Patent Grant
8337381
From the beginning, communities have tried to resolve the problem regarding the disposal of the Residential Solid Waste (RSW). At first, the treatment methods consisted of the application of highly poor and rudimentary systems, essentially consisting of open dumps, emptying into the ocean, composting and, finally sanitary landfills where the mentioned RSW is accumulated forming a critical dangerous mass, with the consequent problems coming from the natural leaching of the percolated liquids into the groundwater, toxic gas emission such as methane, carbon dioxide and mercaptans resulting from aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of the material contained in the waste and the proliferation of infectious vectors, such as dogs, birds, rodents and other animals that can feed themselves with the waste present at the open dumps.
Subsequently, in Europe and United States of America the need of more complex treatments was imposed as integral solution for the RSW disposal problem. The previous waste pyrolysis and thermogenesis techniques can be mentioned among the most outstanding industrialized processes, which present interesting environmental results, but of great economic cost. Notwithstanding, the waste pyrolysis and thermogenesis processes have the inconvenient of generating an important amount of risky components such as dioxins, carbon dioxide and methane, besides presenting a huge investing cost at the waste combustion stations, which makes it difficult to install such plants in the countries less developed.
Recently and faced to the proximity of new technical environmental demands compelled by the international agreements, it is necessary to design new technological systems and processes based on the compression of the critical RSW mass, the sanitization or disposal of the resulting liquids and the subsequent treatment of the remaining solids.
A system known in the previous art is the Davis and Trash Method, consisting of the compression and sanitization process of solids and liquids with gaseous chlorine as sanitizing agent, where a compression at a 40 kg/cm2 pressure must be performed in the first 72 hours after collecting the RSW. The gaseous chlorine must be injected during the compression stage of the RSW and the evacuated liquids may be spilled into the sewerage system. On the other hand, the dry, inert and bacteria free solids may be disposed in a sanitary landfill, reducing the weight and volume of the initial values with a comparative advantage of approximately 50%. This process has the disadvantage of generating organochlorine compounds, which are highly toxic, being necessary to wash and recover them previously eliminating the steam of the atmosphere.
Another system of the previous art is the one known as Rotomat System, which includes a Huber equipment for separating liquids from solids, pressing and washing the integrated waste, with functions of grinding, washing, extracting, dehydrating, and pressing. The liquids are treated and sanitized through a reverse osmosis, the solids being eliminated in conventional sanitary landfills.
The previous art also shows the process developed by researcher J. M. Baldasan through which no previous treatment of the disposed domestic garbage or of the liquids evacuated is performed. This is due to the fact of proving that such liquids present a lower level of pollution compared with the residential effluents, reason for which they could perfectly be evacuated into the drain pipe or the sewer system and because there is no generation of bacterium of the liquids within the first hours.
For minor communities, the method known as COMPOST could be a good answer to the problem, consisting of the same biological process which performs a decomposition of the contained organic material, such as fruits, green vegetables or vegetables, among others, generating a compost that can be destined to improve the quality of the lands, considering that it is very rich in nutrients. The technique consists of collecting the spare organic material and daily air it, covering it with dry leaves, sawdust, straw or dry grass, in a so-called composter, surface asphalted with side chutes. Layer to layer, the covered organic spares and with the aerobic action of the microorganisms, become leaf mold after several weeks, with fragrance characteristics similar to a wooded soil. Its about a disposal method adapted at a lower level, but not at the level of a particular country or city, being useful as a partial solution for the organic material, but contributing to relieve in some way the index of 1.2 kg of residential waste per person per day.
Other waste disposal processes are described in the Chilean patent applications CL 1143—2001, submitted by the firm DER GRUNE PUNKT—DUALES SYSTEM DEUTSCHLAND AG, with the priority DE 10024309.6, CL 464—1994, submitted by the firm EVERGREEN GLOBAL RESOURCES, INC, with the priority U.S. Ser. No. 08/200,782, and the CL 1412—1999 application, of ERNESTO DE LA CONCHA ESTRADA. Particularly, the document CL 1143—2001, describes a procedure for the dry separation of garbage with plastic material containers waste made up of specific polymers. The CL 465—1994 patent application, describes a procedure of three stages for treating the solid waste and avoid its inherent risks, with recovery of the metallic and energetic useful components, through stages of mechanic and chemical processing. Finally, the CL 1412—1999 patent application describes a method destined to previously select the recyclable garbage and the non-recyclable metals.
The Residential Solid Waste Industrial Treatment (RSWIT) process for its final disposal in land or ocean consists of three stages:
The first stage is an industrial treatment of blanketing; the second and third stages are alternatives. The second stage is of land disposal or its use as construction material and the third stage is the final disposal in the ocean as an option.
1st Stage: Residential Solid Waste Industrial Treatment (RSW). The Residential Solid Waste is received directly from the collector truck in a hopper with a bag breaker. Then, it goes through a conveyor belt from the bag breaker to a rotating mill with sieves that generate particles from 2 to 25 mm. It is possible either to remove some elements which are considered valuable as aluminum, glass, paper or others, or not without this meaning to alter the process. A solid mass in semi-dry condition is obtained from the milling, which through another conveyor belt is taken to a homogenizer where sanitizing solutions are applied, which may include ultraviolet radiation, ozonification, chlorination, oxygenated water, quicklime and others; then stabilizer, binders and hardeners are added, which may include carbonate calcium, hydroxide calcium, cement, plaster, bentonite or others in proportions from 5 to 25%.
Water is added to the RSW in proportions from 5 to 8% of its weight according to how much is needed in order to form a warm, doughy and malleable mass. The water is added to the RSW to improve and facilitate its mixing with the binders, hardeners and sanitizing solutions.
The retention of liquids is produced by absorption of papers and cardboards and by absorption to smooth surfaces of plastics, cans and other components of the RSW; surfaces that have been to a large extent released during the milling process and subsequent mixing. After that, the calcium oxide reacts with the water forming calcium hydroxide that in a sequential process captures the carbonate dioxide generated by the RSW and stabilized as calcium carbonate.
This mass is deposited in molds and put to dry outdoors, in sun ovens or others, with air forced by electric industrial fans, or wind tunnels. A hard, sand color and slightly fluffy mass is obtained. This process retains all the liquids naturally contained in the RSW.
The non-selected RSW, grinded and put through this industrial process becomes absolutely inert, obtaining a different product from garbage, DRUX, as shown by the results of biological and dangerousness analyses, which are included in the annex, performed by CESMEC.
These dangerousness analyses performed by CESMEC regarding the DRUX, allow proving that it has no dangerousness characteristic indicated in the DS 148/04 of the Health Department of Chile. Thus, the possibility of these generating dangerous leachates that pollute the water or generating greenhouse gases is ruled out.
Bricks elaborated on Mar. 18, 2005 and other elaborated on Dec. 5, 2005 were analyzed.
The first (Chemical Analysis Report SQC—13794, Sample No 7896) was sampled starting from 28 that were elaborated between January and July of 2005. A sample of 8 bricks was taken at random from these 28. From these non identified ones, one was selected and sent to CESMEC.
The second (Chemical Analysis Report SQC—13795, Sample No 7917) was sampled at random among 15 bricks elaborated between the end of November and beginning of December of 2005. From these 15 bricks, 2 of them were sampled and sent to CESMEC Santiago, one of them, at random, was analyzed.
The performed analyses are the following:
Toxicity Analysis: the characteristic toxicity elements were determined (organic compounds) through TCLP Test.
Leaching Waste-Process in order to determine mobility of toxic organic and inorganic analytes applying NCH 2754 Of 2003, through TCLP Test—EPA 1311.
Reactivity, measured through the release of sulphydric acid (EPA 9030 B) and/or hydrocyanic acid (EPA 9010 B).
Flammability according to EPA method 1030, which corresponds to the displacement velocity of a flame performing the test under certain experimental conditions.
Corrosivity, test performed according to EPA 1110 A Method used to determine the corrosivity that a waste is capable of producing under certain conditions. The corrosion is determined over a steel sample.
The results, which are included completely in the annex, indicate for both cases that:
a) Organic TCLP: indicates that the benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, chloroform, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, cresol, 2,4-D, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, endrin, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, heptachlor and its epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachloroethane, lindane, metoxichlor, methyl ethyl ketone, nitrobenzene, pentachlorophenol, pyridine, tetrachloroethylene, toxaphene, trichloroethylene, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-TP (Silbes) and vinyl chloride contents are under the Maximum Allowed Concentration (DS 148/04).
b) Inorganic TCLP Test: the lead, cadmium, mercury, chrome, barium, selenium, arsenic and silver contents are under the Maximum Allowed Concentration (DS 148/04).
c) Reactivity: the hydrocyanic acid and sulphydric acid contents are under the Maximum Allowed Concentration (DS 148/04).
d) Flammability: it does not ignite, in accordance with the Maximum Propagation Rate established by EPA 1030 expressed in mm/sec.
e) Corrosivity: under the Maximum Corrosive Rate established by EPA 1110 A expressed in mm/year.
The analyses performed by CESMEC in accordance with the DS 148/04 indicate that the DRUX isn't a dangerous result and that the contents and concentration of certain metals that can be leached in a natural way or migrate towards the groundwater or to the ocean water, in accordance with the environmental conditions of the storage place of a solid waste, not only are under the Maximum Concentrations allowed by the DS 148/04, but also are under the limits of detection of the instruments and methodologies indicated by EPA 1311, which are lower than those allowed by the DS 148/04.
A microbiological analysis that was performed determined that the Drux is inert regarding pathogen microbiological organisms (in Annex).
From the results of the analyses, it is concluded then, that the material resulting from this stage, the Drux, is inert regarding the microbiological pollution and the heavy metals. Not only are they under the EPA rule of United States of America, but also undetectable. The mesophyll funguses are innocuous and disappear once the block is covered with mortar cement or other waterproof
The TI/RSW does not generate greenhouse gases, does not generate percolating liquids, neither does it leach heavy metals.
2nd Stage: Disposal on land. Use of drux as construction or final disposal material on land.
Disposal on land: if this is going to be used as filling material to modify the microgeography, the drux is directly set out in layers of up to 80 cm of height, leaving it to forge before setting out another layer and so on until reaching an elevation 1 meter lower than the level of the desired land level. Once this 1-elevation has been reached, it must be covered with a layer of soil of 1 meter of height, with characteristics similar to those of the environment in terms of composition, grain-size distribution and depth, so this new ground is harmoniously integrated to the habitat which is being modified.
Uses as construction material, the following as examples, not being this a limited listing:
Drux Uses:
Impact Absorbers, Road Dividers and Side Dikes
The impact absorbers are structures filled with Drux whose function in the roads, tracks, cities and public roadways is to protect the road or urban structures, such as traffic lights for example, and absorb the energy of the impact avoiding damages to the driver and to the vehicle.
The road dividers are known and built as a solid concrete block. They have the inconvenience that when the vehicle crushes into them, the vehicle is destroyed and the driver dies.
A divider built as a concrete or plastic mold and filled with Drux will cushion the knock to a large extent due to its elasticity.
A divider with these characteristics and 2 ms long requires 535 liters of Drux, ½ ton approximately that finally dry it will weigh approximately one fifth of a traditional one. In addition, the freight and installation costs are reduced. This use of Drux transforms the communal garbage in protectors of the citizens that live there.
Cycle Paths
Over a compacted ground, a layer of 10 cm of Drux is set out and over it, a layer of 2.5 cm of cement mortar. During the tests this structure perfectly supported the traffic of people and even of a light truck. It can be concluded from the field results that a RSW truck of 12 m3 generates the Drux necessary in order to build 26 linear meters of a normal cycle path of 1.5 ms of width.
Blocks
The block that is made from the Drux is 19×19×39 cm. The concrete block is hollow (2 square holes) and quite solid. The block of Drux is solid and its weight is of the order of 25% of the concrete block, but weaker. It has weight advantages, much more lightweight, but weaker. It is useful for the construction of walls and other elements.
Panels
In the construction of the Panels the Drux replaces its filling material; the most used material is the expanded Polystyrene.
If the standard Panel model—0.60 m×2.2 m×0.2 m—is considered, it has an inferior volume of 158 liters, which is equivalent to a little more than ½ m3 of garbage.
3rd Stage: Final disposal in the ocean.
The mortar is the element most usual for packaging the Drux before anchoring it into the ocean; using 20 to 25% of cement with 5 to 10% of commercial waterproof additives of latex type, bentonite, commercial products such as Sika or others.
Once the Drux blocks have hardened, they are coated with a layer of waterproofed mortar of 2 to 3 inches thick and once dry, anchored into the ocean. The commercial additives, bentonite or others may be used as waterproof for the cement mortar. This option is the most economically adequate for anchoring the RSW into the ocean.
Another option is to package them in a coating that may consist of materials resulting from or elaborated with epoxy resins, thick paving or other petroleum by-products.
The Drux packaged in cement mortar may be anchored down to 200 meters deep. At this depth the water column, since it is faced to the resistance of a continuous solid, hardened mixture coated with mortar, does not break up the cover of the mortar, behaving as another rock in the bottom.
The anchoring maneuver must be carefully performed in order not to break up the mortar and consider the ocean currents so that the blocks may arrive exactly to the chosen place.
This anchoring system has a positive effect over the ocean fauna, since it acts the same way as the experiences performed anchoring tires in the coasts of La Florida, USA. The blocks, the same as the tires, create a new shelter habitat for the ocean fauna, particularly when the chosen place is a sandy and flat bottom.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 02530-2006 | Sep 2006 | CL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2007/020414 | 9/19/2007 | WO | 00 | 3/20/2009 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/311237 | 12/8/2004 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7387674 | Yi | Jun 2008 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100179369 A1 | Jul 2010 | US |
