Patent Grant
11215037
This invention relates to downhole apparatus. Embodiments of the invention relate to apparatus and methods for lining bores.
In the oil and gas industry, bores or wells are drilled from surface to access subsurface hydrocarbon-bearing formations.
WO 2009/001069 and WO 2009/001073, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety, describe arrangements for supporting borehole walls and for applying predetermined stresses to borehole walls. Inflatable chambers are mounted on a base pipe such that inflation of the chambers increases the diameter of the assembly. The chambers may support a sand control element.
WO 2012/066290 and GB 2492193 A, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety, describe other arrangements including inflatable chambers to support elements such as sand control screens.
Sand Screen and Isolation Barrier
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a downhole apparatus comprising a zonal isolation barrier, the barrier including an inflatable element and having an initial retracted configuration and, following inflation of the inflatable element, an extended configuration.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a downhole apparatus comprising a barrier mounted on a sand screen, the sand screen including at least one inflatable element, the barrier and sand screen having an initial retracted configuration and, following inflation of the inflatable element, an extended configuration.
In use, the apparatus may provide zonal isolation when in the extended configuration.
The barrier may be positioned to at least partially cover a portion of the sand screen and thereby prevent fluid flow through the portion.
In use, when the sand screen is extended into contact with a bore wall, the sand screen may be configured to allow fluid flow through a non-covered portion of the sand screen.
The sand screen may comprise a non-extendable portion and an extendable portion, wherein when in the extended configuration, the sand screen may comprise a transition area between the non-extendable portion and the extendable portion.
The barrier may be configured to prevent fluid flow through at least a portion of the transition area of the sand screen.
In use, on inflation of the element, the barrier may be pushed out into contact with a bore wall and may serve to isolate a zone on one side of the barrier from a zone on the other side of the barrier.
The barrier may be positioned over a valve controlling flow of production fluid into a base pipe, thereby offering a degree of protection for the valve and assist in balancing flow from a formation, through the bore wall, and into the screen.
The barrier may be configured to prevent fluid from flowing radially and directly into the valve and may allow the fluid to flow axially before reaching the valve.
The inflatable element in this and other aspects of the invention may take any appropriate form and may comprise one or more of annular, axial or helical elements or chambers. Any appropriate number of inflatable elements may be provided.
The inflatable element in this and other aspects of the invention may be formed of any appropriate material, for example the element may comprise a metal walled chamber. The material form, shape, thickness and the like may be selected to provide predetermined or predictable behaviour when exposed to inflation pressure or to collapse pressure or forces. The element may be configured to return to the retracted configuration on deflation or may be configured to retain the extended configuration, even if inflation pressure is lost. The inflated element may be configured to retain the extended configuration even when exposed to high external pressures or to high external forces.
The inflation medium in this and any other aspect of the invention take any appropriate form. The inflation medium may comprise a fluid. The inflation medium may be settable, for example a bi-component material which mixes on entering the element. The inflation medium may be configured to expand under certain conditions.
The inflatable element in this and other aspects of the invention may be configured to retain the retracted configuration until exposed to a predetermined inflation pressure. The inflation pressure may be selected to be higher than a pressure utilised in other downhole operations, such that those operations may be carried out prior to inflation of the element.
The inflatable element in this and other aspects of the invention may be configured to retain the extended configuration until exposed to a predetermined collapse force.
The inflatable element in this and other aspects of the invention may be inflatable by pressure applied internally to tubing on which the element is mounted. Alternatively, the pressure may be applied via control lines. The element may be configured to be inflated using ambient or wellbore fluids, or fluid supplied from a remote location. The inflatable element in this and other aspects of the invention may be provided in combination with one or more inflation valves to control flow of inflation medium into the element. The inflation valve may be a one-way valve, permitting material to pass into the element but preventing material from flowing out of the element. The inflation valve may remain closed until a predetermined pressure differential is applied across the valve, for example the inflation valve may feature a burst disc or the like, or may feature a spring-biased valve closure member. The inflation valve may be configured to open only in response to an appropriate control signal. The control signal may take any appropriate form, and may include a series or sequence of pressure pulses, or an acoustic or electrical signal. Some alternative valve configurations are described in greater detail in relation to other aspects of the invention.
The apparatus may further comprise a sand screen, the sand screen including an inflatable element, the sand screen having an initial retracted configuration and, following inflation of the inflatable element, an extended configuration. A sand screen element may be provided externally or internally of the inflatable element.
A barrier, such as described herein, may be mounted on one or both ends of the sand screen and share a common inflatable element with the sand screen.
The barrier may comprise a flexible or elastomeric material.
The barrier may comprise a sleeve.
The barrier may comprise a flexible or elastomeric material mounted externally of the inflatable element. The barrier may comprise a sleeve of flexible material. The barrier may comprise multiple coaxial sleeves. An inner sleeve may be located externally of the inflatable element and an outer sleeve may be located externally of the inner sleeve. The inner sleeve may have a greater axial extent than the element, and the outer sleeve may have a greater axial extent than the inner sleeve.
A barrier comprising flexible or elastomeric material may be incorporated into, onto or through the outer sleeve or a shroud.
The barrier may comprise a swellable material, that is a material adapted to swell on exposure to selected conditions, for example a particular temperature or a particular activator, which may be a fluid, such as oil, water, or a mixture of oil and water. Thus, a degree of extension of the barrier may be provided by inflation of the inflatable elements, and a further degree of extension, through swelling of the swellable material, may also occur. The extension induced by the inflatable elements may be achieved very quickly, while the swelling may occur more slowly. The extension induced by the inflatable elements may be achieved relatively quicker than the extension induced by swelling.
An outer surface of the barrier may be ribbed. For example, the outer surface of the barrier may define multiple circumferential ribs.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of lining a bore comprising running a zonal isolation barrier into a bore in an initial retracted configuration and then inflating an element to extend the barrier to an extended configuration.
The method may further comprise running a sand screen into the bore in an initial retracted configuration and then inflating an element to extend the sand screen to an extended configuration.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of lining a bore comprising:
mounting a barrier on a sand screen, the sand screen including at least one inflatable element;
running the sand screen and barrier into a bore in an initial retracted configuration; and then inflating the element to extend the barrier to an extended configuration.
The barrier may provide zonal isolation when in the extended configuration. The method may comprise at least partially covering a portion of the sand screen with the barrier, thereby preventing fluid flow through the portion.
The method may comprise extending an extendable portion of the sand screen and maintaining a non-extendable portion of the sand screen in a non-extended configuration, and configuring the barrier to prevent fluid flow through at least a transition area of the sand screen between the non-extendable portion and the extendable portion of the sand screen.
The method may comprise inflating the element to push the barrier out into contact with a bore wall, thereby isolating the zone on one side of the barrier from the zone on the other side of the barrier.
The method may comprise mounting the barrier over a flow control valve in the base pipe, thereby preventing fluid flow radially through the valve and allowing fluid to flow axially along the screen before reaching the valve.
The method may comprise configuring the barrier to prevent fluid from flowing radially and directly into the valve and allowing fluid to flow axially before reaching the valve.
The apparatus may include one or more valves for controlling flow of fluid into one or more inflatable elements.
One valve may control flow of fluid into a sand screen inflatable element and a barrier inflatable element. Alternatively, separate valves may be provided for individual elements or for groups of elements.
One or more zonal barriers and one or more sand screens may be combined in a completion. The zonal barriers and sand screens may be provided on separate tubing sections or joints. Alternatively, one or more zonal barriers and one or more sand screens may be provided on a single tubing section or joint, and a zonal barrier and a sandscreen may be extended by inflation of a common inflatable element. Combining a zonal barrier and a sandscreen thus facilitates provision of a large flow area and provides a completion with a relatively consistent inner and outer diameter, with a minimum of diameter changes. This is in contrast to a conventional completion, in which zonal barriers and sandscreens are typically provided on separate tubing sections, which will be coupled together by conventional threaded pin and box connections. To permit the connections to be made up on surface, and for the completion to be held by the slips and safety clamps provided on surface during make-up, a significant proportion of the completion, in addition to the connections themselves, must be formed of solid-walled tubulars having outer surfaces suitable for clamping or gripping. Thus, a significant proportion of the surface area of a conventional completion is impervious and cannot be used, for example, to contribute to an isolation function or to provide a radial fluid flow path between the formation and the interior of the completion.
The barrier may comprise a flexible or elastomeric material.
The barrier may comprise a swellable material.
With embodiments of the invention an operator may select to activate or extend a plurality of isolation barriers simultaneously, or may choose to activate or extend isolation barriers individually or in a desired sequence. Similarly, where one or more sandscreens are provided, the sandscreens may be activated or extended simultaneously or individually, and the sandscreens and isolation barriers may be activated or extended simultaneously or individually.
A zonal isolation barrier may be mounted on one or both ends of a sandscreen and may share common inflation elements. In other embodiments one or more zonal isolation barriers may be provided on the same joint as one or more sandscreens but each isolation barrier and sandscreen may be associated with a respective isolation barrier.
Anti-Flood Protection
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided method of producing downhole apparatus, the method comprising forming openings in a sheet, and then at least partially closing the openings, the sheet being adapted to form an element of a tubular member.
The method may comprise initially forming the openings in the sheet by any one of punching, die casting and machining.
An opening may be completely closed over the length of the opening, or may be closed along a portion of the length of the opening.
The tubular member may be a shroud. The tubular member may be utilised as a shroud for an expandable sandscreen or a sandscreen which is otherwise configurable in an activated or extended configuration, and on activation of the sandscreen incorporating the shroud the at least partially closed openings may open to permit fluid to flow in through the shroud. In a retracted run-in configuration the at least partially closed openings provide a degree of protection for a filter member, such as a weave, located beneath the shroud, for example minimising contact between the solids-laden drilling fluid in the bore and the filter member. The partially closed openings may also provide the sand screen with a relatively smooth outer surface, minimising friction between the shroud and the bore wall as the sand screen is run into the bore. The form of the openings also minimises the risk of the openings hanging up or catching on downhole structures, such as the sharp or rough edges of milled casing windows or multi-lateral junctions.
The outer surface of the tubular member may be polished or otherwise smoothed.
The sheet may be of tubular form when the openings are formed, or may be of planar form when the openings are formed.
The sheet may be of tubular form when the openings are at least partially closed, or may be of planar form when the openings are at least partially closed, and subsequently configured in a tubular form.
The openings may be at least partially closed by reducing the surface area of the sheet. If the sheet is in tubular form, the openings may be at least partially closed by running the sheet through a die.
An aspect of the invention relates to a sandscreen shroud comprising a wall configured to define inflow openings on activation of the sandscreen.
The shroud may be formed as described above, or may be formed by, for example, part cutting portions of a sheet such that on extension of the sheet the part cut portions open to create inflow openings.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubular member comprising a wall configured to define inflow openings on activation of an expandable apparatus which is configured to expand the tubular member.
The expandable apparatus may comprise a sand screen.
The tubular member may be formed in accordance with the method described herein.
The tubular member may be formed by part cutting portions of a sheet such that on extension of the sheet the part cut portions open to create inflow openings.
Weave in Sections
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a sandscreen comprising a base structure configurable in a retracted configuration and in an extended activated configuration, a first support member mounted on the base structure and an associated first filter section mounted on the first support member, and a second support member mounted on the base structure and an associated second filter section mounted on the second support member, and or on the base structure being reconfigured from the retracted configuration to the activated configuration the first and second support members experiencing relative movement, fluid flowing between an exterior of the sandscreen and the interior of the base member being required to flow through at least one of the first and second filter sections.
Edges of the first and second support members may overlap, or may be spaced apart.
The support members may be apertured to permit fluid to flow through the filter sections and then through the support members.
The support members may be dimpled to permit fluid to flow through or under the support members.
Edges of the first and second filter sections may overlap, or may be spaced apart. At least one edge of the first and second filter sections may be free of at least one of apertures and dimples to permit a seal to be formed between the edge and an underlying element.
The support members may be substantially rigid such that the form of the members is retained as the base member is reconfigured.
The support members and the associated filter sections may extend axially of the sandscreen.
The support members may have an arcuate form.
The base member may comprise a base pipe.
The base structure may comprise a base pipe and at least one inflatable element mounted on the base pipe.
An edge of at least one support member may be fixed and sealed to a respective inflatable element.
Another edge of at least one support member may sit over an adjacent inflatable element and may be free to move across the surface of the element as the sandscreen is activated.
The free edge of at least one support member may be configured to remain substantially in sealing contact with the underlying inflatable element when, in use, the free edge is moved across the surface of the element.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a sandscreen assembly method comprising:
mounting a first filter section on a first support member;
mounting a second filter section on a second support member;
mounting the first support member on a base structure; and
mounting the second support member on the base structure, whereby on the base structure being reconfigured from a retracted configuration to an extended configuration, the first and second support members experience relative movement and fluid flowing between an exterior of the sandscreen and the interior of the base structure is required to flow through the first or second filter section.
The base structure may comprise a base pipe and at least one inflatable element mounted on the base pipe.
An edge of at least one support member may be fixed and sealed to a respective inflatable element.
Another edge of at least one support member may sit over an adjacent inflatable element and may be free to move across the surface of the element as the sandscreen is activated.
The free edge of at least one support member may be configured to remain substantially in sealing contact with the underlying inflatable element when, in use, the free edge is moved across the surface of the element.
The method may comprise providing dimples in the support members to permit fluid to flow through or under the support members.
The method may comprise fixing and sealing at least one edge of a support member to a respective inflatable element.
The method may comprise positioning the other edge of the at least one support member over an adjacent inflatable element and configuring the filter sections to be freely movable across the surface of the element upon activation or extension of the sandscreen.
The method may comprise configuring the free edge of the at least one support member to remain substantially in sealing contact with the underlying inflatable element when, in use, the free edge is moved across the surface of the element.
The method may comprise providing the first filter section and first support member as a unitary component and mounting the component on the base structure.
The method may comprise providing the second filter section and second support member as a unitary component and mounting the component on the base structure.
The mounting of the filter sections on the support members tends to facilitate manufacture of the sand screen. In conventional sandscreen manufacture a single length of weave is wrapped around the screen body and must then be retained on the body to permit a protective shroud to be located over the weave. For an expandable sandscreen the edges of the weave must overlap, to accommodate the subsequent increase in diameter. Thus, handling, manipulating and securing a conventional format weave in such an operation is difficult.
Furthermore, when the diameter of a sandscreen having a conventional wrapped weave is increased, the overlapping edges of the weave must slide relative to one another, and the weave must also slide relative to adjacent elements of the sandscreen. This sliding generates circumferential frictional forces on the weave and on the adjacent sandscreen elements, which may be described as a capstan effect. This effect may increase the forces required to activate the sandscreen and may result in damage to the weave and adjacent sandscreen elements. For example, in a sandscreen featuring inflatable elements or chambers, forces transferred to the chambers by the weave may tend to displace the chambers. However, embodiments of the present invention avoid or minimise these difficulties by mounting weave sections on respective support members.
Stackable Chambers
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base pipe and a first inflatable element mounted on the base pipe, the pipe and element having portions configured to engage intermediate the ends of the element and restrict relative movement therebetween.
The portions may serve to retain the positioning of the element relative to the base pipe as the element is inflated. For example, the element may extend axially of the base pipe and it may be desired to substantially retain this relationship, for example the portions may be configured to restrict circumferential movement of the element on the base pipe.
As an element is inflated there may be a variety of forces acting on the element which would otherwise tend to move the element relative to the pipe, such as the capstan effect as described above. For example, the element may support an external member, such as a sealing element, a shroud, a sand screen element or a bore-lining sleeve. Further, the apparatus may be located within an inclined bore and may initially lie on the low side of the bore, or the bore may have an irregular or otherwise non-circular wall. As the element is inflated the external dimension of the element will increase and the element will tend to move and deform in a manner which encounters least resistance. If left unchecked or unrestrained this tendency may result in the inflated element assuming a form which has a negative effect on the function or purpose of the apparatus. Embodiments of the invention seek to maintain the relationship between the base pipe and the element and thus maintain the utility of the apparatus.
The portions may be configured to maintain the inflatable element in an initial position relative to the base pipe upon inflation of the element.
The element may be metal-walled.
As the element is inflated the element wall will deform relative to the base pipe, which may, for example, be a rigid metal structure. The engaging portions may comprise cooperating male and female portions, which portions may be oriented substantially radially relative to the base pipe axis. For example, a radially extending spigot may be provided on an inner surface of the element for engaging a corresponding recess on an outer surface of the base pipe.
The engaging portions may engage while the element is in a retracted configuration, or the portions may only engage as the element is inflated or activated.
One or both ends of the element may be retained relative to the base pipe. A plurality of inflatable elements may be provided.
A second inflatable element may be mounted on the first inflatable element.
The first inflatable element may include multiple cells or segments.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base pipe and a first inflatable element mounted on the base pipe, at least one of the pipe and element having portions configured to engage the pipe and the element together and restrict relative movement therebetween.
According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a downhole operation comprising inflating an element mounted on a base pipe and reforming a portion of the element to engage the base pipe and restrict relative movement therebetween.
The base pipe may include a channel configured to receive a portion of the chamber wall. The channel may extend axially of the base pipe. Upon inflation of the element, the portion may be deformed to at least partially engage the channel, thereby restricting relative movement between the element and the base pipe.
The element may comprise a first inflatable element.
A second inflatable element may be mounted on the first inflatable element. The first inflatable element may include multiple cells or segments.
The various aspects and arrangements described above facilitate provision of apparatus which is capable of providing a high degree of expansion, while retaining a degree of control or stability over the expanded form of the apparatus. For example, by providing stacks of multiple elements or multi-cell elements it is possible to provide for expansion in excess of 35%, and in excess of 40%. This permits the apparatus to be run in through existing tubing or existing restrictions and then expanded beyond the restrictions. The high degree of expansion available also facilitates use of apparatus of a relatively small initial diameter, and such apparatus may be more convenient to transport and handle and may be more readily advanced into a bore, particularly an extended reach or highly deviated bore. The provision of the multiple elements will also likely lead to provision of relatively large open areas between adjacent elements, facilitating radial and axial fluid flow. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base member and a plurality of inflatable elements mounted externally of the base member, at least a first element being mounted on a second element and being spaced from the base member by the second element.
In other embodiments further elements may be provided, for example a third element may be mounted on the second element.
Further elements may be mounted on the first or second elements.
The first and second elements may be located or aligned along a radius of the base member.
The first and second elements may thus be stacked. Multiple stacks of elements may be provided and the stacks may be circumferentially spaced. The stacks may provide support for other members or elements, such as screens, sand control filters, seals and shrouds. The provision of stacks of elements facilitates provision of high degrees of expansion, for example in excess of 35 or 40%.
The first and second elements may comprise discrete chambers having respective walls. Alternatively, the first and second elements may share a common wall, for example the first element may comprise a first chamber and the second element may be formed by securing edges of a strip of material along a wall of the first chamber.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base member and an inflatable element mounted thereon, the element comprising an inner inflatable cell located within an outer inflatable cell.
The combination of the inner and outer cell may combine to provide an inflated element with enhanced qualities, for example elevated collapse resistance; the inner cell may support or strengthen the outer cell.
The cells may be separately inflatable, or may be configured to be inflated together.
The cells may take any appropriate form. For example, the cells may be of generally similar form, or the inner cell may be inflatable to assume a circular cross section while the outer cell is inflatable to assume an oval cross section.
The cells may be configured such that an outer surface of the inflated inner cell contacts an inner surface of the inflated outer cell. The contact may be over a relatively small area, or may be over an extended area.
Base Pipe with Grooves/Spacers
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base pipe, at least one inflatable element mounted externally on the base pipe and a spacer located between the base pipe and the element.
A plurality of inflatable elements may be provided.
The inflatable element may extend axially along the base pipe.
The spacer may extend axially along the base pipe.
The spacer may include a control line or conduit.
The spacer may serve to radially separate the base pipe and the element. The cross-section of the spacer may be relatively smaller than the cross-section of the element. The relatively smaller cross-section of the spacer may provide an increased flow area externally of the base pipe, for example, compared with providing the inflatable element directly on the outer surface of the base pipe.
The spacer may serve to locate the element relative to the base pipe.
The spacer may comprise a tube or pipe.
A plurality of spacers may be provided between the base pipe and a single element.
A weave may be mounted externally of the element.
Upon inflation of the element, a larger flow area may be provided between the base pipe and the weave.
The spacer may extend into a corresponding recess in the adjacent element wall.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base pipe and at least one inflatable element mounted externally on the base pipe, the base pipe having a scalloped outer surface.
These two aspects of the invention may be combined if desired, to provide a greater free volume between the base pipe and chamber. For example, the free volume provided may be greater compared with providing the inflatable element directly on the outer surface of the base pipe.
Back-Up Mesh
According to an aspect of the invention there is provided an inflow apparatus comprising a base pipe and a screen located around the base pipe, the base pipe defining an inflow port and a filter associated with the inflow port, whereby fluid may flow from a formation, through the screen, through the filter and the inflow port, and into the base pipe.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a sand control method comprising locating a sand screen in a bore and flowing fluid from a surrounding formation, through a screen mounted around a base pipe, through a filter associated with an inflow port, and into the base pipe.
The filter may take any appropriate form and may be coarser than the sand screen.
In the event that the screen is compromised, the filter may prevent or restrict sand inflow into the base pipe. The presence of the filter may also protect any valves or the like associated with the inflow port, facilitating subsequent closure of the port.
The filter may be associated with a plurality of inflow ports.
The filter may be located in recess in an outer face of the base pipe.
The filter may have an annular form.
Multi-Position Valve
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a base pipe, an inflatable element mounted on the base pipe, and an inflation valve for controlling flow of inflation fluid between the tubular bore and the element, the inflation valve being initially closed to isolate the element from the tubular bore.
The initial closing of the valve ensures that the element is not inflated prematurely or accidentally.
The inflation valve may be initially locked closed, and may be unlocked by exposure to a first pressure. The valve may be configured such that the first pressure is higher than a second pressure for inflation of the element.
The inflation valve may be initially locked closed by a releasable retainer, such as a shear pin or the like.
The inflation valve may comprise a valve member, which may comprise a valve sleeve.
The inflation valve may be configured to be initially locked in a closed configuration and then unlocked but still maintained in the closed configuration.
The inflation valve may be biased in a first direction, for example by a spring.
The inflation valve may be configured to be urged towards an open configuration by actuating pressure.
The apparatus may include an actuating piston coupled to a valve member via a control member, which may be in the form of a sleeve. Movement of the sleeve may be controlled by an indexing profile. The control member may be configured to control or limit the range of movement of the valve member. In a first configuration the control member may limit the movement of the valve member to prevent the valve from opening and in a second configuration the control member may permit sufficient movement of the valve member to open the valve. Thus in the first configuration the piston may be subject to actuating pressures higher than would be desirable for inflating the element.
The apparatus may include a valve configuration sequence control mechanism configured to restrict movement of the valve from a closed configuration to an open configuration and then to a closed configuration.
The valve configuration sequence control mechanism may include an indexing profile, for example a slot or track and a pin follower. The profile may have a stepped base or floor and cooperate with a sprung pin follower, ensuring the follower may only progress in one direction along the profile.
The apparatus may be provided in combination with a sandscreen in which the inflatable element is utilised to activate a bore wall support or other member.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a flow control method, comprising:
providing an inflation valve for controlling flow of fluid into an inflatable element mounted on a base pipe;
initially locking the inflation valve in a closed configuration to prevent fluid flow to the inflatable element;
applying a first fluid pressure to unlock the inflation valve, the inflation valve remaining in the closed configuration;
bleeding off fluid pressure to selectively place the inflation valve in an open configuration in which the inflatable element is in fluid communication with the interior of the base pipe; and
increasing fluid pressure to inflate or activate the inflatable element.
The method may comprise providing the inflation valve in the form of a valve member and controlling the valve member with a control member.
The method may comprise controlling movement of the valve member by the interaction of the control member with an indexing profile.
The method may comprise limiting the movement of the valve member with the control member to prevent the inflation valve from opening.
The method may comprise permitting movement of the valve member with the control member to open the inflation valve.
The method may comprise restricting movement of the valve member from the closed configuration to the open configuration and then to a further closed configuration.
The method may comprise maintaining the valve member in the open configuration by preventing movement of the valve member.
The method may comprise trapping inflation pressure in the inflatable element.
The method may comprise bleeding off fluid pressure to permit movement of the valve member towards a further closed configuration in which the inflatable element is no longer in fluid communication with the interior of the base pipe.
The method may comprise locking the valve member in the further closed configuration.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a downhole apparatus comprising a tubular, a flow port in a wall of the tubular, and a flow port valve biased in a first direction towards an open configuration, the flow port valve being initially locked closed and being configured to be unlocked by a fluid pressure force acting on the valve in a second direction.
The apparatus may be provided in conjunction with a completion element, a sandscreen or the like.
The apparatus may be provided in combination with an inflation element valve arrangement as described above. The fluid pressure required to unlock the flow port valve may be higher than the pressure required to unlock the inflation valve, allowing the inflation valve to be opened first, followed by the flow port valve, which may incorporate an inflow control device (ICD) or the like.
The flow port valve may comprise a valve member, which valve member may be in the form of a sleeve. The sleeve may be located internally of the wall defining the flow ports. The sleeve may be initially fixed relative to the wall by releasable retainers, such as shear pins.
The sleeve may form part of a piston arrangement. On exposure to an elevated internal release pressure, the piston arrangement may generate a force sufficient to, for example, shear locking pins, to permit a degree of movement between the sleeve and the wall. Once pressure is bled off, a compression spring or other biasing arrangement may urge the sleeve back in the opposite direction to align a sleeve port with the flow port. Production fluid may thus now flow into the tubular.
At least a portion of the sleeve may be adapted to be shifted mechanically and may be provided with a profile to facilitate engagement with a mechanical shifting tool. Thus, the sleeve portion may be shifted to align an alternative sleeve port with the flow port. The alternative flow port may incorporate an inflow control device. Alternatively the alternative flow port may be blanked off, or the sleeve portion may include a section without ports, such that movement of the sleeve portion closes the flow port. The sleeve portion may be initially fixed by a releasable retainer. In certain embodiments the sleeve portion may be further shifted to reinstate flow, for example by realigning the first sleeve port with the flow port.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a flow control method, comprising:
providing a flow port valve for controlling fluid flow through a flow port in a wall of a tubular;
initially locking the flow port valve in a closed configuration;
applying a first fluid pressure to unlock the flow port valve, the flow port valve remaining in the closed configuration; and
bleeding off fluid pressure to open the flow port valve.
Opening the flow port valve may provide an inner tubular in fluid communication with a surrounding formation.
The flow port valve may comprise a valve member.
The valve member may comprise a sleeve.
The valve member may be located internally of the wall defining the flow port. The method may comprise applying the first fluid pressure to apply a force on the valve member, the force acting in a first direction.
The method may comprise biasing the valve member such that bleeding pressure off allows the valve member to move in a second, opposite direction to align a valve member port with the flow port.
The flow port, once aligned with the valve member port, may permit fluid flow through the flow port and valve member port.
The method may comprise allowing production fluid to flow from a surrounding formation through the flow port and valve member port.
The method may comprise allowing a fluid to flow into a surrounding formation through the flow port and valve member port.
The method may comprise adapting the valve member to be movable to open or close the flow port.
The method may comprise moving the valve member by engaging a mechanical shifting tool with a profile on the valve member.
The method may comprise further moving the valve member to reinstate flow after the flow port has been closed.
Bore Liner
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for lining a bore comprising: a base pipe; an inflatable element mounted on the base pipe; a first tubular member mounted over the inflatable element wherein activation of the inflatable element causes the first tubular member to extend to describe a larger diameter, and then retain the larger diameter on subsequent deactivation and removal of the inflatable element.
The first tubular member may be extendable.
The first tubular member may comprise a filter element.
The apparatus may include a bridging member mounted on the inflatable element and for supporting the first tubular member.
The apparatus may include a second tubular member. The second tubular member may be mounted on the first tubular member. The second tubular member may be extendable.
The apparatus may include a filter element, such as a weave or the like. The filter element may be supported by an extendable tubular member, and may be sandwiched between two coaxial extendable tubular members.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of lining a bore, the method comprising:
inflating an element mounted on a base pipe and increasing the diameter described by a first tubular member mounted over the inflatable element;
deflating the inflated element to separate the element from the extended tubular member and
removing the base pipe and the inflatable element from the extended tubular member.
The first tubular member may be extendable.
The first tubular member may comprise a filter element.
The method may comprise mounting a second extendable tubular member on the first extendable tubular member.
These aspects of the invention may be useful in supporting a bore wall or formation face. The invention may also be useful in stabilising the bore wall and prevent or minimise material sloughing off the bore wall.
Staged Cementation
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided downhole apparatus comprising a tubular body, a flow port in the body, at least one inflatable element on the exterior of the body, and an inflation valve controlling flow of material into the inflatable element, wherein the flow port permits material to flow from the body into an annulus surrounding the body and inflation of the element extends the element into the annulus.
The flow port may be provided above or below the inflation valve.
The flow port may be provided in combination with a flow valve for controlling flow of material through the flow port. The flow valve may initially close the flow port. The flow valve may be a one-way valve, such as a float valve. The flow valve may be operatively associated with the inflation valve, and may be configured to operate in conjunction with the inflation valve.
The inflation valve may initially be closed.
The inflation valve may comprise a sleeve mounted within the body.
The inflatable element may comprise an annular, helical or axial chamber.
Any appropriate number of inflatable elements may be provided.
The inflatable element may comprise a metal wall, and may comprise an elastomeric or flexible material on the exterior of the wall.
The inflation element may be configured to retain an extended configuration. This may be achieved by, for example, retaining the inflation medium within the element, or by forming the element such that the structure of the element retains the extended configuration.
The inflation element may be located above or below the flow port.
Another aspect of the invention provides downhole apparatus comprising a tubular body, at least one inflatable element on the exterior of the body and an inflation valve controlling flow of material into the inflatable element, the inflation valve being configured to open in response to a predetermined fluid pressure.
The predetermined pressure may coincide with a test pressure applied to the body, for example a casing integrity test pressure. Thus, the element may be inflated when a section of casing incorporating the apparatus is subject to pressure testing, which pressure testing may follow a cementing operation.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a tubular sealing or cementing method, the method comprising passing a settable material from a tubular interior into an annulus surrounding the tubular, opening an inflating valve and inflating an element on the exterior of the tubular to extend into the annulus.
The settable material may be cement.
The method may comprise translating a device through the tubular to open the inflation valve. The device may be a dart, wiper plug or the like, and may be translated through the tubular above or below a volume of settable material, or separately of a volume of settable material.
The method may comprise opening a flow valve controlling flow of the settable material from the tubular interior to the annulus.
The method may comprise translating a device through the tubular to open the flow valve.
The inflated element may extend across the annulus from the tubular to engage a surrounding bore wall, which wall may be defined by casing or by an unlined borehole wall. The element may extend through the settable material. The inflated element may assist in sealing the annulus, particularly against movement of fluid axially along the annulus.
The inflated element may be configured to at least partially seal the annulus.
The inflatable element may be provided at any suitable axial location on the tubular. For example, the element may be located towards the lower or distal end of the tubular, where the inflated element will facilitate retention of the column of settable material in the annulus. Alternatively, the inflatable element may be provided spaced from the lower or distal end, to provide a barrier in a staged cementation operation.
These aspects of the invention may be useful in cementation operations, with the inflatable element being used to provide a degree of isolation of or between cemented sections. In particular, embodiments of the invention may be utilised in providing support for an upper cementation stage and isolating a lower cementation stage from the hydrostatic head created by the upper stage.
The skilled person will realise that individual features of the various aspects of the invention as described above, as described in the following detailed description, and as set out in any of the appended claims, may be combined, individually or in combination, with features of other aspects and embodiments of the invention, as appropriate.
These and other aspects of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
a to 23e are part-sectional views of a valve for downhole apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
aa to 23ee are schematic illustrations of the relationship between the indexing profile and the follower pin of the apparatus of
Reference is first made to
The screens 10 are run into the hole as part of a completion string and in a retracted or smaller diameter configuration and subsequently activated to assume a larger diameter configuration, in which the outer surface of the screens approaches and preferably engages the bore wall, whether this be formed by casing, liner, or an unlined bore section.
A drainage/support layer 16 is located externally of the chambers 14, the layer 16 comprising six support strips 18 of aperture curved steel sheet. Like the chambers 14, the strips 18 are arranged side-by-side and extend axially along the screen 10, but are circumferentially offset relative to the chambers 14, as illustrated in the drawings, such that when the chambers 14 are extended the strips 18 bridge the gaps 20 formed between the chambers 14.
The drainage layer 16 supports a filter media in the form of a weave 22. The weave 22 may comprise a single length of material wrapped around the drainage layer with the longitudinal edges overlapping, or may comprise two or more lengths of strips of material. A protective cylindrical shroud 24 is provided over the weave 22.
The flow of inflation fluid into the chambers 14 is controlled by appropriate valve arrangements 30 (
Reference is now also made to
The sandscreen joint 110 is provided with threaded pin and box-type connections 132 at each end. One end of the joint 110 also includes the valve arrangement 130 for controlling the inflation of the activating elements provided in the joint, and also for controlling the flow of fluid from the surrounding formation, through the screen and into the base pipe 112. The valve arrangement may be similar to that described in GB2492193A, or may be one of the other valve arrangements as described herein. The general arrangement of activating elements, drainage layer, weave and shroud may be substantially as described above with reference to
In addition to allowing fluid to flow into the bore and then through the various elements of the sandscreen and into the base pipe 112, the sandscreen joint is also capable of providing zonal isolation. In particular, the ends of the portion of the joint 110 that are capable of extension on activation of the sandscreen 110, including the transition area 135, are coated with an elastomer sleeve 134. On activation of the sandscreen 110, the sleeve 134 is pushed out into contact with the bore wall and serves to isolate the zone on one side of the activated sleeve 134 from the zone on the other side of the sleeve 134. Thus, the provision of the sleeve 134 on the activated sandscreen prevents production fluid from flowing axially along the bore between the bore wall and sandscreen, and indeed axially through the portion of the sandscreen between the base pipe and the bore wall. This serves to protect the weave at the transition area 135, preventing axial flow through the transition area, which it has been found is the area where the weave tends to be weakest, and where the weave might otherwise be vulnerable to erosion damage.
Flow into the sandscreen joint 110 from the surrounding formation may thus only take place through the fully extended portion of the screen, between the sleeves 134, where the sandscreen typically contacts and supports the bore wall. Flow through the weave will thus tend to be substantially radial, allowing the weave to operate at maximum efficiency.
Where similar sandscreen joints 110 are coupled end-to-end, the sleeves 134 create isolated zones or annuli between the bore wall and the sections of the sandscreens which are not extended into contact with the bore wall. Thus, production fluid will not tend to flow from the surrounding formation and into these zones, minimising the risk of flow-induced collapse of the unsupported surrounding bore wall.
The sleeve 134 may be positioned over the valve which controls flow of production fluid into the base pipe and thus may offer a degree of protection for the valve and assist in balancing flow from the formation, through the bore wall, and into the screen; the sleeve 134 prevents fluid from flowing radially and directly through the weave and into the valve; the fluid must flow axially along the screen before reaching the valve.
To enhance the sealing capabilities of the elastomer sleeve 134, the outer surface of the sleeve defines circumferentially extending ridges or ribs 131. Surprisingly, it has been found that this improves the sealing effect achieved by the activated sleeves 134. It is believed that this is due to a coupling effect between adjacent ribs.
Details of the sleeve 134 are shown in
In use, a sandscreen joint 110 provided with elastomeric sleeves 134 may be provided in combination with screens which do not feature any sealing arrangement, the sandscreen joints 110 with sleeve 134 only being provided on completion where zonal isolation is desired.
In the sandscreen joint 110 as described above zonal isolation is provided by mounting the elastomer sleeves 134 on the ends of the permeable screen section. However, if desired the screens and zonal isolation may be provided separately within a joint, or in separable joint sections, as illustrated in
In
The screen joints may be combined as desired in order to match the geology or profile of a particular well. The ability to combine a screen and a zonal isolation barrier in a single joint facilitates making up the completion string and also facilitates maximisation of inflow area when compared with conventional completion arrangements.
Reference is now made to
The slots 140 are initially formed in the sheet by punching, and the initial slot form 140a may be as illustrated in
This slot form offers the operator numerous advantages. In the closed-up form 140b, the slots 140 restrict fluid access from the exterior of the screen to the screen interior. Thus, the weave and other filter elements of the sandscreen are isolated from the fluid in the well, which is likely to comprise drilling fluid carrying fine suspended solids which otherwise might plug or fill the weave. Also, if the shroud comes into contact with the bore wall as the completion string is being run into the well, any filter cake or the like on the well bore wall will be kept away from the weave. If the slots in the shroud were open, it is possible that filter cake and other material could be pushed and packed into the weave, limiting its permeability.
The closed slots 140 also tend to produce a completion string which generates less friction when it contacts the bore wall, thus facilitating running in and increasing the likelihood of the completion being run to the target depth. The closed slots 140 are also far less likely to catch or hang-up on sharp or rough edges as might be present at milled casing windows or multi-lateral junctions.
Reference is now made to
The support strips 218 collectively form a support/drainage layer. The strips 218 are apertured and dimpled to permit fluid to flow through and under the strips 218, although the edges of each strip are free of openings and dimples to permit a seal to be formed between the edge and the underlying element.
One edge of each support strip 218 is fixed and sealed to a respective activating element 214, for example by a bead of glue or a weld. The other edge sits over an adjacent activating element 214 and is free to move across the surface of the element 214 as the elements 214 are activated. However, the “free” edge of each support strip 218 remains substantially in sealing contract with the underlying activating element 214. Thus, fluid flowing from the surrounding formation through the shroud 224, through the weave 222, into the gaps 220 between the activated elements 214, and then into the base pipe 212, must pass through the weave 222 and also through the apertures 219 in the support strips 218.
This arrangement offers substantial advantages when fabricating the screen joint 210. In particular, the support strips 218 and the associated weave strips 222 may be fabricated and then mounted on the elements 214 as unitary parts. This contrasts with typical conventional sandscreen assemblies, in which a single long (c10m) and flexible length of weave must be wrapped around a tubular assembly and secured in place using, for example, ties, clamps and spot welds. The advantages are particularly apparent in relation to weave materials with more challenging handling characteristics, for example reverse Dutch twill, which is relatively stiff and does not cope well with tension, as would be experienced by a conventionally wound weave on activation of the screen joint.
Reference is also made to
On activation of the screen 310, the support strips 318 will separate, however the overlapping weave strips 322 ensure that any fluid passing from the formation into the base pipe 312 must pass through the weave 322, such that it is not necessary to seal the edges of the support strips 318 to the underlying activating elements 314.
Reference is now made to
The ends of the elements 414 may be retained as described in GB2492193A, or by any other appropriate means. However, by fixing three dowels 444 on the inner face of each activating element 414, the location of each element 414 relative to the base pipe 412 is maintained as the elements 414 are inflated. As noted above with reference to, for example,
It will also be noted from
The individual cells or chambers of the activating elements 514 are formed of individual tubes which may be in fluid communication or may be inflated individually.
An alternative form of activating element 614 is illustrated in
The arrangement of
Reference is now made to
In this embodiment it will be noted that each spacer comprises three circular cross-section pipes or tubes, the central tube being slightly larger and extending into a corresponding recess formed in the adjacent element wall. It will also be noted that the outer surface of the base pipe 712 between the elements 714 is provided with axially extending scallops or recesses 746 which further serve to increase the flow area between the base pipe 712 and weave 722, and which may also provide location for other items, in this case electronic gauges 750.
Reference is now made to
Reference is now made to
The valve 930 includes an indexing sleeve 960 that is axially moveable within a valve chamber 962 to control the flow of fluid between inflation ports 964 in the base pipe wall and inflation passages 966 leading to respective activating elements 914. The movement of the sleeve 960 is controlled by the interaction of a indexing profile 968 and follower pin 970 mounted on the valve body 972 (two slots 968 and respective pins 970 are provided at 180 degree spacings). The changing relationship between the slot 968 and pin 970 as the valve 930 is activated is illustrated in
A compression spring 974 urges the indexing sleeve 960 in one axial direction while internal fluid pressure may act on a piston 976 to urge the sleeve 960 in the opposite direction.
If it is desired to unlock the indexing sleeve 960, an elevated fluid pressure is applied to the interior of the string. This pressure is communicated, through actuating ports 986, to a chamber 988 on one side of the piston 976, and if the pressure is sufficient the pins 984 will shear and the piston 976 and sleeve 960 will move. However, only a limited movement of the piston 976 and sleeve 960 is possible, as the pin 970 is already located close to the end of the first leg of the indexing profile 968, as illustrated in
On bleeding off internal pressure, the spring 974 moves the indexing sleeve 960 in the opposite direction, the degree of movement being limited by the engagement between the indexing profile 968 and the pin 970 (see
If the internal fluid pressure is then increased once more to inflate/activate the elements 914, the piston 976 is actuated to translate the sleeve 960 and compress the spring 974, however the movement of the sleeve 960 is constrained by the interaction of the indexing profile 968 and pin 970 (see
The inflation path to the elements 914 is provided with an appropriate oneway valve (not shown) to trap the inflation pressure within the activation elements 914, such that when pressure is bled off once more the inflation pressure is trapped within the elements 914. However, a further seal is created by the movement of the indexing sleeve 960 under the influence of the spring 974 such that the inflation ports 964 and the sleeve passages 982 are moved out of alignment. The indexing sleeve 960 is also moved to locate the pin 970 at the end of the indexing profile 968 (see
Furthermore, an additional pair of sprung-loaded pins 971 are mounted on the valve body 972 and, on the sleeve 960 reaching the final position, are arranged to snap into respective flat-bottomed holes formed in the indexing sleeve 960, ensuring that the sleeve is mechanically locked in the closed off position.
Reference is now made to
Those of skill in the art will recognise that having the inflow ports 990 closed during run-in-hole, and in subsequent operations, offers numerous advantages. For example, if the inflow ports were always open, a completion incorporating screens otherwise made in accordance with this embodiment would tend to self-fill through the weave, increasing the risk of the weave becoming choked or plugged by material suspended in the fluid filling the bore.
If at some point in the future it is desired to control or vary the flow of fluid through the inner flow ports 990, a mechanical shifting tool may be run into the bore to engage a profile 996 on a portion 991 a of the internal sleeve. If a sufficient force is applied to the profile 996, shear pins 997 will fail and permit axial movement of the internal sleeve portion 991a relative to the external sleeve 992, and move the open sleeve ports 995 out of alignment with the inflow ports 990, and place ports provided with inflow control devices 998 in registration with the inflow ports 990, as illustrated in
Alternatively, in other embodiments, shifting the sleeve may shut off the inflow ports completely. Furthermore, a profile may be provided on the other end of the internal sleeve to allow a mechanical shifting tool to be run into the bore to move the sleeve in the opposite direction to re-open the ports. The different internal sleeve positions may be maintained by friction, or by providing a releasable retainer, such as a spring-loaded collet.
In the above examples the various valves are described as being located towards one end of a screen or joint. However, in other embodiments valves may be provided at both ends of the screen or joint, centrally of the screen or joint, or indeed at any appropriate location on the screen or joint.
Reference is now made to
Reference is now made to
A previous cementing operation will have filled the annulus between the inner and outer casing 1100, 1102 to a level at or above the cement ports 1106.
An opening dart or bomb 1112 is then pumped into the casing 1100, ahead of a volume of cleaning fluid. As illustrated in
After the cleaning operation has been completed, a volume of cement slurry is pumped down through the casing 1100 and into the annulus through the ports 1106, above the activated elements 1110. The volume of cement may be followed by a dart which closes the cement ports 1106 and thus retains the column of cement slurry now in the annulus above the ports 1106.
After completion of the cementing operation, the various plugs, the sleeve 1104 and any residual cement within the casing 1100 may be drilled out, as illustrated in
Thus, this arrangement allows cement slurry to be flowed into an upper annulus, while the hydraulic head created by the cement slurry in the upper annulus is isolated from the cement slurry in the lower annulus by the inflated elements 1110. The inflated elements 1110 also provide a secondary barrier to prevent fluid flowing up the annulus from a lower formation.
Reference is now made to
Reference is also now made to
Initially, and during run-in, the elements 1212 are in a deflated retracted configuration, such that cement slurry that has been pumped down through the casing 1200 may pass through the float collar 1206 and the shoe 1204 and then into and up the annulus 1218. The cement slurry volume is followed into the casing 1200 by a solid wiper plug 1224, which ultimately lands on the collar 1206. The casing 1200 is then tested for pressure integrity. The burst discs 1216 are configured to fail at this test pressure, such that fluid in the casing bore will then inflate the elements 1212, and the arrangement will assume the configuration as illustrated in
Although only a single barrier 1208 providing a seal with an open hole section, one or more barriers could equally well be provided at other locations, and utilised to provide a casing-to-casing seal.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1323121 | Dec 2013 | GB | national |
The present application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/108,615, filed Jun. 28, 2016, which is a National Stage patent application of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB2014/053851 filed on Dec. 19, 2014, which claims priority to Great Britain Patent Application No. 1323121.2 filed Dec. 30, 2013, the benefit of each of which is claimed and the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2600173 | Sewell et al. | Jun 1952 | A |
| 2843208 | Blood | Jul 1958 | A |
| 3338311 | Conrad | Aug 1967 | A |
| 3789926 | Henley et al. | Feb 1974 | A |
| 6315040 | Donnelly | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6354373 | Vercaemer | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6530431 | Castano-Mears et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 8322416 | Pop et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 9677387 | Yhuel et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 20020129935 | Castano-Mears et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020166671 | Simpson | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20040261994 | Nguyen et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050155772 | Dusterhoft et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20060162938 | Lohbeck | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20070215348 | Corre et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20080115972 | Lynde | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20090065199 | Patel et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20100000742 | Bonner et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100175895 | Metcalfe | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20110036567 | Holderman et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20120145389 | Fitzpatrick, Jr. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120247767 | Themig et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20130140872 | Jeffrey | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130220606 | Yhuel | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130341005 | Bruce et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20160024897 | Greci et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 101532378 | Sep 2009 | CN |
| 202914053 | May 2013 | CN |
| 103249908 | Aug 2013 | CN |
| 224942 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 2176513 | Apr 2010 | EP |
| 2394239 | Apr 2004 | GB |
| 2492193 | Dec 2012 | GB |
| WO-9717524 | May 1997 | WO |
| WO-9849423 | Nov 1998 | WO |
| WO-03091537 | Nov 2003 | WO |
| WO-2009001069 | Dec 2008 | WO |
| WO-2009001073 | Dec 2008 | WO |
| WO-2010025152 | Mar 2010 | WO |
| WO-2012066290 | May 2012 | WO |
| WO-2013132254 | Sep 2013 | WO |
| WO-2013186569 | Dec 2013 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Tiffin, D. et al. “Evaluation of Filter Cake Flowback in Sand Control Completions” SPE International, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 68933, 2001. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200011161 A1 | Jan 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15108615 | US | |
| Child | 16455587 | US |
