Patent Application
20150059682
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related generally to pistons for internal combustion engines, and more particularly to pistons for two-stroke engines.
2. Related Art
A two-stroke or two-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle in only one crankshaft revolution. Typically, two-stroke engines have a relatively higher power-to-weight ratio, are more compact and are lighter than four-stroke engines. Two-stroke engines also typically have fewer moving parts than four stroke engines. Although two-stroke engines are commonly known for their use in small engine applications, such as outboard motors, chain saws, motorcycles and lawn mowers, they also have significant use in heavy duty diesel engine applications, such as for ships, locomotives and trucks.
There are also various types of pistons which are used in two-stroke engines, and there are many factors which influence the design of these pistons. Some of these features include size, weight, material, strength and durability. In engines which have significantly high pressures and temperatures, cooling of the pistons during use is also a factor.
It is an object of the present invention to provide improved pistons for two-stroke engines. It is also an object to provide steel pistons which are relatively light in weight (i.e. have less mass) and which can be adequately cooled to prevent overheating.
It is another object of the present invention to provide pistons which help provide improved fuel economy for a two-stroke engine and also help reduce toxic emissions.
An improved piston for two-stroke engines is provided which has reduced weight and is configured for improved cooling to prevent overheating. These features allow for improved fuel economy and reduced toxic emissions.
One aspect of the present invention provides for a piston which is made of a steel material which provides strength and durability and which can withstand higher temperatures and pressures than non-steel pistons. Two sets of grooves for piston rings are provided adjacent the top and bottom surfaces of the pistons. The pistons are made in three sections including an upper (or crown) section, a middle section and a lower section. The lower section includes a lower set of piston ring grooves, and either the upper section or the middle section contains an upper set of piston ring grooves. The middle section is made with thinner walls than the lower section at the location of the lower set of ring grooves, thereby reducing the weight and mass of the piston. The three sections are bonded permanently together, such as by friction welding, to form an integral one-piece piston. A cooling gallery is created between the upper section and the middle section for cooling the upper section to prevent overheating.
Another aspect of the present invention provides for a method of forming a piston for a two-stroke engine. The method includes the step of providing a first crown section which has a first sidewall portion of a first sidewall thickness. The method continues with the step of providing a second center-section which has a second sidewall portion of a second sidewall thickness and has a pair of pin bosses. The method proceeds with the step of providing a third lower section which has a third sidewall portion that has a third sidewall thickness and which is adapted for the formation of at least one piston ring groove. The thickness of the second sidewall is less than the third sidewall thickness at least in the locations where at least one piston ring groove can be formed. The method proceeds with the steps of bonding the first crown section to the second center section and bonding the third lower section to the second center section.
The method may further include the steps of forming at least one piston ring groove in the first sidewall portion of the first crown section and forming at least one piston ring groove in the third sidewall portion of the third lower section.
The method may still further include the step of forming a cooling gallery between the first crown section and the second center section.
The method may additionally include the step of forming a closed cooling gallery between the first crown section and the second center section.
The method may further include the step of forming oil ingress and egress openings in the cooling gallery.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated, as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
Referring to the Figures, wherein like numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views,
The three sections 20, 30, 40 are each made separately and each is made of a steel material. One preferred steel material is SAE 4140, but other types of steel could also be utilized. Each of the three sections 20, 30, 40 is preferably shaped at least to a rough form through a forging process, although other processes could be utilized. The sections 20, 30, 40 are made in a rough form and are then subjected to initial machining before being integrally attached together. Specifically, generally flat annular surfaces 22, 32, 34, 42 for mating the three sections 20, 30, 40 together are machined into the three sections 20, 30, 40 after the forging operation. Rather than being generally flat as they are in the exemplary embodiment, the annular surfaces 22, 32, 34 and 42 could alternately be sculptured or made with mating recesses, projections, grooves, ridges, and the like to allow the sections to be more easily positioned, mated and bonded together.
The three sections 20, 30, 40 are bonded together, such as by friction welding or induction welding, to form a one-piece piston structure 10, as shown in
The three sections 20, 30, 40 may be bonded together at the same time, i.e., simultaneously. However, preferably the top section 20 or the bottom section 40 is first attached to the middle section 30, and then the resultant two-piece structure is attached to the remaining section. Joining the top and bottoms sections 20, 40 with the middle section 30 separately (not simultaneously) is especially preferred where friction welding is employed as the joining process. Any resulting flash or tailings may be removed, if removal is desired, by machining.
Once the three sections 20, 30, 40 are affixed together, the two sets of piston ring grooves are formed in the piston 10 with one of the sets (hereinafter referred to as the “upper ring grooves 26”) being located adjacent a top end of the piston 10 and the other of the sets (hereinafter referred to as the “lower ring grooves 46”) being located adjacent a bottom of the piston 10. As shown, in the exemplary embodiment, the upper ring grooves 26 are formed into the exterior annular side surface 28 of the upper section 20, the lower ring grooves are formed into the exterior side surface 48 of the lower section 40, and the middle section 30 is free of ring grooves. In the exemplary embodiment, the middle section 30 is free of ring grooves. The number of ring grooves in each of the piston sections is a design choice which may depend upon the ultimate use of the piston and the environment in which it will be positioned. Preferably, at least two piston ring grooves are provided in each of the two sets of piston ring grooves. The piston ring grooves may be formed into the piston 10 through, for example, machining.
In order to accommodate the piston ring grooves 26, 46, the side walls of the upper section 20 and the lower section 40 have increased thickness as compared to the relatively thinner walls of the middle section 30. This allows for reduced overall mass in the piston 10 as well as reduced manufacturing and material costs. As shown in
In the exemplary embodiment, the upper section 20, or crown, of the piston 10 has a generally planar upper combustion surface 24. Alternately, the combustion surface may be formed with a combustion bowl which may be formed during forging of the upper section 20.
The middle section 30 also has a pair of pin bosses 36, 37 which are positioned diametrically across from one another. Openings 38 and 39 are formed in the two pin bosses 36, 37. The openings 38 and 39 are axially aligned with one another along a wrist pin axis for receiving a wrist pin (not shown) for holding the piston 10 on a connecting rod (not shown). In the exemplary embodiment, snap ring grooves 70 are provided in the pin bosses 36, 37 for snap rings to assist in holding a wrist pin in place.
In the exemplary embodiment, a cooling gallery 60 is formed in the piston 10 for cooling the upper section 20 of the piston 10. The cooling gallery 60 is shown in the drawings as a closed gallery with an integral lower surface 62, but the gallery could also be an open gallery. If a closed gallery is utilized, then a plurality of openings 64 are provided in the lower surface 62 for oil to be introduced into the gallery and to be allowed to drain out. Any number of openings 64 can be provided as desired. The openings 64 may be drilled through the lower surface 62 before or after the upper and middle sections 20, 30 are bonded together, or after the three sections 20, 30, 40 are all bonded together. The cooling gallery 60 allows cooling oil (not shown) to be circulated against the upper surface and rim of the piston 10 to prevent them from overheating, which could lead to premature failure of the piston.
For strength and integrity of the completed piston structure 10, it is also possible to bond an additional surface 25 of the upper section 20 with a raised surface 35 of the middle section 30. For this purpose, the annular surfaces 25, 35 are preferably machined in the same manner as surfaces 22, 32, 34 and 42.
In another embodiment, it is also possible to leave a gap (not shown) between the annular surfaces 25 and 35 with the width of the gap being determined depending on its effect on retaining and/or draining oil from the gallery 60. Alternatively, holes could be formed in the vertical surface perpendicular to surfaces 25 and 35.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described while within the scope of the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 61/871,635 filed on Aug. 29, 2013.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61871635 | Aug 2013 | US |
