1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of testing formations surrounding an earth borehole with a formation testing tool to obtain fluid samples and, more particularly, to improvements in downhole determination of formation fluid properties.
2. Background of the Invention
Existing well logging devices can provide useful information about hydraulic properties of formations, such as pressures and fluid flow rates, and can obtain formation fluid samples, generally for uphole analysis. Reference can be made, for example, to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,934,468 and 4,860,581. In a logging device of this general type, a setting arm or setting pistons can be used to controllably urge the body of the logging device against a side of the borehole at a selected depth. The side of the device that is urged against the borehole wall typically includes a packer which surrounds a probe. As the setting arm extends, the probe is inserted into the formation, and the packer then sets the probe in position and forms a seal around the probe, whereupon formation pressure can be measured and fluids can be withdrawn from the formation.
Wireline formation testing, in general, strives to provide, inter alia, a measurement of the formation mobility. Formation mobility is defined as the formation permeability, measured in darcy, divided by fluid viscosity, measured in centipoise. The value of fluid viscosity, under in situ conditions of pressure and temperature, is usually unknown. However, to be able to accurately identify the local formation permeability, knowledge of viscosity is required. Knowledge of fluid density measurement would also be very helpful, for example in identifying fluid type or types.
Downhole determination (i.e., performed, in whole or in part, while the tool is downhole) of properties of sampled fluids, including density and viscosity, has been proposed in the prior art. This would permit greater flexibility in measuring and/or determining fluid properties, at essentially in situ conditions and, on fluid samples from various depth levels. However, equipment and techniques contemplated for achieving same, suffer one or more of the following disadvantages: undue complexity, inaccuracy or unreliability of measurement, and/or incompatibility or difficulty of adaptation for use with existing formation testing tools.
It is among the objects of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for downhole determination of properties of sampled borehole fluids.
Viscosity and density could theoretically be determined by obtaining the pressure readings across any two points in the flow line and using a pressure drop equation to calculate the fluid properties. However, there is only one equation and there are two unknowns.
In accordance with a form of the invention, a method is provided for determining viscosity and density of fluid from formations surrounding an earth borehole, comprising the following steps: (a) suspending a formation testing device in the borehole; (b) drawing formation fluid into the device; (c) causing the fluid to flow in a flow line under a first set of conditions; (d) causing the fluid to flow in the flow line under a second set of conditions; (e) measuring a first fluid pressure differential in the flow line during fluid flow under the first set of conditions, and measuring a second pressure differential in the flow line during fluid flow under the second set of conditions; and (f) determining density and viscosity of the fluid as a function of the first and second measured pressure differentials.
An embodiment of this form of the invention includes the following steps: (a) suspending a formation testing device in the borehole (b) drawing formation fluid into the device; (c) causing the fluid to flow in a flow line in the device at a first flow rate and through a first constriction, and measuring a first pressure differential on opposing sides of the constriction; (d) causing the fluid to flow in a flow line of device at a second flow rate and through a second constriction, and measuring a second pressure differential on opposing sides of the second constriction; and (e) determining the density and viscosity of the fluid as a function of the first and second measured pressure differentials. In this embodiment, the step of determining density and viscosity includes deriving a first expression for the first measured pressure differential as a function of unknown fluid viscosity and fluid density at the first flow rate and deriving a second expression for the second measured pressure differential as a function of unknown fluid viscosity and fluid density at the second flow rate, and solving the first and second expressions to determine fluid viscosity and fluid density. The steps (b) through (e) can be repeated at different depth levels in the borehole to determine the density and viscosity of fluid at such different depth levels in the formations.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Referring to
The logging device or tool 100 has an elongated body 105 which encloses the downhole portion of the device, controls, chambers, measurement means, etc. One or more arms 123 can be mounted on pistons 125 which extend, e.g. under control from the surface, to set the tool. The logging device includes one or more probe modules each of which includes a probe assembly 210 which is movable with a probe actuator (not separately shown) and includes a probe (not separately shown) that is outwardly displaced into contact with the borehole wall, piercing the mudcake and communicating with the formations. The equipment and methods for taking pressure measurements and doing sampling are well known in the art, and the logging device 100 is provided with these known capabilities. Reference can be made, for example, to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,934,468 and 4,860,581, which describe early versions of devices of this general type.
Modern commercially available services utilizing, for example, a modular formation dynamics tester (“MDT”—trademark of Schlumberger), can provide a variety of measurements and samples, as the tool is modularized and can be configured in a number of ways. Examples of some of the modules employed in this type of tool, are as follows: An electric power module is generally provided. It does not have a flowline or hydraulic bus, and will typically be the first (top) module in the string. A hydraulic power module provides hydraulic power to all modules that may require same, and such power can be propagated via a hydraulic bus. Probe modules, which can be single or plural probes, includes pistons for causing engagement of probe(s) for fluid communication with the formations. Sample modules contain sample chambers for collecting samples of formation fluids, and can be directly connected with sampling points or connected via a flowline. A pumpout module can be used for purging unwanted fluids. An analyzer module uses optical analysis to identify certain characteristics of fluids. A packer module includes inflatable packer elements which can seal the borehole circumference over the length of the packer elements. Using the foregoing and other types of modules, the tool can be configured to perform various types of functions.
The present invention has application to tool configurations which draw formation fluid into the tool.
Referring to
As an example of a type of job that includes sampling, the tool is set, a pretest is taken, the pump is turned on and the formation fluid goes through the flow line of all the modules until reaching the exit port at which, after the contamination level reaches an acceptable level (as monitored by the fluid analyzer module), the exit port is shut off and the sample is routed into a chamber (for example, one of the bottles in module 250 and/or the large volume sample chamber of module 220).
The relationship between pressure drop and viscosity and density of a fluid flowing through an orifice will next be treated. The calculations are based on given values of flow rate, pressure drop, pipe length and certain other values. The pressure drop in pipe is due to the following factors.
1. Pressure drop due to viscous resistance for flow in pipe.
2. Pressure drop across the orifice.
3. Pressure drop due to gravity (elevation) Hence the equation for total pressure drop can be written as:
ΔP=ΔPf+ΔPel+ΔPor (1)
The gravitational pressure drop (elevation) is given by
ΔPel=ρghSinθ (2)
The fluid is assumed to be Newtonian and the pressure drop equation for friction pressure drop (only laminar) is given as:
L (3a)
If, however, the flow is turbulent (Reynolds Number>2100), then the friction factor needs to be calculated. For Reynolds number less than 100,000, the friction factor can be approximated as
f=0.0791Re−0.25
(3b) where Re is Reynolds number.
The pressure drop can then be calculated as
(3c)
The pressure drop equation across the orifice is given a
Using the above three equations the total pressure drop can be calculated. In the configuration of
The above pressure drop equation is employed to calculate viscosity and density using the measured pressure drop values. This involves solving a non linear equation in density and viscosity. Two independent equations for two different choke sizes are used in this embodiment to calculate density and viscosity.
The correlation for discharge coefficient is given as:
where
C: Discharge Coefficient; D: Pipe Diameter (inches); β: Ratio of Orifice to Pipe Diameters; ReD: Pipe Reynolds Number; A: Area of Choke; V: Velocity; Q: Flow Rate.
In the case considered, the flow is turbulent with a high Reynolds number. In such a case, the coefficient of discharge becomes independent of the Reynolds number and thus becomes a constant value. The sample calculations below show differential pressure between two points A and B in the flow line. This is not the pressure drop because of the pump that supplies a differential pressure inside the flow line. The differential pressure is calculated for varying viscosities and densities and for different choke combinations as well as for different flow rates. The following parameters can be varied to investigate the behavior of pressure difference between PA and PB.
1. Flow rates which cause differing pump pressures.
2. Choke openings: Pressure loss will depend on which choke is constricted and which is kept open to flow.
3. Relative placement of chokes: This factor is relatively insignificant, as the spacing between the chokes is not very large.
As seen from equations (1) through (5), ΔP is a function of certain constants, known parameters, and unknown parameters, as follows: ΔP=f (μ,p,V,L,D,h, Θ,Q, β,A,ReD).
The following are known or measured: L,D,h, θ, β, ReD. In the present embodiment, the following are set differently for the first operational condition (designated I) and the second operational condition (designated II): V,Q,A. The fluid viscosity (μ) and density (ρ) are unknown. Thus, for operational condition I: ΔPI=f (μ,p,VI,QI,AI) (6) and for operational condition II: ΔPII=f(μ,p,VII,QII,AII).
Accordingly, in the flow diagram of
A further technique that can be used to determine viscosity and density, in accordance with a form hereof, is to use type curves. For calculating density, the differential pressure (PA−PB as measured by the pressure gauges) is measured across the two points in a flow line. Two such readings are recorded, each with one choke open and the other constricted. It can be noted that the flow rate is not changed for this embodiment. The difference between these two readings will be proportional to the density of the fluid. This is because the flow is turbulent and hence the discharge coefficient of the choke is independent of viscosity of the fluid. Type curves for these readings for different densities are generated as shown in
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3003554 | Craig, Jr. et al. | Oct 1961 | A |
3011554 | Desbrandes et al. | Dec 1961 | A |
3604256 | Prats | Sep 1971 | A |
3839914 | Modisette et al. | Oct 1974 | A |
3934468 | Brieger | Jan 1976 | A |
4287946 | Brieger | Sep 1981 | A |
4384472 | Tournier | May 1983 | A |
4495805 | Dowling et al. | Jan 1985 | A |
4535851 | Kirkpatrick et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
4750351 | Ball | Jun 1988 | A |
4821564 | Pearson et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
4843878 | Purfurst et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
4860581 | Zimmerman et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
5042296 | Burgess | Aug 1991 | A |
5079750 | Scherbatskoy | Jan 1992 | A |
5622223 | Vasquez | Apr 1997 | A |
6092416 | Halford et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6157893 | Berger et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
6178815 | Felling et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6250138 | Shwe et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6272934 | Rajan et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6450259 | Song et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6474152 | Mullins et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6755079 | Proett et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
6938470 | DiFoggio et al. | Sep 2005 | B1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2 177 803 | Jan 1987 | GB |
2177803 | Jan 1987 | GB |
WO 0151898 | Jul 2001 | WO |
WO 0173400 | Oct 2001 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20040139798 A1 | Jul 2004 | US |