Patent Grant
8482436
This invention relates to the field of vehicles utilizing thrust and experiencing drag traveling through an environmental media, and more particularly the modification of thrust, turbulence and drag.
Supercavitation occurs when an object moving through water reaches speeds in excess of 100 knots. At this speed it is possible for a bubble of air to form around the object, beginning at the nose of the object. The bubble can extend completely around the entire object and hence the object is no longer moving through the water, rather the object is moving through air. This results in a significantly reduced amount of friction or drag. Hence, supercavitation allows a craft to travel at a high speed on or below the surface of the water with a significant reduction in drag.
When a supersonic airflow passes over a wedge, a shock wave forms at the point of the wedge. This kind of shock wave is called an oblique shock because it forms at some non-orthogonal angle to the surface of wedge (a shock wave perpendicular to the surface is known as a normal shock). As the Mach number increases, the shock angle becomes smaller. Therefore, the distance between the wedge surface and the shock decreases with increasing speed. For a hypersonic body, this distance can become very small over a large portion of the body, and the resulting flow field between the surface and shock is often referred to as a shock layer. The shock layer may merge with the boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers to form a fully viscous shock layer. At high Reynolds numbers, the shock layer can be treated as inviscid (meaning there is no friction). In the limit as Mach number goes to infinity, the shock layer forms an infinitely thin, infinitely dense sheet, or, essentially, a flat plate. The infinite flat plate is the most efficient lifting surface at hypersonic velocities.
Because air is viscous at sub-sonic speeds, any object moving through it collects a group of air particles which it pulls along with it. A particle directly adjacent to the surface of the object will be pulled along at approximately the speed of the object due to viscous adhesion. As an airfoil moves through a free stream of air at a given velocity, this effect causes a very thin layer of air having velocities below that of the free stream velocity, to form upon the airfoil surface. This layer, known as the “boundary layer”, constitutes the interface between the airfoil and its surrounding air mass. Conceptually, the boundary layer may be thought of as the layer of air surrounding an airfoil in which the velocity of the layer of molecules closest to the airfoil is at or near zero with respect to the airfoil, and in which the velocity at successively distant points from the airfoil increases until it approaches that of the free stream, at which point the outer limit of the boundary layer is reached. Generally, boundary layers may be thought of as being one of two types, laminar or turbulent, although there is a region of transition between laminar and turbulent that may, in some cases, be quite large. See FIG. 1 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,802,642 to Mangiarotty which is hereby incorporated by reference. A third condition, in which the boundary layer is “unattached”, must also be recognized. A laminar boundary layer is typified by smooth flow that is free from eddies. Conversely, turbulent flow is characterized by a thicker boundary layer that has a large number of eddies that act to transfer momentum from the faster moving outer portions to the relatively slower portions nearer the airfoil surface. Consequently, a turbulent boundary layer has a greater average velocity near the airfoil surface, and a correspondingly greater amount of surface friction, than does a laminar boundary layer. The increase in surface friction causes increased aerodynamic drag that requires greater power consumption to maintain constant airfoil speed.
Typically, a laminar boundary layer will form at or near the leading edge of a conventional airfoil and extend rearward toward the points of minimum pressure on the upper and lower surfaces. According to Bernoulli's principle, the region between the leading edge and the first minimum pressure point is one of a decreasing pressure gradient. Thereafter, the pressure gradient will increase and the relatively low kinetic energy of the air molecules closest to the airfoil surface may be insufficient to maintain laminar flow against the gradient. In this event it is possible that small perturbations in the boundary layer will develop into eddies that initiate a transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Alternatively, in the presence of higher pressure gradients, the molecules closest to the airfoil surface may actually reverse their direction of motion and begin to move upstream, thereby causing the boundary layer to separate from the airfoil surface. This condition causes significantly more drag, and less lift, than a turbulent boundary layer, and reattachment will not normally occur unless some means is employed to reenergize the boundary layer. The problem, then, is to develop means to control the boundary layer of an airfoil in order to reduce aerodynamic drag and the energy losses associated therewith.
Prevention of the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow in aerodynamic boundary layers on the surfaces of vehicles is an important method for reducing aerodynamic drag, and hence reducing energy consumption. The invention herein utilizes acoustic energy to increase the incidence of laminar flow. The use of acoustical methods for total or local control of laminar flow is potentially more economical in energy consumption, and also involves simpler and lighter installations than are required for other systems.
In other instances it is desirable to increase drag, for example during vehicle braking. While some aircraft have movable control surfaces that increase drag and lift, movable control surfaces on other vehicles such as automobiles or boats become impractical. Movable control surfaces add considerable weight, cost and complexity to the design of a vehicle, which may nevertheless benefit from increases in drag in certain applications. Aerodynamic drag may be increased by disrupting laminar flows with acoustic energy. Selective radiation of acoustic energy creates a turbulent flow event on a leading aerodynamic edge where an otherwise low drag laminar flow would be present. This disruption of laminar flow with acoustic energy thereby increases vehicle drag. Thus, what is needed is a drag modulation system that uses acoustic energy to increase or decrease an amount of vehicle drag in response to various usages of the vehicle.
A more recent technology involving directional sound has developed as part of an attempt to reproduce sound without use of a moving diaphragm such as is applied in conventional speakers. This sound propagation approach includes technologies embodied in parametric speakers, acoustic heterodyning, beat frequency interference and other forms of modulation of multiple frequencies to generate a new frequency.
In theory, sound is developed by the interaction in air (as a nonlinear medium) of a modulated ultrasonic frequency whose modulation component in value falls within the audio range. The nonlinear characteristics of air under these conditions results in a mixing of the ultrasonically modulated signal at a physical point of contact. The mixing result is the demodulated audio component of the signal. Ideally, resulting compression waves would be projected within the air as a nonlinear medium, and would be heard as pure sound. An interesting property of parametric sound generation is enhanced directionality afforded by the highly directional ultrasonic carrier.
Ultrasonic acoustic energy may be the acoustic energy used to increase and decrease vehicle drag. Ultrasonic energy has the advantage in that the acoustic energy is beyond the hearing range of most individuals, and is thus a quiet mode of drag control. Ultrasonic transducers are tuned to operate efficiently in a relatively narrow frequency range and are typically precluded from being effective at generating frequencies low enough to be heard as audio signals. Since in many applications, it is desirable for a vehicle to emit an audio alert, such as a horn or other warning sound, what is needed is a method and device for both silently modulating the drag of a vehicle and for generating an audio alert when appropriate.
Aerodynamic drag may also be affected by surface properties. A rough surface disrupts laminar flow while a smooth surface facilitates laminar flow. Since in various applications it is desirable to either increase or decrease drag, what is needed is a method or device for dispensing a substance or chemical that modifies the surface characteristics of an aerodynamic surface.
Aircraft often experience crosswinds that are tangential winds that have various lift and drag effects. Crosswind results in difficulty in controlling the flight of an aircraft and in providing a comfortable environment for aircraft passengers. Thus, what is needed is a method of modifying the lift and drag of the aircraft in response to the crosswinds.
A slipstream is the turbulent flow of air or water driven backwards by propellers of a craft. A slipstream is also the area of reduced pressure or forward suction produced by immediately behind a fast-moving object as it moves through the air or water. There are a number of ways to affect the slipstream boundary layer or laminar airflow layer either in front or behind the vehicle in order to decrease the turbulence or flow. For example, if three vehicles traveling together in a slipstream with one following another one, all vehicles will travel faster. Thus, it is desirable to improve the slipstream to improve this effect and further to facilitate a virtual vehicle traveling in the slipstream.
Other components of crafts are desirable at certain times and under certain conditions. For example, it may be desirable to lengthen the hull of a sailing ship to increase thrust. It may be desirable to generate an additional control surface or wing of an air craft under certain conditions. Thus, what is needed is a way to create virtual components when needed without creating an actual three dimensional component.
In a multiple mast sailing ship, one mast and sail creates a slipstream. Another mast and sail may be traveling in that slipstream. However, the sails of the multiple masts typically have identical surfaces which are not adapted to take advantage of the slipstream. Thus, what is needed is a sail having surfaces adapted to take advantage of the slipstream.
The thin sails of a sailing ship do not take full advantage of various aerodynamic flows at various operating conditions of the ship because the sails are thin. Thus, what is needed is a sail that may be selectively thickened in response to various sailing conditions.
Keels of sailing ships are typically fixed and unable to modify their hydrodynamic characteristics in response to various sailing conditions. Thus, what is needed is a keel that has modifiable hydrodynamic characteristics.
Internal combustion engines are typically used to generate vehicle thrust. An important component of efficient combustion of an air/fuel mixture in an internal combustion is atomization of the fuel with the air. Since the fuel is mixed with the air at a time very close to the time of combustion, it is important that the atomization process occur quickly. Furthermore, turbulent airflows prior to combustion can disadvantageously cause the fuel to separate from the air. Thus, what is needed is a method or system for facilitating rapid atomization of fuel when mixed with the air and that further deters the fuel from separating from the air under turbulent conditions.
Vehicle tires are an important component of vehicle thrust. The fraction of the tire facilitates acceleration, braking and turning. Warm tires have improved traction, but the traction comes at the expense of tread life. There are times when improved traction is preferable to improved tread life, such as competition driving, and there are times when improved tread life is preferable to improved traction. Furthermore, in some instances heating the road surface itself may improved traction, particularly with there are snow or wet condition. Thus, what is needed is a method or system for selectively heating vehicle tires and/or the road surface contacted by the tires.
In accordance with the present invention, an aerodynamic surface of a wing travels through an environmental media and experiences drag. The wing or some other part of the vehicle has a substance reservoir that dispenses a first substance for decreasing drag of the wing and a second substance for increasing drag of the wing.
The present invention also relates to a vehicle traveling in a forward direction though an environmental media and moving at least partially in a cross direction perpendicular the forward direction. The vehicle experiences vehicle drag as a result of the environmental media while moving in the cross direction. In order to compensate for this, the vehicle has energy radiators that transmit energy beams in the cross direction. The energy beams modify the drag of the vehicle in the cross direction. A cross velocity of the environmental media may be determined and the energy beams transmitted in response thereto.
In accordance with the present invention, a vehicle travels in a forward direction though an environmental media and experiences vehicle drag as a result thereof. A method comprises the step of modifying the vehicle drag by transmitting an energy beam from the vehicle into the environmental media in the forward direction.
In accordance with the present invention, a vehicle travels through an environmental media and experiences drag as a result of the environmental media. A vehicle device comprises a first energy beam transmitter for transmitting a first energy beam for decreasing the drag, a second energy beam transmitter for transmitting a second energy beam for increasing the drag, and an active drag controller for selectively enabling said first and second energy beams.
In accordance with the present invention, a method comprises the steps of transmitting an ultrasonic signal from a moving vehicle, and selectively modulating the ultrasonic signal with an audio signal.
In accordance with the present invention, a vehicle device comprises a forward facing ultrasonic transmitter for transmitting a forward ultrasonic beam in a forward direction, a rearward facing ultrasonic transmitter for transmitting a rearward ultrasonic beam in a rearward direction, an audio modulator for selectively modulating an audio signal on the forward and rearward ultrasonic beams and a user input receiver coupled to said audio modulator for modulating the audio signal on the forward ultrasonic beam in response to a first user input and for modulating the audio signal on the rearward ultrasonic beam in response to a second user input.
In accordance with the present invention, a vehicle traveling through an environmental media dispenses a first substance for decreasing drag and dispenses a second substance for increasing drag. The first and second substances may be chemical substances dispensed on aerodynamic surfaces of the vehicle.
In accordance with the present invention a vehicle traveling through a crosswind transmits an energy beam from the vehicle in the direction of the crosswind.
In accordance with the present invention a sail for a sailing ship has an aerodynamically rough surface on a first side and an aerodynamically smooth surface on a second side.
In accordance with the present invention a sail comprises a thin sheet and a widening portion for selectively widening the thickness of the sail.
In accordance with the present invention the hydrodynamic characteristics of a keel of a sailing ship may be modified while the sailing ship is sailing.
In accordance with the present invention, atomization of a fuel spray is enhanced by injecting the fuel spray into an air environment and radiating the fuel spray with an energy beam.
In accordance with the present invention, a vehicle tire is selectively heated.
Mathematical analyses done by W. Tollmien in the early 1930s resulted in the publication of a theory of the stability of laminar motion in the boundary layer near a thin flat plate in an airstream flowing parallel to the plate. The calculations were repeated and extended by H. Schlichting in 1933 and 1935, and were confirmed experimentally in 1941 by Schubauer and Skramstad. The theory predicted that a range of small disturbances or perturbations in the velocity of a laminar airstream would, in mathematically identifiable regions, take on an oscillatory motion, or mode, that would become amplified until laminar flow was broken down. Disturbances occurring outside such identifiable regions would become damped. The regions in which amplification occurred were defined as a function of Blasius velocity distribution and Reynolds number, and experimental data conformed closely to the mathematically predicted phenomena. Schubauer and Skramstad's experimental data also confirmed that the frequency of the amplified oscillations, known as Tollmien-Schlichting, or T-S, waves, fell within a relatively narrow frequency bandwidth.
In experiments conducted jointly by The Boeing Company and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in late 1985, T-S mode frequencies were calculated for the wing boundary layers for a Boeing 757-200 commercial transport. These predicted T-S frequencies were then confirmed experimentally from flight test data measured with hot film sensors on the surfaces of the airplane wing. The predicted and experimentally verified T-S frequencies were in the range of 100 to 6000 Hz, varying as predicted with wing location, flight altitude, and speed.
Other research has confirmed that Tollmien-Schlichting waves are responsive to external acoustical excitation. The application of acoustic energy having frequencies within the range of the characteristic critical wavelengths of T-S waves has been shown to enhance the amplification of T-S waves. It has also been found that external acoustic excitation of a laminar boundary layer within a frequency band slightly wider than the T-S waves in the laminar flow to be controlled causes a delay in the amplification process of T-S waves. This occurs when the wavelengths of the acoustic disturbances are in the same range as the T-S wavelengths and interact with the T-S waves in a time-phase relationship to delay amplification of disturbances in the laminar flow.
A third regime in which T-S waves are affected by external acoustic excitation is found at frequencies substantially higher than the T-S wave critical frequencies, that is, at wavelengths substantially shorter than the T-S critical wavelengths. In this case, acoustic disturbances impinging on the laminar flow interfere destructively with the growing T-S waves. Acousting excitation sufficient to destructively interfere with T-S waves must contain frequencies at least twice as high as the highest of the T-S critical frequencies. It is within this third regime that the invention herein finds an exemplary embodiment.
Vehicle 100 can be an automobile having no active fins or wings or other moving components to modify the drag of the vehicle. Nevertheless, the drag of vehicle 100 can be actively modulated relative to the static drag produced by the body the vehicle. The drag of the vehicle is reduced by energy beams 114 and 116 and the drag of the vehicle is increased by energy beam 120. Thus, a control system such as the control system of
The ultrasonic energy beams have the further advantage of providing the modulation of drag without moving control surfaces and while maintaining a quiet environment. The quiet environment is the result of the high frequency ultrasonic energy beam being beyond the hearing range of vehicle occupants and pedestrians. However, there are instances during the operation of the vehicle where it is desirable to provide audio alerts to other vehicles ahead or behind. This alert is typically provided by a horn generating a substantially omni directional audio warning. However, often times the warning is intended only for those in front or behind the vehicle. For example, if a vehicle ahead remains stopped at a green light then a forward alert would be appropriate. Similarly, a vehicle behind should be cautioned of a sudden application of the brakes by a rearward warning. Ultrasonic energy beams 114, 116 and 118 have the further advantage of operating as a parametric array and are capable of precisely generating audio alerts in areas ahead and behind the vehicle due to the directional nature of the ultrasonic energy beam.
The ultrasonic generator includes amplifiers for driving the corresponding transducers with an ultrasonic signal. The ultrasonic generator further includes an ultrasonic carrier signal for setting the frequency of the ultrasonic beam transmitted by the transducers. The ultrasonic generator also includes an audio modulator for modulating the ultrasonic carrier signal. Preferably the ultrasonic carrier signal is amplitude modulated with the audio signal. For example, the ultrasonic signal could be set at 50 kHz and the audio signal set at 1 kHz. If no sound were desired for the ultrasonic beam, then it would be unmodulated. If on the other hand, a 1 kHz audio signal were to be generated then the 50 kHz signal would be amplitude modulated with a 1 kHz signal. Other forms of carrier modulation are anticipated including amplitude, frequency and quadrature modulation.
One input to the ultrasonic generator includes the velocity 152 of the vehicle. If the vehicle is traveling at a sustained speed, then transducers facilitating drag reduction are engaged. If the vehicle is decelerating then transducers facilitating drag enhancement are engaged. The ultrasonic signal may be either modulated or unmodulated depending on various other inputs to the ultrasonic generator. Furthermore, the carrier or modulation frequency may be adjusted with respect to the velocity. For example, in the embodiment of
A second input to the ultrasonic generator is the brake 154. When the user applies the brake, the drag of the vehicle is increased by activating and deactivating the appropriate transducers. For example, transducer 120 is enabled and transducers 110 and 112 are disabled. If a rearward alert is to be generated, then transducer 112 could remain activated for the duration of the alert. The alert could be a short warning tone, substantially one or more seconds in duration, directed to the rear of the vehicle. Alternatively, the alert could be any audio signal, such as the word “warning” or “brakes” or combinations thereof. Since the alert is modulated upon an ultrasonic carrier, it will substantially only be heard by listeners directly behind the vehicle. Upon completion of the alert, transducer 112 is deactivated to facilitate the slowing of the vehicle by transducer 120.
A third input is the horn 156. Upon sounding the horn, both forward transducers 110 and 120 are activated and the corresponding audio signal modulated there upon. Turning both transducers on increases the audio energy received by vehicle 125. The audio signal is preferably the sound of a conventional car horn and will substantially only be heard by listeners directly in front of the vehicle. Alternately, the audio signal can be any desired audio signal. Furthermore, if only a transducer for drag reduction or enhancement is enabled, then the audio signal may be modulated only upon that transducer without activating the other transducer. Thereby providing the audio signal to the vehicle ahead while maintaining the desired drag reduction or enhancement.
It should be appreciated that other inputs and other audio signals may be used while remaining within the scope of the invention. For example, the audio component could be coupled to a microphone and a representation of the voice of a vehicle occupant communicated to a vehicle ahead. The vehicle ahead could have a similar system and use the rearward transducer coupled to a microphone, thereby facilitating substantially private conversations between occupants of the traveling vehicles. This communication may be done while facilitating drag modulation with the ultrasonic energy carrier signals.
As a further example, vehicle drag modulation may be used in automotive racing applications where the amount of weight or downward force applied to various tires of a race vehicle may be varied depending upon various applications to the vehicle. Drag modulation may be independently performed for an area above each tire by placing transducers accordingly. For example, the drag on the front wheels may be increased while the vehicle is going into a turn to facilitate front tire traction during the beginning of the turn. Alternately, drag on the rear wheels may be increased coming out of a turn to facilitate improved acceleration traction coming out of the turn. On a straight section of track drag may be decreased to improve speed or modulated to provide sufficient tire force on the ground to maintain control of the vehicle. The transducers may be located in the appropriate areas as shown in
The drag on the forward wing can be increased by transmitting ultrasonic energy beams from forward transducers 212 and 216, while the drag on the forward wing can be decreased by transmitting ultrasonic energy beams from transducers 214 and 218. Rear wings 206 and 208 may have similar transducers situated there upon for producing similar drag modulation thereupon.
The transducers of
The magnitude of drag modulation can be controlled by modifying the frequency or energy of the energy beam transmitted by the transducers. Furthermore, the transducers are preferably an array of transducers. For example, transducers 212-218 are each comprised of a multiplicity of transducers. The magnitude of the drag modulation may be increased or decreased by enabling more or less of the multiplicity of transducers in each array. Rear wing and tail transducers 232-244 may be comprised of similar arrays of multiple transducers. While the invention is described in the context of ultrasonic acoustic energy, other forms of acoustic energy are also anticipated, such as audio energy modulated at frequencies resulting in the described drag modulations. Furthermore, alternate types of energy beams are anticipated, such as electromagnetic energy beams such as microwave, infrared and visible lasers.
It should be further appreciated by those familiar with the art that similar principles may be applied to boats or other water craft. The active drag modulation may be similarly performed in water and affect the drag experienced by the hull of a ship.
In other embodiments, pulsed ultrasound can create a waveform in front of a moving object such as a car, airplane, boat or train by pulsing an ultrasonic wave in front of the moving object to create a waveform. The moving object would follow into this waveform. The waveform could further create a cavity or lower drag environment for object to travel within.
Currently, a vehicle cuts the water or air in front of it. This causes a friction. The friction or drag may be caused by any type of environmental media including air and water. A waveform could create a pulsed envelope providing something that does not have returning reactive force. This could create vacuum or vacuum like condition within which the vehicle would travel, resulting in decreased frictional resistance and improved efficiency such as fuel efficiency and/or glide range.
This can be used to assist the wing and lift on an airplane, or a boat in terms of making it easier to plane. Furthermore, this can be used to facilitate travel of a bullet or other projectile or moving object within the ultrasonic beam. The beam could be a continuous wave ultrasound or could be a pulsed ultrasonic wave creating a wave. The beam could be linked to the speed of the moving object so that the greater the speed, the faster the impulses or the more energy created impulses or further heavy impulses would form.
Throughout the description herein, alternate forms of energy beams could also be used such as a laser to heat the air or to break the air or water. Alternate forms of contemplated energy beams further include electric pulse signals, pulsed air, piezoelectric, infrared, ultraviolet, laser, optical band, microwave, thermal other known acoustic, electric, optical, or other electromagnetic energy and any combination thereof. Such energy beams would create heat or a pulsed wave pattern where the wing or the wedge of the moving object would head into.
This could be a constant or pulsed energy beam and adjusted for the speed and/or vertical lift, frequency, density, angle, pulse and wavelengths experienced by the vehicle. The combination of energy can be computer controlled and sequenced or coordinated with the incoming air and/or fluid, direction of the wind and/or cross wind. It would have applications for all types of vehicles or moving objects.
The energy beam can also be placed in the rear of the vehicle to improve the efficiency by decreasing the turbulence behind the vehicle to improve efficiency. The basic concept of a slipstream is that a vehicle traveling in the slipstream created by a turbulent area behind a leading vehicle allows the vehicle traveling in the slip stream to travel more efficiently. This utilizes the principles of another object in front of a vehicle cutting the water/air to create negative pressure resulting a mass or air traveling at substantially the same speed of the second vehicle located ahead of the second vehicle. This slip steam could again be created with this pulsed or continuous wave pattern which could be pulsed ahead of the vehicle by the energy beams. This generally could be used for a number of applications including weapons such as projectiles, missiles or space based objects.
These energy beam projectors such as ultrasound can be very inexpensive. There can be multiple projectors placed across the front of the vehicle or along the sides of the vehicle, or in front of the airplane or along the wings. It could also be placed in the front and the back, it could be different wavelengths depending on the location relative to the vehicle and project different wave lengths depending on the speed and energy again related to the speed density of the air and whether there is a cross current or crossing fiber. The location of this could be adjusted if, for example, there is wind at a 45° angle to the front. The angle of these ultrasonic beam generators could change to go more directly into the direction of the wind being broken into or the waves which are beating against the boat, for vehicle resulting in increased friction or drag.
There are additional embodiments and operating modes contemplated herein. All operating modes described hereinafter, to the extent possible, may be incorporated into the prior description in order to enhance the prior described invention.
Energy directors or radiators may be described as ultrasound, microwave and infrared. Such energy directors can be placed on leading edges or on the trailing edges of wings or other traveling surface. Furthermore, energy directors can be placed on the side, and may consist of multiple transducers. The surface can be coated with piezoelectric crystals. This could be placed in the skin. These crystals are oscillating back and forth by exciting positive and negative currents to excite and airfoil to change the boundary level. This results in oscillating the piezoelectric skin. The multiple piezoelectric crystals could be bonded to the surface, or could be in specific areas.
The energy radiators can be ultrasonic energy or microwave energy, or otherwise and the power for the energy beam can be generated from the vehicle. Once the vehicle starts moving it creates electrical energy that can be used for the energy radiator. This can be a self contained unit. Additional batteries or other power sources may not be entirely needed. Once the speed of an internal combustion engine increases, they can self feed the energy to these generators as a self contained unit. Once motion occurs, the energy created by the engine and by the vehicle can create an electric energy which can be converted for the ultrasonic microwave generators rather than having to have separate generators for them. As the speed increases, the generators become more and more effective and efficient. This can result in a self contained system having alternators to harness this energy, rather than having to build a separate generator or separate power source.
In alternative embodiments the first and second substances may be the same substance while realizing the aforementioned benefits. An example of a substance which may decrease the drag characteristics of the air around a wing may be soap, and an example of a substance that may increase the drag characteristics of the air around a wing may be a powder. Furthermore, the drag modifiers of
In an alternate embodiment, hot and/or cold air can also be used as an energy radiator. Heating surfaces of a wing may enhance lift. A wing surface may be heated with engine exhaust, electric sensors or electric patches on a wing that could selectively be turned on and off. The patches can use the heat from the internal combustion engine to heat an entire surface underneath the wing. This may improve lift and fuel efficiency. Wing heating could be electrically done or thermally done from internal combustion engine using exhaust heat to improve the lift or decrease the lift as necessary. This could be controlled on different surfaces of the wing and be utilized to further enhance efficiency. This could be done with controlled heat or controlled pulsed air. The air may be hot or cold, as required. If the air is cold it may be useful for increasing the density and improving drag during landing. Hot air may improve lifting during flying or during take off. This could improve the efficiency again utilizing the power and the heat and there would be electrical energy generated by an engine to improve its airflow, by using heat from the engine itself or optimizing the energy which is generated by the internal combustion engine.
A key feature of
Energy beam radiators 1340 and 1342 at the end of the wings of the craft operate to break the air at the boundary layer in order to control the laminar flow. These radiators may be useful in correcting for crosswind or yaw conditions and may also help in wind sheer conditions. As the vehicle or aircraft travels in the forward direction through an environmental media such as the atmosphere, the air can move at least partially in a cross direction, perpendicular to the forward direction of the craft, thereby causing a crosswind resulting in a perpendicular drag component on the traveling craft. The energy radiators 1340 and 1342 provide for the modification of vehicle drag in the perpendicular direction thereby enhancing the performance in a crosswind environment. Furthermore, the amount of energy radiated and the location of various energy radiators on the craft may be varied in response to the cross wind experienced by the craft. This type of pulsed systems allows for better cutting to the cross-angled wind. These sensors or ultrasonic devices or optical devices can pulse this into the stream and can be selectively angled to the direction of the wind to improve flow either into or afterwards to decrease turbulence. They can also help to selectively increase turbulence when one wants to selectively increase the drag to improve some of these handling characteristics or to decrease some of the turbulence, pitch, yaw or other handling characteristic. Transducer 1340 and 1342 may also be placed along the length of the fuselage to account for the crosswind affect upon the fuselage of the aircraft.
Radiators 1350 and 1352 are in front of the engines and improve the flow of air into the engine. Engines 1310 and 1312 are preferably jet engines but may also be propeller based engines. Since radiators 1350 and 1352 control the flow of air into the engines, they may be used to feed more air into the engine.
Radiators 1360 and 1362, which are located behind engines 1310 and 1312, control the thrust energy of the engine as it is exhausted.
By modifying the flow of air out of the jet engine or propeller, the direction or focus of the thrust may be changed. Thus, the lift and forward thrust may be modified by radiator 1360. When the air leaves the propeller or jet engine, it dissipates through entropy. By controlling the flow and direction, more of the energy or more of the wind or force is pushing straight forward or in the desired direction to fly. This can enhance the efficiency of air and improve the efficiency of the engine as of the air leaving an engine may be random or allowed to dissipate. This would force more into a straight line, in the direction of desired force so either flow into the engine or flow out of an engine, into propeller, out of propeller to improve the efficiency.
Energy directors can also be placed on the propeller, on the engine or on a jet for example to improve the wave pattern of fluid going through a propeller, through an engine, through a jet or conversely the air that is exiting to optimize the turbulence or the energy of the air leaving the propeller.
At times it is useful to increase the drag or turbulence of an airflow, thereby disrupting the airflow. This may be done by adjustably, selectively and controllably using a pulse to vary the energy, angle and/or direction of an energy beam as previously described. This can be useful especially for braking. Furthermore, the flow of air on certain locations of the vehicle enhance the stability of the ground effects. Controlling the drag may help improve the response of the vehicle to turbulence and in cross wind and wind sheer conditions. To this end, ultrasonic patches can be used as energy generators to selectively control the turbulence and drag in any of the applications described herein. The ultrasonic patches can be a piezoelectric crystal located within a polymer incorporated into the metal skin of a wing. Alternately, a microwave patch may be used in place of an ultrasonic patch. The energy beams of any or all of those described in the text or shown by the figures may be the ultrasonic patches or microwave patches.
The piezoelectric crystals could be placed on patches or silicone crystals. They vibrate by reversing charge, the vibration will affect the boundary layer. The patches can be created in regular or controlled shapes. The piezoelectric crystals are low power and high force and create controls on the surface of a wing. For example, piezoelectric crystals have two stages, on or off, and they vibrate to create this ultrasonic effect or control the turbulence and/or drag. Thus, one could effectively adjust the turbulence and/or drag, increasing in certain locations, decreasing in certain locations, as necessary. For example, placement on the superior surface of the wing increases the drag, while placement on the inferior surface decreases the drag. The piezoelectric crystals could be either built into the surface, bonded to the surface or could be inside the metallic wing. One could adjust this by effecting superior surface by heat, temperature, electrical or otherwise. The piezoelectric crystals themselves could be inside the surface of the wing or inside the surface of the polymer.
The piezoelectric crystals can be on the superior surface, under surface, patch, or regularly placed along the wing as needed. They could also be placed on a polymeric surface which can flex and extend, at least in part adjusted if not completely by the piezoelectric crystals. There could be pressure sensors, altimeter sensors, temperature sensors, wind direction sensors, etc. which would feed to a computer and allow the computer to progressively control either the continuous flow, the pulsing or the combination of all these energies including thermal, heat, chemical and mechanical adjustments through controlled turbulence-drag and laminar flow. Again, at times in may be desirable to increase turbulence on one portion of a wing and decrease on another portion of the wing, such as a superior and inferior surfaces, or the tip at the end to create more favorable conditions depending on the wind direction and airflow. Again, this type of control applies to boats, cars, aircraft, etc. This could also allow for adjustments of the surface of the vehicle, for example, polymeric surface, or at least in part polymeric surface could be adjusted to increase turbulence or improve flow by flexing or extending a portion.
In another embodiment, heat can affect the drag characteristics either through pulsed, infrared, ultrasound, microwave, thermal energy. One could heat the wing or the superior surface of the wing could be heated. The inferior surface could be cooled or vice versa depending on whether one wants more lift or more drag. Either heat, thermal, electrical, and/or chemical energy can be used on the surface shaped by changing the shape of the surface, either leading edge or some other portion of the surface depending on the speed, the type of current or type of airflow or water flow against this. Heat or electricity can affect a boundary layer. When an aircraft is taking off, more heat below a wing and more cool above the wing is desirable, while during landing more heat on the superior surface and more cool on the inferior surface helps with the braking effect.
The energy radiator of
A slipstream is the turbulent flow of air or water driven backwards by propellers of a craft. A slipstream is also the area of reduced pressure or forward suction produced by an immediately behind fast-moving object as it moves through the air or water. There is a number of ways to affect the slipstream boundary way or laminar airflow layer either in front or behind the vehicle or decrease the turbulence or flow. For example, if three vehicles traveling together in a slipstream with one following another one, all vehicles will travel faster. The slipstream with airflow behind a vehicle can be modified to improve this, as if another vehicle or two is following. This could increase the speed or efficiency or increased fuel economy. This may also help with braking or handling.
Slipstream effects can advantageously be applied to a sailing ship where two sails are placed in such a way as to “tune the sails” so that they would blow air in front of one sail, behind the other sail. The air between the two sails would create a vacuum or decrease pressure that actually increases the efficiency.
Wind flows from high to low pressure creating a vacuum or suction around the sails to push the boat through the water. As the wind hits the rough area, more friction grabs the sail as the wind travels from the high to low pressure, thereby providing more thrust. The air caught by the front sail creates more vacuum or suction on the back of the forward sail. The roughened surface on the back of the forward sail creates more turbulence or controlled drag and a resulting greater suction effect. The greater the suction effect, the more of a slipstream that is created between the forward and aft sails. The roughed area on the front of the aft sail further takes advantage of the slipstream created by the forward sail and enhances the resulting thrust experienced by the ship. Thus, the ship of
The roughened or drag sections of the sails can be permanently or selectively controlled via mechanical, electrical, optical or radio control. The drag sections may include a piezoelectric or microwave element such as the previously described patches. The energy provided thereby can also be pulsed to enhance the drag of the portion of the sail. Thus, the sails of
Forward wing director 2250 focuses the flow of air in front of the forward sail 2212 in order that the wind may hit the front sail more advantageously. Mid wind director 2252 focus the air flow between the forward sail 2212 and the aft sail 2222 in order to enhance the slipstream there between. Aft wind deflector 2254 focus the wind from the aft sail 2222 in order to enhance the thrust experienced by the sailing ship 2200. While multiple sails are more efficient and multiple wind deflectors may be used with multiple sails, it should be appreciated that other combinations may be used. For example, a single sail and a single wind deflector, multiple sails and a single wind deflector, or a single sale and multiple wind deflectors may be implemented in alternative embodiments. Furthermore, the wind deflectors may be used in combination with other improvements presented herein.
In alternate embodiments of
The flow modifiers 2450, 2550, 2560, 2650 and 2660 are modifiable to enlarge or change the shape of the keel while the sailing ship is underway. Preferably the keel shape is modified in response to changing conditions such as relative wind seed and direction or water speed or temperature in order to modify the thrust characteristics of the sailing ship. The modifications may be automatically or manually invoked by control systems known to those familiar with the art. The techniques of keel modification taught herein may also be applied to the surfaces of other craft including the wing of an aircraft, the hull of a ship or the body of a car.
A “virtual” vehicle in a slipstream or a virtual sail may improve the efficiency without having to physically have a second vehicle or a second aircraft wing or second sail.
While the virtual vehicle of
Selectively disrupting the airflow allows for enhanced handling and braking One could selectively control the drag of turbulence by pulsing the energy angle. Flow at certain locations in the vehicle enhances the stability “ground effects”. Enhanced ground effects increase the suction effect of a vehicle against the ground, to create ground effects around the vehicle. Using mechanical structures to do this simply by controlling the wave patterns may decrease the turbulence and may help with lift and selectively increase turbulence to lift or increase the turbulence above to improve handling as one is landing especially with crosswinds. In the past, simple airfoils, such as vehicle spoilers, were the primary things that were used to control the airflow behind the vehicle. These spoilers are all fixed shape, fixed angle and did not effectively control the flow depending on the variable speeds. Using the teachings herein, a virtual spoiler can be varied in size, shape, angle, or distance from the vehicle. For example, under a standard condition, a spoiler may optimally to be smaller or a specific shape. However, at slower speeds and specific winds and higher speeds with different winds, a spoiler may optimally be further away from the vehicle, higher or greater angle or larger shape. Again, for this to be effective would be like a balloon which would make spoilers thicker or larger when one is going faster or higher away from the vehicle so there will be a lift portion that would lift this spoiler away from the vehicle. Furthermore, one or more ultrasonic generators in front of the vehicle can be used to enhance the ground effects or suction down against the ground or against wind going underneath the vehicle or around the vehicle to control the flow. Techniques similar to the aforementioned can be used to improve the wind resistance of buildings.
The aforementioned techniques for active drag control may be used in combination shape changes in aerodynamic or hydrodynamic surfaces. For example, one could pneumatically and/or mechanically change the shape of the back end, the leading edge, or some surface of the vehicle or wing to improve this efficiency. This could be based on the temperature, the speed, air current, fluid flow, etc. This would improve the mechanics. This all could be computer controlled and/or controlled with television cameras or other known monitors such as air, temperature, fluid, altimeter controls, etc. This could be pulsed or it could be continuous stream, or could be a composite of heat, electric, chemical, or surface shape. By changing the shape of a wing, not just at the leading edge, but on the trailing edge or the superior surface, inferior surface, either pneumatically, mechanically or otherwise, the airflow can be affected to improve the lift or decrease the lift as needed to change the turbulence and/or the drag coefficient on the superior wing. In order to increase the airflow on the lower surface, the drag may be increased so it would improve the lift so the surfaces could alternately change depending on the speed or location along the wing. For example, closer to the fuselage of an airplane more turbulence may be desirable with less turbulence more toward the periphery of the wing and a smoother area. One could control this via computer so that different portions of the wings could be adjusted. Again acoustic energy beams (including subsonic, sonic, ultrasonic pulsed air), electromagnetic energy beams (including pulsed or continuous microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, laser beams and charged particle exciters), chemical treatments, exhaust gas heating, surface shape, and mechanical could be used.
Hot tires provide improved fraction under a number of conditions, including performance driving and challenging road environments. However, the benefits of extra traction come at the expense of reduced tread life of the tire. While cooler tires may have longer tread life their traction is degraded relative to hot tires. There are driving environments where maximizing traction is desirable, such as driving on curvy mountain roads or competition driving. There are other driving environments where maximizing tread life is desirable, such as in freeway driving.
An object here is that vehicles can improve gripping of tires against the ground. Also as one is driving, heat could be siphoned directly to the rubber from tires that would enhance the traction of tires against the ground surface. By controlling this, it would improve the gripping power of rubber tires against the ground or enhance the tread life of the tires. One could also selectively heat the tires with an electrical grid within the tires to keep the rubber warmer and improve the gripping potential against the road. Alternatively, by taking exhaust air directly against the rubber against the tires to heat them or turning the ends of the tires into heat sinks that would selectively heat the rubber which would then heat the road. Also, one could heat the road itself ahead of the tire or behind the tire. Alternatively, electrical fibers or thermal fibers can be incorporated into the tires themselves to facilitate heating of the tires. As the tires rotate during normal driving, they can be heated or cooled to an optimal temperature so when a tire contacts the road it is not the environmental temperature, but a specific temperature or optimal temperature so that the rubber enhances the traction power against the road for speed and driving environment. Furthermore, one could harness the electrical power of the engine 3930 of the vehicle, the exhaust would then go to the heat sinks 3821 and 3921 of the rims or could do this electrically from the alternator of the car, thereby heating the rims or actually heating the tires themselves to get an optimal temperature. This would also improve the fraction efficiency against the road and/or improve the gripping power.
Additionally, one could selectively control the air pressure within the tires. Less pressure in a tire is desirable when the conditions are rougher, or more pressure in the tire so there is less surface contact to improve the fuel efficiency. When the conditions are optimal one could control all the tires independently so it can make the tires wider, thicker, more pressure, less pressure and controlled while the vehicle is on the move rather than statically controlling this with all the expense in the car, a computer would be able to optimize the tire pressure. One could pump tire pressure in, increasing or decreasing depending on the road conditions, air pressure, etc., whether they are going to go curved roads, straight roads, freeway driving. If one is going freeway driving may be able to have more miles per gallon if one could decrease the tread contact against the road. This could be done by simply increasing the pressure with the tires a certain amount.
Thus, there are many different features to the invention. It is contemplated that these features may be used either alone or in combination. It should be understood by those familiar with the art that numerous modifications and equivalent features may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of my invention is not to be restricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments described, and that equivalent applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the invention are contemplated.
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application 12/834,155, filed Jul. 12, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,990,287 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application 11/687,048, filed Mar. 16, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,755,519 issued Jul. 13, 2010), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application 10/893,513, filed Jul. 16, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,978,767 issued Dec. 27, 2005), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application 10/386,992, filed Mar. 12, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,177 issued Sep. 21, 2004), which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application No. 10/287,379, filed Nov. 4, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,108 issued Nov. 30, 2004).
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20110284113 A1 | Nov 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10386992 | Mar 2003 | US |
| Child | 10893513 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12834155 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Child | 13195549 | US | |
| Parent | 11687048 | Mar 2007 | US |
| Child | 12834155 | US | |
| Parent | 10893513 | Jul 2004 | US |
| Child | 11687048 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10287379 | Nov 2002 | US |
| Child | 10386992 | US |
