1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a direct conversion receiver, and in particular, to a calibration method for improving IIP2 characteristics in the direct conversion receiver.
2. Description of the Related Art
where A.sub.RF+ and A.sub.RF− are amplitudes of the RF signals V.sub.RF+ and V.sub.RF−, and .DELTA.A.sub.RF is their difference. g m+=g m .function. (1+DELTA. .times. .times. g m) 2; g m−=g m function. (1−.DELTA. .times. .times. g m) 2 (2)
where g.sub.m+ and g.sub.m− are conductivities of the components in 220, and .DELTA.g.sub.m is their difference. .eta.+=.eta. nom .function. (1+.DELTA.eta. 2); .eta.−=.eta. nom function. (1−.DELTA. .eta. 2); .eta. nom=50.times. % (3)
where .eta.sub.+ and .eta.sub.− are duty cycles of the local oscillation signals V.sub.LO+ and V.sub.LO−, and .DELTA.eta. is their difference. R L+=R L .function. (1+.DELTA. .times. .times. R 2); R L−=R L .function. (1−.DELTA. .times. .times. R 2) (4)
where R.sub.L+ and R.sub.L− are the 1.sup.st load and 2.sup.nd load, and .DELTA.R is their difference.
These mismatches are factors causing IIP2 reduction. Various calibration methods can compensate the mismatches. In an IEEE paper “Characterization of IIP2 and DC-Offsets in Transconductance Mixers”, IIP2 is calculated as functions of load resistor imbalance and duty cycle mismatch, and the .DELTA.R is tuned to optimize the IIP2 of a mixer. In another IEEE paper, Young-Jin Kim, “A GSM/EGSM/DCS/PCS Direct Conversion Receiver With Integrated Synthesizer”, an adjustable resistor is provided for coarse and fine calibrations of the load mismatch. The load mismatch varies as a digital code of 8 bits. The variation of the load mismatch, however, is not linear to the digital code values, thus a wide range of trial digital codes are required to locate an optimum result. Further, the nonlinearity of the adjustable resistor may not permit sufficient accuracy for the mismatch compensation. Therefore, an enhanced architecture and calibration method are called for.
A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
An exemplary embodiment of a mixer is provided, utilized in a direct conversion receiver, comprising a differential loading pair utilizing at least one binary weighted resistor. The binary weighted resistor is adjustable to provide a resistance linear to a digital code, comprising a fixed resistor and an adjustable resistor cascaded to the fixed resistor in parallel. Every increment of the digital code induces an equal increment of the resistance. The magnitude of every incremental resistance is below a negligible ratio of the fixed resistor.
The digital code is represented by a first number of bits. The adjustable resistor comprises the first number of unit resistors each corresponding to one of the digital code bits, and the unit resistors corresponding to bit state 1 are conducted in parallel to form the equivalent resistance of the adjustable resistor, whereas those corresponding to bit state 0 are unconnected.
Resistances of the unit resistors can be defined as: R n=R t 2 2 n D
where n is the bit order counting from 0 to the first number m; R.sub.n is the n.sup.th group of unit resistors counting from LSB side; R.sub.t is the fixed resistor, and D is the magnitude of the incremental resistance. The negligible ratio is ½.sup.m.
A calibration method based on the mixer architecture is also provided. First, the digital code is set to a first value, such that a first mismatch of the differential loading pair induces the mixer to output a first DC offset. Thereafter, the digital code is set to a second value, such that a second mismatch of the differential loading pair induces the mixer to output a second DC offset. A two dimensional linear relationship between the mismatches and the DC offsets is established based on the first and second mismatches and DC offsets. An interpolation is performed on the two dimensional linear relationship to determine a third mismatch that corresponds to zero DC offset. A third digital code is generated from the third mismatch to be the calibration result.
The invention can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
a and 3b show embodiments of adjustable resistors;
The following description is of the best-contemplated mode of carrying out the invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the appended claims.
a shows an embodiment of an adjustable resistor. In
Each increment D is defined to be equal in the embodiment, that is:
D=R.sub.eq(1)−R.sub.eq(0)=R.sub.eq(2)−R.sub.eq(1)=R.sub.eq(3)−R.sub.eq(2) (9)
As a result, R.sub.p0=R.sub.t.sup.2/D-R.sub.t (10) R.sub.p1=R.sub.t.sup.2/2D-R.sub.t (11) R.sub.p1//R.sub.p0=R.sub.t.sup.2/3D-R.sub.t (12)
And a conclusion can be found that: R.sub.i=R.sub.t.sup.2/i*D-R.sub.t (13)
where Ri means an i.sup.th equivalent R.sub.p corresponding to an i.sup.th digital code, and an i.sup.th R.sub.eq can be written in generalized form:
R.sub.eq(i)=R.sub.i//R.sub.t=R.sub.t-i*D (14)
b shows the linear relationship between digital code and the adjustable resistor according to equation (14). When the digital code is K.sub.A, a corresponding R.sub.eq is R.sub.A. Likewise, when the digital code is K.sub.B, the corresponding R.sub.eq is R.sub.B. Every increment of the digital code induces a variation D of the R.sub.eq.
D<<R.sub.t/i.sub.max (15)
where i.sub.max is the maximum of the digital code, such as 2.sup.8 in this case.
Thus, the R.sub.i can be rewritten in an approximated form:
R.sub.i=R.sub.t.sup.2/i*D−R.sub.t.apprxeq.R.sub.t.sup.2/i*D (16)
Hence, the unit resistors R.sub.p0 to R.sub.p7 are specifically designed to be the values, R.sub.t.sup.2/D, R.sub.t.sup.2/2D, R.sub.t.sup.2/4D, . . . , and R.sub.t.sup.2/128D. Since the increment value D is selected to be relatively small, the linearity of R.sub.eq and digital code as shown in
where .alpha.sub.2 is a coefficient of the second order distortion. If the parameters in equation (17) except .DELTA.R, are treated as constants, formula (17) can be simplified as: V.sub.DC=A.DELTA.R+B (18)
where A and B are constants, showing a linear relationship between the V.sub.DC and the .DELTA.R as
Mixers are mass produced in the factory. With the binary weighted resistor and calibration method disclosed, component mismatches can be efficiently compensated by marking a simple digital code. Calibration accuracy is increased using high resolution incremental R.sub.eq, and the computational complexity is reduced by taking advantage of the linearity approximations. The binary weighted resistor can be implemented to substitute one or both of the loads 202 and 204, and the digital code is not limited to 8 bits.
While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements (as would be apparent to those skilled in the art). Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application entitled “DOWN-CONVERTER AND CALIBRATION METHOD THEREOF,” Ser. No. 11/469,944, filed on Sep. 5, 2006, which claims the priority of U.S. provisional application entitled “HIGH IIP2 CALIBRATION METHOD IN DCR”, Ser. No. 60/749,518, filed on Dec. 12, 2005, the entirety of which are incorporated by reference herein.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11469944 | Sep 2006 | US |
Child | 12429579 | US |