The present disclosure relates to boring or penetrating the earth with a bit or bit element, such as a rolling cutter bit. It also relates to bearings for drill bits.
Downhole tools, such as earth-boring drill bits, often contain moving parts. Friction between moving parts is often reduced by introducing at least one bearing between the parts. However, the bearings themselves can overheat due to friction and experience wear, including galling, over time. As a result, materials are often welded to surfaces of bearings to reduce friction or increase wear-resistance. Currently, such materials are typically applied to bearings using a high dilution arc welding process. Such processes produce non-homogenous materials with a large metallurgical bond area in which the material is highly diluted with iron or other metals from the underlying substrate-, which results in poor anti-galling and other wear properties as compared to what is theoretically possible for the cladding materials used.
A more complete understanding of the present embodiments and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which show particular embodiments of the current disclosure, in which like numbers refer to similar components, and in which:
The present disclosure relates to downhole tools containing bearings. The bearings have cladding with a low dilution zone. The disclosure also relates to cladding processes to produce such bearings.
A downhole tool according the present disclosure may include any downhole tool containing at least one bearing. For embodiment, it may be an earth-boring drill bit or other components of an oil or mining drilling operation.
A drill string 64 may be attached to and rotate drill bit 10 relative to bit rotational axis 12. Drill bit 10 may rotate as indicated by arrow 13. Cutting action associated with forming a wellbore in a downhole formation may occur as cone assemblies, indicated generally at 40, engage and roll around the bottom or downhole end of a borehole or wellbore (not shown) in response to rotation of drill bit 10.
Each cone assembly 40 may be attached with and rotate relative to exterior portions of associated spindle or journal 28, as shown in
For some embodiments of the present disclosure, drill bit 10 may include bit body 16 having three support arms 18 extending therefrom. Only two support arms 18 may be seen in
Formation materials and other downhole debris created during impact between cutting elements or inserts 42 and adjacent portions of a downhole formation may be carried from the bottom or end of an associated wellbore by drilling fluid flowing from nozzles 30. Such drilling fluid may be supplied to drill bit 10 by a drill string (not expressly shown) attached to threads 22. Drilling fluid with formation cuttings and other downhole debris may flow upwardly around exterior portions of drill bit 10 and through an annulus (not expressly shown) formed between exterior portions of drill bit 10 and exterior portions of an attached drill string and inside diameter or side wall of the wellbore to an associated well surface (not expressly shown).
Each support arm 18 may include a respective lubricant system 60. Lubricant may refer to any fluid, grease, composite grease, or mixture of fluids and solids satisfactory for lubricating journal bearings, thrust bearings, bearing surfaces, bearing assemblies and/or other supporting structures associated with rotatably mounting one or more cone assemblies on a roller cone drill bit. Lubricant system 60 may include external end or opening 62 adjacent to exterior portion 24 of associated support arm 18.
As shown in
Cladding 80 may be between 0.010 inches and 0.040 inches thick, more specifically around 0.030 inches thick after final machining or grinding. Low dilution zone 90 may be between 0.0005 inches and 0.010 inches thick, more particularly between 0.001 inches and 0.005 inches thick. In general, low dilution zone 90 may be thinner than a corresponding high dilution zone that would occur if similar cladding were applied using welding. These effects may occur because there is a trade-off between hardness and brittleness in cladding 80. Iron or other metal from substrate 100 degrade the hardness, so more hardness-increasing materials are added to the cladding to compensate, making it more brittle and requiring the cladding to be thicker to compensate. If there is less iron in cladding 80, then the amount of hardness-increasing materials can be reduced, reducing the brittleness and allowing thinner cladding.
Low dilution zone 90 may also contain less iron or other metal from substrate 100 than a corresponding high dilution zone that would occur if similar cladding were applied using welding.
Due to the reduced proportion of low dilution zone 90 in cladding 80 and the lower amount of iron in low dilution zone 90 as compared to cladding that is attached via welding, bearing 70 may contain less cladding overall, typically in the form of thinner cladding, than a similar bearing formed by welding. This results in savings in material costs.
Additionally, cladding 80 may have lower proportions of harder elements that are added to cladding to prevent cracking due to undesirable properties conferred by iron or other metal from substrate 100.
In addition, because cladding 80 is applied as a paste or slurry, there are substantially no gaps between cladding 80 and substrate 100, even on irregular surfaces. A similar lack of gaps is difficult to obtain using welding, particularly on irregular surfaces. Gaps are common failure points, so the reduction of gaps increases the life of bearing 70.
Bearing 70, in some embodiments (not shown) may contain multiple layers of cladding 80. In such an embodiment, only the layer of cladding 80 adjacent to substrate 100 has a low dilution zone 90. The additional layers of cladding 80 contain substantially no iron or other metal from substrate 100 and thus are not diluted. In one embodiment, each cladding layer 80 may be 0.010 inches thick.
Spindle or journal 28 may be formed from normal bit body materials, such as steel and steel alloys, particularly high alloy steel. Roller assembly 40 may be formed from normal roller assembly materials, such as steel and steel alloys, particularly high alloy steel.
Cladding 80 may be formed from a Group VIII metal, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe), or a combination of Group VIII metals, and an alloying element such as carbon (C), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), boron (B) or combinations thereof. Some alloying elements may be present as carbides in the final cladding.
Low dilution zone 90 is formed from the same material as cladding 80, but contains some iron or other metal that migrates from substrate 100. In one embodiment, low dilution zone 90 may contain 5% by proportion of atoms or less iron or other metal from substrate 100.
Low dilution zone 90 or cladding 80, in some embodiments, are substantially homogenous at a given distance from substrate 100.
Bearing 70 may exhibit improved anti-galling as compared to cladding of similar composition applied using arc welding processes. In one embodiment, bearing 70 may be able to withstand a 25,000 ft/lbs. load in a journal bearing test without exhibiting galling.
Bearing 70 may also exhibit other improved wear properties as compared to cladding of similar composition applied using arc welding processes. Bearing 70 may also have a high load carrying capacity, such as greater than 25,000 ft/lbs.
In a specific embodiment, bearing 70 is a sealed bearing, as depicted in
The present disclosure also relates to a cladding process. Such a process may be used, in some embodiments, to apply cladding 80 to a roller cone drill bit 10 as described above.
The cladding slurry may contain powdered metals in the proportions they will eventually be found in cladding 80. However, the alloying element may not form a carbide until fusion step 130 or 150. In low dilution zone 90, 5% by proportion of atoms or less of iron or other metal from substrate 100 may enter the cladding slurry during the cladding process, particularly during fusion step 130. Iron or other metal from substrate 100 may enter low dilution zone 90 uniformly, such that low dilution zone 90 has a homogenous composition at a given distance from substrate 100.
The cladding slurry may contain other components to form a slurry, such as a flux material. In some embodiments, these components may exit the slurry during fusion step 130 or 150.
In step 120 or step 140, the cladding slurry may be applied by dipping the substrate in the cladding slurry or by using a brush or spray. The cladding slurry may be formulated to function with the desired method of application.
Fusion step 130 or 150 may take place at low pressure, for embodiment in a vacuum furnace. In one embodiment, they may take place in a non-reactive atmosphere, such as an argon atmosphere. Fusion step 130 or 150 may take place at a temperature of 2200° F.
Each layer of cladding slurry and each subsequent layer of cladding 80 is 0.010 inches thick. In one embodiment, three layers may be applied for a cladding that is 0.030 inches thick.
In some embodiments, all or some steps of process 110 may be automated. In some embodiments, all arms of roller cone drill bit 10 may be subjected to process 110 at the same time. In some embodiments batch processing of arms 18 or cones 40 may occur.
Bearing described herein are friction bearings, but cladding with a low dilution zone may also be used on roller bearings, friction races, and collar races.
In a specific embodiment, elements of which may be used in combination with other embodiments, the disclosure relates to a bearing including a substrate including a substrate metal, and cladding metallurgically fused to the substrate and including a low dilution zone, wherein the low dilution zone includes 5% by proportion of atoms or less of the substrate metal. The bearing may further include a roller cone assembly, wherein the substrate is located on a portion of the roller cone assembly that makes contact with a spindle or journal. The substrate may be disposed on part of a spindle or journal of a support arm. The substrate metal may be iron. The cladding may include a Group VIII metal and an alloying element. The Group VII metal may be selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe), and any combinations thereof, and the alloying element may be selected from the group consisting of carbon (C), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), boron (B), and any combinations thereof. The alloying element may be present as a carbide. The cladding may include layers. The cladding may be between 0.010 inches and 0.040 inches thick. The low dilution zone may be between 0.0005 inches and 0.010 inches thick.
In another specific embodiment, the disclosure relates to a roller cone drill bit including a spindle or journal, a cone assembly disposed on the spindle or journal, and a bearing between the cone assembly and spindle or journal. The bearing includes a substrate including a substrate metal, and cladding metallurgically fused to the substrate and including a low dilution zone, wherein the low dilution zone includes 5% by proportion of atoms or less of the substrate metal. The substrate metal may be iron. The cladding may include a Group VIII metal and an alloying element. The Group VII metal may be selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe), and any combinations thereof, and the alloying element may be selected from the group consisting of carbon (C), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), boron (B), and any combinations thereof. The alloying element may be present as a carbide. The cladding may include layers. The cladding may be between 0.010 inches and 0.040 inches thick. The low dilution zone may be between 0.0005 inches and 0.010 inches thick.
In another specific embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of applying a cladding to a substrate by applying a cladding slurry to the substrate and placing the cladding slurry in a furnace and then metallurgically fusing the cladding slurry to the substrate at an elevated temperature and reduced pressure to produce cladding on the substrate. The method may also include applying an additional cladding slurry to existing cladding, placing the additional cladding slurry in a furnace, metallurgically fusing the cladding slurry to the existing cladding at an elevated temperature and reduced pressure to produce additional cladding on the existing cladding, and repeating the steps until cladding of a desired thickness is obtained. The method may further include machining or grinding the cladding to a final thickness and desired surface finish.
Bearings described herein or produced using the methods described herein and downhole tools, such as drill bits, containing such bearings may exhibit improved bearing life. This may result in improvements in the downhole tool. In the drill bit embodiment, use of such bearings may allow for more aggressive drilling or reduced downhole trips. Bearings may also be used in other downhole tools, such as motors and completion tools.
Although only exemplary embodiments of the invention are specifically described above, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of these embodiments are possible without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the invention. Measurements given here are “about” or “approximately” the recited number.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 15323874 | Jan 2017 | US |
Child | 16435049 | US |