following equation:
where: Qn is the volumetric flow rate [in m3/s]
Wf is the final weight of the beaker [in grams]
Wi is the initial weight of the beaker [in grams]
VSw is the specific volume of water [in m3/g] (i. e., 1.00×10−6 m3/g), and
t is the time of fluid collection in the beaker [in seconds].
The average volumetric flow rate, Q, is the arithmetic average of the three values obtained in this fashion.
The permeability of the material is calculated using the following equation:
Q is the average volumetric flow rate [in m3/s],
L is the length of the test strip which was not submerged [in m],
μ is the absolute viscosity of water [in N·sm2 (or kg/m·s)] (i.e., 0.001 kg/m·s),
A is the cross-sectional area of the sample [in m2],
Δh is the vertical distance between the surface of the fluid in the dish and the lower end of the test strip [in m],
ρ is the density of the fluid [in kg/m3] (i.e., 1000 kg/m3), and
g is the acceleration due to gravity [in m/s2]. (i.e., 9.80 m/s2)
The permeability of the material, k, is obtained in Darcys by dividing the value of k in m2 by 9.87×10−13 m2/Darcy.
D. Surface Tension Reduction
A blank solution is prepared by filtering 100 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution through a Whatman No. 41 filter paper and collecting the filtrate in a 150 ml beaker. A representative sample of the material weighing 3.0±0.01 grams is placed in a 1 liter beaker containing 100 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The material is submerged in the liquid and agitated gently with the aid of a glass rod for a period of 1 minute. The contents of the beaker are filtered through a Whatman No. 41 filter paper and the filtrate is collected in a 150 ml beaker. The material remaining in the filter paper is pressed gently with the glass rod to express absorbed fluid if insufficient filtrate is obtained initially for measurement of its surface tension. The surface tension of the blank and of the filtrate is measured using a Surface Tensiomat Model 21 available from Fisher Scientific, a K10 Tensiometer available from Kriiss GmbH, Germany, or equivalent surface tensiometer. The tensiometer is set up according to the manufacturer's instructions and calibrated using distilled water, acetone, and a 5% solution of acetone in water. The surface tension values for these liquids are 72±1.5 mN/m, 23±1.5 mN/m, and 55±1.5 mN/m, respectively. A correction factor is applied where necessary as indicated by the manufacturer's instructions. After calibrating the instrument, the surface tensions of the 0.9% sodium chloride solution and the filtrate are determined in the same fashion. The duNuoy ring or equivalent is thoroughly cleaned between measurements e.g., by heating in a Bunsen flame. Surface tension reduction is defined as the difference between the surface tension of the blank and the surface tension of the filtrate.
E. Biopersistence
For purposes of the present invention, an inorganic vitreous microfiber is non-biopersistent if its in vitro dissolution rate, kdis, is equal to or greater than 100 ng/cm2/hr when measured according to the test method described by Russell M. Potter in Glastechnische Berichte 43, 46-55 (2000).
F. Average Effective Fiber Diameter
The average effective fiber diameter is determined by measuring the surface area of a sample of known mass of the fibers by a BET technique. The average effective fiber diameter is calculated using the formula:
where d is the average effective fiber diameter, SSA is the surface area per gram of the fibers as determined from the BET measurement, and ρ is the density of the bulk glass from which the fibers are made and is typically 2.6 g/cc (2.6×106 g/m3).
G. Tensile Strength
The method for measuring tensile strength is based on TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper industries) Method T 494 om-96. A rectilinear test strip of material 25.4±1 mm wide and approximately 15 cm long is cut taking care not to compress the material or otherwise unduly disturb its structure. The orientation of the material should be such that the long dimension of the sample corresponds with the machine direction of the web from which the sample is cut. The thickness of the material is determined as described below. The test strip should be free from abnormalities, creases or wrinkles.
H. Basis Weight
A representative piece of the material is cut with clean edges such that the area covered by the material can be measured to at least 3 significant figures. The piece of material is then weighed on a balance to at least 3 significant figures. The basis weight is calculated by dividing the area of the material by its weight and is reported in grams per square meter (g/m2).
I. Thickness
The thickness of a material is measured using a dial gauge or digital equivalent with a resolution of ±1 μm and a circular “foot” having a flat bottom surface with an area of approximately 6.5 cm2. The gauge is mounted over a base having a horizontal flat rigid upper surface, such that the entire bottom surface of the foot contacts the upper surface of the base. The force exerted by the foot on the base or on a material inserted between the foot and the base is approximately 0.4 N (41 gf) and is independent of the thickness of the material. The force exerted by the foot of the gauge can be measured by mounting the gauge over a suitable top-loading balance such that the balance pan is in the same relative position to the gauge as the base. The force is adjusted by adding weight to the foot such that the pressure exerted by the foot is 600±10 Pa.
The thickness of the material is determined by reading the gauge with the foot resting on the base (G0). The foot of the gauge is then raised and the material is laid flat on the base. The foot is lowered gently onto the material & the gauge reading taken 5 seconds after complete release of the foot (GT). The thickness of the material at that location is the difference between the two readings (GT−G0). Several readings are taken at random locations on the sample in this fashion and the results averaged to determine the thickness of the material.
J. Density
The weight, area and thickness of a representative sample of the material are measured according to the Basis Weight and Thickness methods described above. The area is multiplied by the thickness to obtain the volume of the sample. The density is determined by dividing the weight of the sample by its volume and is reported in kg/m3.
A composition comprising 62 parts SiO2, 3 parts Al2O3, 7 parts CaO, 4 parts MgO, 17 parts Na2O+K2O, and 7 parts B2O3, is heated until molten, and formed into vitreous microfibers using the centrifugal or “rotary” process described above. A flame attenuation process is used to form microfibers comprising the same chemical composition. Portions of the fibers from each process are blended to provide a mixture having an average effective fiber diameter of 1.8 μm, using a density of 2.6 g/cc for the bulk composition. The fibers are converted into a web without binder via a wet-laying process as described above. The basis weight of the web is 120 g/m2, and the thickness is 1.13 mm. The density is calculated to be 0.106 g/cc. The fibers are determined to be non-biopersistent. The web comprising non-biopersistent inorganic vitreous fibers has a tensile strength of 0.44 kN/m, a vertical wicking height of 64 cm, and a permeability of 21 Darcys. The material wicks fluid to 5 cm within 30 seconds; to 10 cm within 150 seconds, and to 15 cm within 330 seconds. A piece of the web is used as a component of a distribution member in an infant diaper. A piece of the web is used as a component of a distribution member in a removable core in a second diaper.
A composition comprising 62 parts SiO2, 3 parts Al2O3, 7 parts CaO, 4 parts MgO, 17 parts Na2O+K2O, and 7 parts B2O3, is heated until molten, and formed into vitreous microfibers using the centrifugal or “rotary” process described above. The average effective fiber diameter is determined to be 1.8 μm, using a density of 2.6 g/cc for the bulk composition. The fibers are collected and converted into a web without binder via an air-laying process as described above. The basis weight of the web is 120 g/m2, and the thickness is 2.5 mm measured under a pressure of 600 Pa. The density is calculated to be 0.048 g/cc. The fibers are determined to be non-biopersistent. The web comprising non-biopersistent inorganic vitreous fibers wicks a 0.9% saline solution to a height of 5 cm within 1 minute and to a height of 10 cm within 5 minutes. The material has a permeability of 20 Darcys. A piece of the web is used as a component of a fixed distribution member of a diaper with a removable core.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 m”.
All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
