Patent Grant
11655679
The present disclosure relates to tools having polycrystalline diamond radial bearings, systems including the same, and methods of making and using the same.
Radial bearings are used in tools, machines, and components to bear load. One application of radial bearings is in motors, including drilling motors. When drilling a wellbore, a drill bit is sometimes rotated via a drilling motor, which may be coupled with the drill bit via a drive shaft extending from the motor, through a bearing housing, and to the drill bit. Such couplings typically include bearings positioned between the bearing housing and the drive shaft to allow rotation of the drive shaft while the bearing housing remains generally stationary within the wellbore or rotates with the drill string.
When polycrystalline diamond elements are used as radial bearings in drilling motors, typically the spacing between adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements is minimized in order to avoid edge contact between the engagement surface of the polycrystalline diamond elements and the opposing engagement surface. Minimizing the spacing between adjacent bearing elements reduces the space on the drill string available for sensors, actuators, or other discrete downhole components.
Also, when polycrystalline diamond elements are used as radial bearings in drilling tools, typically both the engagement surface and the opposing engagement surface are composed of polycrystalline diamond. This is, at least in part, because thermally stable polycrystalline diamond (TSP), either supported or unsupported by tungsten carbide, and polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC or PCD) have been considered as contraindicated for use in the machining of diamond reactive materials. Diamond reactive materials include ferrous metals, and other metals, metal alloys, composites, hardfacings, coatings, or platings that contain more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or solvent elements, including cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, manganese, copper, titanium, or tantalum. Further, this prior contraindication of the use of polycrystalline diamond extends to so called “superalloys”, including iron-based, cobalt-based and nickel-based superalloys containing more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or solvent elements. The surface speeds typically used in machining of such materials typically ranges from about 0.2 m/s to about 5 m/s. Although these surface speeds are not particularly high, the load and attendant temperature generated, such as at a cutting tip, often exceeds the graphitization temperature of diamond (i.e., about 700° C.), which can, in the presence of diamond catalyst or solvent elements, lead to rapid wear and failure of components. Without being bound by theory, the specific failure mechanism is believed to result from the chemical interaction of the carbon bearing diamond with the carbon attracting material that is being machined. An exemplary reference concerning the contraindication of polycrystalline diamond for diamond catalyst or solvent containing metal or alloy machining is U.S. Pat. No. 3,745,623, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The contraindication of polycrystalline diamond for machining diamond catalyst or diamond solvent containing materials has long caused the avoidance of the use of polycrystalline diamond in all contacting applications with such materials.
Polycrystalline diamond radial bearings have been developed that have polycrystalline diamond bearing surfaces that mate with non-ferrous superhard materials or, much more commonly, with tightly-matched complementary polycrystalline diamond surfaces. As used herein, a “superhard material” is a material that is at least as hard as tungsten carbide (e.g., cemented tungsten carbide or tungsten carbide tiles). An exemplary reference concerning polycrystalline diamond radial bearings, either in contact with superhard materials or with matching polycrystalline diamond, is U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,036, to McPherson and assigned to Smith International Inc., the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. As would be understood by one skilled in the art, hardness may be determined using the Vickers hardness test, which may be performed, for example, in accordance with ASTM E92-17.
So called high-performance polycrystalline diamond bearings are designed particularly for harsh environments, such as downhole drilling and pumping environments or wind turbine energy units, and utilize sliding, mated, overlapping polycrystalline diamond elements. This requires a large number of polycrystalline diamond elements, each shaped with an exacting outer profile. For example, rotor mounted polycrystalline diamond elements are shaped with a convex outer profile substantially matched to an outer diameter of the rotor. Stator polycrystalline diamond elements are shaped with a concave outer profile substantially matched to an inner diameter of the stator. This shaping of the polycrystalline diamond elements requires exacting precision and is expensive, requiring, for example, cutting with electrical discharge machining (EDM), lasers, or diamond grinding. The polycrystalline diamond elements must then be mounted in precise locations, at precise alignments and at precisely prescribed heights or exposures to ensure mated sliding engagement. The goal in such components is full-face contact of the polycrystalline diamond elements as bearing areas. Thus, the processes used to prepare such polycrystalline diamond elements are expensive and time consuming, with significant opportunities for variance resulting in scrapped parts. Failures in alignment and/or exposure are likely to produce so called “edge clashing” as the polycrystalline diamond elements rotate against each other producing fractured elements and ultimately resulting in bearing failure.
Less expensive radial bearings utilizing polycrystalline diamond have been proposed where a nearly full circumferential array of contoured polycrystalline diamond elements are mounted on a rotor with superhard material mounted on the stator. Although this approach requires fewer polycrystalline diamond elements than the previously described approaches, it still requires contouring of the rotor mounted elements. In addition, such so called superhard materials tend to be more brittle and prone to impact damage than the diamond reactive materials disclosed herein.
Additional significant references that inform the background of the technology of this application are from the International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 46 and 47 titled “Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction, part 1: Prediction of the interface temperature rise” and “Part 2, Material removal mechanism” 2005 and 2006. These references report on the dynamic friction polishing of PDC faces utilizing dry sliding contact under load with a carbon attractive steel disk. Key findings in these references indicate that polishing rate is more sensitive to sliding rate than load and that the rate of thermo-chemical reaction between the steel disk and the diamond surface reduces significantly as the surface finish of the diamond surface improves. It is indicated that the thermo-chemical reaction between the steel disk and the PDC face does not occur at sliding speeds below 10.5 m/s at a pressure of 27 MPa. These references are incorporated herein by reference, as if set out in full. Copper and titanium were not typically listed in the early General Electric documentation on diamond synthesis but have been added later. Relevant references include “Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of Water and SiO2”; Dobrzhinetskaya and Green, II International Geology Review Vol. 49, 2007 and “Non-metallic catalysts for diamond synthesis under high pressure and high temperature”, Sun et al, Science in China August 1999.
Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a downhole drilling tool (e.g., motor) for use in a downhole drill string. The downhole drilling motor includes a rotor movably coupled within a stator. A drive shaft is movably coupled within a bearing housing. The drive shaft has a first end coupled with the rotor and a second end coupled with a drill bit. A bearing assembly interfaces engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing. The bearing assembly includes a plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements. Each polycrystalline diamond element has an engagement surface. The bearing assembly includes an opposing engagement surface that includes a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide. The opposing engagement surface is movably engaged with each of the engagement surfaces. Either the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing, or the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft.
Other embodiments include a bearing assembly for use in a downhole drill string. The bearing assembly includes a drive shaft movably coupled within a bearing housing. The drive shaft has a first end and a second end. A bearing assembly interfaces engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing. The bearing assembly includes a plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements, each having an engagement surface, and an opposing engagement surface that includes a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide. The opposing engagement surface is movably engaged with each of the engagement surfaces. Either the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing, or the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft.
Other embodiments include a method of bearing radial and thrust load in a drill string bearing assembly. The method includes coupling a drive shaft within a bearing housing. The drive shaft has a first end and a second end. Coupling the drive shaft within the bearing housing includes interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing with a bearing assembly. The bearing assembly includes a plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements, each having an engagement surface, and an opposing engagement surface including a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide. The opposing engagement surface is movably engaged with each of the engagement surfaces. Either the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing, or the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft. The method includes bearing radial and thrust loads on the drive shaft with the bearing assembly.
Other embodiments of the present disclosure includes a method of designing a bearing assembly for a drive shaft and bearing housing of a downhole drilling motor. The bearing assembly includes polycrystalline diamond elements, each including an engagement surface in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface. The opposing engagement surface includes a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide. The method includes determining if a maximum sliding speed of the drive shaft and the bearing housing is less than a preset limit. If the maximum sliding speed is less than the preset limit, the method includes selecting a configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing. The method includes calculating a maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element based on a selected number of polycrystalline diamond elements in the selected configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing, and based on anticipated load. The calculated maximum contact pressure is optionally multiplied by a safety factor. The method includes determining if the calculated maximum contact pressure, optionally multiplied by the safety factor, is below a preset maximum allowable pressure. If the calculated maximum contact pressure is determined to be below the preset maximum allowable pressure, the method includes deploying at least a minimum number of the polycrystalline diamond elements on the selected configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing. If the number of the polycrystalline diamond elements fit on the selected configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing, the method includes making the bearing assembly for the drive shaft and bearing housing.
So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the systems, apparatus, and/or methods of the present disclosure may be understood in more detail, a more particular description briefly summarized above may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings that form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only various exemplary embodiments and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the disclosed concepts as it may include other effective embodiments as well.
Systems, apparatus, and methods according to present disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate various exemplary embodiments. Concepts according to the present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited by the illustrated embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough as well as complete and will fully convey the scope of the various concepts to those skilled in the art and the best and preferred modes of practice.
Certain embodiments of the present disclosure include tools (e.g., motors) and components thereof having polycrystalline radial bearings, systems including the same, and methods of making and using the same. The motors disclosed herein may be drilling motors for downhole drilling, including directional drilling, such as mud motors. Certain embodiments include drives shafts having polycrystalline diamond radial bearings thereon. For convenience, certain parts of the following descriptions disclose a stator component and a rotor component. However, it would be understood by one skilled in the technology disclosed herein may be applied to parts that are movably engaged other than stators and rotors, such as a drive shaft movably coupled within a housing. Also, for convenience, certain parts of the following descriptions present an outer stator component and an inner rotor component. However, it would be understood by one skilled in the art that the inner component may be held static and the outer component may be rotated. Additionally, it would be understood by one skilled in the art that, although the descriptions of the disclosure are directed to rotor and stator configurations, the technology disclosed herein is not limited to such applications and may be applied in various other applications including discrete bearings with an inner and outer race where the outer and inner races both rotate or where either one or the other of the outer and inner races is held stationary.
Definitions, Examples, and Standards
Diamond Reactive Materials—As used herein, a “diamond reactive material” is a material that contains more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or diamond solvent. As used herein, a diamond reactive material that contains more than “trace amounts” of diamond catalyst or diamond solvent, containing at least 2 percent by weight (wt. %) diamond reactive material. In some aspects, the diamond reactive materials disclosed herein contain from 2 to 100 wt. %, or from 5 to 95 wt. %, or from 10 to 90 wt. %, or from 15 to 85 wt. %, or from 20 to 80 wt. %, or from 25 to 75 wt. %, or from 25 to 70 wt. %, or from 30 to 65 wt. %, or from 35 to 60 wt. %, or from 40 to 55 wt. %, or from 45 to 50 wt. % of diamond catalyst or diamond solvent. As used herein, a “diamond catalyst” is a chemical element, compound, or material capable of catalyzing graphitization of polycrystalline diamond, such as under load and at a temperature at or exceeding the graphitization temperature of diamond (i.e., about 700° C.). As used herein, a “diamond solvent” is a chemical element, compound, or material capable of solubilizing polycrystalline diamond, such as under load and at a temperature at or exceeding the graphitization temperature of diamond. Thus, diamond reactive materials include materials that, under load and at a temperature at or exceeding the graphitization temperature of diamond, can lead to wear, sometimes rapid wear, and failure of components formed of or including polycrystalline diamond, such as diamond tipped tools. Diamond reactive materials include, but are not limited to, metals, metal alloys, and composite materials that contain more than trace amounts of diamond catalyst or solvent elements. In some aspects, the diamond reactive materials are in the form of hardfacings, coatings, or platings. For example, and without limitation, the diamond reactive material may be ferrous, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, manganese, copper, titanium, tantalum, or alloys thereof. In some aspects, the diamond reactive material is a superalloy including, but not limited to, iron-based, cobalt-based and nickel-based superalloys. In certain aspects, the diamond reactive material is not and/or does not include (i.e., specifically excludes) so called “superhard materials.” As would be understood by one skilled in the art, “superhard materials” are a category of materials defined by the hardness of the material, which may be determined in accordance with the Brinell, Rockwell, Knoop and/or Vickers scales. For example, superhard materials include materials with a hardness value exceeding 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by the Vickers hardness test. As used herein, superhard materials include materials that are at least as hard as tungsten carbide tiles and/or cemented tungsten carbide, such as is determined in accordance with one of these hardness scales, such as the Brinell scale. One skilled in the art would understand that a Brinell scale test may be performed, for example, in accordance with ASTM E10-18; the Vickers hardness test may be performed, for example, in accordance with ASTM E92-17; the Rockwell hardness test may be performed, for example, in accordance with ASTM E18; and the Knoop hardness test may be performed, for example, in accordance with ASTM E384-17. The “superhard materials” disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, tungsten carbide (e.g., tile or cemented), infiltrated tungsten carbide matrix, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, cubic boron nitride, and polycrystalline diamond. Thus, in some aspects, the “diamond reactive material” is partially or entirely composed of material(s) (e.g., metal, metal alloy, composite) that is softer (less hard) than superhard materials, such as less hard than tungsten carbide (e.g., tile or cemented), as determined in accordance with one of these hardness tests, such as the Brinell scale.
Interfacing Polycrystalline Diamond with Diamond Reactive Materials—In some aspects, the present disclosure provides for interfacing the engagement between a rotor and stator with a polycrystalline diamond element in contact with a diamond reactive material. For example, the polycrystalline diamond element may be positioned and arranged on the stator for sliding contact with the rotor, where the rotor is formed of or includes at least some diamond reactive material. Alternatively, the polycrystalline diamond element may be positioned and arranged on the rotor for sliding contact with the stator, where the stator is formed of or includes at least some diamond reactive material. The polycrystalline diamond element may have an engagement surface for engagement with an opposing engagement surface of the diamond reactive material. As used herein, “engagement surface” refers to the surface of a material (e.g., polycrystalline diamond or diamond reactive materials) that is positioned and arranged within a bearing assembly such that, in operation of the bearing assembly, the engagement surface interfaces the contact between the two components (e.g., between the stator and the rotor). The “engagement surface” may also be referred to herein as the “bearing surface”. In some aspects the opposing engagement surface includes or is composed of at least 2 wt. % of diamond reactive material, or from 2 to 100 wt. %, or from 5 to 95 wt. %, or from 10 to 90 wt. %, or from 15 to 85 wt. %, or from 20 to 80 wt. %, or from 25 to 75 wt. %, or from 25 to 70 wt. %, or from 30 to 65 wt. %, or from 35 to 60 wt. %, or from 40 to 55 wt. %, or from 45 to 50 wt. % of diamond reactive material.
Lapped or Polished—In certain applications, the polycrystalline diamond element, or at least the engagement surface thereof, is lapped or polished, optionally highly lapped or highly polished. Although highly polished polycrystalline diamond elements are preferred in at least some applications, the scope of this disclosure is not limited to highly polished polycrystalline diamond elements and includes polycrystalline diamond elements that are highly lapped or polished. As used herein, a surface is defined as “highly lapped” if the surface has a surface finish of 20 μin or about 20 μin, such as a surface finish ranging from about 18 to about 22 μin. As used herein, a surface is defined as “polished” if the surface has a surface finish of less than about 10 μin, or of from about 2 to about 10 μin. As used herein, a surface is defined as “highly polished” if the surface has a surface finish of less than about 2 μin, or from about 0.5 μin to less than about 2 μin. In some aspects, engagement surface 101 has a surface finish ranging from 0.5 μin to 40 μin, or from 2 μin to 30 μin, or from 5 μin to 20 μin, or from 8 μin to 15 μin, or less than 20 μin, or less than 10 μin, or less than 2 μin, or any range therebetween. Polycrystalline diamond that has been polished to a surface finish of 0.5 μin has a coefficient of friction that is about half of standard lapped polycrystalline diamond with a surface finish of 20-40 μin. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,447,208 and 5,653,300 to Lund et al., the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference, provide disclosure relevant to polishing of polycrystalline diamond. As would be understood by one skilled in the art, surface finish may be measured with a profilometer or with Atomic Force Microscopy. Table 1, below, sets for a summary of coefficients of friction for various materials, including polished polycrystalline diamond, in both a dry, static state and a lubricated, static state, where the “first material” is the material that is moved relative to the “second material” to determine the CoF of the first material.
Evaluation Criteria
If it is determined that the maximum sliding speed is not be less than 10.5 m/s, then, as indicated by box 102, it is determined that the evaluated application is not a candidate for use of a polycrystalline diamond element is sliding engagement with a diamond reactive material because the sliding speed is too high. One skilled in the art would understand that, in a lubricated or wet environment, the sliding interface speed can be significantly higher than in a dry, non-lubricated environment (as is herein evaluated).
If it is determined that the maximum sliding speed is less than 10.5 m/s, then, as indicated by box 103, the configuration (e.g., shape, size, and arrangement) of the polycrystalline diamond element is selected depending on the particular application at hand. Box 103 sets forth various non-limiting polycrystalline diamond element configurations for sliding engagement with diamond reactive materials in various bearing configurations. For example, a planar polycrystalline diamond element may be selected for use on a stator that is engaged with a cylindrical rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a convex polycrystalline diamond element may be selected for use on a stator that is engaged with a cylindrical rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a polycrystalline diamond element having a concave, or at least slightly concave, surface may be selected for use on a stator that is engaged with a cylindrical rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a polycrystalline diamond element having a convex, or at least slightly convex, surface may be selected for use on a rotor that is engaged with a cylindrical stator formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a chisel shaped polycrystalline diamond element may be selected for use on a stator that is engaged with a grooved rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a dome or hemisphere shaped polycrystalline diamond element may be selected for use on a stator that is engaged with a grooved rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a planar polycrystalline diamond element may be selected for use on a conic shaped stator that is engaged with a conic shaped rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a polycrystalline diamond element having a convex, or at least slightly convex, surface may be selected for use on a conic shaped stator that is engaged with a conic shaped rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a polycrystalline diamond element having a convex, or at least slightly convex, surface may be selected for use on a conic shaped rotor that is engaged with a conic shaped stator formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; a polycrystalline diamond element having a concave, or at least slightly concave, surface may be selected for use on a conic shaped stator that is engaged with a conic shaped rotor formed of or including at least some a diamond reactive material; a polycrystalline diamond element having a convex, or at least slightly convex, surface may be selected for use on a spherical shaped rotor that is engaged with a spherical shaped stator formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material; or a polycrystalline diamond element having a planar, convex, or at least slightly convex surface may be selected for use on a spherical shaped stator that is engaged with a spherical shaped rotor formed of or including at least some diamond reactive material. One skilled in the art would understand that the present disclosure is not limited to these particular selected shapes and contours, and that the shapes, including surface contouring, of the rotors, stators, polycrystalline diamond elements, and other application specific components may vary depending on the particular application.
After selecting the configuration, as set forth in box 103, the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element is calculated. As set forth in box 104, the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element is calculated based on the number of polycrystalline diamond elements and the anticipated load, including radial, axial, bending, or other loads. The maximum contact pressure may be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art.
After calculation of the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element, the calculated maximum pressure per polycrystalline diamond element is multiplied by a safety factor, as set forth in box 105. The application of the safety factor, over and above the maximum pressure determined in box 104, may be set and applied at the discretion of a designer, for example. Thus, the safety factor, if applied, provides for a reduced pressure per polycrystalline diamond element relative to the maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element.
In box 106, it is determined whether the calculated maximum pressure is below maximum allowable pressure for anticipated cycles of the apparatus. As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the fatigue on the diamond reactive material is the limiting factor. The load is at the diamond/diamond reactive material (e.g., metal) interface. The more the PDC elements in an assembly, the lower the instant load on the metal. S—N curves (contact stress to cycles) can be used to facilitate making the determination in box 106.
If, per box 106, it is determined that the calculated pressure is not below the maximum allowable pressure, then, as indicated in box 107, additional polycrystalline diamond elements are deployed to the design configuration that was selected in box 103. After these additional polycrystalline diamond elements are deployed, the thus modified design configuration is evaluated per boxes 104 and 105 before being, once again, assessed per the criteria of box 106.
If, per box 106, it is determined that the calculated pressure is below the maximum allowable pressure, then, as indicated in box 108, the proposed design configuration is then created by deploying at least the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements indicated as required by the prior boxes 101-106 onto the components of the chosen design configuration of box 103 (e.g., attaching the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements onto the stator or rotor).
At box 109, it is determined whether the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements, per box 108, will fit on the chosen configuration of box 103. If it is determined that, the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements will fit on the chosen configuration of box 103, then the bearing assembly in the rotor and stator is produced, as shown in box 110. If it determined that the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements will not fit on the chosen configuration of box 103, then the chosen configuration of box 103 is determined to not be a candidate for use of a polycrystalline diamond element in sliding engagement with a diamond reactive material, per box 102.
The designer of the bearing configuration would also have the option (not shown) of choosing an alternative bearing configuration from box 103 if the required minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements will not fit on the originally chosen design configuration. Alternatively, the safety factor can be lowered to reduce the minimum number of polycrystalline diamond elements required. One skilled in the art would understand that the criteria set forth in
Various exemplary rotor and stator radial bearing assemblies will now be described with reference to
Stator with Planar Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Rotor and stator radial bearing assembly 200 includes stator 202 engaged with rotor 203. Four planar polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are fitted into stator 202 to provide for sliding engagement between stator 202 and rotor 203, where rotor 203 is formed of or includes at least some diamond reactive material. Polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are deployed (e.g., mechanically fitted) in stator 202 within loading ports 204, which are ports formed in and/or positioned within stator body 211. For example, and without limitation, each polycrystalline diamond element 201 may be press fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise mounted on stator 202 (or rotor in other applications) via methods known to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art would understand that the present disclosure is not limited to these particular attachment methods or to the use of ports within the stator body, and that the polycrystalline diamond elements may be attached to the stator or rotor by any of a variety of methods. Further, while shown as including equally spaced, planar polycrystalline diamond elements, one skilled in the art would understand that the number, spacing, armament, shape, and size of the polycrystalline diamond elements may vary depending upon any number of various design criteria including, but not limited to, the criteria set forth in
Each polycrystalline diamond element 201 includes an engagement surface 213 (here shown as planar surfaces), and rotor 203 includes opposing engagement surface 215. Polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are positioned on stator 202 in secure contact with rotor 203, to limit lateral movement of rotor 203 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 203 during operation. Polycrystalline diamond elements 201 are positioned and arranged such that engagement surfaces 213 are in contact (e.g., sliding contact) with opposing engagement surface 215. Thus, engagement surfaces 213 and opposing engagement surface 215 interface the sliding contact between rotor 203 and stator 202. In some embodiments, rotor 203 has a rotational velocity, engagement between engagement surface 213 and opposing engagement surface 215 defines a contact area that is independent of the rotational velocity of rotor 203. In some embodiments, rotor 203 has a variable rotational velocity, and engagement surface 213 follows an engagement path on opposing engagement surface 215 that is constant through the variable rotational velocities.
Although
Stator with Convex Polycrystalline Diamond Element
With reference to
Although
As with assembly 200, in operation engagement surface 313 interfaces with opposing engagement surface 315 to bear load between rotor 303 and stator 302.
Stator with Concave Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Slightly concave polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are fitted into stator body 411 of stator 402 to provide for sliding engagement with rotor 403. Polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are deployed in stator 402 through loading ports 404. Polycrystalline diamond elements 401 may be press fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise mounted using methods known to those skilled in the art. Polycrystalline diamond elements 401 are placed into secure contacting position with rotor 403 to limit lateral movement of rotor 403 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 403 during operation.
As with assembly 300, in operation engagement surface 413 interfaces with opposing engagement surface 415 to bear load between rotor 403 and stator 402. The at least slight concavity of each polycrystalline diamond element 401 is oriented with the axis of the concavity, in line with the circumferential rotation of rotor 403; thereby ensuring no edge contact between polycrystalline diamond elements 401 and rotor 403 and providing for linear area contact between polycrystalline diamond elements 401 and rotor 403, generally with the deepest portion of the concavity. That is, engagement between polycrystalline diamond elements 401 and rotor 403 is exclusively interfaced by engagement surface 413 and opposing engagement surface 415, such that edge or point 417 of polycrystalline diamond elements 401 do not make contact with rotor 403. As such, only linear area contact, and no edge or point contact, occurs between polycrystalline diamond elements 401 and rotor 403. As is evident from
Although
Rotor with Convex Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are fitted into rotor body 523 of rotor 503 to provide for sliding engagement with stator 502, which is formed of or includes at least some diamond reactive material. Polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are deployed in rotor 503 in sockets 504 formed into and/or positioned in rotor body 523. Polycrystalline diamond elements 501 may be press fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise mounted using methods known to those skilled in the art. Polycrystalline diamond elements 501 are placed into a secure contacting position relative to stator 502 to limit lateral movement of rotor 503 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 503 during operation. As is evident from
Although
Thus, contrary to the embodiments shown in
Stator with Chisel Shaped Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Polycrystalline diamond elements 601 are placed into a secure contacting position within radial/thrust surface groove 606 of rotor 603 to limit lateral and axial movement of rotor 603 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 603 during operation. Chisel shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601 are positioned, arranged, shaped, sized, and oriented to slidingly engage into the mating radial/thrust surface groove 606 of rotor 603. Chisel shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601 include engagement surface (defined by the chisel shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 601), which interfaces in contact with opposing engagement surface, here the surface of radial/thrust surface groove 606. It is evident from
Although
Stator with Dome or Hemisphere Shaped Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Dome or hemisphere shaped polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are fitted into stator housing 711 of stator 702 to provide for sliding engagement with rotor 703. Polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are deployed in stator 702 through loading ports 704 formed in and/or positioned in stator body 711. Polycrystalline diamond elements 701 may be press fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise mounted using methods known to those skilled in the art. Polycrystalline diamond elements 701 are placed into a secure contacting position relative to radial/thrust surface groove 706 of rotor 703 to limit lateral and axial movement of rotor 703 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 703 during operation. Dome or hemisphere polycrystalline diamond elements 701 slidingly engage the mating radial/thrust surface groove 706 of rotor 703. Dome or hemisphere polycrystalline diamond elements 701 define engagement surface, which interfaces in contact with opposing engagement surface, here the surface of radial/thrust surface groove 706. As is evident from
Although
Stator with Planar Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Polycrystalline diamond elements 801 are placed into a secure contacting position relative to radial/thrust conical surface 806 of rotor 803 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of rotor 803 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 803 during operation.
The planar polycrystalline diamond elements 801 slidingly engage the mating radial/thrust conical surface of rotor 803, such that engagement surfaces 813 contact and interface with opposing engagement surface 806. As is evident from
Although
While
Stator with Convex Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 901 are fitted into stator body 911 of stator 902 to provide for sliding engagement with rotor 903. Polycrystalline diamond elements 901 are deployed in stator 902 through loading ports 904 formed in and/or positioned in stator body 911. Polycrystalline diamond elements 901 may be press fit, glued, brazed, threaded, or otherwise mounted using methods known to those skilled in the art.
Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 901 are placed into secure contacting position with radial/thrust conical surface 906 of rotor 903 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of rotor 903 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 903 during operation. Polycrystalline diamond elements 901 slidingly engage the mating radial/thrust conical surface of rotor 903, such that engagement surfaces 913 contact and interface with opposing engagement surface 906.
As is evident from
Although
While
Rotor with Convex Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1001 are placed into a secure contacting position within radial/thrust conical surface 1006 of stator 1002 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of rotor 1003 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 1003 during operation. The convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1001 slidingly engage the mating radial/thrust conical surface of stator 1002, such that engagement surfaces 1013 contact and interface with opposing engagement surface 1006. As is evident from
Although
While
Stator with Planar Polycrystalline Diamond Element
Polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 are placed into a secure contacting position within radial/thrust conical surface 1106 of rotor 1103 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of rotor 1103 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 1103 during operation. Polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 are oriented with the axis of the concavity in line with the circumferential rotation of the rotor 1103 to ensure no edge or point contact, and thus ensure only linear area contact generally with the deepest portion of the concavity. The slightly concave polycrystalline diamond elements 1101 slidingly engage the radial/thrust conical surface of rotor 1103, such that engagement surfaces 1113 contact and interface with opposing engagement surface 1106.
As is evident from
Although
While
Rotor with Convex Polycrystalline Diamond Elements
Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1201 are placed into a secure contacting position within radial/thrust concave curved surface 1206 of stator 1202 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of rotor 1203 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 1203 during operation. Convex polycrystalline diamond elements 1201 slidingly engage the mating radial/thrust concave curved surface of stator 1202, such that engagement surfaces 1213 engage with radial/thrust concave curved surface 1206. In the embodiment of
As is evident from
Although
While
Stator with Planar Polycrystalline Diamond Elements
Polycrystalline diamond elements 1301 are placed into a secure contacting position with radial/thrust convex curved surface 1306 of rotor 1303 to limit lateral and upward axial movement of rotor 1303 while allowing for free sliding rotation of rotor 1303 during operation. Radial/thrust convex curved surface 1306 is or forms the opposing engagement surface. Polycrystalline diamond elements 1301 slidingly engage the radial/thrust convex curved surface 1306 of rotor 1403, such that engagement surface 1313 is engaged with the opposing engagement surface (i.e., radial/thrust convex curved surface 1306). In the assembly 1300, the contact areas on the planar or domed polycrystalline diamond elements are typically circular. However, one skilled in the art would understand that the polycrystalline diamond elements may have different contact areas.
As is evident from
Although
While
As is evident in view of
In certain applications, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein are configured to resist thrust load. At least some embodiments of the bearing assemblies disclosed herein are capable of simultaneously handling components of both radial and thrust loads.
At least some embodiments of the bearing assemblies disclosed are economically viable and of a relatively large diameter.
Edge Radius Treatment
In some aspects, the polycrystalline diamond elements are subjected to edge radius treatment. Edge radius treatment of polycrystalline diamond elements are well known in the art. In some embodiments of the technology of this application that employ planar or concave polycrystalline diamond elements, it is preferred to employ edge radius treatment of such polycrystalline diamond elements. One purpose of employing an edge radius treatment is to reduce or avoid potential for outer edge cutting or scribing at the outer limits of the linear engagement area of a given polycrystalline diamond elements with the opposing engagement surface (e.g., a curved surface.
Polycrystalline Diamond Element
In certain applications, the polycrystalline diamond elements disclosed herein have increased cobalt content transitions layers between the outer polycrystalline diamond surface and a supporting tungsten carbide slug, as is known in the art.
The polycrystalline diamond elements may be supported by tungsten carbide, or may be unsupported, “standalone” polycrystalline diamond elements that are mounted directly to the bearing component.
The polycrystalline diamond elements may by non-leached, leached, leached and backfilled, thermally stable, coated via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or processed in various ways as known in the art.
Polycrystalline Diamond Element—Shapes, Sizes, and Arrangements
The polycrystalline diamond elements may have diameters as small as 3 mm (about ⅛″) or as large as 75 mm (about 3″), depending on the application and the configuration and diameter of the bearing. Typically, the polycrystalline diamond elements have diameters between 8 mm (about 5/16″) and 25 mm (about 1″).
Although the polycrystalline diamond elements are most commonly available in cylindrical shapes, it is understood that the technology of the application may be practiced with polycrystalline diamond elements that are square, rectangular, oval, any of the shapes described herein with reference to the Figures, or any other appropriate shape known in the art. In some applications, the radial bearings have one or more convex, contoured polycrystalline diamond elements mounted on a rotor (or stator) in sliding contact with a stator (or rotor).
In some applications, the polycrystalline diamond elements are deployed in rings along the bearing component. A non-limiting example is a ring of five planar face polycrystalline diamond elements deployed on a distal portion of a stator and another ring of five planar face polycrystalline diamond elements deployed on a proximal portion of the stator. Thus, the high-performance polycrystalline diamond elements bearing assemblies can be deployed to ensure stable operation along the length of the stator/rotor interface, while requiring less total polycrystalline diamond elements than are used in prior, existing assemblies.
The polycrystalline diamond elements may be arranged in any pattern, layout, spacing or staggering within the bearing assembly to provide the desired support, without concern for the need for overlapping contact with polycrystalline diamond elements engagement surfaces on the opposing bearing component.
Polycrystalline Diamond Element—Contact Area of Engagement Surface
The polycrystalline diamond elements disclosed herein are, in some embodiments, not shaped to conform precisely to the opposing engagement surface. In certain embodiments, the sliding interface contact area of the engagement surface of the polycrystalline diamond element is less than 80%, or less than 75%, or less than 70%, or less than 60% of the total surface area of the polycrystalline diamond element. As used herein, the “contact area” of the engagement surface refers to the surface area of the engagement surface that is in contact with the opposing engagement surface. In some embodiments, the engagement surface is in sliding engagement with the opposing engagement surface along a contact area, the opposing engagement surface rotates about an axis of rotation, and any imaginary line extending from and normal to the contact area surface is at an angle relative to the axis of rotation. In some embodiments, the engagement surface is in sliding contact with the opposing engagement surface through a substantial portion of its use profile.
A key performance criterion is that the polycrystalline diamond element is configured and positioned in such a way as to preclude any edge or point contact with the opposing engagement surface or component. For a planar faced polycrystalline diamond element placed on the stator, such polycrystalline diamond elements typically experience less than full face contact with the rotor. That is, as the rotor rotates against the polycrystalline diamond elements, the engagement surface contact area is less than full face. For polycrystalline diamond elements, mounted on either the rotor or stator, that are at least slightly domed or convex, such polycrystalline diamond elements exhibit a small, generally circular engagement surface contact area. If the convex polycrystalline diamond elements, mounted on either the rotor or stator, are saddle shaped, then the polycrystalline diamond elements exhibit a small linear area engagement surface contact area. For slightly concave polycrystalline diamond elements that are deployed on the stator, a somewhat narrow linear engagement surface contact area is exhibited on each polycrystalline diamond element.
Polycrystalline Diamond Element—Mounting
As previously described, the polycrystalline diamond elements may be mounted directly to the bearing element (e.g., stator or rotor) via methods known in the art including, but not limited to, brazing, gluing, press fitting, shrink fitting, or threading. Additionally, the polycrystalline diamond elements may be mounted in a separate ring or rings. The ring or rings may then be deployed on the bearing element (rotor or stator) via methods known in the art including, but not limited to, gluing, press fitting, thread locking, or brazing.
Planar face or domed polycrystalline diamond elements may be mounted in a manner to allow them to rotate about their own axis. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,849, to Shen et. al., as a non-limiting example of a method to allow the polycrystalline diamond element to spin about its own axis while in facial contact with subject material.
Treatment of Opposing Engagement Surface
In some aspects, the opposing engaging surface of the diamond reactive material is pre-saturated with carbon (e.g., prior to engagement with the engagement surface). Such pre-saturation reduces the ability of the diamond reactive material to attract carbon through graphitization of the surface of the polycrystalline diamond. The pre-saturation of the diamond reactive material surface contact area may be accomplished via any method known in the art.
Solid Lubricant Source
In certain applications, a solid lubricant source, for example, a graphite or hexagonal boron nitride stick or inclusion, either energized or not energized, is in contact with the opposing engagement surface formed of or including at least some the diamond reactive material. In some embodiments, the sliding engagement between engagement surface and opposing engagement surface is non-lubricated.
Drive Shaft with Polycrystalline Diamond Elements
Certain embodiments of the present disclosure include drilling tools (e.g., motors) and components thereof, such as drive shafts and bearing housings, that include polycrystalline radial bearing assemblies thereon. As used herein, downhole tools and downhole drilling tools may be or include, but are not limited to, rotary steerable tools, turbines, jars, reamers, agitators, MWD tools, LWD tools, and drilling motors. Drill strings may include a number of segments, including drill piping or tubulars extending from the surface, a mud motor (i.e., a positive displacement progressive cavity mud powered motor) and a drill bit. The mud motor may include a rotor catch assembly, a power section, a transmission, a bearing package (bearing assembly), and a bit drive shaft with a bit box. The power section generally includes a stator housing connected to and part of the drill string, and a rotor. The radial bearings shown and described with reference to
Drive shaft 1436 is coupled with bearing housing 1444 via one or more bearings 1452, which are or include polycrystalline diamond elements. In some embodiments, bearings 1452 are radiused conical bearings, also referred to in the art as angle, taper, or cup/cone bearings, including cup portion 1450 coupled with cone portion 1454.
In some embodiments, the opposing engagement surface does not have any polycrystalline diamond elements or any other bearing elements, and is a single, continuous surface. In some such embodiments, the engagement surfaces are multiple, discrete, spaced-apart surfaces that are each positioned to engage with the same opposing engagement surface. When engaged, in operation, the multiple, discrete, spaced-apart engagement surfaces may maintain constant contact with the single continuous, opposing engagement surface. In some embodiments, the sliding engagement between the engagement surfaces and the opposing engagement surface is non-lubricated. In some embodiments, the drive shaft has a rotational velocity, the engagement between the engagement surface and opposing engagement surface defines a contact area, and the contact area is independent of the rotational velocity of the drive shaft. In some such embodiments, the drive shaft has a variable rotational velocity, and the engagement surfaces follow an engagement path on the opposing engagement surface that is constant through the variable rotational velocities.
With reference to
With reference to
Bearing ring 1899 is coupled about the outer circumference of drive shaft 1836, at cup portion 1854 of drive shaft 1836. Bearing ring 1899 may be composed of the same material as drive shaft 1836, or may be composed of a different material than drive shaft 1836. In some embodiments bearing ring 1899 is composed of a material that has higher wear-resistance than the material that drive shaft 1836 is composed of. Bearing ring 1899 includes or defines opposing engagement surface 1815 for engagement with diamond engagement surface 1813. In some embodiments, bearing ring 1899 is replaceable, such that after a certain degree of wear to bearing ring 1899, bearing ring 1899 may be removed from drive shaft 1836 and a new and/or replacement bearing ring 1899 may then be coupled onto drive shaft 1836. Thus, the use of bearing ring 1899 may increase the usable lifetime of drive shaft 1836 because the wear only or mostly occurs on the replaceable bearing ring 1899 and not on drive shaft 1836. Bearing ring 1899 may encircle drive shaft 1836. Bearing ring 1899 is not limited to the shape shown in
As shown in
While the polycrystalline diamond element is shown and described as coupled with bearing ring 1899b on bearing housing 1844 in
In some embodiments, the bearing ring, the bearing housing, the drive shaft, or combinations thereof are composed, at least partially, of a “hardened material” as defined in U.S. patent Ser. No. 16/425,758, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The bearing rings disclosed herein, including the embodiments shown in
Deployment of Additional Components
In some embodiments, the additional space on the drive shaft and/or in the bearing housing that is available due to increased spatial distance between adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements is utilized to deploy one or more additional downhole components on the drill string assembly. For example, in a drive shaft in accordance with
With reference to
In some embodiments, the spacing between adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements can be selected and/or determined such that a desired downhole component can be positioned therein. For example, if it is know that a temperature sensor of a particular size is needed, the bearing assembly can be designed such that at least one spacing between two adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements is of sufficient size that the temperature sensor can be positioned therein, while still attaining sufficient bearing capacity for the particular drilling operation. Thus, in some embodiments the number of polycrystalline diamond elements in the bearing assembly is not maximized but is, instead, designed to be sufficient to bear expected load while also being spaced apart enough to provide space for additional downhole components. In some embodiments, adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements are spaced apart on the conical radial bearing to provide axial space on the drill string that would otherwise not be available for downhole components. In some embodiments, additional space for placement of downhole components on the drill string is formed by maintaining a standard bit-to-bend length while also using the bearing technology disclosed herein (e.g., having spaced apart adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements in accordance with
In some embodiments, the bearings disclosed herein may be sealed bearing packages. In other embodiments, the bearings disclosed herein may be unsealed bearing package.
One skilled in the art would understand that the drill string assembly and drilling motor disclosed herein is not limited to the particular arrangement of parts shown and described with reference to
One skilled in the art would understand that the features shown and described with respect to
Bearing Housing Antenna
In some embodiments, the bearing housing functions as an antenna for communication between the downhole components incorporated into or on the bearing housing and other components, such as other downhole components or surface components at the surface (i.e., not downhole). For example, the bearing housing, or a portion thereof, may be composed of an electrically conductive material that is capable of transmitting data signals to and/or from downhole components, such as a copper alloy. For example, the downhole components incorporated into or on the bearing housing may include a sensor that is coupled with the bearing housing such that sensor measurement data from sensor may be transmitted along bearing housing, or a portion thereof, when bearing housing is configured to function as an antenna.
Applications
The bearing assemblies disclosed herein may form a portion of a machine or other apparatus or system. In some such aspects, the proximal end of the stator may be connected to another component, such as a drill string or motor housing by threaded connection, welding, or other connection means as known in the art. In some aspects, if the bearing assembly is used in a downhole application, the distal end of the rotor may be augmented by a thrust bearing and may carry a threaded connection for the attachment of a drill bit, or the distal end of the rotor may be a drill bit directly formed on and/or positioned on the end of the mandrel of the rotor. The component connections are not limited to downhole applications, and can be applied to other applications, for example wind turbine energy generators, or marine applications.
Furthermore, discrete versions of the bearing assemblies described herein may be used in a broad array of other applications including, but not limited to, heavy equipment, automotive, turbines, transmissions, rail cars, computer hard drives, centrifuges, medical equipment, pumps, and motors.
In certain aspects, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein are suitable for deployment and use in harsh environments (e.g., downhole). In some such aspects, the bearing assemblies are less susceptible to fracture than bearing assemblies where a polycrystalline diamond engagement surface engages with another polycrystalline diamond engagement surface. In certain aspects, such harsh environment suitable radial bearings provide enhanced service value in comparison with bearing assemblies that include a polycrystalline diamond engagement surface engaged with another polycrystalline diamond engagement surface. Furthermore, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein may be capable of being spaced apart at greater distances that the spacings required when using bearing assemblies that include a polycrystalline diamond engagement surface engaged with another polycrystalline diamond engagement surface.
In certain applications, the bearing assemblies disclosed herein can act as a rotor catch, such as in downhole applications.
In lubricated environments, the bearing assemblies may benefit from the hydrodynamic effect of the lubricant creating a clearance between the moving and stationary elements of the bearing assembly.
Exemplary Testing
In an effort to develop a robust cam follower interface for use in Applicants' previously referenced “Drilling Machine” of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/430,254 (the '254 Application), Applicants designed and constructed an advanced test bench. The test bench employed a 200 RPM electric gearmotor driving a hard-faced ferrous rotor mandrel inside a hard-faced ferrous stator housing. The mandrel incorporated a non-hard faced offset camming cylinder midway along its length. The rotor/stator assembly was fed a circulating fluid through the use of a positive displacement pump. Candidate cam follower interface mechanisms were placed in contact and under load with the camming cylinder of the rotor mandrel. Employing the test bench, candidate interface mechanisms were tested for survivability and wear under loads ranging from 500 to 3000 lbf either in clear water or in sand laden drilling fluid.
The Applicants conducted testing of the ferrous camming cylinder in sliding contact with polished polycrystalline diamond surfaces without deleterious effects or apparent chemical interaction. Ferrous materials are attractive for bearing applications due to their ready availability, ease of forming and machining, higher elasticity, and lower cost than so called superhard materials.
The testing program conducted by the Applicants has established that, even at relatively high loads and high RPM speeds, a successful load interface between polycrystalline diamond and diamond reactive materials can be employed in bearing applications.
A key finding has been that, as long as polycrystalline diamond elements are not put into edge or point contact with diamond reactive materials, which, it is believed, could lead to machining and chemical interaction, the polycrystalline diamond can experience sliding contact with diamond reactive materials at the typical bearing loads and speeds called for in many applications. This unexpected and surprising success of the Applicants' testing has led to the development of new high performance radial bearings.
The testing program included tests of a curved ferrous surface in high load facial linear area contact with planar polycrystalline diamond under rotation. This testing produced a slightly discolored Hertzian contact area on the face of the PDC about 0.250″ in width along the entire ½″ wide face of the polycrystalline diamond. The width of the contact area can be explained by the cam offset, vibration in the system and by slight deformation of the ferrous metal under load. It is estimated that the total contact area on the ½″ polycrystalline diamond element face, at any given point in time, is about 7%, or less, of the total area of the polycrystalline diamond element face. The configuration employed in the testing demonstrates that even a small surface area on the face of a polycrystalline diamond element can take significant load.
Additional testing of a spherical ferrous ball under load and rotation against a planar polycrystalline diamond face produced a small, approximately 0.030 diameter, discolored Hertzian contact area in the center of the polycrystalline diamond element. As in the contact explanation above, it is believed, without being bound by theory, that the diameter of the discoloration is a result of slight vibration in the test apparatus and by slight deformation of the ferrous metal under load.
Table 2, below, sets forth data summarizing the testing performed by the Applicants of various configurations of sliding interface.
Tests 1 and 2 summarize failed tests of individual steel balls rolling in a steel cup under load. Test 3 summarizes the results of a more successful test of a steel ball supported by a single polished PDC element in a steel cup. Test 4 summarizes a very successful test of a single steel ball supported by an array of three polished polycrystalline diamond elements in a steel cup. Tests 5 through 9 summarize increasingly rigorous tests each of a single polished polycrystalline diamond element in sliding contact with a rotating ferrous cam surface. Test 10 summarizes a comparative test of a single polished polycrystalline diamond element versus a single unpolished polycrystalline diamond element, each in sliding contact with a rotating ferrous cam surface. The final test shows a significant increase in coefficient of friction when the unpolished polycrystalline diamond element was used. The conditions and results presented in Table 2 are emblematic of the potential use of polycrystalline diamond on diamond reactive material and are not to be considered limiting or fully encompassing of the technology of the application.
Testing Conclusions
It was found that applications of polycrystalline diamond elements in a radial bearing can employ far less than the full face of the elements and still take significant load. This finding means effective polycrystalline diamond element containing radial bearings can be designed and manufactured without the need for full face contact of the polycrystalline diamond elements with the opposing surface. Employing this finding in the technology of the present application means it is possible to manufacture radial bearings with far less processing of the polycrystalline diamond elements used and substantially reducing the risk of edge clashing, or of the instigation of machining of a diamond reactive material opposing surface.
Without being bound by theory, in operation, running a cam and cam follower in a liquid cooled, lubricated environment, allows for higher speeds and loads to be attained without commencing a thermo-chemical reaction. Further, a polycrystalline diamond face that has been polished, notably, provides a lower thermo-chemical response.
From the descriptions and figures provided above it can readily be understood that the bearing assembly technology of the present application may be employed in a broad spectrum of applications, including those in downhole environments. The technology provided herein additionally has broad application to other industrial applications.
Furthermore, while shown and described in relation to engagement between surfaces in a radial bearing assembly, one skilled in the art would understand that the present disclosure is not limited to this particular application and that the concepts disclosed herein may be applied to the engagement between any diamond reactive material surface that is engaged with the surface of a diamond material.
Certain embodiments will now be described.
Embodiment 1. A downhole drilling tool for use in a downhole drill string, the downhole drilling tool comprising: a rotor movably coupled within a stator; a drive shaft movably coupled within a bearing housing, the drive shaft having a first end coupled with the rotor and a second end coupled with a drill bit; a bearing assembly interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing, the bearing assembly comprising: a plurality of spaced-apart polycrystalline diamond elements, wherein each polycrystalline diamond elements has an engagement surface; and an opposing engagement surface comprising a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide, wherein the opposing engagement surface is movably engaged with each of the engagement surfaces; wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing, or wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft.
Embodiment 2. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 1, wherein the bearing assembly comprises a first bearing assembly interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing at the first end of the drive shaft, and a second bearing assembly interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing at the second end of the drive shaft.
Embodiment 3. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing.
Embodiment 4. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft.
Embodiment 5. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 2, wherein the first and second bearing assemblies are radiused conical bearings, each including a cup portion that is coupled with a cone portion.
Embodiment 6. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 5, wherein the cup portion is a portion of the bearing housing and the cone portion is a portion of the drive shaft.
Embodiment 7. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 6, wherein opposing engagement surface is a surface on the cup portion, and wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are on a surface of the cone portion.
Embodiment 8. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 6, wherein opposing engagement surface is a surface on the cone portion, and wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are on a surface of the cup portion.
Embodiment 9. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the opposing engagement surface is a single, continuous surface, and wherein the engagement surfaces are multiple, discrete, spaced-apart surfaces that are positioned to engage with the opposing engagement surface.
Embodiment 10. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 2, wherein the first and second bearing assemblies bear both radial and thrust loads.
Embodiment 11. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 2, wherein the first and second bearing assemblies are oriented in opposing directions.
Embodiment 12. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein a bearing element spacing between adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements is greater than a width of each of the adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements.
Embodiment 13. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the engagement surface of each polycrystalline diamond element is a planar surface.
Embodiment 14. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the engagement surface of each polycrystalline diamond element has a surface finish that is equal to or less than 10 μin.
Embodiment 15. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein a contact area between each engagement surface and the opposing engagement surface is less than 75% of a total surface area of that engagement surface.
Embodiment 16. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the metal of the opposing engagement surface is a diamond reactive metal.
Embodiment 17. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the metal of the opposing engagement surface comprises iron or an alloy thereof, cobalt or an alloy thereof, nickel or an alloy thereof, ruthenium or an alloy thereof, rhodium or an alloy thereof, palladium or an alloy thereof, chromium or an alloy thereof, manganese or an alloy thereof, copper or an alloy thereof; titanium or an alloy thereof; or tantalum or an alloy thereof.
Embodiment 18. The downhole drilling tool of any of embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising one or more downhole components positioned in a space between two adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements, positioned in on or within the bearing housing, or combinations thereof.
Embodiment 19. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 18, wherein the downhole components comprise a mechanical or an electromechanical downhole component.
Embodiment 20. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 19, wherein the downhole components comprise a dynamic lateral pad (DLP), a dynamic lateral cutter (DLC), a mandrel driven generator, one or more batteries, an actuator, a sensor, a reamer blade, a caliper, a rotary electrical connection, or combinations thereof.
Embodiment 21. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 20, wherein the downhole components comprise a slip ring, a rotary union, a fiber optic rotary joint, or combinations thereof.
Embodiment 22. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 18, wherein the downhole components comprise a sensor.
Embodiment 23. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 22, wherein the downhole components comprise an azimuth sensor, an inclination sensor, an accelerometer, an acoustic sensor, a gamma ray sensor, a density sensor, a resistivity sensor, a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a magnetic field sensor, a torque sensor, a weight on bit (WOB) sensor, a bending moments sensor, an RPM sensor, a linear displacement sensor, one or more sensors for detecting porosity sensor, one or more sensors for detecting permeability, a piezoelectric transducer and receiver, a nuclear magnetic resonance sensor, or combinations thereof.
Embodiment 24. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 18, wherein the downhole components comprise a communication or recording component.
Embodiment 25. The downhole drilling tool of embodiment 24, wherein the downhole components comprises a pulser, a data storage, a transmitter, a microprocessor, or combinations thereof.
Embodiment 26. A bearing assembly for use in a downhole drill string, the bearing assembly comprising: a drive shaft movably coupled within a bearing housing, the drive shaft having a first end and a second end; a bearing assembly interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing the bearing assembly comprising: a plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements, wherein each polycrystalline diamond element has an engagement surface; and an opposing engagement surface comprising a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide, wherein the opposing engagement surface is movably engaged with each of the engagement surfaces; wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing, or wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft.
Embodiment 27. A method of bearing radial and thrust load in a drill string bearing assembly, the method comprising: coupling a drive shaft within a bearing housing, the drive shaft having a first end and a second end, wherein coupling the drive shaft within the bearing housing includes interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing with a bearing assembly, the bearing assembly comprising: a plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements, wherein each polycrystalline diamond elements has an engagement surface; and an opposing engagement surface comprising a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide, wherein the opposing engagement surface is movably engaged with each of the engagement surfaces; wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing housing, or wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the drive shaft; and bearing radial and thrust loads on the drive shaft with the bearing assembly.
Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 27, wherein interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing with the bearing assembly includes continuously engaging the opposing engagement surface with each of the engagement surfaces, wherein the opposing engagement surface is a single, continuous surface, and wherein the engagement surfaces are multiple, discrete, spaced-apart surfaces that are positioned to engage with the opposing engagement surface.
Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 27 or 28, further comprising positioning the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements such that a bearing element spacing between adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements is greater than a width of each of the adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements.
Embodiment 30. The method of any of embodiments 27 to 29, wherein interfacing engagement between the drive shaft and the bearing housing with the bearing assembly includes engaging a contact area of each engagement surface with the opposing engagement surface, wherein the contact area of each engagement surface is less than 75% of a total surface area of that engagement surface.
Embodiment 31. The method of any of embodiments 27 to 30, wherein the metal of the opposing engagement surface is a diamond reactive metal, and wherein the method includes polishing the engagement surfaces to have a surface finish that is equal to or less than 10 pin.
Embodiment 32. The method of any of embodiments 27 to 31, further comprising positioning a downhole component in a space between two adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements.
Embodiment 33. A method of designing a bearing assembly for a drive shaft and bearing housing of a downhole drilling tool, wherein the bearing assembly includes polycrystalline diamond elements, each polycrystalline diamond element including an engagement surface in sliding engagement with an opposing engagement surface, the opposing engagement surface includes a metal that is softer than tungsten carbide, the method comprising: determining if a maximum sliding speed of the drive shaft and the bearing housing is less than a preset limit; if the maximum sliding speed is less than the preset limit, selecting a configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing; calculating a maximum contact pressure per polycrystalline diamond element based on a selected number of polycrystalline diamond elements in the selected configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing, and based on anticipated load, wherein the calculated maximum contact pressure is optionally multiplied by a safety factor; determining if the calculated maximum contact pressure, optionally multiplied by the safety factor, is below a preset maximum allowable pressure; wherein, if the calculated maximum contact pressure is determined to be below the preset maximum allowable pressure, deploying at least a minimum number of the polycrystalline diamond elements on the selected configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing, and, if the number of the polycrystalline diamond elements fit on the selected configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing, making the bearing assembly for the drive shaft and bearing housing.
Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 33, wherein selecting the configuration of the bearing assembly within the drive shaft and bearing housing includes selecting a configuration that has at least one space between adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements that is of a sufficient size such that a downhole component is positionable in the space between the adjacent polycrystalline diamond elements or is positionable on or in the bearing housing.
Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 32, further comprising transmitting data to or from the downhole component via at least a portion of the bearing housing that is an antenna.
Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 27, further comprising: positioning a bearing ring about the bearing housing, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing ring; or positioning a bearing ring about the drive shaft, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing ring.
Embodiment 37. The downhole tool of embodiment 1, further comprising a bearing ring; and wherein: the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft, the bearing ring is coupled with the bearing housing, and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing ring; or the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing, the bearing ring is coupled with the drive shaft, and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the bearing ring.
Embodiment 38. The downhole tool of embodiment 1, wherein the downhole tool is a downhole drilling motor.
Embodiment 39. The method of embodiment 37, further comprising, after the surface on the bearing ring is worn, replacing the bearing ring with a replacement bearing ring, including: positioning the replacement bearing ring about the bearing housing, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the drive shaft and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the replacement bearing ring; or positioning the replacement bearing ring about the drive shaft, wherein the plurality of polycrystalline diamond elements are coupled with the bearing housing and the opposing engagement surface is a surface on the replacement bearing ring.
Although the present embodiments and advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
The present application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/561,335, filed on Sep. 5, 2019 (pending), which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/049,608 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,738,821), entitled “Polycrystalline Diamond Radial Bearing”, filed on Jul. 30, 2018, which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes and made a part of the present disclosure.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1798604 | Hoke | Mar 1931 | A |
| 1963956 | James | Jun 1934 | A |
| 2259023 | Clark | Oct 1941 | A |
| 2299978 | Hall | Oct 1942 | A |
| 2407586 | Summers | Sep 1946 | A |
| 2567735 | Scott | Sep 1951 | A |
| 2693396 | Gondek | Nov 1954 | A |
| 2758181 | Crouch | Aug 1956 | A |
| 2788677 | Hayek | Apr 1957 | A |
| 2877662 | Eduard | Mar 1959 | A |
| 2897016 | Baker | Jul 1959 | A |
| 2947609 | Strong | Aug 1960 | A |
| 2947610 | Hall et al. | Aug 1960 | A |
| 3132904 | Kohei et al. | May 1964 | A |
| 3559802 | Eidus | Feb 1971 | A |
| 3582161 | Hudson | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3603652 | Youden | Sep 1971 | A |
| 3650714 | Farkas | Mar 1972 | A |
| 3697141 | Garrett | Oct 1972 | A |
| 3707107 | Bieri | Dec 1972 | A |
| 3741252 | Williams | Jun 1973 | A |
| 3745623 | Wentorf et al. | Jul 1973 | A |
| 3752541 | Mcvey | Aug 1973 | A |
| 3763727 | Hoke et al. | Oct 1973 | A |
| 3866987 | Garner | Feb 1975 | A |
| 3869947 | Vandenkieboom | Mar 1975 | A |
| 3920290 | Evarts | Nov 1975 | A |
| 4085634 | Sattler | Apr 1978 | A |
| 4182537 | Oster | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4225322 | Knemeyer | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4238137 | Furchak et al. | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4285550 | Blackbum et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4364136 | Hattan | Dec 1982 | A |
| 4382637 | Blackburn et al. | May 1983 | A |
| 4398772 | Odell | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4410054 | Nagel et al. | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4410284 | Herrick | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4428627 | Teramachi | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4432682 | McKewan | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4468138 | Nagel | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4554208 | MacIver et al. | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4560014 | Geczy | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4620601 | Nagel | Nov 1986 | A |
| RE32380 | Wentorf, Jr. et al. | Mar 1987 | E |
| 4662348 | Hall et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4679639 | Barr et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4689847 | Huber | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4720199 | Geczy et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4729440 | Hall | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4732490 | Masciarelli | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4738322 | Hall et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4764036 | McPherson | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4796670 | Russell et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4797011 | Saeki et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4858688 | Edwards et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4906528 | Cerceau et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4958692 | Anderson | Sep 1990 | A |
| 5011514 | Cho et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5011515 | Frushour | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5030276 | Sung et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5037212 | Justman et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5066145 | Sibley et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5067826 | Lemelson | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5092687 | Hall | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5112146 | Stangeland | May 1992 | A |
| 5123772 | Anderson | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5151107 | Cho et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5176483 | Baumann et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5193363 | Petty | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5205188 | Repenning et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5253939 | Hall | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5271749 | Rai et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5351770 | Cawthorne et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5358041 | O'Hair | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5358337 | Codatto | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5375679 | Biehl | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5385715 | Fish | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5447208 | Lund et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5462362 | Yuhta et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5464086 | Coelln | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5514183 | Epstein et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5522467 | Stevens et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5533604 | Brierton | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5538346 | Frias et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5540314 | Coelln | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5560716 | Tank et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5618114 | Katahira | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5645617 | Frushour | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5653300 | Lund et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5715898 | Anderson | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5833019 | Gynz-Rekowski | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5855996 | Corrigan et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5948541 | Inspektor | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6045029 | Scott | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6109790 | Gynz-Rekowski et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6120185 | Masciarelli, Jr. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6129195 | Matheny | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6152223 | Abdo et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6164109 | Bartosch | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6209185 | Scott | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6279716 | Kayatani et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6378633 | Moore et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6409388 | Lin | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6457865 | Masciarelli, Jr. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6488103 | Dennis et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6488715 | Pope et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6516934 | Masciarelli, Jr. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6517583 | Pope et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6652201 | Kunimori et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6655845 | Pope et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6737377 | Sumiya et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6764219 | Doll et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6808019 | Mabry | Oct 2004 | B1 |
| 6814775 | Scurlock et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6951578 | Belnap et al. | Oct 2005 | B1 |
| 7007787 | Pallini et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7128173 | Lin | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7198043 | Zhang | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7234541 | Scott et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7311159 | Lin et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7441610 | Belnap et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7475744 | Pope | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7552782 | Sexton et al. | Jun 2009 | B1 |
| 7703982 | Cooley | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7737377 | Dodal et al. | Jun 2010 | B1 |
| 7845436 | Cooley et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7861805 | Dick et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7870913 | Sexton et al. | Jan 2011 | B1 |
| 8069933 | Sexton et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8080071 | Vail | Dec 2011 | B1 |
| 8109247 | Wakade et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8119240 | Cooper | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8163232 | Fang et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8277124 | Sexton et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8277722 | DiGiovanni | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8365846 | Dourfaye et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8480304 | Cooley et al. | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8485284 | Sithebe | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8613554 | Tessier et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8627904 | Voronin | Jan 2014 | B2 |
| 8678657 | Knuteson et al. | Mar 2014 | B1 |
| 8701797 | Baudoin | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8734550 | Sani | May 2014 | B1 |
| 8757299 | DiGiovanni et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8764295 | Dadson et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
| 8789281 | Sexton et al. | Jul 2014 | B1 |
| 8881849 | Shen et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8911521 | Miess et al. | Dec 2014 | B1 |
| 8939652 | Peterson et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8974559 | Frushour | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9004198 | Kulkarni | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9010418 | Pereyra et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9045941 | Chustz | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9103172 | Bertagnolli et al. | Aug 2015 | B1 |
| 9127713 | Lu | Sep 2015 | B1 |
| 9145743 | Shen et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9222515 | Chang | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9273381 | Qian et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9284980 | Miess | Mar 2016 | B1 |
| 9309923 | Lingwall et al. | Apr 2016 | B1 |
| 9353788 | Tulett et al. | May 2016 | B1 |
| 9366085 | Panahi | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9404310 | Sani et al. | Aug 2016 | B1 |
| 9410573 | Lu | Aug 2016 | B1 |
| 9429188 | Peterson et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9488221 | Gonzalez | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9562562 | Peterson | Feb 2017 | B2 |
| 9611885 | Cooley et al. | Apr 2017 | B1 |
| 9643293 | Miess et al. | May 2017 | B1 |
| 9702401 | Gonzalez | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9732791 | Gonzalez | Aug 2017 | B1 |
| 9776917 | Tessitore et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9790749 | Chen | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9790818 | Berruet et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9803432 | Wood et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9822523 | Miess | Nov 2017 | B1 |
| 9840875 | Harvey et al. | Dec 2017 | B2 |
| 9869135 | Martin | Jan 2018 | B1 |
| 10113362 | Ritchie et al. | Oct 2018 | B2 |
| 10294986 | Gonzalez | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10307891 | Daniels et al. | Jun 2019 | B2 |
| 10408086 | Meier | Sep 2019 | B1 |
| 10465775 | Miess et al. | Nov 2019 | B1 |
| 10683895 | Hall et al. | Jun 2020 | B2 |
| 10711792 | Vidalenc et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 10711833 | Manwill et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 10738821 | Miess et al. | Aug 2020 | B2 |
| 10807913 | Hawks et al. | Oct 2020 | B1 |
| 10968700 | Raymond | Apr 2021 | B1 |
| 10968703 | Haugvaldstad et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 11085488 | Gonzalez | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11187040 | Prevost | Nov 2021 | B2 |
| 20020020526 | Male et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20030019106 | Pope et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030075363 | Lin et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030159834 | Kirk et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030220691 | Songer et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040031625 | Lin et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040134687 | Radford et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040163822 | Zhang et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040219362 | Wort et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040223676 | Pope et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20060060392 | Eyre | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060165973 | Dumm et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20070046119 | Cooley | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20080217063 | Moore et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080253706 | Bischof et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090020046 | Marcelli | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090087563 | Voegele et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090268995 | Ide et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20100037864 | Dutt et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100276200 | Schwefe et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307069 | Bertagnolli et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110174547 | Sexton et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110203791 | Jin et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110220415 | Jin et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110297454 | Shen et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120037425 | Sexton et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120057814 | Dadson et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120225253 | DiGiovanni et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120281938 | Peterson et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20130000442 | Wiesner et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130004106 | Wenzel | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130146367 | Zhang et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130170778 | Higginbotham et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20140037232 | Marchand et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140176139 | Espinosa et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140254967 | Gonzalez | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140341487 | Cooley et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140355914 | Cooley et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150027713 | Penisson | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150132539 | Bailey et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20160153243 | Hinz et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160312535 | Ritchie et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20170030393 | Phua et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170138224 | Henry et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170234071 | Spalz et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170261031 | Gonzalez et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20180087134 | Chang et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180209476 | Gonzalez | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180216661 | Gonzalez | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180264614 | Winkelmann et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180320740 | Hall et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20190063495 | Peterson et al. | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190136628 | Savage et al. | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190170186 | Gonzalez et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20200031586 | Miess et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200032841 | Miess et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200032846 | Miess et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200056659 | Prevost et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200063503 | Reese et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200182290 | Doehring et al. | Jun 2020 | A1 |
| 20200362956 | Prevost et al. | Nov 2020 | A1 |
| 20210140277 | Hall et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210148406 | Hoyle et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210198949 | Haugvaldstad et al. | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20210207437 | Raymond | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20210222734 | Gonzalez et al. | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20220145933 | Prevost | May 2022 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2891268 | Nov 2016 | CA |
| 4226986 | Feb 1994 | DE |
| 29705983 | Jun 1997 | DE |
| S6061404 | Apr 1985 | JP |
| 06174051 | Jun 1994 | JP |
| 2004002912 | Jan 2004 | JP |
| 2008056735 | Mar 2008 | JP |
| 8700080 | Jan 1987 | WO |
| 2004001238 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| 2006011028 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2006028327 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| 2013043917 | Mar 2013 | WO |
| 2014014673 | Jan 2014 | WO |
| 2014189763 | Nov 2014 | WO |
| 2016089680 | Jun 2016 | WO |
| 2017105883 | Jun 2017 | WO |
| 2018041578 | Mar 2018 | WO |
| 2018226380 | Dec 2018 | WO |
| 2019096851 | May 2019 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Bovenkerk, Dr. H. P.; Bundy, Dr. F. P.; Hall, Dr. H. T.; Strong, Dr. H. M.; Wentorf, Jun., Dr. R. H.; Preparation of Diamond, Nature, Oct. 10, 1959, pp. 1094-1098, vol. 184. |
| Chen, Y.; Nguyen, T; Zhang, L.C.; Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction—Part 5: Quantitative analysis of material removal, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2009, pp. 515-520, vol. 49, Elsevier. |
| Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.C.; Arsecularatne, J.A.; Montross, C.; Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction, part 1: Prediction of the interface temperature rise, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2006, pp. 580-587, vol. 46, Elsevier. |
| Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.C.; Arsecularatne, J.A.; Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction. Part 2: Material removal mechanism, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2007, pp. 1615-1624, vol. 47, Elsevier. |
| Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.C.; Arsecularatne, J.A.; Zarudi, I., Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction, part 3: Mechanism exploration through debris analysis, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2007, pp. 2282-2289, vol. 47, Elsevier. |
| Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.C.; Polishing of polycrystalline diamond by the technique of dynamic friction, part 4: Establishing the polishing map, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 2009, pp. 309-314, vol. 49, Elsevier. |
| Dobrzhinetskaya, Larissa F.; Green, II, Harry W.; Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of Water and SiO2: Implications for Diamond Formation in Quartzites from Kazakhstan, International Geology Review, 2007, pp. 389-400, vol. 49. |
| Element six, The Element Six CVD Diamond Handbook, Accessed on Nov. 1, 2019, 28 pages. |
| Grossman, David, What the World Needs Now is Superhard Carbon, Popular Mechanics, https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a28970718/superhard-materials/,Sep. 10, 2019, 7 pages, Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. |
| Hudson Bearings Air Cargo Ball Transfers brochure, accessed on Jun. 23, 2018, 8 Pages, Columbus, Ohio. |
| Hudson Bearings Air Cargo Ball Transfers Installation and Maintenance Protocols, accessed on Jun. 23, 2018, pp. 1-5. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 3, 2020 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US20/21549) [11 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 4, 2020 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/034437) [10 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jan. 15, 2021 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/049382) [18 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 21, 2019 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/043746) [14 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 22, 2019 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/043744) [11 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 25, 2019 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/044682) [20 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 29, 2019 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/043741) [15 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 2, 2020 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US20/37048) [8 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 8, 2020 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US20/35316) [9 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 9, 2019 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/043732) [10 pages]. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 9, 2020 (issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US20/32196) [13 pages]. |
| Liao, Y.; Marks, L.; In situ single asperity wear at the nanometre scale, International Materials Reviews, 2016, pp. 1-17, Taylor & Francis. |
| Linear Rolling Bearings ME EN 7960—Precision Machine Design Topic 8, Presentation, Accessed on Jan. 26, 2020, 23 Pages, University of Utah. |
| Linear-motion Bearing, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linear-motion_bearing&oldid=933640111, Jan. 2, 2020, 4 Pages. |
| Machinery's Handbook 30th Edition, Copyright Page and Coefficients of Friction Page, 2016, p. 158 (2 Pages total), Industrial Press, Inc., South Norwalk, U.S.A. |
| Machinery's Handbook, 2016, Industrial Press, Inc., 30th edition, pp. 843 and 1055 (6 pages total). |
| McCarthy, J. Michael; Cam and Follower Systems, PowerPoint Presentation, Jul. 25, 2009, pp. 1-14, UCIrvine The Henry Samueli School of Engineering. |
| McGill Cam Follower Bearings brochure, 2005, p. 1-19, Back Page, Brochure MCCF-05, Form #8991 (20 Pages total). |
| Motion & Control NSK Cam Followers (Stud Type Track Rollers) Roller Followers (Yoke Type Track Rollers) catalog, 1991, Cover Page, pp. 1-18, Back Page, CAT. No. E1421 2004 C-11, Japan. |
| Product Catalogue, Asahi Diamond Industrial Australia Pty. Ltd., accessed on Jun. 23, 2018, Cover Page, Blank Page, 2 Notes Pages, Table of Contents, pp. 1-49 (54 Pages total). |
| RBC Aerospace Bearings Rolling Element Bearings catalog, 2008, Cover Page, First Page, pp. 1-149, Back Page (152 Pages total). |
| RGPBalls Ball Transfer Units catalog, accessed on Jun. 23, 2018, pp. 1-26, 2 Back Pages (28 Pages total). |
| Sandvik Coromant Hard part turning with CBN catalog, 2012, pp. 1-42, 2 Back Pages (44 Pages total). |
| Sexton, Timothy N.; Cooley, Craig H.; Diamond Bearing Technology for Deep and Geothermal Drilling, PowerPoint Presentation, 2010, 16 Pages. |
| SKF Ball transfer units catalog, Dec. 2006, Cover Page, Table of Contents, pp. 1-36, 2 Back Pages (40 Pages total), Publication 940-711. |
| Sowers, Jason Michael, Examination of the Material Removal Rate in Lapping Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts, A Thesis, Aug. 2011, 2 Cover Pages, pp. iii-xiv, pp. 1-87 (101 Pages total). |
| Sun, Liling; Wu, Qi; DAI, Daoyang; Zhang, Jun; Qin, Zhicheng; Wang, Wenkui; Non-metallic catalysts for diamond synthesis under high pressure and high temperature, Science in China (Series A), Aug. 1999, pp. 834-841, vol. 42 No. 8, China. |
| Superhard Material, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhard_material, Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superhard_material&oldid=928571597, Nov. 30, 2019, 14 pages. |
| Surface Finish, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_finish, Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_finish&oldid=919232937, Oct. 2, 2019, 3 pages. |
| United States Defensive Publication No. T102,901, published Apr. 5, 1983, in U.S. Application No. 298,271 [2 Pages]. |
| USSynthetic Bearings and Waukesha Bearings brochure for Diamond Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings, 2015, 2 Pages. |
| USSynthetic Bearings brochure, accessed on Jun. 23, 2018, 12 Pages, Orem, Utah. |
| Zeidan, Fouad Y.; Paquette, Donald J., Application of High Speed and High Performance Fluid Film Bearings in Rotating Machinery, 1994, pp. 209-234. |
| Zhigadlo, N. D., Spontaneous growth of diamond from MnNi solvent-catalyst using opposed anvil-type high-pressure apparatus, accessed on Jun. 28, 2018, pp. 1-12, Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Switzerland. |
| Zou, Lai; Huang, Yun; Zhou, Ming; Xiao, Guijian; Thermochemical Wear of Single Crystal Diamond Catalyzed by Ferrous Materials at Elevated Temperature, Crystals, 2017, pp. 1-10, vol. 7. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220170322 A1 | Jun 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16561335 | Sep 2019 | US |
| Child | 17518315 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16049608 | Jul 2018 | US |
| Child | 16561335 | US |
