Patent Grant
10362018
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
The present invention relates generally to the field of content and/or data delivery over a network. More particularly, the present invention is related to apparatus and methods for distributing programming content, media, data and other information services according to downloadable conditional access (CA), trusted domain (TD) and/or digital rights management (DRM) schemes.
Recent advances in digital information processing have made a wide range of services and functions available for delivery to consumers at their premises for very reasonable prices or subscription fees. These services and functions include digital programming (movies, etc.), digital video-on-demand (VOD), personal video recorder (PVR), Internet Protocol television (IPTV), digital media playback and recording, as well high-speed Internet access and IP-based telephony (e.g., VoIP). Other services available to network users include access to and recording of digital music (e.g., MP3 files), as well local area networking (including wire-line and wireless local area networks) for distributing these services throughout the user's premises, and beyond.
Currently, many of these services are provided and delivered to the user via a wide variety of different equipment environments including, inter alia, cable modems, WiFi hubs, Ethernet hubs, gateways, switches and routers, computers, servers, cable set-top boxes, PSTNs, cellular telephones/smartphones, PDAs, and portable digital music devices such as the Apple iPod™. Additionally, the services associated with such technology are typically provided by multiple vendors including e.g., a cable service provider (e.g., MSO), cellular service provider (CSP), wireless service provider (WSP), VoIP service provider, music download service, Internet service provider (ISP), PSTN telephone service, etc.
The myriad of services, equipment and providers can easily create confusion and economic inefficiency for someone using many of these services on a regular basis. In particular, a user may have to pay for each service or equipment separately, thus eliminating any economies of scale based on integration. Additionally, the equipment or services may not interoperate with one another, thus reducing the overall utility provided to the user, and increasing their frustration level. These problems are particularly acute when the number of different services utilized (and hence number of service providers) is high.
Some improvements in digital service integration have been made over time. For example, cable system subscribers (such as those of the Assignee hereof) can now access VOD, PVR, PPV and broadcast services simultaneously, as well a Internet access via cable modem, and even digital telephony (e.g., VoIP). However, these functions are still substantially disparate in terms of their hardware and software environments (i.e., the user must have a cable modem, set-top box, VoIP telephony unit, PC, etc.), and “cross-over” between the environments (e.g., moving content or data from one environment to the other) is quite limited.
Moreover, the movement of content delivered by these services within the user's premises (or even outside) is substantially frustrated, largely due to concerns relating to protection of valuable (e.g., copyrighted) content and surreptitious reproduction and distribution. Such unauthorized reproduction and distribution not only detracts from the network operator's revenue and commercial viability, but also that of the content source (e.g., movie studio, recording studio/artist, etc.).
Moreover, the lack of a comprehensive and effective scheme for control of content within the user domain effectively precludes content providers from releasing new content over cable or satellite networks contemporaneous with its availability over retail or rental outlets, due in large part to unauthorized access, reproduction and distribution concerns. Stated simply, new release content availability over cable typically lags that of rental/retail, due primarily to the lack of an effective control mechanism for the content once it is delivered to the user domain.
A number of existing technologies have heretofore been employed by network operators in order to attempt to frustrate surreptitious access, copying and distribution of valuable content. These approaches are now described.
Conditional Access
Conditional access (CA) technologies are typically incorporated into content-based networks, such technologies including the digital encoding of various types of data including audio and video programming and music. Conditional access can generally be defined as the control of when and how a user may view and use the associated programming or information. Different types of conditional access may be desirable in a network delivery system in order to, e.g., accommodate improvements in the technology over time, as well as different conditional access attributes such as security and category of programming or user access level.
A variety of traditional methods of conditional access exist including, e.g., “Powerkey”, NDS, and DigiCipher. A generalized conditional access model is also provided by the well-known DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Specification TS 101 197 V1.2.1 (02/02), DVB SimulCrypt; Part 1: “Head-end architecture and synchronization”, and TS 103 197 V1.2.1 (02/02): “Head-end Implementation of SimulCrypt”, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. These can be implemented using, for example, the so-called “CableCard” plug-in security module access technology (also known as a “a point-of-deployment (POD) module”). See, e.g., the CableCard-Host interface specification, which defines the interface between a digital cable receiver or STB (Host device) and the CableCard device provided by the MSO/cable operator. CableCard was developed to satisfy certain security requirements to allow retail availability of host devices, e.g., set-top boxes, digital cable ready televisions, DVRs, personal computers (PCs), integrated digital televisions, etc., for receiving cable services. The CableCard, comprising a PCMCIA device, can be inserted into a host device, allowing a viewer to receive cable systems' secure digital video services, e.g., pay per view TV, electronic program guides, premium subscription channels, etc.
Specifically, the CableCard contains conditional access functionality, as well as the capability of converting messages to a common format. Thus, the CableCard provides a cable operator with a secure device at the subscriber premises, and acts as a translator so that the host device needs to understand a single protocol, regardless of the type of the network to which it is connected.
For example, with the CableCards provided by cable operators, host devices which comply with OpenCable specifications, e.g., the an OpenCable Applications Platform (OCAP), may be sold in retail outlets. (For details on such a platform, one may refer, e.g., to: “OpenCable Application Platform Specification,” OCAP 2.0 Profile, OC-SP-OCAP2.0-I01-020419, Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., Apr. 19, 2002, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.) The OCAP allows applications to be built to a common middleware layer for deployment on host devices interoperable across cable systems in North America. (For details on the functional requirements of one such host device, one may refer, e.g., to: “OpenCable™ Host Device Core Functional Requirements,” OC-SP-HOSR-CFR-I13-030707, Cable Television Laboratories, Inc., Jul. 7, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.) With a common interface to the CableCard, a host can be moved from one place to another, provided that the user of the host device contact his/her new cable operator to obtain a new CableCard. (For details on such an interface, one may refer, e.g., to: “OpenCable™ HOST-POD Interface Specification,” OC-SP-HOSTPOD-IF-I13-030707, Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. Jul. 7, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.) To provision a new CableCard and host device, an initialization and authorization process needs to be performed while the host device, with the CableCard inserted therein, is connected to the cable network. The initialization and authorization process begins with the user's providing an ID(s) of the CableCard and/or the host device (e.g., serial number(s)) to the cable operator. The cable operator looks up in a database a MAC address of the CableCard which typically is hard-coded in the CableCard, and is associated with the CableCard ID. During the authorization process, the cable operator may, for example, assign an IP address to the CableCard for its identification in the cable network. The cable operator may also collect from the host device data concerning the make, model, and ID of the host device (e.g., its serial number). The cable operator may associate the CableCard's MAC address (and/or IP address) with the user information, e.g., his/her name, address, etc. for billing purposes.
Encryption
In many content-based networks (e.g., cable television systems), the client device or consumer premises equipment (CPE) receives, through the cable TV network, programming content which may be encrypted, e.g., in accordance with the Data Encryption Standard (DES) technique or Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), to secure its delivery.
DES is a well-known symmetrical cipher that utilizes a single key for both encryption and decryption of messages. Because the DES algorithm is publicly known, learning the DES key would allow an encrypted message to be read by anyone. As such, both the message sender and receiver must keep the DES key a secret from others. A DES key typically is a sequence of eight bytes, each containing eight bits. To enhance the DES integrity, the DES algorithm may be applied successive times. With this approach, the DES algorithm enciphers and deciphers data, e.g., three times in sequence, using different keys, resulting in a so-called triple DES (3DES) technique.
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known as Rijndael, is a block cipher adopted as an encryption standard by many entities including the U.S. government. It is used worldwide, as is the case with its predecessor, DES. AES was adopted by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and was codified as US FIPS PUB 197 in November 2001.
AES has a fixed block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The key is expanded using the well-known Rijndael key schedule. Most of AES calculations are performed in a special finite field. AES typically operates on a 4×4 array of bytes, termed the state. For encryption, each cycle or round of AES (except the last round) consists of four stages or operations: (i) AddRoundKey, wherein each byte of the state is combined with the round key, and each round key is derived from the cipher key by using the key schedule; (ii) SubBytes, wherein a non-linear substitution is performed such that each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table; (iii) ShiftRows, wherein a transposition step is performed such that each row of the state is shifted cyclically a given number of steps; and (iv) MixColumns, wherein a mixing operation which operates on the columns of the state is performed, thereby combining the four bytes in each column using a function (e.g., linear transformation). The final round of the algorithm replaces the MixColumns stage with another instance of the AddRoundKey step.
AES provides a much higher level of encryption than DES or 3DES, and hence is increasingly being integrated into applications where strong protection is desired, including the delivery of content over cable or other content-based networks.
In contrast to the DES or AES techniques, a public key encryption technique, e.g., an RSA technique (named for its developers, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman), uses two different keys. A first key, referred to as a private key, is kept secret by a user. The other key, referred to as a public key, is available to anyone wishing to communicate with the user in a confidential manner. The two keys uniquely match each other, collectively referred to as a “public \-private key pair.” However, the private key cannot be easily derived from the public key. A party wishing to send a message to the user may utilize the public key to encrypt a message before transmitting it. The user then utilizes the private key to decrypt the message. Conversely, the private key may be used to encrypt a message, in which case the message can subsequently be decrypted with the public key. For example, the keys for the RSA algorithm are mathematically generated, in part, by combining prime numbers. The security of the RSA algorithm, and the like, depends on the use of very large numbers for its keys, which typically are 512 bits long or longer.
“Trusted Domains”
Another related approach for content protection comprises the creation and enforcement of a “trusted domain” or TD. Specifically, such a “trusted domain” (TD) comprises an area (physically or virtually) within which programming or other content is protected from unauthorized access, distribution and copying. For example, in a cable network, a trusted domain may include not only the network portion where programming content traditionally is secured by, and within total control of, a cable operator (including, e.g., the headend, HFC delivery network, etc.,) but also user devices or customer premises equipment (CPE) at subscribers' premises which are capable of receiving and securely storing programming content. Using the trusted domain approach, the network operator can guarantee certain subscriber access, distribution, and usage policy enforcement with respect to content held within the domain. For example, a digital representation of a movie held within an operator's TD (e.g., on a hard drive of a user device) cannot be distributed over the Internet, wireless network, etc. in viewable form, and cannot become a source for duplication of multiple viewable copies.
One exemplary approach of implementing a trusted domain, described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/006,404 filed Dec. 7, 2004, entitled “Technique For Securely Communicating And Storing Programming Material In A Trusted Domain”, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,312,267 on Nov. 13, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, comprises using two cryptographic elements (e.g., encryption keys), associated with a user and his/her client device(s), respectively, that control access to content stored in the client device(s) within the domain. For example, the content stored in the client device may be encrypted using a private or secret key in accordance with the DES or AES algorithms. When the encrypted content is transported from the client device to another device within the domain associated with the same user (or other common parameter or feature), the second device needs the cryptographic element (e.g., the secret key) to decrypt the encrypted content. To that end, the second device also receives from the source device an encrypted version of this secret key. The latter is generated by encrypting the secret key using a second and distinct cryptographic element (e.g., a public key in accordance with a public key algorithm) associated with the subscriber. The second device provides the encrypted version of the secret key to a remote apparatus, e.g., in a headend, where the secret key is recovered based on at least the encrypted version of the secret key and data relating to that user or client device. The second device then receives from the head-end another encrypted version of the secret key, which is generated by encrypting the recovered secret key using a third cryptographic element (e.g., a public key in accordance with a public key algorithm) associated with the second device. Based on at least this second encrypted version of the secret key, the secret key can be recovered in the second device to decrypt the encrypted content.
The trusted domain is preserved with respect to the stored content so long as the content remains encrypted and continues to be managed under the above-described key management methodology, regardless of which device stores the content. Once the content itself is decrypted, e.g., by a conditional access (CA) mechanism when data is sent from the SDVR CPE to a television monitor for display, the decrypted content is no longer within the trusted domain.
Digital Rights Management (DRM) and Steganograhy
Another approach used to control the distribution and use of protected content within a content-based network is to employ so-called digital rights management (DRM). For example, Media rights management systems such as the Microsoft Windows® Media Digital Rights Manager (DRM), may be used as well. The Windows® Media Player Version 9 comprises audio and video codecs, the Windows Media Encoder, Windows Media Server, Windows Media Software Development Kit (SDK), Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology, and an extensibility model that allows integration into third-party solutions.
According to one such DRM approach, a digital media or content file is encrypted and locked with a “license key.” The license key is stored in a license file or other data structure which is distributed separately from the media or content. A user can obtain the encrypted media file by, e.g., downloading it from a web site, purchasing it on a physical media, etc. To play the digital media file, the user must first acquire the license file including the license key for that media file. The user acquires the license key by accessing a pre-delivered license (which includes license terms or policies). Alternatively, when the user plays the file for the first time, a procedure is invoked for retrieving the license via a network connection or other delivery mode (e.g., the Internet). After obtaining the license with the license key, the user is able to access the media file according to the rules or rights specified in the license policies.
Another approach to DRM (see, e.g., the RealNetworks “Helix” Platform and Community approach) comprises encrypting a content file (typically performed by the system operator) to create a secured content file, thereby requiring a cryptographic key to access the content in the file. The key is included within a retailer's database, and the secured content file is distributed to users by, e.g., Internet connection or offline distribution of CDs. The retailer itself sets usage rules and policies for licensing the content. A user contacts the retailer's web server, such as via a trusted software client, in order to obtain a license to access the encrypted content. The retailer's web server requests certain rights from the operator's license server, the latter which creates a license containing the key for the requested content file. This license is given to the retailer (e.g. via the web server), which delivers the license to the trusted client of the user. The trusted client retrieves the content file, and uses the received key to access the content.
Related to DRM is the practice of steganography. Steganography is the art and science of including hidden data in such a way that no one apart from the intended recipient or sender knows of the existence of the data; this is in contrast to cryptography, where the existence of the data itself is not disguised, but the content is obscured. For example, digital steganographic data may included within the recorded data/content, such as digital watermarking data. For example, Digimarc®, SysCoP™, EIKONAmark™, and other similar commercially available watermarking approaches can be used for this purpose. While this approach does not per se prevent or control content access or distribution, it is often an effective post facto method of identification and determining the origin of media (e.g., where it was copied from), and hence knowledge of its presence can act as a significant deterrent to surreptitious reproduction and distribution.
Emerging Challenges and Opportunities
More recently, emerging technologies have focused on so-called “downloadable” conditional access systems (DCAS), which are intended to be implemented in next-generation two-way, cable-ready digital TV sets, set-top boxes and/or other related devices. This “download” approach would enable cable operators to download conditional access software directly to TV sets, set-top boxes and other digital entertainment devices in the subscribers' premises, and would be especially suited to interactive services such as VOD, PVR, etc. This would also obviate the physical CableCard form factor.
With the so-called FCC “navigation order” (Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“FNPRM”), FCC 00-341, adopted Sep. 14, 2000; released Sep. 18, 2000, CS Docket #97-80) relating to, inter alia, the adoption of unidirectional plug and play, cable system operators are also required to support digital cable-ready devices on their systems. Downwloadable conditional access (CA) functionality is one proposed conditional access technology that also meets this requirement. In addition to the requirements imposed by FCC 03-225, it is also desirable to support bi-directional cable-ready devices on its systems, as well as “separable security” functionality (i.e., the CA functionality is physically, or at least logically) separable from the host device. Ideally, such enhanced functionality would also allow both basic bi-directional functions (so-called single-stream devices) as well as the use of more advanced multi-stream devices such as digital video recorders (DVRs). It is also desirable to allow download-enabled devices to participate (ad hoc or otherwise) in the operator's trusted domain (TD).
In recent years, numerous systems for providing interconnectivity among devices in a premises (e.g., home, enterprise, university, etc.) have been developed, allowing premises networks to include DSTBs, personal computers, cellphones, PDA devices, etc. Because of the increasing popularity of premises networking and the demand for seamless interconnectivity between heterogeneous hardware/software environments (e.g., “plug and play”), there is a growing need for a strategy that enables a user to perform authorized transfer of protected content, e.g., transferring content from their cable system CPE to other devices in a premises network, or even outside of the network, and at the same time prevent unauthorized distribution and reproduction of the protected content. The foregoing CA, DRM, steganographic, and trusted domain technologies, while providing some degree of protection, simply do not support such control and protection within the increasingly complex user domain.
Specifically, these techniques do not support cryptographic key management and distribution systems that operate with both legacy or new CA systems, and are not under direct network operator (e.g., MSO) control.
Moreover, such existing techniques often cannot be smoothly integrated with retail (third party) devices, and are typically quite platform specific. They are often also specific to the content delivery mode (i.e., VOD, broadcast, broadcast-switched, and other content delivery paradigms).
These techniques also typically will not support seamless transition between independent implementations of CA, trusted domain, and DRM security features and policies, and are not standardized to any significant degree. For example, conditional access (CA) paradigms currently in use are not generally extensible beyond the user's CPE. So, the user would be prohibited from transferring streamed or downloaded content to their WiFi enabled laptop or PC, since proper conditional access support does not exist in these devices.
Prior art conditional access (CA) systems such as the Scientific Atlanta “Powerkey” approach described above have no authentication entity or “proxy” that can authenticate CPE or other connected devices in anticipation of providing download services, no video (media) provisioning system, and hence by nature are highly localized. Generally speaking, any “trusted domains” that might be established are not extendable beyond the CPE 106 on the client side of the delivery network.
Thus, improved apparatus and methods for distributing digital services to and within a user premises are needed. Such improved apparatus and services would ideally provide users with a number of diverse digital services in a more integrated and unified fashion, and allow for substantially unrestricted cross-over between different hardware and software environments.
These apparatus and methods would also allow for remote, centralized management, configuration, and control of content access, distribution and reproduction within the user domain, as well as extension of the conditional access, trusted domain, and DRM environments outside of merely the user's set-top box or other such consumer premises equipment (CPE).
Moreover, such apparatus and methods would ideally support cryptographic key management and distribution systems that operate with both legacy or new CA systems, under direct network operator (e.g., MSO) control, as well as allowing for integration with retail (third party) devices via, e.g., downloadable components and cryptographic elements sent directly via the operator's network.
Such improved apparatus and methods would also ideally be delivery-mode agnostic; i.e., they would be compatible with VOD, broadcast, broadcast-switched, and other content delivery paradigms, and would further allow for an interoperable architecture with components from different network, secure component, and CPE vendors, in effect standardizing many aspects of content control within the user domain.
The present invention addresses the foregoing needs by disclosing apparatus and methods for distributing applications/software, programming, data, media and other information services in a controlled and protected manner within a content-based network, as well as devices or domains associated therewith.
In a first aspect of the invention, improved network apparatus is disclosed. In one embodiment, the network apparatus is disposed substantially at a first node of a content-based network and adapted for delivery of security information to a second node of the network. The apparatus comprises: a content provisioning apparatus; a conditional access apparatus in communication with the provisioning apparatus; and an authentication apparatus in communication with at least the conditional access apparatus. At least the authentication and conditional access apparatus are configured to cooperate to transmit to the second node both: (i) at least one cryptographic key, and (ii) encrypted code configured to provide at least protection of the content at the second node.
In one variant, the first node comprises a cable system head-end, and the second node comprises a residence or business enterprise.
In another variant, the apparatus is configured to deliver the at least one key and encrypted code via a DOCSIS-compliant cable modem.
In another variant, the apparatus is configured to deliver the at least one key and encrypted code via an in-band downstream QAM.
In another variant, the first node comprises a hub within a broadcast switched architecture (BSA) network.
In another variant, the network apparatus further comprises a personalization server (PS) apparatus in communication with the conditional access system, the PS being adapted to select at least one cryptographic key and encrypted code based at least in part on a communication received from a client device disposed at the second node. An interface to a trusted authority (TA) is also provided, the TA providing the at least one cryptographic key to the PS based at least in part on information contained in the communication from the client device to the network apparatus.
In yet another variant, the network apparatus further comprises a trusted authority proxy (TAP), the TAP in at least periodic communication with a remote trusted authority (TA), the TAP providing the at least one cryptographic key to the PS based at least in part on information contained in the communication from the client device to the network apparatus, and substantially independent of communication with the TA (or any intermediary device such as for example an authentication proxy).
In still another variant, the authentication apparatus comprises software configured to authenticate the client device based at least in part on the communication received from the client device, the authentication comprising a condition precedent for downloading of the at least one key and encrypted code.
In still another variant, the encrypted code comprises a secure client adapted to run on a security processor of the client device, and the network apparatus is further configured to transmit a bootloader program to run on the security processor to enable at least a portion of the transmitting of the cryptographic key and encrypted code. The network apparatus may further be configured to transmit second code to the client device, the second code comprising a conditional access (CA) client, the CA client adapted to run on the security processor to enforce at least one CA policy.
In a second embodiment, the network apparatus comprises: a content provisioning apparatus; a security management apparatus in communication with the provisioning apparatus; and an authentication apparatus in communication with at least the security management apparatus; wherein at least the authentication and security management apparatus are configured to cooperate to transmit to the second node encrypted code configured to manage at least one of (i) a trusted domain (TD) policies or configuration, and (ii) digital rights management (DRM) policies or configuration, within a client device disposed at the second node.
In one variant, the apparatus comprises a personalization server (PS) apparatus in communication with the security management system, the PS being adapted to select the encrypted code based at least in part on a communication received from a client device disposed at the second node, and the authentication apparatus comprises software configured to authenticate the client device based at least in part on the communication received from the client device, the authentication being required before downloading the encrypted code.
In another variant, the client device disposed at the second node comprises a premises content distribution apparatus for use with a plurality or media-capable devices, the content distribution apparatus comprising: a first interface capable of at least receiving media content from a first network; a mass storage device in data communication with the first interface and adapted to store at least a portion of the media content; a coaxial cable interface (or other wireline interface such as 802.3 CATS or AC power lines) configured to provide networking throughout at least a portion of the premises over coaxial cable present therein; and a wireless access interface adapted to support at least one wireless network substantially within the premises. The media content is accessible to users on both the coaxial cable network and the at least one wireless network.
In another variant, the encrypted code comprises a secure client adapted to run on a security processor of the client device. The network apparatus is further configured to transmit a bootloader program to run on the security processor to enable at least a portion of the transmitting of the encrypted code and a cryptographic key, and to transmit second code to the client device, the second code comprising a TD or DRM client, the TD or DRM client adapted to run on the security processor to enforce at least one TD or DRM policy, respectively.
In a second aspect of the invention, a method of operating a security management architecture within a content-based network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises: providing an encrypted software image to a client device; providing a first cryptographic key to the client device; using the first cryptographic key to enable decryption of the software image; providing at least a second cryptographic key to the client device; and using the second key to decrypt encrypted content delivered to the client device.
In one variant, the act of providing at least a second key comprises providing a second key and a third key, the third key being used to decrypt the second key. The second key comprises an encrypted key; the third key comprises an encrypted portion of a public-private key pair; and the method further comprises providing the client device with a private portion of the public-private key pair, the private portion being used to decrypt the third key, the third key being used to decrypt the encrypted second key.
In another variant, the act of providing a first key comprises providing an encrypted public portion of a public/private key pair, and the method further comprises: providing the client device with a private portion of the public/private key pair; and decrypting the encrypted public portion using the private portion.
In another variant, at least one of the first and second keys is encrypted using a symmetric block cipher algorithm. Similarly, the software image may be encrypted using a symmetric block cipher algorithm comprising a power-of-two key.
In a third aspect of the invention, a method of operating a security management architecture within a content-based network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises: providing an encrypted software image to a client device having a security processor; providing a first cryptographic key to the client device; using the first cryptographic key to enable decryption of the software image; and configuring at least a portion of the security processor of the client device using at least the decrypted software image.
In one variant, the act of providing a first key comprises providing an encrypted public portion of a public/private key pair, and the method further comprises: providing the client device with a private portion of the public/private key pair; and decrypting the encrypted public portion using the private portion.
In another variant, the act of configuring comprises remotely configuring based at least in part on instructions generated remote from the client device, and the client device comprises an OCAP-compliant digital set-top box, and the acts of providing comprise transmitting the software image and the first key over a hybrid fiber-coax (HFC) network to the client device using a DOCSIS channel for at least one of the image and the first key. The act of providing an encrypted software image to a client device comprises providing at least one of a conditional access (CA), digital rights management (DRM), or trusted domain (TD) client to a secure processor of the set-top box, the at least one client being adapted to enforce at least one security policy within the set-top box.
In a fourth aspect of the invention, network security apparatus adapted for transmission of security information to an authenticated client device in data communication with the network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a security management apparatus adapted for communication with the network; and an authentication apparatus in communication with at least the security management apparatus. The authentication and security management apparatus are configured to cooperate to transmit to the authenticated client device: (i) a portion of a public-private key pair, the client device comprising the other portion of the key pair; and (ii) encrypted code configured to manage at least one aspect of a security architecture within a client device. The public-private key pair is configured to decrypt the encrypted code.
In one variant, the apparatus further comprises a trusted authority proxy, the proxy in data communication with the security management apparatus and configured to securely communicate with a remote trusted authority.
In another variant, the at least one aspect comprises security policies relating to distributing content delivered to the client device to one or more secure output domains (SODs).
In still another variant, the authentication apparatus is configured to communicate with a physically secure processor of the client device in order to authenticate the client device.
In a fifth aspect of the invention, a method of remotely providing a trusted domain for content protection within a premises having a client device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises: transmitting encrypted software to the client over a network; transmitting a first decryption key to the client device; using a second decryption key to access the first decryption key; using the first decryption key to decrypt the software; and using the software to establish at least a portion of the trusted domain within the client device. Using this method, content can be securely transported within the trusted domain.
In one variant, the encrypted software comprises a trusted domain (TD) client program, the TD client being adapted to run on a physically secure microprocessor within the client device, the TD client establishing a plurality of security and content distribution policies within the trusted domain, the policies and the trusted domain cooperating to prevent unauthorized reproduction of the content. The encrypted software further comprises a conditional access (CA) client program, the CA client being adapted to run on a physically secure microprocessor within the client device, the CA client establishing a plurality of content access policies within the trusted domain, the access policies and the trusted domain cooperating to prevent unauthorized access to the content.
In a sixth aspect of the invention, security apparatus for use with a content-based network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: client-side security management apparatus in operative communication with the network and adapted to maintain at least a portion of a trusted domain within a client device; and network security management apparatus in operative communication with the network and the client-side management apparatus, the network security management apparatus adapted to control at least one of the configuration and operation of the client-side apparatus in order to protect content delivered to the client device against unauthorized distribution or reproduction.
In one variant, the network security management apparatus comprises: a content provisioning apparatus; a conditional access apparatus in communication with the provisioning apparatus; and an authentication apparatus in communication with at least the conditional access apparatus; wherein the authentication, provisioning and conditional access apparatus are configured to cooperate to transmit to the client device both: (i) at least one cryptographic key, and (ii) encrypted code configured to provide at least protection of the content at the client device. The client-side security management apparatus comprises: a physically secure microprocessor adapted to run the encrypted code after decryption thereof, the encrypted code enforcing at least a portion of a plurality of security policies necessary to maintain the trusted domain; wherein the physically secure microprocessor further comprises: a bootloader function adapted to cause authentication of the secure microprocessor with the authentication apparatus; and a conditional access (CA) client adapted to interface with the conditional access apparatus on the network side in order to establish one or more conditional access policies with respect to the content.
In a seventh aspect of the invention, a method of doing business over a content-based network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises: identifying a plurality of substantially unique client devices in data communication with the network; and selectively configuring at least one of the plurality of client devices based at least in part on a service request from a subscriber associated with the at least one device, the selective configuration comprising: generating personalization data specific to the at least one client devices; transmitting the data to the at least one client device; and establishing at least one security permission or policy within the at least one client device, the at least one permission or policy enabling provision of the requested service.
In one variant, the service request comprises part of a feature offered within only selected levels of a network operator service subscription plan.
In another variant, the service request comprises a request for download and distribution of protected content to a second device in data communication with the client device. The distribution of protected content to a second device in data communication with the client device comprises distribution of encrypted video content to the second device via e.g., a Firewire (IEEE-1394) interface.
Alternatively, distribution of protected content to a second device in data communication with the client device comprises distribution of encrypted video content to the mobile device via e.g., a WiFi (IEEE-802.11) interface.
In another variant, the act of generating personalization data comprises generating an encrypted software image and cryptographic key that is unique to the at least one client device.
In an eighth aspect of the invention, a method delivering secure software over a network to a remote client device is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises: providing via a first entity device credentials along with the public key for the client device to a second entity; returning a client device-specific personalized software image to the first entity from the second entity; returning a common software image to the first entity from the second entity; encrypting at least the device-specific image for the specific client device based at least in part on the public key; and sending via the first entity the encrypted device-specific image and the common image.
In one variant, the first entity comprises an authentication proxy, and the second entity comprises a personalization server. The public key corresponds to a private key retained within the client device, the private key being adapted to decrypt the encrypted at least device-specific image.
In another variant, the common image comprises an image applicable to all of a plurality of client devices having a common configuration and disposed within the network, and the device-specific image is specific to only the remote client device.
In a ninth aspect of the invention, improved network apparatus for software downloading is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a common image server; and a device-specific image server. The apparatus is adapted to securely obtain and deliver a device-specific software image, as well as a common software image, to at least a target client device, the common image being applicable to all of a plurality of client devices having a common configuration and disposed within a network, and the device-specific image being specific to only the target client device.
In one variant, the apparatus is adapted to communicate over the network with a secure entity disposed on the target device, at least the device-specific image being adapted to run within a software environment of the secure entity in order to enforce one or more security policies within a domain associated with the target device. The network comprises a content-based delivery network, and the target device comprises an OCAP-compliant premises device having a cable modem and an RF tuner, the cable modem being used to receive at least a portion of the device-specific image.
In another variant, the content-based delivery network comprises a cable television network, and the cable modem comprises a DOCSIS gateway (DG) function having a plurality of individual logical tunnels associated therewith, at least one of the tunnels being used to deliver the at least a portion of the device-specific image.
In a tenth aspect of the invention, network apparatus for use in providing secure content and software downloads to a plurality of client devices within a cable television network is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises: secure download infrastructure adapted for data communication with a trusted authority (TA); a media provisioning system in data communication with the infrastructure; a billing system in data communication with the provisioning system; a media security system in data communication with the provisioning system; and a media services system in data communication with the provisioning system. The secure download infrastructure and the TA cooperate to provide cryptographic elements and at least one secure client device software image for delivery by the infrastructure to the client devices; and the provisioning system and the security system determine and apply entitlements for selected ones of the client device in order to authorize providing the cryptographic elements and the at least one software image thereto.
These and other aspects of the invention shall become apparent when considered in light of the disclosure provided herein.
Reference is now made to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.
As used herein, the term “application” refers generally to a unit of executable software that implements a certain functionality or theme. The themes of applications vary broadly across any number of disciplines and functions (such as on-demand content management, e-commerce transactions, brokerage transactions, home entertainment, calculator etc.), and one application may have more than one theme. The unit of executable software generally runs in a predetermined environment; for example, the unit could comprise a downloadable Java Xlet™ that runs within the JavaTV™ environment.
As used herein, the terms “client device” and “end user device” include, but are not limited to, set-top boxes (e.g., DSTBs), personal computers (PCs), and minicomputers, whether desktop, laptop, or otherwise, and mobile devices such as handheld computers, PDAs, personal media devices (PMDs), such as for example an iPod™, or Motorola ROKR, and smartphones.
As used herein, the term “codec” refers to an video, audio, or other data coding and/or decoding algorithm, process or apparatus including, without limitation, those of the MPEG (e.g., MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, etc.), Real (Real Video, etc.), AC-3 (audio), DiVX, XViD/ViDX, Windows Media Video (e.g., WMV 7, 8, or 9), ATI Video codec, or VC-1 (SMPTE standard 421M) families.
As used herein, the term “computer program” or “software” is meant to include any sequence or human or machine cognizable steps which perform a function. Such program may be rendered in virtually any programming language or environment including, for example, C/C++, Fortran, COBOL, PASCAL, assembly language, markup languages (e.g., HTML, SGML, XML, VoXML), and the like, as well as object-oriented environments such as the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), Java™ (including J2ME, Java Beans, etc.), Binary Runtime Environment (BREW), and the like.
As used herein, the term “conditional access” refers to any access control scheme, whether implemented in hardware, software, or firmware (or combinations thereof), including without limitation members of the “Powerkey” family, NDS (including VideoGuard, mVideoGuard, etc.), DVB, and Motorola/General Instrument DigiCipher® family (DigiCipher II, etc.). These can be implemented using, for example, CA-specific hardware/software elements embedded in the device, the so-called “CableCard” plug-in security module access technology, a downloadable CA system (DCAS), or otherwise.
The terms “Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)” and “host device” refer to any type of electronic equipment located within a customer's or user's premises and connected to a network. The term “host device” refers generally to a terminal device that has access to digital television content via a satellite, cable, or terrestrial network. The host device functionality may be integrated into a digital television (DTV) set. The term “customer premises equipment” (CPE) includes such electronic equipment such as set-top boxes (e.g., DSTBs), televisions, cable modems (CMs), embedded multimedia terminal adapters (eMTAs), whether stand-alone or integrated with other devices, Digital Video Recorders (DVR), gateway storage devices (Furnace), and ITV Personal Computers.
As used herein, the term “database” refers generally to one or more tangible or virtual data storage locations, which may or may not be physically co-located with each other or other system components.
As used herein, the term “display” means any type of device adapted to display information, including without limitation CRTs, LCDs, TFTs, plasma displays, LEDs, incandescent and fluorescent devices. Display devices may also include less dynamic devices such as, for example, printers, e-ink devices, and the like.
As used herein, the term “DVI” (digital video interface) refers generally to any type of interface (e.g., hardware and/or software) adapted to provide interface and/or conversion between different formats or domains, including without limitation interfaces compliant with the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) DVI specification (e.g., DVI-A, DVI-D, and DVI-I). For example, using a DVI connector and port, a digital signal sent to an analog monitor is converted into an analog signal; if the monitor is digital, such as a flat panel display, no conversion is necessary. A DVI output is an option in OpenCable compliant hardware that provides a high-definition TV (HDTV) output which includes copy protection.
As used herein, the term “DVR” (digital video recorder) refers generally to any type or recording mechanism and/or software environment whereby content sent over a network can be recorded and selectively recalled. Such DVR may be dedicated in nature, or part of a non-dedicated or multi-function system.
As used herein, the term “DOCSIS” refers to any of the existing or planned variants of the Data Over Cable Services Interface Specification, including for example DOCSIS versions 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0. DOCSIS (version 1.0) is a standard and protocol for internet access using a “digital” cable network. DOCSIS 1.1 is interoperable with DOCSIS 1.0, and has data rate and latency guarantees (VoIP), as well as improved security compared to DOCSIS 1.0. DOCSIS 2.0 is interoperable with 1.0 and 1.1, yet provides a wider upstream band (6.4 MHz), as well as new modulation formats including TDMA and CDMA. It also provides symmetric services (30 Mbps upstream).
As used herein, the term “head-end” refers generally to a networked system controlled by an operator (e.g., an MSO) that distributes programming to MSO clientele using client devices. Such programming may include literally any information source/receiver including, inter alia, free-to-air TV channels, pay TV channels, interactive TV, and the Internet. DSTBs may literally take on any configuration, and can be retail devices meaning that consumers may or may not obtain their DSTBs from the MSO exclusively. Accordingly, it is anticipated that MSO networks may have client devices from multiple vendors, and these client devices will have widely varying hardware capabilities. Multiple regional head-ends may be in the same or different cities.
As used herein, the term “integrated circuit (IC)” refers to any type of device having any level of integration (including without limitation VLSI, VLSI, and LSI) and irrespective of process or base materials (including, without limitation Si, SiGe, CMOS and GaAs). ICs may include, for example, memory devices (e.g., DRAM, SRAM, DDRAM, EEPROM/Flash, ROM), digital processors, SoC devices, FPGAs, ASICs, ADCs, DACs, transceivers, memory controllers, and other devices, as well as any combinations thereof.
As used herein, the terms “Internet” and “internet” are used interchangeably to refer to inter-networks including, without limitation, the Internet.
As used herein, the term “memory” includes any type of integrated circuit or other storage device adapted for storing digital data including, without limitation, ROM. PROM, EEPROM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDR/2 SDRAM, EDO/FPMS, RLDRAM, SRAM, “flash” memory (e.g., NAND/NOR), and PSRAM.
As used herein, the terms “microprocessor” and “digital processor” are meant generally to include all types of digital processing devices including, without limitation, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computers (RISC), general-purpose (CISC) processors, microprocessors, gate arrays (e.g., FPGAs), PLDs, reconfigurable compute fabrics (RCFs), array processors, secure microprocessors, and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Such digital processors may be contained on a single unitary IC die, or distributed across multiple components.
As used herein, the terms “MSO” or “multiple systems operator” refer to a cable, satellite, or terrestrial network provider having infrastructure required to deliver services including programming and data over those mediums.
As used herein, the terms “network” and “bearer network” refer generally to any type of telecommunications or data network including, without limitation, hybrid fiber coax (HFC) networks, satellite networks, telco networks, and data networks (including MANs, WANs, LANs, WLANs, internets, and intranets). Such networks or portions thereof may utilize any one or more different topologies (e.g., ring, bus, star, loop, etc.), transmission media (e.g., wired/RF cable, RF wireless, millimeter wave, optical, etc.) and/or communications or networking protocols (e.g., SONET, DOCSIS, IEEE Std. 802.3, ATM, X.25, Frame Relay, 3GPP, 3GPP2, WAP, SIP, UDP, FTP, RTP/RTCP, H.323, etc.).
As used herein, the terms “network agent” and “network entity” refers to any network entity (whether software, firmware, and/or hardware based) adapted to perform one or more specific purposes. For example, a network agent or entity may comprise a computer program running in server belonging to a network operator, which is in communication with one or more processes on a CPE or other device.
As used herein, the term “node” refers without limitation to any location, functional entity, or component within a network.
As used herein, the term “QAM” refers to modulation schemes used for sending signals over cable networks. Such modulation scheme might use any constellation level (e.g. QPSK, QAM-16, QAM-64, QAM-256 etc.) depending on details of a cable network. A QAM may also refer to a physical channel modulated according to said schemes.
As used herein, the term “network interface” refers to any signal, data, or software interface with a component, network or process including, without limitation, those of the Firewire (e.g., FW400, FW800, etc.), USB (e.g., USB2), Ethernet (e.g., 10/100, 10/100/1000 (Gigabit Ethernet), 10-Gig-E, etc.), MoCA, Serial ATA (e.g., SATA, e-SATA, SATAII), Ultra-ATA/DMA, Coaxsys (e.g., TVnet™), radio frequency tuner (e.g., in-band or OOB, cable modem, etc.), WiFi (802.11a,b,g,n), WiMAX (802.16), PAN (802.15), or IrDA families.
As used herein, the term “personalization” refers generally and without limitation to data, cryptographic elements, and/or code downloaded or otherwise provided to a target device or domain (e.g., host) to create a desired security environment or policies for operation on or with a particular network system.
As used herein, the term “server” refers to any computerized component, system or entity regardless of form which is adapted to provide data, files, applications, content, or other services to one or more other devices or entities on a computer network.
As used herein, the term “user interface” refers to, without limitation, any visual, graphical, tactile, audible, sensory, or other means of providing information to and/or receiving information from a user or other entity.
As used herein, the term “WiFi” refers to, without limitation, any of the variants of IEEE-Std. 802.11 or related standards including 802.11 a/b/g/n.
As used herein, the term “wireless” means any wireless signal, data, communication, or other interface including without limitation WiFi, Bluetooth, 3G, HSDPA/HSUPA, TDMA, CDMA (e.g., IS-95A, WCDMA, etc.), FHSS, DSSS, GSM, PAN/802.15, WiMAX (802.16), 802.20, narrowband/FDMA, OFDM, PCS/DCS, analog cellular, CDPD, satellite systems, millimeter wave or microwave systems, acoustic, and infrared (i.e., IrDA).
Overview
In one salient aspect, the present invention comprises a network architecture that provides for enhanced conditional access (CA), trusted domain (TD), and digital rights management (DRM) capabilities. This network architecture comprises apparatus useful at, inter alia, the head-end or distribution hub of a cable network, for implementing a download paradigm for legacy or newly developed CA, TD, and DRM software and cryptographic protection schemes. This allows the network operator, and even the third party content provider by proxy, to exert additional control on viewing, reproduction, and migration of content distributed over the network.
In one embodiment, these enhanced capabilities comprise downloadable software modules (images), and an associated decryption key that facilitates decryption of the downloaded software images. In contrast to prior art approaches of merely encrypting the content itself (such as via a DES or AES algorithm via a symmetric or asymmetric key approach), the exemplary embodiments of the present invention allow for the download of secure software images, which may be used to, inter alia, ensure security of the downloaded images and also migrate protected content to other platforms in the user or client domain so as to extend the “trusted domain”.
Advantageously, the architecture of the present invention provides for securing of the CA, TD, and DRM Client software as opposed to merely the delivered content. Specifically, outside of the conditional access system (CAS), the software of the present invention is never rendered in an unprotected form or otherwise made accessible. This is of particular significance from the standpoint that protection of the software is typically of much greater commercial interest and value to the network operator than the content itself. Stated differently, not only is the delivered content highly secure, but also the mechanisms used to control and access the content within the user domain.
Other benefits of the “download” approach described herein include: (i) operation with both new and legacy CAS systems including DVB-CSA CAS proprietary systems; (ii) ability to be readily integrated with retail and OEM products; (iii) reduction of security costs associated with CAS implementation (i.e., by avoiding the capital expenditures and operating costs associated with purchasing, installing and maintaining CableCards or similar implementations); use of state-of-the-art security hardware and software, thereby enhancing protection of MSO and third party content provider investments; (v) centralized control of key generation and distribution by network operators (e.g., MSO's); and (vi) flexibility that allows for deployment of broadcast, VOD, TD, and DRM security solutions from multiple vendors.
Moreover, the secure download approach of the present invention allows for ready implementation of future security upgrades such as improved encryption algorithms and new CAS, TD, or DRM technologies.
Another primary feature of the secure download architecture of the present invention is the creation of a system that is substantially consistent or symmetric with respect to both leased and retail client devices or CPE. Devices that are connected to the operator's network utilize a prescribed process to ensure that the client device's download “host” has the correct software and cryptographic elements (e.g., keying) for operation on that network, regardless of whether the device comprises a lease or retail installation. The exemplary processes described herein advantageously cause client device hosts with inappropriate or no such software or cryptographic elements to acquire these components from the network securely. This approach allows for substantial ubiquity for both leased and retail devices on the network, and at a competitive cost.
The secure download architecture of the present invention can serve a variety of security environments and configurations ranging from the most basic (e.g., a low-end digital video service), to a high-end, multi-play environment with digital video, digital recording, multimedia, and data services. These environments can also include the ability to decrypt video delivered by the MSO, encrypt and decrypt content stored onto or retrieved from a hard drive (e.g., for PVR devices which require DRM), and decrypt and encrypt content delivered to or being sent from the TD.
In the exemplary embodiment, the network portion of the architecture (disposed, e.g., the cable network head-end or BSA hub) comprises an authentication proxy (AP), conditional access (CA) system, and media provisioning system (MPS). A personalization server (PS) is used in conjunction with the system to provide “personalization” to the client device(s), including providing the aforementioned software and cryptographic element (e.g., key) management download functions previously described. The aforementioned network portion of the architecture provides other security features as well, including client device and network authentication, and processing of security services (e.g., for OCAP applications in the exemplary cable television network context).
An exemplary security download and initiation protocol consisting of a series of messages that are used to, inter alia, (i) identify, (ii) authenticate, (iii) download, (iv) install, (v) run, and (vi) monitor the installation and status of, the secure image on the CPE are also described.
Exemplary embodiments of the apparatus and methods of the present invention are now described in detail. While these exemplary embodiments are described in the context of the aforementioned hybrid fiber coax (HFC) cable system architecture having an multiple systems operator (MSO), digital networking capability, and plurality of client devices/CPE, the general principles and advantages of the invention may be extended to other types of networks and architectures, whether broadband, narrowband, wired or wireless, or otherwise, the following therefore being merely exemplary in nature.
It will also be appreciated that while described generally in the context of a consumer (i.e., home) end user domain, the present invention may be readily adapted to other types of environments (e.g., commercial/enterprise, government/military, etc.) as well. Myriad other applications are possible.
It is further noted that while described primarily in the context of a cable system with 6 MHz RF channels, the present invention is applicable to literally any network topology or paradigm, and any frequency/bandwidth, such as for example 8 MHz channels. Furthermore, as referenced above, the invention is in no way limited to traditional cable system frequencies (i.e., below 1 GHz), and in fact may be used with systems that operate above 1 GHz band in center frequency or bandwidth, to include without limitation so-called ultra-wideband systems.
Also, while certain aspects are described primarily in the context of the well-known Internet Protocol (described in, inter alia, RFC 791 and 2460), it will be appreciated that the present invention may utilize other types of protocols (and in fact bearer networks to include other internets and intranets) to implement the described functionality.
Network—
The data/application origination point 102 comprises any medium that allows data and/or applications (such as a VOD-based or “Watch TV” application, or other application) to be transferred to a distribution server 104. This can include for example a third party data source, application vendor website, CD-ROM, external network interface, mass storage device (e.g., RAID system), etc. Such transference may be automatic, initiated upon the occurrence of one or more specified events (such as the receipt of a request packet or ACK), performed manually, or accomplished in any number of other modes readily recognized by those of ordinary skill.
The application distribution server 104 comprises a computer system where such applications can enter the network system. Distribution servers are well known in the networking arts, and accordingly not described further herein.
The VOD server 105 comprises a computer system where on-demand content can be received from one or more of the aforementioned data sources 102 and enter the network system. These servers may generate the content locally, or alternatively act as a gateway or intermediary from a distant source.
The CPE 106 includes any equipment in the “customers' premises” (or other locations, whether local or remote to the distribution server 104) that can be accessed by a distribution server 104 or other network entity. Exemplary embodiments of the CPE of the invention are described subsequently herein with respect to
Referring now to
The architecture 150 of
Content (e.g., audio, video, etc.) is provided in each downstream (in-band) channel associated with the relevant service group. To communicate with the head-end or intermediary node (e.g., hub server), the CPE 106 may use the out-of-band (OOB) or DOCSIS channels and associated protocols. The OCAP 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 (and subsequent) specifications provide for exemplary networking protocols both downstream and upstream, although the invention is in no way limited to these approaches.
It will also be recognized that the multiple servers (broadcast, VOD, or otherwise) can be used, and disposed at two or more different locations if desired, such as being part of different server “farms”. These multiple servers can be used to feed one service group, or alternatively different service groups. In a simple architecture, a single server is used to feed one or more service groups. In another variant, multiple servers located at the same location are used to feed one or more service groups. In yet another variant, multiple servers disposed at different location are used to feed one or more service groups.
As shown in
“Switched” Networks—
Switching architectures allow improved efficiency of bandwidth use for ordinary digital broadcast programs. Ideally, the subscriber will be unaware of any difference between programs delivered using a switched network and ordinary streaming broadcast delivery.
Co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/956,688 filed Sep. 20, 2001, entitled “Technique For Effectively Providing Program Material In A Cable Television System”, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,713,623 on Apr. 29, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes one exemplary broadcast switched digital architecture useful with the present invention, although it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that other approaches and architectures may be substituted.
In addition to “broadcast” content (e.g., video programming), the systems of
Referring again to
The edge switch 194 forwards the packets receive from the CMTS 199 to the QAM modulator 189, which transmits the packets on one or more physical (QAM-modulated RF) channels to the CPEs. The IP packets are typically transmitted on RF channels that are different that the RF channels used for the broadcast video and audio programming, although this is not a requirement. The CPE 106 are each configured to monitor the particular assigned RF channel (such as via a port or socket ID/address, or other such mechanism) for IP packets intended for the subscriber premises/address that they serve.
Network Security Download Apparatus and Methods—
Referring now to
Moreover, while many of the exemplary embodiments describe obtaining information from a head-end server, TA, or other such entity, the present invention also contemplates the use of other sources of such information including, without limitation, peer devices within or outside of the network, or intermediary nodes in the content distribution network.
As shown in
Central to the present invention is the concept of a “trusted domain” or TD. As previously described, such a “trusted domain” (TD) comprises an area (physically or virtually) within which programming or other content is protected from unauthorized access, distribution and copying. For example, in a cable network, a trusted domain may include not only the network portion where programming content traditionally is secured by, and within total control of, a cable operator (including, e.g., the head-end 150, HFC delivery network 101, etc.,) but also user devices or CPE 106 at subscribers' premises which are capable of receiving and securely storing programming content. Using the trusted domain approach, the network operator can guarantee certain subscriber access, distribution, and usage policy enforcement with respect to content held within the domain. For example, a digital representation of a movie held within an operator's TD (e.g., on a hard drive of a user device) cannot be distributed over the Internet, wireless network, etc. in viewable form, and cannot become a source for duplication of multiple viewable copies.
Exemplary apparatus and methods for implementing a “trusted domain” are described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/006,404, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,312,267 on Nov. 13, 2012, previously incorporated herein, although it will be appreciated that other approaches may be used with equal success consistent with the present invention.
In another variant of the invention the TD comprises a so-called “authorized service domain” or ASD. One exemplary embodiment of an authorized service domain useful with this variant is described in the document “DCAS Authorized Service Domain”, Version 1.2, dated Nov. 30, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In this embodiment, the ASD comprises a domain where content is secured using the mechanisms available through the operator's conditional access system. For example, in a subscriber's home, the ASD physically translates into a collection of one or more trusted devices where content may be securely stored and moved within the domain. The distinction between the exemplary ASD and other forms of copy protection (e.g., DTCP) relates primarily to the fact that the content remains under operator control at all times. The control point within the ASD is the personalized secure microprocessor (SM). Hence, the ASD acts effectively as an extension of the operator's Conditional Access (CA) system.
It will be recognized that on the client side, the TD established within a target device (e.g., CPE 106) is not necessarily coextensive with the CPE 106 itself. For example, only certain portions of the CPE will be secure and suitable for maintaining the integrity of the protected content, and others (such as the analog output interface to a non-protected output domain or NSOD as described subsequently herein) not comprising part of the TD.
Referring again to
The network operator domain 204 generally comprises an authentication proxy (AP) 208 or agent 208, which communicates with the TA 203 in order to authenticate itself, and obtain the aforementioned keys and information that that is required to authenticate itself to the secure microprocessor (SM) described subsequently herein. The AP also communicates with the user domain 206 (e.g., with the secure download system (SDS) host 210 in the client device) in order to authenticate the client device (host) and download secure software images and cryptographic elements (e.g., keys) used in establishing the security domain and policies within the client device.
The user domain 206 comprises for example a user premises (e.g., residence or enterprise), including the user's host 210 and client device or CPE 106. Note that the SDS host 210 comprises a network security “entity” that may be coincident or separate from the physical implementation of the client device 106; the two may not be coextensive. For example, the host 210 may generically include the CPE 106 and any other devices that are compliant to the security download specifications and requirements.
The client device may take any number of forms, including for example a set-top box (e.g., DSTB), a converged device or “hive” such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/378,129 filed Mar. 16, 2006 entitled “Methods And Apparatus For Centralized Content And Data Delivery”, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,347,341 on Jan. 1, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, a wireless satellite receiver, or even a mobile wireless device in direct or indirect data communication with the operator network domain 204 and the AP 208. See, e.g., co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/258,229 entitled “Method And Apparatus For On-Demand Content Transmission And Control Over Networks” filed Oct. 24, 2005, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0094691, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, wherein media can be streamed between a mobile unit and user CPE 106, including optionally in an on-demand or session-based fashion. Accordingly, the present invention contemplates that the trusted domain and CA/DRM control can be exerted over several interconnected networks, including those outside of the MSO or user domain (e.g., a WSP or CSP network and radio area network (RAN) associated with the mobile device).
Similarly, so called “personal media devices” (PMDs) are contemplated to be used to form part of the trusted domain within the user domain. In one exemplary embodiment, the PMD comprises a video or other personal media device having multimedia capability, and which can include a secure microprocessor (SM) and other necessary components to authenticate to the CPE (acting as an AP proxy) or directly with the AP 208, and receive CA/DRM/TD client images as well as cryptographic elements such as secure microprocessor encryption or signaling keys (SMEK and SMSK). For example, the PMD could act as either a) another DCAS device to which individual clients could be downloaded, or b) an acceptable trusted domain interface that allows TD content to be played on the player of the PMD.
In one variant, the user domain 206 of
It will be recognized that while the user domain 206 of
In another embodiment of the of the user domain, a personal video encoder (PVE) or comparable device is used as part of or is in communication with the DCAS host 210 (or an associated client device coupled thereto). For example, the “Slingbox” device manufactured by Sling Media of San Mateo, Calif. is one such exemplary device which is capable of enabling a user to watch TV programming from various locations via an Internet-connected PC or similar device. The device is generally connected between the subscriber's cable/satellite video drop and DSTB, and has a TV tuner inside. The user tunes to a given channel, and the device encodes the video streamed over the cable/satellite in Windows Media or similar format. The encoded content is streamed to a client application on a TD-enabled Windows XP-based or similar PC via an IP network such as the Internet, and hence the user can view the data locally (i.e., at the same premises) or remotely so long as they have access to the IP distribution network. This functionality can be made part of a separate physical component within the user domain 206, or alternatively have some or all of its functionality disposed within the client device or CPE 106 itself. It may also be integrated with other devices (such as connected client devices or PMDs) as previously noted.
As can be appreciated, literally an unlimited number of network topologies (whether mobile, fixed, or both) may be used consistent with the aim of extending or configuring the trusted portion of the user domain 206.
The user domain 206 also typically will include one or more output devices 214, e.g., television monitors, personal computers, and the like. These devices will typically carry no security or protection mechanisms to protect content, and hence are not typically part of the “trusted domain”, but rather a non-secure output domain (NSOD) as described in greater detail subsequently herein. These devices may, however, by physically integrated with a device that is part of the trusted domain, such as wherein a monitor is combined with a DVR, DSTB, or PC.
In the exemplary trusted domain architecture, content is secured using mechanisms specified and provided by the network operator. The TD can also be used to implement and manage selective control of output to one or more output domains (ODs). These ODs can be considered as being outside of the TD, yet which implement prescribed security policies or mechanisms. For example, one such OD may comprise a secure OD (SOD), wherein content delivered into the domain is protected using an authorized security mechanism that is outside of the network operator's direct control (in contrast to the TD, which is entirely with the operator's control). For example, the well known Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) and High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) copy protection schemes proffered by 5C and Intel Corporation, respectively. Literally any number of different DRM and copy protection techniques may be used (alone or in combination) consistent with the SOD of the present invention, however, including without limitation steganographics such as watermarking and encryption.
In the exemplary configuration, the network operator or designated third party proxy has the ability to specify policies to be implemented within the domain (e.g., copy one generation), via e.g., copy control information (CCI) or other such downstream communications to the host 210. Hence, while the operator can specify security policies to be enforced within the SOD, access to content once it is within the SOD is not dependent on the operator's TD or CA system, but rather on the security mechanisms enforced within the SOD. This is in effect an “indirect” form of control by the operator on the SOD, without directly imposing CA or other such policies enforced within the TD.
Aside from the SOD, other forms of output domains (OD) may be utilized consistent with the invention. For example, in one variant, a non-secure OD (NSOD) is utilized. The NSOD literally may carry no protections or guarantees of the security for the content. For example, content output via an unprotected digital or analog interface (e.g., analog video output to a monitor or recording device) would be within the NSOD. Similarly, digital data transmitted “in the clear” would be entering an NSOD.
It will be appreciated that multiple SOD and/or NSOD domains can be cascaded according to the invention. For example,
SOD 254 acts as a pass-through entity or proxy for the second SOD, the TD 252 can communicate with the second SOD 256 to verify that the second SOD meets the required security policies and protections, or alternatively the two SODs have previously agreed exchange rules and do not require pass-through of control.
Alternatively, a shown in
The trusted domain may also interface directly with both NSODs and SODs, as shown in
Moreover, a multi-layered rights management architecture useful to prevent unauthorized use and transfer of protected content within the user domain can be used consistent with the aforementioned SODs/NSODs of the present invention.
Referring now to
Communications between these entities 208, 304, 306 can be via any number of well known wired or wireless interfaces including, without limitation, Ethernet/GBE/10-Gig-E (e.g., 10/100/1000/10,000) LAN, IEEE-1394 (“Firewire”), USB, WiFi, UWB, and so forth. One or more intermediary agents or processes may also be interposed, such as where an indirect network path is used (e.g., router, gateway, portal, etc.). These communication paths may also be made physically secure (i.e., physically protected against surreptitious access by a third party), and/or or virtually secure (e.g., using VPN session or other higher layer processes “tunneled” or transmitted across an unsecure or untrusted physical medium, authentication, encryption, etc.). The well known 802.1x and WEP/WPA technologies can also be utilized in conjunction with a RADIUS server, as can any other protocols and security features well known to those of ordinary skill.
While shown being physically disposed at the head-end 150 of the exemplary MSO network, it will be appreciated that one or more of these components 208, 304, 306 (and/or their associated logical processes) can be disposed at other locations. Under certain deployment scenarios, a subset of SDS infrastructure components may be located at a centralized national site for each network operator. This allows for efficient centralization of operations and consideration for equipment with stringent real-time performance requirements. Additionally, the exemplary infrastructure attempts to minimize the number of connections to the Trusted Authority 203. Failure to access the TA can impact certain system operations. Specifically, SDS hosts 210 whose security records are not available to the SDS infrastructure will not be authenticated and will therefore assume an operationally disabled state. This will also prevent the TA from authenticating the AP for a new SM.
Furthermore, the SDS components can be physically and/or logically integrated with one another, such as where all reside within a common form factor. The present invention is accordingly in no way limited to a particular architecture or configuration.
The AP 208 of
The TA is responsible for generating, programming, validating and tracking keys associated with the system, including those embedded in the client side DCAS host 210. The TA goes through variety of steps to authenticate AP 208; this can be conducted on an as-needed basis (i.e., each time the AP requests information or authentication of a client from the TA), on a periodic or aperiodic basis, on a rotating key basis, etc.
As with the communication channels between the various head-end architecture components 208, 304, 306, 308 the communications between the AP 208 and the TA(s) 203 may be protected using physical, virtual, or other means. Due to the sensitivity of the information carried between the TA(s) 203 and the AP 208, a high level of security is typically desired on this link (including any interposed links which may provide an opportunity for surreptitious attack or monitoring).
Three attributes of this link are particularly significant in the present context. Specifically, the concepts of authentication, data confidentiality, and data integrity are employed as part of the exemplary architecture for protection. These security attributes may be implemented on, e.g., hop-by-hop, end-to-middle and end-to-end basis. These mechanisms are intended to provide important security functions such as identification and verification of the user and/or his or her equipment (authentication), protection of the payload or other data from being read or extracted (confidentiality), and verifying or assuring that the content has not be tampered with or altered (integrity). Authentication is particularly useful against “spoofing” attacks (i.e., third party communications posing to be from a known or trusted source).
So-called “anti-replay” protection may also be utilized, using any number of well known mechanisms including e.g., packet sequence integrity. A replay attack can occur for example when a third party obtains a copy of unauthenticated packets, and transmits them to the intended destination at a subsequent time. The receipt of this duplicate packet may disrupt service in some way, or provide other types of surreptitious access.
Moreover, the illustrated architecture of
It will be appreciated that multiple MSO head-ends 150 of the same MSO (or even of different entities) can utilize a common local TAP, or conversely multiple TAPs can be allocated to or disposed at a single MSO network to provide, inter alia, failover capability and redundancy to as to enhance reliability or meet a desired target (e.g., “five 9's”). Myriad other configurations of TA/TAP/network are possible, as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill.
It will further be appreciated that while shown as separate entities, the TAP 320 and the AP 208 can be integrated into one virtual or physical entity if desired, or similarly combined with other entities if desired. For example, another physically secure device or component may already exist in the MSO head-end, and hence integration of the TAP with such device could obviate separate physical security measures for the TAP.
The embodiment of
In one embodiment, a carousel server of the type well known in the art is used to stream, or “carousel”, out images (common or personalized) on a continual basis, such as via an in-band downstream channel. In another embodiment, a download server 211 is used that can be dividually contacted by hosts (or SMs) to download specific images (e.g., in a unicast rather than broadcast fashion), similar or equivalent to an FTP/HTTP server. The exemplary download server would connect to the CMTS via the IP network, although other approaches may be used if desired.
In the embodiment of
It will be noted that one salient distinction between the trusted or authorized service domain of the present invention and other forms of content protection (e.g., prior art DTCP or HDCP) relates to the content and software (Client images) remaining under network operator (or third party, via a network proxy) control at all times while in the trusted domain. In the exemplary embodiment, the CPE 106 with security management host 210 comprises the control or access point for the operator within the trusted domain. Specifically, in one variant described in greater detail subsequently herein with respect to
The model for establishing trusted domain (TD) functionality within the CPE 106 according to the exemplary embodiments of the invention can be described as a hierarchy of encryption and key exchange policies and protocols under the control of the operator's security management system (e.g., that of
Referring now to
The primary components and functions of the foregoing exemplary SDS architecture are now described in greater detail.
MPS Device Provisioning
In an exemplary leased equipment model, the device provisioning function of the MPS 308 (see
MPS Service Provisioning
The MPS service provisioning function 335 (
MPS Entitlement Configuration
The Entitlement Configuration (EC) function 337 (
The MPS entitlement configuration function 337 abstracts the service request from the billing system 311 into a set of common entitlement configuration messages for communicating with other subsystems in the media (e.g., video) infrastructure.
Media Security Services
The Media Security Services (MSS) 328 apply and manage content and service access control. It is assumed in the illustrated embodiment that the distributed system consists of multiple CA systems 304 running both duplicate and distinct CA system software, although other configurations are possible. For the purpose of securing broadcast content, the DRM and TD systems are considered possible CA systems within the MSS 328.
Each CA system technology within the MSS 328 receives a common configuration of EIDs from the EC 337. Each CPE's secure microprocessor (SM) 514 (see
Each CA system 304 within the MSS 328 interacts with the AP 208 (via the PS 306) to provide personalized SM Client images for download into the SDS host 210. The CA system 304 securely generates a common SM Client image which is downloaded by all SMs 514 sharing a common hardware and software configuration.
In addition to the CA system's interface to the SDS infrastructure through the Personalization Server 306, the CA systems 304 of the illustrated embodiment implement three other interfaces to the operator's support system (OSS), namely: (i) a CA system provisioning interface; (ii) an entitlement configuration interface; and (iii) SimulCrypt Synchronizer to ECM generator interface.
The CA system provisioning interface is used in certain deployment scenarios to request device and service provisioning by the CA system 304. The protocols implemented to support this interface are traditionally a proprietary technology unique to each CA system vendor (e.g. BOSS, WireLink), although other approaches such as standardized protocol may be used.
The entitlement configuration interface allows the Media Provisioning System 308 to provide the CA system 304 with the EIDs associated with each service.
The SimulCrypt Synchronizer to ECM generator interface is used by the CA system 304 to receive keys and deliver ECMs to the bulk encryptor. It will be appreciated that will a SimulCrypt-based system is shown and described, the invention is in no way limited to this (or for that matter similar) approaches.
Media Services Management (MSM)
The Media Service Manager (MSM) 339 is responsible for configuration and management of broadcast media (e.g., video) services, third-party applications (both native and OCAP), and eTV services. Responsibilities of the exemplary MSM 339 include service catalog and service information, OCAP Application Certificate Management, Emergency Alert, XAIT/AIT configuration, SDB Service and broadcast carousel management. The MSM 339 operates independently from the type of CA systems 304 in the network, allowing seamless service delivery within a heterogeneous CA system environment. To operate independent of the CA system(s) 304, the MSM 339 receives EID information from the ECM 337 (within the MPS 308).
In order to support the network independence of SDS hosts 210, the MSM 339 of the illustrated embodiment delivers network-specific software required for host operation and is termed the Conditional Access Network Handler 421 (
The Broadcast Network Manager (BNM) 341 (
Billing System
The billing system 311 of the exemplary embodiment is a database management system comprising a database and a set of operator-facing applications, such as “Billing” and “Customer Care”. In general, the billing system 311 is used by the network operator to: (i) enter service add, change or delete orders; (ii) generate service packages; (iii) reconcile accounts and inquire about billing issues; (iv) generate billing statements; and (v) process payments. The exemplary billing system 311 also contains APIs to enable functional extensibility and for system customization.
In general terms, the billing system 311 communicates device and service provisioning information (ID of the transport processor 516) to the MPS 308 indicating the services a subscriber has subscribed to or is entitled to access. The billing system 311 also communicates to the MPS which devices are associated with a subscriber account.
The SDS infrastructure of the present invention is also optionally configured to support the mediation and distribution of purchase record information between MSOs. Purchase information is recovered from an SM 514 by an AP 208 using a prescribed protocol. The AP 208 forwards this information to the MSO's purchase arbitrator (PA) function, not shown, in order to support purchase record resolution.
Provisioning
Equipment provisioning within the network requires interaction with the CA system 304 (via the MPS). Service provisioning is dependent on a form of MSO-defined Device ID and Service ID determined during service provisioning.
In a leased equipment scenario, if an SM Client image 422, 434, 438 (
In a retail equipment scenario, if an SM Client image download is initiated by a host 210 being placed on the network, the billing system 311 may receive the unique device identifier (e.g. TPID) and SM topology information from the MPS 308 as reported by the SDS infrastructure. The AP 208 provides this information, including first network connection time stamp, host identification, and other host client configuration information. The MSS 328 provides the services authorized to run on that SDS Host 310. The MPS 308 may need to reconcile the TP Identifier with the CPE/CM IP address and other customer account information.
A central purpose of the SDS infrastructure is to securely deliver approved SM Client images 422, 434, 438 to the SM 514 of CPE 106. This delivery is completed in two parts for each SM 514; one for the “common” part of the image and one for the personalized part of the image. The approved common image part is made available to all SMs of like configuration using a specific CA system 304. The personalized part of the SM Client image is targeted toward a single SM 514, and is therefore delivered using a unicast mechanism of the type well known in the network arts.
An assortment of SM Client images and combinations may be downloaded and managed by the SDS infrastructure simultaneously. These downloads are orchestrated by the AP 208 which enforces SDS provisioning system policy to control which approved SM Client image is delivered to which SM 514. The region over which any bulk upgrade of SM Client images is performed is also controlled and rate-limited in order to limit the amount of network traffic and host resource load added during SM Client image downloads. Download activity is logged by the AP 208 allowing for tracking and reporting of SDS operations.
In order to securely distribute the SM Client images, the SDS infrastructure first obtains images and/or image locations from the CA System vendor or other appropriate source via the PS 306. The common image is securely delivered to the download site, and specific SM information must be provided to the PS 306 for the creation of the personalized SM Client image(s). In the illustrated embodiment, both common and personalized SM Client images are generated and symmetric key encryption or some other mechanism encrypted by the PS 306. Each common SM Client image is encrypted using a unique AES Key which is securely delivered to each SM 514 that installs the Client image.
It is assumed that all SDS hosts 210 are of a configuration capable of completing an SM Client image download when it is attached to the network.
Enforcement of Image Configuration Policy
The SDS infrastructure of the present invention advantageously provides a framework for the definition and enforcement of network operator-defined policy reflecting which CA, TD, or DRM client configuration(s) are running within all SDS hosts 210 on the network in order to assure that only approved SDS Clients are operating within the network.
Before an SM 514 downloads an approved SM Client image 422, 434, 438, the SM must be properly authenticated to the network. Upon initial authentication (when an SM is new to a network), keys are retrieved through direct or indirect contact with the AP or TA 203. Following this initial transaction, subsequent authentications are performed through interaction between the SM 514 and AP 208. The MSO's SDS Infrastructure interacts with the TA in order to obtain keying and SM configuration data.
The exemplary SDS infrastructure announces a list of MSO-approved SM Client images for each class or model of SM 514 or SDS host 210 (e.g., CPE 106) on the network. This is used to indicate to devices migrating into the system the set of approved SM Client images (software) that they need to install. The SDS infrastructure also signals the network information of the AP 208 to which the SM 514 should associate. This information can be delivered in a number of ways including for example via a CM gateway (e.g., so-called “DSG tunnel” as shown in
Through a message created by the TA 203 and forwarded through the AP 208, the SM 514 is given keys that allow it to establish security relationships with the AP it is communicating with. At the successful termination of this process, the client 432 confirms the SM 514 to TP 516 pairing, as well as its public encryption and signing keys (SMEK, and SMSK, respectively).
SDS Infrastructure Components
Referring now to
Authentication Proxy (AP)
The Authentication Proxy 208 (see
The AP is embodied as a physically and logically secure component (e.g., computerized device such as a rack-mounted UNIX or Linux server having digital processor, mass storage, RAM, optional user interface and display, etc.) that communicates directly with SMs 514, TAs 203, the Personalization Server 306, and the SDS Provisioning System 332. It will be appreciated that the AP may be a largely stand-alone device/form factor, or alternatively may be integrated with extant or SDS components. For example, in one variant, the AP 208 comprises a server blade received within an existing cable system host device present at the head-end 150 or BSA hub site. The AP may also be equipped with dedicated or specialized hardware and/or software (e.g., a security processor) for accomplishing specific tasks or functions within the disclosed security architecture such as, e.g., cryptographic algorithm processing, random number generation, and the like. Many different configurations recognized by those of ordinary skill in the computer arts may be used consistent with the present invention.
The exemplary embodiment of the AP 208 provides a variety of different functions within the SDS infrastructure. Specifically, the AP 208: (i) receives approved SM Client Identifier policy and other information from the SDS Provisioning System 332 (or other MSO defined interface) in order to direct SMs to the required software Image configuration; (ii) securely announces approved SM Client image configurations and download information; the AP is capable of generating multiple secure announcements based on network topology, image policy, and SDS host configuration; (iii) authenticates with the TA 203 and the PS 306, and in conjunction with the TA, authenticates SMs 514 and TP 516 pairings; (iv) mediates SM cryptographic element request transactions between an SM and the TA 203, as well as updates the LKS 330 with SM element (e.g. keys, such as SMEK, SMSK) through contact with the TA or LKS; (v) securely interfaces with one or more PS 306 where the PS may service all SM Client types (CA, DRM, TD) or a single SM Client type; (vi) securely requests symmetric key encrypted common SM Client images and co-ordinates SM download of the common image, and also directs SM Clients to correct common image location, as well as controlling the scheduling of download; (vii) securely forwards the SM SMEK to the PS 306 in order for the PS to encrypt the SM personalized image; (viii) securely forwards a symmetric key encrypted personalized SM Client image from the PS 306, and forwards it to the relevant SM 514; (ix) signals completion of SM Client image downloads to the relevant PS 306; (x) implements server-side protocols (e.g., PMP and NPM protocols); (xi) generates local keys for communication using specialized hardware (e.g., specially configured and physically secure encryption/decryption processing boards or modules); (xii) persists and reports the configuration and status of SM Clients (e.g., TD, CA, and DRM Clients 422, 434, 438 running on the SM 514); (xiii) receives, persists, and forwards purchase-related information (e.g., purchase report messages) from the SM 514; and (xiv) requests and forwards SM Log messages from the SM-stored information logs on behalf of the MSO's Network Management System (NMS) 343 (
In the exemplary embodiment, the AP securely generates random numbers necessary for message identification and other information as required by the SDS Protocol. Specifically, The AP securely generates random numbers for producing unique session keys according to FIPS140-2, although this is but one possible configuration.
The AP can obtain (and store in secure memory associated therewith) an RSA encryption key pair, and an RSA Signing key pair, each signed by the Trusted Authority 203. The illustrated AP supports multi-bit asymmetric encryption key pairs as well as the RSA algorithm for signing and verification (as well as for encryption and decryption), although it will be appreciated that other encryption schemes and requirements may be substituted with equal success.
The AP also supports symmetric key encryption for encrypting attachments to SDS messages, as well as secure hashing algorithms for hashing in applicable SDS messages, using algorithms well known to those of ordinary skill in the cryptographic arts.
The AP also may be optionally configured for various tiers of users (using any number of well-known multi-tier, multi-user access control software packages), so only the authorized administrators can update the configuration of the AP server itself.
The AP communicates with the broadcast carousel and download servers (TFTP, HTTP) to load common SM Client images.
In the illustrated embodiment, the AP 208 is also configured via its software programming to delete a SM/TP pair from the regional network when a network move is known to have occurred. The AP delivers SM public encryption keys to the PS. AES keys are used by the PS 306 to encrypt unicast SM Client images and can be encrypted in the PS using the SM public key.
The AP also provides a mechanism to control, suspend, and resume SM Client image downloads under both normal and emergency circumstances. The AP is also configured to automatically turn off SM Client Image downloads in the case that many SMs are reporting failure to upgrade or there is no response from the group of SMs after a configurable time period.
In terms of data persistence, the exemplary AP supports communication of DCAS information by groups of Host IP address, Host HW and SW version, Model Number, SM Client Image(s) version, DSG tunnel address and SM identification information (SMID) as instructed by MSO configuration and Policy.
The AP supports a minimum number (e.g., one hundred (100)) common SM Client images as well as inventory and tracking of the various CA/DRM/TD Client images it has been made aware of through interaction with the PS, SPS, and SMs. The AP also provides visibility into SM Client image-related information such as SM Client status, SM Client image configuration, and SM Client image download status.
In one configuration, the AP allows for complete failover redundancy with a high-availability configuration in the event of a component failure using a 1:1 redundancy configuration. In this configuration, a primary AP failing would be immediately replaced by the redundant AP to support connectivity or authentication of new devices on the network. The exemplary AP is also configured for “five-nines” availability as previously discussed.
In the illustrated embodiment, the AP 208 is configured to authenticate at minimum rate of 50 SM Clients per second. This rate assumes that updated keys exist in both the SM and AP and no communication with the TA is required as part of the authentication process. An AP MUST support a minimum of 1 million SM Clients.
The AP supports both scheduled and forced immediate downloads as directed by MSO download policy, as well as triggering forced downloads to individual SMs and to groups of SMs as instructed by the SPS policies. The exemplary AP also supports transitioning between old, new and roll back of SM Client images.
Personalization Server (PS)
The SDS Personalization Server (PS) 306 (see
The PS 306 provides SM Client images to support CA, DRM, and/or TD functionality. While shown in the exemplary embodiments (e.g.,
In the exemplary embodiment, one PS 306 exists for one or many CA, TD, or DRM system instances, and provides the following functions: (i) authenticates with its associated AP(s) 208; (ii) accepts requests forwarded by the AP for SM Client images; (iii) determines which SM Client image components are to be updated, and encodes both the common and personalized images accordingly; (iv) generates the image cryptographic elements (e.g., AES image keys) for the personalized and common SM Client image downloads; (v) generates personalized SM Client image components based on, inter alia, the SM's chip identifier; (vi) identifies the common image components and location of the SM Client image based on the SM's class identifier; (vii) returns a signed and encrypted pair of cryptographic elements (e.g., AES keys) to the AP 208 for unicast delivery to a specific SM 514 associated with an SDS host 210, thereby allowing the SM 514 to decrypt both the common SM Client image and the personalized SM Client image; (viii) interfaces to one or more CA systems 304; and (ix) receives status updates of SM Client image download status and failures from the AP 208.
The PS 306 maintain records of the number of download transactions and which SMs received downloads after receiving confirmation from AP (based on the AP receiving a DownloadComplete or similar communication from the SM 514). The PS also provides programmable alarming to indicate passing a threshold in the number of available personalized SM Client images, thereby potentially indicating faulty or surreptitious behavior.
The PS of the exemplary embodiment is configured to deliver personalized SM Client images at a minimum sustained rate of 100 SM images per second. This rate assumes that updated keys exist in the PS, SM and AP and no communication with the TA is required as part of the personalized image delivery. The PS generates low-latency responses to all AP requests (e.g., within 1 second of receiving).
The PS generates and securely provides the common SM Client image to the AP 208 encrypted with a common symmetric key generated by the CA system 304 based on, e.g., the SM Class Identifier provided by the AP. The PS also generate the personalized SM Client image symmetric key (which is itself encrypted with the target's SMEK). The PS further provides the common SM Client image protected with asymmetric key (also encrypted using the SMEK).
Local Key Server (LKS)
The Local Key Server 330 (
The Local Key Server 330 acts as a logical entity independent of any other component within the SDS infrastructure, and can be implemented in a number of different physical and logical configurations in order to best suit the architectural requirements of the MSO.
The exemplary LKS 330 of
The contents of the LKS 330 can either be updated through contact directly with the TA 203, or via an AP 208 or other such entity that has received updated keys directly from interaction with the TA 203.
SDS Provisioning System (SPS)
The SDS Provisioning System (SPS) 332 (
Hence, the SPS 332 can be characterized in terms of its primary high-level functional requirements, including: (i) serving as a Policy Decision Point (PDP) for MSO SDS policy including approved client identifiers, SM Client image download configuration, download directives and schedule, priority, and download mechanism; (ii) distributing SDS policy to APs 208; (iii) providing optional interface with the LKS 330 in order to retrieve keying information; (iv) responding to AP notifications for unrecognized SDS hosts 210 or requests for SM Client image configuration and download policy; and (v) determining the topological relationship between the SM 514, AP 208, PS 306, and CA, TD and DRM systems (i.e., the AP understands the location of the SM (or host) in the network, and can accordingly identify the appropriate PS to use, along with the necessary CA, TD and DRM systems).
The SPS allows the MSO to assign it one or more APs 208, and to assign Personalization Servers 306 to the APs.
The SPS supports configuration of SDS policies based on communication of CA/TD/DRM information by groups; e.g., by Host IP address, Host HW and SW version, Model Number, Firmware version, DSG tunnel address, Host associated Tier of Service and SM identifying information (i.e. policy management based on host profile).
The exemplary SPS further supports configuration of the time and frequency of security record requests.
Interfaces
In the exemplary embodiments, the SDS infrastructure components interact through a collection of network software interfaces (NSIs). A total of seven (7) SDS infrastructure NSIs are used within this exemplary architecture, although it will be appreciated that more or less interfaces, and even different types of interfaces, may be used consistent with the invention.
Of these seven interfaces, only a subset of four (4) are specified, while three (3) are implementation-specific (e.g., MSO defined) and therefore advantageously can reflect the potentially different system and architectural requirements unique to each MSO. These seven interfaces include: (i) Secure Records Exchange Interface (DCAS-SRXI); (ii) Image Exchange Interface (DCAS-IXI); (iii) Purchase Report Interface (DCAS-PRI); (iv) Secure Key Request Interface (DCAS-SKRI); (v) Operational Support System Interface (OSSI); (vi) Provisioning Interface; and (vii) Local Records Exchange Interface. These interfaces are now discussed in greater detail.
(i) Secure Records Exchange Interface (SDS-SRXI)—In addition to the Key Request Interface, the TA 203 also provides keying information via the SRXI to the Local Key Server 330. The LKS periodically requests updated keying information for the local caching of security records, as previously described. The content of the messages from the TA 203 to the LKS 330 over the SRXI includes updates of the following: (a) SM encryption and signing keys (SMEK, SMSK) for all SMs within the MSO SDS infrastructure; (b) SM 514 to TP 516 pairing information including TP Pairing Keys (TPPK) for all SDS hosts 210 within the MSO SDS infrastructure; (c) AP encryption and signing keys for each AP 208 within the MSO SDS infrastructure; and (d) PS encryption and signing keys for all PSs 306 with the MSO SDS infrastructure.
The SRXI provides mutual authentication and privacy between the TA and the LKS 330. The SRXI allows the LKS to obtain security records in a standard format from TA 203, and allows the LKS to request and obtain security record updates at any time. The SRXI only delivers security records for devices authenticated to the MSO, yet allows the LKS to obtain the security records for all SDS hosts 210 authenticated to the MSO or delivered retail. This can be done for individual and groups of SDS devices.
The SRXI also prevents unauthorized monitoring of the exchange. It implements a Web Service (WS) interface between the AP and LKS that enables the LKS to dynamically request updates of the TA security records.
The SRXI of the illustrated embodiment is based on the well-known SOAp/eXTensible Markup Language (SOAP/XML) version 1.2, although other languages may be used with equal success, the SRXI being effectively language-agnostic. The SRXI implements Secure HTTP (HTTPS) as the message transport, although other secure (or even non-secure) transport protocols may be used consistent with the invention.
(ii) Image Exchange Interface (SDS-IXI)—Each PS 306 and AP 208 communicate via the Image Exchange Interface (IXI) for interaction supported by the PS 306. The IXI interface provides a medium for at least three functions; (1) PS and AP mutual authentication, (2) common SM Client image download information exchange, and 3) personalized SM Client image information exchange.
The authentication function occurs first in order to establish trust between the PS 306 and the AP 208. The PS is, in the illustrated embodiment, required to periodically request AP key information directly from the Trusted Authority 203 in order to update its local trusted key store in order to verify AP signatures. The message path for this key request is through the AP, which forwards the request to the TA.
Likewise, the AP 208 is required to periodically request PS key information from the TA in order to update its local key store in order to verify PS signatures.
The SM Client common image exchange function requests new common image download information that will be shared by the SDS hosts 210 assigned to a specific PS 306.
The SM Client image exchange occurs for each SM 514 assigned to the PS. According to one exemplary protocol (
Finally, the AP signals the PS per step 388) to indicate the success or failure of delivery of the SM Client images to the SM 514 of the target host.
The exemplary IXI implements the Personalization Message Protocol (PMP, a protocol specifically developed for image exchange, although other approaches may be used). The IXI permits the AP to use the SM Class Identifier and SM Client Identifier to request the common SM Client image. The IXI allows the PS to create a personalized SM Client image and deliver the common image encryption key in a message that is specifically encrypted for the target SM. The IXI further allows the AP to provide the SM Identifier and public key to the relevant CA system 304 (via the PS) in exchange for the secured common SM Client image encryption key. The IXI also permits the AP to report SM Client image download status to the PS.
The AP communicates with the Personalization Server 306 regarding SM Client image information and which devices are assigned to which SM Client image version using the IXI. The AP securely forwards the personalized SM Client image obtained from the PS using the IXI. The AP receives all personalized Client images over the IXI using the PMP, and then forwards using an appropriate message.
(iii) Purchase Report Interface (SDS-PRI)—The SM Purchase Report Message (PRM) is defined so as to enable the transfer of SDS host-stored purchase report information from the SM 514 of the host 210 to the AP 208. The purchase report information forwarded by the SM is in the illustrated embodiments returned to the CA System 304 from which it originated. The AP persists, and forwards all reports received from all SMs to a “purchase arbitrator” via the PRI. The purchase information forwarded by the AP on behalf of each SM includes, e.g.: (a) the SM Purchase Report attachment; (b) the SM secure microprocessor's encryption key (SMEK); (c) the APID (AP Identifier) when a valid purchase was made; (d) the SM Client Identifier; and (e) the TPID (TP Identifier).
(iv) Secure Key Request Interface (SDS-SKRI)—The primary interface for the distribution of keying information from the TA 203 is the SKRI. The SKRI provides a transactional interface for the updating of key information and a path to retrieve security records based on both SM and PS key requests.
The SKRI interface is used in the exemplary embodiments to carry requests for keying information between the AP 208 and the TA 203, including: (a) SM/AP—an SM 514 will request AP key information from the TA (the SM request tunneled to the TA 203 through the AP 208) if it does not recognize the AP (APID) to which it is assigned, or it detects a signature verification failure; (b) AP/SM—an AP will request updated SM key information from the TA 203 for a single SM Client when the SM is unrecognized (e.g., new) or the keying information for the SM is not otherwise available to the AP. An AP may request updated SM key information in conjunction with a SM request for TA keys by ‘piggybacking’ the forwarded SM key request for TA keys with its own request for the SM's keys; (c) PS/AP—a PS 306 will request updated AP keying or status information from the TA for an AP to which it is interfaced for the purposes of signature verification; and (d) AP/PS—an AP will request updated PS keying information from the TA for the purposes of PS signature verification.
In the illustrated embodiments, the message path of all TA key requests is through the AP, which in turn forwards messages to the TA via the SDS-SKRI.
The exemplary SKRI provides mutual authentication and privacy between the TA and the AP, and allows the AP to obtain security records in a standard format from TA 203. The SKRI delivers security records for client and network devices associated with the MSO and those SMs known to be retail only. A Web Service (WS) interface is also provided between the AP 208 and LKS 330 that enables the LKS to dynamically request updates of the TA security records.
The SKRI of the illustrated embodiment is based on the well-known SOAp/eXTensible Markup Language (SOAP/XML) version 1.2, although other languages may be used with equal success, the SKRI being effectively language-agnostic. The SKRI implements Secure HTTP (HTTPS) as the message transport, although other secure (or even non-secure) transport protocols may be used consistent with the invention.
The AP forwards SM KeyRequest messages to the TA and TA KeyResponse messages to the SM using the Key Request Interface.
(v) Operational Support System Interface (OSSI)—The Operational Support System Interface is provided for the exchange of network management information between the SDS infrastructure and the OSS/NMS of the MSO. In one embodiment, the SDS-OSSI implements standard network management protocols for the collection and distribution of operationally significant SDS infrastructure information (such as SM Local Logs, SM Status information, and AP alerts); use of such standard protocols advantageously avoids proprietary or new protocols, thereby simplifying SDS infrastructure implementation in existing networks.
(vi) Provisioning Interface (PI)—Recognizing that operators implement varying OSS infrastructures and “back-office” configurations, the provisioning system interface (PI) is included to permit communication between various provisioning system components and the AP 208.
When an SM joins the network, the MSO SDS Provisioning System (SPS) 332 provides the AP 208 with the approved SM Client identifiers and download directives corresponding to the SM Capabilities and Policy. The PI may be used to carry SDS host network location and SDS host identification information between the AP and SPS. In addition, the PI may carry SDS download policy and scheduling information to the AP from the SPS 332.
(vii) Local Records Exchange Interface (LRXI)—Components of the SDS infrastructure such as the AP 208 and SPS 332 may request keying information stored in the Local Key Server 330 using the LRXI. In addition, an AP may update SM keying information in the LKS 330 based on current SM keys that the AP has received directly from the TA 203. The details of specific LRXI implementations and configurations are intentionally flexible and left to the MSO.
The content of messages exchanged over the LRXI includes: (a) keys for all SDS hosts 210 associated with a specific AP 208; (b) the TP pairing key for all SDS hosts associated with a specific AP; and (c) keys associated with a specific AP.
Appendix I hereto describes these exemplary interfaces in greater detail.
Specifically, as shown in
The TD Host 424 is responsible in the exemplary embodiment for providing TD-standardized encryption and decryption of the content streams, as well as storage of security packages associated with content. The TD Client 422 is responsible for processing management data and information (e.g., content management information or CMI), generating encryption keys for the content, and controlling access to content stored within the TD (e.g., through processing of security packages). In the illustrated embodiment, the TD Host 424 is responsible for the encryption and decryption of content, while access to the cryptographic key (i.e., “content” key) needed to decrypt the content can only be provided by the TD Client 422 associated with the SM code layer 430. The TD Handler 426 interfaces with both the TD Client 422 and the TD host 424, and is responsible for, inter alia, pacting as a proxy for information transferred between the TD client/system and OCAP applications.
The security download bootloader module 432 in the exemplary embodiment comprises firmware loaded on the SM during manufacture or upon installation (although in some embodiments where the firmware is not “burned in,” it may also be “flashed” or reprogrammed if desired in certain embodiments, such as via a download from the head-end or hub site). Upon SM boot-up, the bootloader 432 checks the CA client 434 for integrity and correctness according to data received from the authenticated MSO network. The bootloader 432 ultimately hands off control of the SM to the verified CA Client 434. The bootloader also “wipes” off SM data upon a new SM Client (i.e., CA Client, DRM Client, or TD Client) software load from the network.
The CA client 434 comprises conditional access code that is downloaded onto the CPE and that is particularly adapted to the network within which the CPE is operating. This code handles the key management and control for conditional access systems, as described in detail subsequently herein with respect to
The SM driver 436 is part of the host platform (e.g., CPE) code and provides a software interface from the host platform code to the SM code. The SM driver routes messages to and from the SM, and maintains information on the state of the SM.
The DRM client 438 comprises DRM code that is downloaded onto the CPE and is, in one embodiment, responsible for working with other “output domain” entities and could translate content from a TD into another DRM environment. For example, the DRM client might implement the security portion of the Digital Rights Interface (DRI) that was defined by OpenCable for moving content from a CA/copy protection domain into a DRM domain (e.g., Microsoft DRM).
At boot-up, the cable modem (CM) or other DOCSIS-enabled device will establish the appropriate tunnel, as well as ranging, registering and receiving configuration information from the CMTS. The SM driver 436 (
As previously noted, the invention is in no way limited to code or cryptographic element download via the cable modem (CM); however, this often affords a convenient mechanism for doing so, especially when the CM is integrated with the CPE 106 (such as in the “converged” premises device previously described herein. Alternatively, the code and key downloads might be accomplished via in-band channels, such as using the high-speed data download techniques and apparatus described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/013,665 entitled “Method and Apparatus for High Bandwidth Data Transmission in Content-Based Networks” filed Dec. 15, 2004, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,522,293 on Aug. 27, 2013, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, in addition to or in place of the cable modem data gateway previously described. This approach allows for data download at accelerated rates via a “point-to-point” approach, wherein a session is established between the receiving entity (such as the CPE 106) and the distributing entity (e.g., a head-end server) using one or more allocated QAMs, and a program identifier. Session establishment and data flow control are implemented using protocols and bandwidth that are typically used for delivery and control of video-on-demand (VOD) or similar services, thereby obviating any substantive modifications to the existing network infrastructure. Sessions can be established for the data transfer, and then immediately terminated when the transfer is completed, thereby rapidly freeing up bandwidth on the network as with a conventional OD session.
Exemplary CPE—
The CPE 106 also optionally includes a recording device (e.g., DVD burner) 525 useful for recording the user's media, as well as (optionally playing it back after recording).
Other components which may be utilized within the device (deleted from
The host 210 associated with the CPE 106 of
The device 106 of
The host processor 506 and internal bus and memory architecture of the CPE 106 of
In the illustrated embodiment, the SM 514 is in direct or indirect data communication (e.g., via the DOCSIS gateway previously discussed) with the network AP 208 which is disposed at, e.g., the head-end 150 or the BSA hub site. The AP authenticates the CPE (via its SM 514 and other relevant data), thereby allowing the download protocol to proceed.
Once authenticated, the SM 514 is configured to securely perform the download protocol (described subsequently herein), generate and store keys and other cryptographic elements, store CA data. See
The TP 516 is configured to receive encrypted content (e.g., video) or other data from the distribution network 101, and decrypt this content/data using indigenous decryption capabilities (e.g., a public/private key pair). The SM 514 is configured to receive conditional access (CA) data from the network (or via another delivery mechanism) in order to enable the decryption by the TP (i.e., recovery of the control words needed to decrypt the content).
The exemplary embodiments of the CPE 106, when used in conjunction with the network architecture previously described, advantageously eliminate the need for physical media or devices (e.g., a “CableCard” or the like). Rather, the user and network operator are provided with a CableCard-like functionality, yet using a network download paradigm, and even when only unidirectional communication is available. This configuration also supports a retail business model (i.e., sale of STBs or other such CPE at the retail level, such as by third-party manufacturers), as well as OEM devices present in the installed customer base.
As part of the application layer 416 of the CPE 106 (see
As yet another option, the download and security configuration functionality may be completely transparent to the end user, such as where the DCAS/TD/DRM components running on the CPE 106 provide all necessary messaging, inputs, and call functions to update or reconfigure the CPE 106.
The CPE middleware and any other relevant components may also be modified in order to provide a “universal” software interface for at least certain aspects of the security download functions, such that application developers can write their applications to make use of these aspects. Similarly, the “universal” CPE described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/782,680 filed Feb. 18, 2004, entitled “Media Extension Apparatus And Methods For Use In An Information Network”, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,078,669 on Dec. 13, 2011, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, may be used consistent with the present invention in order to allow specific features and extensions (e.g., Java or JMF extensions) to be configured by a particular MSO or other entity when the CPE is used in their network.
Various indications are optionally utilized within the hardware environment of the CPE 106, including e.g., an LED or other indicator to show cable modem link and activity, power status, LAN—802.3 activity on one or more Ethernet ports (if installed), etc. Furthermore, a “soft” display (e.g., TFT or LCD display having software generated indications) may be used on the CPE 106 (or a remote device in communication therewith) to provide a flexible display environment. The methods and apparatus of co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/773,664 filed Feb. 6, 2004 entitled “Methods And Apparatus For Display Element Management In An Information Network”, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,213,538 on Dec. 15, 2015, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, may be used within the CPE 106 or other communicating devices. Specifically, display elements such as GUI windows or discrete indicators in a client device running multiple related or unrelated applications can be managed and controlled. In one embodiment, an improved window management entity is provided within the device with which HAVi-compliant application(s) can interface in order to access display elements according to a priority structure or hierarchy. One or more privileged applications are designated and allowed to affect the priority structure, including requesting a new in-focus application to be placed atop the priority structure. The network operator can also optionally control the operation of the window manager remotely via a network agent.
The CPE 106 mass storage device 510 of the illustrated embodiment comprises a Serial-ATA (SATA) or Ultra-ATA (also known as Ultra-DMA, or ATA-4/5/6/7) hard disk drive for the operating system and content storage of at least 300 GB, although higher or lower capacities and even RAID arrays may be used for this purpose. The CPE is also optionally configured allow for an external USB (e.g., USB 2.0) drive to be attached and automatically added to the existing storage. It will also be appreciated that USB keys of the type well known in the art can be used consistent with the USB port(s) of the CPE 106, so as to make the data storage device highly mobile and of very small size.
The RF front end 502 of the CPE may comprise a traditional video RF front end (e.g., tuner) adapted to receive video signals over, e.g., a QAM. For example, one exemplary embodiment of the RF front end 502 comprises one or more tuners, a demodulator, decryption module, and demultiplexer of the type well known in the art, although other configurations may be used. A wideband tuner arrangement such as that described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/013,671 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Wideband Distribution of Content” filed Dec. 15, 2004, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,723,267 on Aug. 1, 2017, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, may also be utilized, such as where the content associated with one or more program streams is distributed across two or more QAMs. Additionally, the RF front end 502 modulates, encrypts/multiplexes as required, and transmits digital information for receipt by upstream entities such as the CMTS or a network server.
It will also be recognized that the present invention may be used in conjunction with a number of different capabilities and features useful with traditional CPE functions. For example, the error logging and reporting methods and apparatus described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/722,206 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Event Logging in an Information Network” filed Nov. 24, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, may be used within the CPE of
Similarly, the hardware registry apparatus and methods described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/723,959 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Hardware Registration in a Network Device” filed Nov. 24, 2003, also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety may be used consistent with the present invention. This disclosure provides apparatus and methods for control of hardware within a networked electronic device (e.g., CPE) through use of a hardware registry. The registry contains records that correspond to an optional set of hardware functionality (e.g., personal video recorder). Each record (or set of records) may contains fields that: (i) identify the type of circuitry and peripherals, (ii) uniquely identifies circuitry and peripherals of the same type, (iii) specify parameters that are specific to the circuitry and peripherals types, and/or (iv) contain a reference to an application programming interface that can be used to access and manipulate the circuitry and peripherals. In one exemplary configuration, the CPE 106 is adapted to provide control over Host CORE optional circuitry for a digital video recorder (DVR) and digital video interface (DVI). A DVR/DVI application can therefore be downloaded to retail or leased set-top boxes and other consumer electronics equipment, which provides control of any available DVR/DVI circuitry found therein or functions associated therewith. This not only permits “after-the-fact” control of optional hardware features in a retail (third party) electronics device by the MSO or other system operator, but also allows for control and reconfiguration of leased devices after distribution to the end user(s). The CPE 106 described herein may either be of third-party or leased origin, and hence may benefit under either model when used in conjunction with the foregoing hardware registry approach.
The software interface management apparatus and methods described in co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/883,374 filed Jun. 30, 2004 and entitled “Apparatus And Methods For Implementation Of Network Software Interfaces”, also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, can be used within the CPE 106 or associated devices. Specifically, in one embodiment, network-specific programming interfaces (e.g., APIs) may be downloaded to the CPE, registered, authenticated, stored and executed in a software protocol stack implementing OpenCable Application Platform (OCAP) or Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) standards. The host device software comprises a “manager” module that registers APIs identified by the OCAP Monitor Application, such that all applications launched thereafter on the device can use these communications APIs, provided they have the appropriate permission(s). This relieves individual applications from having to support details regarding network-specific protocols and APIs. In an alternate embodiment, class and data files associated with the API functionality are downloaded along with an application. The downloaded application registers the API using a modified version of the API using a description file (DF). The DF describes the class and data files provided with the application that are part of the registered API.
In another aspect, the CPE 106 of the present invention is also compatible with the methods and apparatus disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/363,578 filed Feb. 27, 2006 and entitled “Methods And Apparatus For Selecting Digital Access Technology For Programming And Data Delivery”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Specifically, electronic devices such as set-top boxes, PMDs, or other types of equipment containing one or more hardware and software functions or modules are used; the hardware and software functions/modules of the different devices on the network contain various capabilities and options, including conditional access capabilities, DRM capabilities, video coding or compression capabilities, encryption schema, and network interfaces. These capabilities are utilized as a basis for determining which conditional access, DRM, coding, encryption, and/or network interfaces to utilize for delivery of content to each particular client device. The CPE 106 of the present invention can accordingly be equipped with such capability if desired in order to, inter alia, profile the CPE for tailoring content or other functions (e.g., CA, DRM, etc.) to that specific CPE environment.
As previously noted, the client device (e.g., CPE 106) may take any number of forms, including for example a converged device or “hive” such as that described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/378,129 filed Mar. 16, 2006, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,347,341 on Jan. 1, 2013, previously incorporated herein. This converged device comprises a remotely manageable premises device that, inter alia, acts as a centralized client networking platform providing gateway services such as network management as well as traditional content and high-speed data delivery functions. The converged device also acts as the shared internet (e.g., Internet) connection for all devices in the premises via a cable modem or other such interface, sharing personal and DVR content such as video, music and photos (and any associated metadata) throughout the premises, and providing both a wired and wireless network in the home. Telephony services utilizing e.g., embedded multimedia terminal adapter (eMTA) and/or WiFi architectures may also be provided via the device; these services can make use of the network operator's indigenous VoIP or comparable telephony capability if desired, thereby providing an even more unified service environment.
The converged premises device can also provide a trusted domain (TD) for content or data, as well as allowing a subscriber total mobility in the home by not limiting content or data to any one viewing/access location. For example, content or data may be accessed on any monitor in the premises, as well as on a PC or personal media device (PMD).
A wired home network utilizing existing coaxial cable in the premises is also created, using e.g., an Ethernet-to-coaxial bridge technology based on the MoCA specification. This will allow existing devices and DVRs to connect and share content with the CPE, and also allows the network operator (e.g., MSO) to control and manage the premises coaxial network.
Secure Download System (SDS) Messaging and Protocol—
The host 210 of the exemplary embodiment is configured to provide appropriate routing of secure download system messages (described in greater detail below), as well as other desired functions, in a secure and efficient manner. Specifically, the host architecture of the invention: (i) enables network discovery and mutual authentication of newly attached or configured host devices via e.g., the SM bootloader 432, which provides information regarding the identity of the SM 514, cryptographic keys, and key pairing; (ii) enables the AP 208 to detect hosts running the “wrong” CA, DRM, or TD client and remedy the problem remotely; (iii) enables mutual authentication between the AP 208 and the SM bootloader 432, and registration of the SM with the AP, in order to permit secure image or key download and other functions; (iv) verifies successful SM Client (e.g., CA, DRM or TD client) installation, and retention by the AP 208 or its designated proxy of the installed SM Client version once the installation is complete; and (v) authenticates download system messages. Moreover, the exemplary host architecture is configured to permit TA verification of TP/SM key pairing, and request new keys as necessary.
In one embodiment, the secure download process previously described herein is based on mutual authentication between the AP 208 and the SM bootloader module 432 based on random challenges and trusted signatures. This approach advantageously reduces the risk of packet replay and man-in-the-middle (MI™) attacks. The exemplary AP 208 and the bootloader 432 are configured to implement secure download messaging and functions as a state-machine, wherein progression of the state machine to a subsequent operation is predicated on successful verification of the received message and any associated data in a current operation. This approach prevents attackers from replaying packets from earlier in the sequence while the state machine is executing. In one embodiment, the SM 514 is configured to digitally sign all outgoing messages, and verify the signature on all incoming messages, thereby further frustrating surreptitious attempts at replay or MI™ attack.
Each message used within the secure download protocol of the exemplary embodiment comprises the following components: (i) message header; (ii) message payload or content; (iii) message attachments; and (iv) message signature.
The message header is used by the message recipient to determine the type of message, and receive a unique identifier and information as to the structure of the message. The message header precedes the other message components, and can be unencrypted since it does not carry any sensitive information.
The message content portion contains message-specific fields, digital signatures, and cryptographic elements (e.g., keys). This content portion is constructed according to a specific message format unique each message. After key exchange is successfully completed, all message content is encrypted by the sender using the recipient's public key portion.
The message attachment(s) are each associated with a cryptographic element (e.g., symmetric key) within the message content.
Appendix I hereto describes an exemplary message format according to one embodiment of the invention.
Exemplary embodiments of these messages are now described in greater detail, although it will be appreciated that other message types, functions, and in fact protocols may be used consistent with the broader principles of the invention to effect these functions.
In one embodiment of the invention, notification or “announcement” messages are used for inter-entity communication within the security architecture of
The exemplary protocol provides two messages that can be used to cause the bootloader 432 to download one or more SM Clients for use on the SM 514: All secure download system messages received by the monitor 480 are forwarded to the bootloader 432 for additional processing thereby.
Authentication messages are used by the secure download architecture to perform mutual authentication between the SM 514 of the CPE 106 and the AP 208 at the head-end 150, BSA hub site, etc. After authentication, the AP 208 knows the state of the SM 514 on the CPE 106, and can direct the SM 514 to download the appropriate cryptographic keys and/or SM Clients (i.e., DRM, TD, or CA clients 438, 422, 434 as shown in
The authentication messages issued from the SM bootloader 432 can also be used to provide platform or device-specific information in the event that an SM is migrated between different APs (i.e., from one network to another). This allows for the new network to uniquely and affirmatively identify the CPE via its SM 514.
Key management messages also may be used to convey the correct AP keys and the associated AP key chain from the TA 203 to the host 210 on the CPE 106.
Download messages are used by the secure download system to deliver download data (including the SM Client image(s)), and to confirm successful image download and installation on the CPE by the SM bootloader 432. In the exemplary embodiment, these messages comprise a first or “download” message (e.g., DownloadInfo) and second or “confirm” message (DownloadConfirm). The SM 514 can receive and install one SM Client image 422, 434, 438 through each DownloadInfo and DownloadConfirm message sequence, although other protocols, including multiple images per sequence, are feasible with the invention. The download message sequence can be repeated until the SM 514 has a set of client applications that match that specified by the relevant AP 208.
The download messages also may be configured to contain instructions or other data that can be used to control the installation and launching of the SM Clients 422, 434, 438, as well as providing status information after each client module is downloaded and installed.
Status or log messages are used by the AP 208 in the exemplary embodiment to obtain a current information log from the SM 514. The information log comprises a plurality of entries and is stored in the SM 514 or another designated location within the TD. A FIFO approach (i.e., new data pushing out old data) can be used for log entries if desired, especially where storage space is constrained. The AP 208 can also be configured to provide selection criteria in order to filter the log entries to be returned by a log message request, thereby economizing on upstream bandwidth consumption and messaging overhead. The log entries may be retrieved by the AP 208 or its proxy at any time after its keys have been successfully installed in the SM 514, thereby ensuring that the AP has unimpeded access, while also unauthorized access to the log is frustrated.
The exemplary embodiment of the security management and download protocol described herein further supports metadata (e.g., XML or the like) or other comparable data structures, as well as provision of Content Management Information (CMI) used for, inter alia, content rights signaling. In the present context, “metadata” comprises extra or supplementary data not typically found in primary content or signaling (or at least not visible to the users of the network). Specifically, for certain components of primary content (e.g., video/audio/data) or messaging, one or more metadata structures are included or appended that provide additional information related to that content or message for that content. This metadata can be provided with the content from its source or provider (e.g., a network studio or station or the like), or alternatively added by the network operator e.g., via the security apparatus described with respect to
Methods
Referring now to
As shown in
Per step 604, the image(s) is/are securely transmitted directly or indirectly from the first node to the second node. Here, the “secure” transmission may include, without limitation, (i) encryption and encapsulation for transmission (e.g., VPN tunneling) over a physically non-secure or untrusted network such as the Internet or other distribution network; (ii) transmission over an end-to-end physically secure network; or (iii) delivery via another secure mechanism (e.g., service personnel, encrypted physical media, etc.). Mechanisms for authentication, encryption, data integrity, anti-spoofing protection, man-in-the middle protection, anti-replay protection, denial of service protection, and the like may also be utilized to any desired degree as part of this transmission process in order to frustrate attempts at compromise of the secure image, diversion to unauthorized parties, etc.
Per step 606, the secure image is received by the target device e.g., CPE 106, accessed (which may involve decryption and/or decoding), and installed on the desired platform. This platform may be the CPE 106 itself, or another connected device within the perimeter of the trusted domain that has authenticated itself to the CPE 106 (whether directly, or acting as a proxy for the distributing entity) and which meets the requirements of having an SM 514 and supporting the secure download protocol and requirements previously described.
Lastly, the target device is configured or operated using the secure image(s) per step 608. Such configuration operation may take the form of establishing a trusted or authorized service domain within the device, configuring components within the device (e.g., secure microprocessor, transport processor, etc.), facilitating further communications, decryption of other encrypted keys, providing access to the private portion of a public/private key pair, decrypting/encrypting content, establishing security policies for one or more SODs or NSODs connected to the CPE 106, etc.
Referring now to
Per step 612 of the method 610 of
It will also be appreciated that the generation or deployment of the secure image(s) to a distribution node (e.g., head-end AP 208 or BSA hub site) can be conducted in advance of distribution to the targeted platforms, or alternatively in near-real time upon request. For example, in one variant of the invention, the MSO is aware of the inventory of devices on its network (i.e., how many of what types of devices are connected, and which individual subscribers possess them), and accordingly can preposition corresponding variants of the secure image files for use by the AP 208 in configuring or updating CPE 106 on the network. Hence, when a Scientific Atlanta 8XXX DSTB with XYZ brand Model 123 SM is targeted for update, the AP will select the correct or matching variant of the secure image for this device (such as via a carousel mechanism) and perform any additional provisioning of the image(s) before download to the target device(s).
Consider alternatively the case where a new-model (e.g., retail) CPE 106 is coupled to the network, and requires update or configuration via the DCAS. In such a case, the AP 208 may not have immediate access to a secure image appropriate for this device, and hence must either (i) access the appropriate image from another source (e.g., third party site, etc.), or (ii) generate and prepare the image “on the fly” for delivery to the target platform(s). Both of these functions may be performed in a highly automated fashion; e.g., by a software environment running within the AP 208 or other SDS components adapted to generate the secure image(s) based on information provided by the AP 208 and the CPE 106 itself. To this end, the CPE 106 may actually be dynamically profiled as to its hardware and software capabilities (such as via a profiling message issued by the AP or its proxy), and the gathered profiling information transmitted to the AP for use in generating the secure image. For example, the profiling message may indicate that the target CPE 106 has only n Gb of RAM available, has an XYZ Model 123 SM, or has limited processing capability, and hence the secure image selected for that device must meet certain limitations on code size and construction.
Per step 614, the CPE 106 is discovered by the DCAS AP 208. This can be accomplished by existing communication protocols used for other purposes (e.g., downstream/upstream OOB or in-band messaging), or alternatively using a dedicated protocol for this purpose This discovery may occur after the secure image is made available, before the secure image is generated “on the fly”, or contemporaneous with secure image availability, as previously described.
Next, the CPE 106 is authenticated by the AP, including authentication of the SM 514, which is the target of the secure image and cryptographic element download (step 616).
Next, the conditional access system (CAS) download key is sent to the CPE 106 via DOCSIS downstream channels, or alternatively another delivery channel (e.g., in-band or OOB, satellite link, third-party WSP or CSP, etc.) per step 618. For example, an entitlement control message (ECM) of the type known in the CA arts or other such mechanism may be used as the delivery mechanism for the key. This key may comprise, for example an encrypted symmetric aor asymmetric key or other such cryptographic element. Whatever type of cryptographic keying is used, it will typically be desirable to encrypt the download key for added security.
The encrypted CA Client image 434 is also downloaded to the CPE 106 via DOCSIS downstream channels, or alternatively another delivery channel per step 620. This download may be conducted simultaneously via the same channel as the download key, simultaneously via a different channel from that used for the key, or at a different time using the same or a different channel. As previously noted, mechanisms for authentication, encryption, data integrity, anti-replay or spoofing, etc. may be employed as part of the download key and/or secure image transmission processes in order to frustrate surreptitious access to either or both components.
In the exemplary embodiment, the CAS download key comprises the public part of a public/private key pair, and the private key part (maintained within the trusted domain of the target CPE 106, namely the SM 514) is used to decrypt the download key (step 622). The decrypted download key enables the CPE 106 to unlock the encrypted CAS image (software) per step 624.
The decrypted CA software is then loaded or installed onto the CPE (or other designated target platform within the trusted domain) per step 626, and the CPE 106 or target platform configured or operated using the software per step 628.
Alternatively, the private portion of the key pair may be transmitted to the target device (using methods for delivery of the encrypted public portion as previously described), and the public portion may be maintained at the target device.
With respect to content (e.g., video) encryption/decryption, the following exemplary protocol (
In one embodiment, Entitlement Management Messages (EMMs) are used to specify which CPE 106 within the network (“targeted populations”) are given access to content per step 650. A targeted population may comprise as few as one specific CPE, or as large as all CPE within the network. Typically, however, EMMs will be issued to a group of CPE based on one or more targeting criteria which may include, without limitation, specific TUNER ID, MAC or other CPE-specific variables, geographic profiles (e.g., all CPE within a given geographic region, zip code, etc.), demographic profiles, equipment type profiles, subscriber level profiles, CA and DRM capabilities, and so forth. Exemplary methods and apparatus for targeting selected subsets or populations with a network are described in, e.g., co-pending and co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/186,452 entitled “Method And Apparatus For Boundary-Based Network Operation” filed Jul. 20, 2005 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, although other approaches may be used with equal success.
Entitlement Control Messages (ECMs) are used in the exemplary embodiment to, inter alia, carry the keys for descrambling or decryption of the actual content (e.g., MPEG2 video) as distinguished from the software image(s). One or more designated sources (e.g., network QAMs) sends three (3) items to the CPE 106: (i) an encrypted EMM key (also known as a “service key”) per step 652; (ii) an encrypted ECM key (also known as the “session key” or “transport key”) per step 654; and (iii) an encrypted stream of content data (step 656). The content stream may be encrypted using, e.g., the well known Digicipher II or PowerKey approaches, although other techniques may be used with equal success.
Next, per step 658, the host 210 of the CPE 106 decrypts the EMM or service key using a private key portion stored on the CPE 106 within the CA client (SM 514). The decrypted key contained from the EMM is then used to decrypt the ECM per step 660. The decrypted key from the ECM is then used to decrypt the encrypted stream of content/data (step 662), resulting in a “clear” video or data stream.
It will be appreciated that the security download architecture of the present invention can also be used in a complementary or layered fashion with other content acquisition, management and control technologies. For example, the methods and apparatus described in co-pending and co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/080,693 filed Mar. 14, 2005 entitled “Method And Apparatus For Network Content Downloading and Recording”, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, may be used consistent with the present invention to provide network users with the ability to purchase and record content to a physical medium, while also obeying the security policies imposed by the download (e.g., DCAS) security architecture herein. This disclosure also provides mechanisms for the inclusion of digital copyright data within the recorded data/content, such as well-known digital watermarking data of the type authorized under the United States Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA). For example, Digimarc®, SysCoP™, EIKONAmark™, and other similar commercially available watermarking approaches can be used. Various types of steganographic approaches may also be employed consistent with the invention in order to enforce copyright and provide the copyright owner with accountability and/or trace-ability of reproduced versions of their copyrighted material. If desired, these approaches can be readily coded into the software or firmware of the recording device such that the inclusion of this data is completely transparent to the user, and does not require any user or MSO/content provider intervention.
This layered or multi-faceted approach may also provide enhanced protection by virtue of not only protecting the content within the TD and controlling how it is distributed outside of the TD (such as into a SOD), but also physically protecting the media itself via watermarking, inclusion of DRM content into the “burned” ROM or other media, etc.
Moreover, this combination is also potentially quite powerful from the standpoint that the operational flexibility and security provided by the download architecture of the present invention, when coupled with the ability to provide content earlier to network subscribers than would otherwise be available over that network (via the technology described in the aforementioned disclosure), provides functionality that could not otherwise be obtained; i.e., the ability to download and physically reproduce content that is commensurate with that available in a retail or rental outlet, yet over their cable network, and with the ability to distribute the content to other “approved” devices within their premises network seamlessly while also affording the network operator (or third party content source) control over the distribution process.
Business/Operational Rules Engine and Methods—
In another aspect of the invention, a processing entity (e.g., rendered as one or more computer programs disposed within the head-end (e.g., AP 208, PS 306, etc.), BSA hub entity, CPE 106, or other location) includes a so-called “rules” engine. This engine comprises, in an exemplary embodiment, one or more software routines adapted to control the operation of the security management architecture in order to achieve one or more goals relating to operations or business (e.g., profit). Included within these areas are implementation of security management policies that can increase network optimization and reliability, increase maintenance intervals, increase subscriber or user satisfaction, increase subscription base, higher profit (e.g., from increased advertising revenues, more subscriber “views” of given content, higher data download speed, increased bandwidth and responsiveness to changing demands for bandwidth, reduction of undue QAM replication, and so forth.
These rules may comprise a separate entity or process, and may also be fully integrated within other processing entities (such as the aforementioned security management architecture of
For example, the network security management apparatus (or CPE) may invoke certain operational protocols or decision processes based on information or requests received from the CPE, conditions existing within the network, demographic data, geographic data, etc. However, these processes may not always be compatible with higher-level business or operational goals, such as maximizing profit, bandwidth management, or system reliability. Hence, when imposed, the business/operational rules can be used to dynamically (or manually) control the operation of the download and/or Client process on the CPE or within other domains (e.g., SOD or NSODs in communication with the TD). The rules may be, e.g., operational or business-oriented in nature, and may also be applied selectively in terms of time of day, duration, specific local areas, or even at the individual user level (e.g., via specific identification of the CPE or client device via TUNER ID, MAC address, SM identifying information or the like).
For example, one rule implemented by the rules engine may comprise only providing certain types or program recording and/or distribution features to certain subscribers or classes of subscribers. The subscriber CPE 106 may possess a Firewire (IEEE-1394) interface or other such interface capable of transmitting content to a connected device for example, but the ability to transfer such protected content out of the TD not be made available to such subscribers unless they met certain criteria (e.g., “premium” subscription, etc.).
Another rule might impose a moratorium or restrictions on downloading secure images (e.g., SM Clients) or download keys to the CPE 106 during conditions of very heavy loading, e.g., until a certain minimum threshold of available bandwidth is present, thereby avoiding contention for bandwidth resources with “premium” services such as DOCSIS cable modem Internet access. Similarly, processing typically done upstream of the CPE could be dynamically shifted to the CPE under such circumstances so as distribute the processing load (and hence downstream messaging bandwidth consumed) to the CPE.
Similarly, another rule might comprise controlling and rate-limiting the region over which any bulk upgrade of SM Client images is performed (see discussion of
Premium subscribers might also be given “head of the line” privileges where any contention exists for SM Client download requests or keying (such as by way of a “bottleneck” at the TA 203).
Moreover, premium subscribers might be given a greater scope of options and choices; e.g., the ability to use a wider range of CPE (e.g., new DSTBs introduced in the retail market), while more basic subscribers are limited as to the type of device they may use as part of their subscription.
The establishment of a trusted domain, conditional access perimeter, and/or digital rights policies may also be made in a substantially dynamic fashion using the methods and apparatus of the invention. For example, an MSO might know that a given subscriber or premises might only use recording or personal media devices (PMDs) during certain time periods (e.g., weekends) based on, e.g., historical data, subscription restrictions, or other operational factors or conditions. Hence, extension of the TD to include these capabilities, and necessary permissions, can be selectively enabled or disabled by the MSO if desired, such as to achieve other operational or business goals. This can also be useful for maintenance modes, wherein such maintenance is scheduled into periods when the subscriber is not expected to make use of these features during a particular period of time. These capabilities can also be rapidly re-established should the subscriber wish to utilize them (e.g., in an “on-demand” fashion).
The present invention also lends itself to various business models in terms of distribution, operation, and service provision. Specifically, by using the technology of the present invention, the CPE 106 can also be reconfigured as a trusted domain for protected content received over the cable or satellite receiver (tuner). New versions or upgrades of software/firmware can readily be downloaded and installed as well. In that the present invention advantageously provides MSO control over the access, distribution and reproduction of content within the network (and to a degree beyond the MSO network), numerous different permutations of these features can be offered by the MSO as part of a subscription or incentive program. For example, a “basic” subscriber might be given a certain limited package of TD capabilities (e.g., no transmission of protected content outside of the TD, no recording to fixed media such as a CD-ROM, no “multi-room” DVR, etc.), while a higher level subscription package might include these capabilities, and yet others. Individual or groups of features or capabilities may also given to subscribers or prospective subscribers for limited periods of time, or under certain limited circumstances, as an incentive or trial.
One variant of the business methodology of the invention contemplates delivery of substantially similar or “generic” hardware/firmware environments to all subscribers, with the MSO able to tailor the CA, TD and DRM capabilities of their individual CPE 106 for their particular subscription level, needs and premises. For example, some users may have local recording devices (e.g., DVR or the like) which may require configuration of the trusted domain to extend to these devices to permit subscriber purchase and in-home “burning” of content according to the methods previously discussed with respect to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/080,693.
As can be appreciated, literally an unlimited number of different premises/subscriber-specific configurations may be employed consistent with the security download capability of the invention, and hence it is typically more economical and efficient to allow MSO reconfiguration of a substantially generic device, as opposed to custom configured hardware or software for each sub scriber/premises.
It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the invention are described in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, these descriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of the invention, and may be modified as required by the particular application. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional under certain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality may be added to the disclosed embodiments, or the order of performance of two or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to be encompassed within the invention disclosed and claimed herein.
While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. The foregoing description is of the best mode presently contemplated of carrying out the invention. This description is in no way meant to be limiting, but rather should be taken as illustrative of the general principles of the invention. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims.
This application is a divisional of and claims priority to co-owned and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/096,065 of the same title filed Aug. 11, 2016, issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 9,923,883 on Mar. 20, 2018, which is a divisional of and claims priority to co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/010,365 of the same title filed Aug. 26, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,313,458 on Apr. 12, 2016, which is a divisional of and claims priority to co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/584,208 of the same title filed Oct. 20, 2006, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,520,850 on Aug. 27, 2013, each of the foregoing which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/006,404 filed Dec. 7, 2004, entitled “Technique For Securely Communicating And Storing Programming Material In A Trusted Domain”, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,312,267 on Nov. 13, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Child | 15925554 | US | |
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