Drill and drill grinding method and apparatus

Abstract

A drill having a pair of cutting edges formed at one end of a shank and arranged symmetrically with respect to a point, each cutting edge comprising a central edge portion and an outer edge portion, the central and outer edge portions each extending substantially straight and being joined to each other with an obtuse angle formed therebetween when seen from below, the central edge portion being formed with a cutting face substantially parallel to the axis of the drill, the land portion of the two edge portions having a top face joined to the cutting face of the central edge portion and curved in a direction to give a large area to the cutting face; a method of grinding the drill with the outer periphery and a side surface of a rotary grinder; and a drill grinding apparatus for practicing the method comprising a holding frame for reciprocatingly moving the drill axially thereof, means for rotating the drill, a disklike rotary grinder, and posture changing means for altering the angle between the grinding portion of the grinder and the drill.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART STATEMENT

The present invention relates to drills having twisted flutes in the shank and to a method of and an apparatus for grinding the drill.

The problems encountered with the so-called twist drill having twisted flutes in its shank are generally concerned with cutting ability and chip dischargeability. If the drill is caused to cut workpieces more powerfully, a correspondingly increased amount of chips are produced. When the chip discharging flutes are not sufficiently large, chips will bite the work inner surface defining the bore formed or clog up the flutes to make the drill unable to continue its operation. The chip discharging flutes, if sufficiently large-sized, correspondingly reduce the rigidity of the shank, making the drill unable to perform a powerful cutting operation.

Usual drills are formed with a chisel positioned approximately at the center of rotation and having a large negative rake angle, so that this portion almost effects a pushing action rather than cutting, consequently offering a large proportion of resistance to the cutting operation of the drill.

To improve the low cutting ability of the drill at its central portion, Transactions of the ASME (February 1957), for example, proposes providing central cutting edge portions at the position where the chisel is formed. Stated more specifically with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11, a drill 1a is provided at one end with a pair of cutting edges 2a arranged symmetrically about a point. The cutting edge 2a comprises a central edge portion 21 and an outer edge portion 22 each of which is straight. The central edge portion 21 has a cutting face 25 parallel to the axis of the drill 1a.

A first land portion 27 is formed on the rear side of the flank 23 of the edge portions 21, 22 with respect to the direction of rotation, and a second land portion 28 is formed on the rear side of the land portion 27 with respect to the direction of rotation. Since the first land portion 27 is subjected to the resistance offered to the edge portions 21, 22 during cutting, the first land portion 27 has a relatively gentle inclination (close to a direction perpendicular to the drill axis), while the second land portion 28 has a steep inclination (close to the axial direction of the drill) so that the cutting face 25 can be formed.

Thus, the gently sloping land portion 27 is formed to assure the cutting edge portions 21, 22 of rigidity, whereas if the overall land portion is given such an inclination, the central edge portion 21 has a very small cutting face and fails to cut workpieces satisfactorily, so that the steep land portion 28 is formed beyond a ridge line 28a to provide the large cutting face 25. Indicated at 3 are chip discharging flutes formed helically in the shank.

With the above construction, the furrow for discharging therethrough the chip produced by the central edge portion 21 is formed between the cutting face 25 and the ridge line 28a at the boundary between the first and second land portions 27, 28. The furrow has a small opening angle 8 of up to 90 degrees when seen from below and is therefore low in chip dischargeability. Thus, the drill central portion still remains to be fully improved in cutting ability. Moreover, the second land portion 28 is slanted steeply (nearly along the axis of the drill) to provide the cutting face 25, with the result that the outer periphery is greatly cut out to decrease the rigidity of the shank.

Although attempts are made to afford improved cutting ability by minimizing the width of the chisel, for example, by web thinning, the methods heretofore used have the drawback of failing to achieve improvements in the cutting ability of drills because the chips produced at the central portion are not satisfactorily dischargeable or because the central edge portions are insufficient in strength to render the drill unusable for a powerful cutting operation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention has been accomplished to overcome the foregoing drawbacks of the prior art.

An object of the invention is to provide a drill which is formed at its central portion with cutting edges of high strength to give improved cutting ability to the central portion and which is adapted to smoothly discharge the chips produced at the central portion.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of and apparatus for grinding the drill accurately and easily.

The drill of the present invention comprises a pair of cutting edges formed at one end of a shank and arranged symmetrically with respect to a point, each of the cutting edges comprising a central edge portion and an outer edge portion, the central edge portion and the outer edge portion each extending substantially straight and being joined to each other with an obtuse angle formed therebetween when seen from below, the central edge portion being formed with a cutting face substantially parallel to the axis of the drill, the land portion of the two edge portions having a top face joined to the cutting face of the central edge portion and curved in a direction to give a large area to the cutting face.

Preferably, the angle formed between the outer edge portion and the central edge portion at their junction is in the range of 110 to 150 degrees. Preferably, the curved face of the land portion forms a substantially conial peripheral surface having its vertex positioned at the center of the drill tip.

The present invention further provides a method of grinding a drill with a rotary grinder in the form of a disk, the drill having a pair of cutting edges formed at one end of a shank and arranged symmetrically with respect to a point, the shank being formed with flutes for discharging therethrough the chips produced by the cutting edges. The method comprises the first step of grinding the flank of each cutting edge, the second step of grinding a land portion continuous with the flank, and the third step of grinding the portion where the land portion is joined to the central portion of the cutting edge, the rotary grinder being held in a first inclined position in the first step to grind the flank with the outer periphery of the rotary grinder, the rotary grinder being held in a second inclined position in the second step to grind the land portion with the outer periphery of the rotary grinder, the drill being rotated from the second inclined position to cause the rotary grinder to grind the land portion with its outer periphery and to grind the cutting face of the central portion of each cutting edge with a side surface of the grinder.

The rotary shaft of the rotary grinder may be positioned perpendicular to the axis of the drill, with the outer periphery of the grinder inclined with respect to the rotary shaft. Alternatively, the rotary shaft of the rotary grinder may be inclined from a direction perpendicular to the axis of the drill, with the outer periphery of the grinder formed in parallel to the rotary shaft.

The present invention further provides an apparatus for grinding a drill comprising a holding frame reciprocatingly movable axially of the drill to be ground, a drill chuck rotatably supported by the holding frame, means for rotating the drill chuck about the axis of the drill within a specified angle of rotation, a rotary grinder in the form of a disk and positionable at the end portion of the drill as held by the drill chuck, and posture changing means supporting the rotary grinder for altering the angle between the axis of the drill and a line tangent to the outer periphery of the grinder at its grinding portion.

Preferably, the rotating means is provided with reduction means for transmitting a torque on a speed reduction.

With the drill of the invention, the chip produced by each central edge portion can be smoothly discharged to the cutting face of this edge portion and the curved face which is recessed. This results in improved cutting ability. The drill is usable for a powerful cutting operation since each central edge portion has high strength. The drill can be ground accurately and easily by the grinding method stated above using the above grinding apparatus which is simple in construction.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front view of a drill embodying the invention;

FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the same;

FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the same;

FIG. 4 is a view in section taken along the line IV--IV in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5(a) is a diagram illustrating how a chip grows;

FIG. 5(b) is a perspective view of the chip;

FIG. 6 is a front view of a grinding apparatus embodying the invention;

FIG. 7 is a view in vertical section of the same;

FIG. 8 is a left side elevation of the same;

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a rotary grinder as disposed in a different relation to the drill;

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a conventional drill; and

FIG. 11 is a bottom view of the same.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, a drill 1 is formed at one end with a pair of cutting edges 2 arranged symmetrically with respect to a point. Each of the cutting edges 2 comprises a central edge portion 21 and an outer edge portion 22 continuous therewith. When seen from below, the central edge portion 21 and the outer edge portion 22 each extend substantially straight and are joined to each other with an obtuse angle (of greater than 90 degrees) formed therebetween. This angle .theta.3, which is 135 degrees in the illustrated embodiment, is 110 to 150 degrees, preferably 120 to 130 degrees, more preferably 125 degrees .+-.2 degrees. Each chip discharge flute 3 has at its lower end a cutting face 26. The outer edge portion 22 is formed at the junction of the cutting face 26 and a flank 23.

The central edge portion 21 and the outer edge portion 22 are perfectly straight in the case of the illustrated embodiment but may be somewhat curved. The outer edge portion 22 is in conformity with the shape of bottom of the flute 3 and is therefore usually slightly curved. The tip angle .theta.1 of the drill 1 is in the range of 130 to 140 degrees.

A land portion 24 is formed on the rear side of the flank 23 of the edge portions 21, 22 with respect to the direction of rotation. Since the land portion 24 is subjected to the cutting resistance offered to the edge portions 21, 22, the land portion 24 has a relatively gentle inclination (sloping close to a direction perpendicular to the axis of the drill 1). A cooling oil supply port 29 is formed in the land portion 24.

At the position where the land portion 24 of the two edge portions 21, 22 is joined to the cutting face 25 of the central edge portion 21, the land portion 25 has a face 4 curved in a direction to give a large area to the cutting face 25. The cutting face 25 of the central edge portion 21 is substantially parallel to the axis of the drill as shown in FIG. 4.

When the face 4 is not formed, the land portion 24 extends along a phantom line 24a as seen in FIG. 4, greatly diminishing the cutting face 25. If the land portion is so formed as to make the cutting face 25 large, the land portion will be greatly cut away as indicated by a phantom line 24b to lower the rigidity of the edge portions 21, 22.

FIGS. 6 to 8 show an apparatus embodying the invention for grinding the drill 1. The grinding apparatus comprises a holding frame 7 reciprocatingly movable along a guide groove 60 formed in the upper surface of the body 6 of the apparatus, a pair of drill chucks 10 mounted on the holding frame 7, means for rotating the drill chucks 10 about the axis of the drill 1 within a specified angle of rotation, and a rotary grinder 5 positionable at the end portion of the drill 1 as held by the chucks 10. A stopper 60a is provided in the vicinity of the guide groove 60. At the position where the end of the drill 1 to be ground is brought into contact with the rotary grinder 5 by advancing the holding frame 7, the front end face 70a of the frame 7 comes into contact with the stopper 60a, whereby the drill is ground by a predetermined amount.

The holding frame 7 is reciprocatingly movable along the guide groove 60 with its base portion 70 fitted in the groove 60. A hollow cylinder 92 is rotatably supported by a holding portion 71 above the base portion. The cylinder 92 has one of the drill chucks 10 mounted on its rear portion and a driven gear 9 attached to its front portion. The other drill chuck 10 is attached by a flange 91 to the front side of the driven gear 9. A tubular member 73 is mounted on the upper portion of the holding portion 71 by a connecting member 72. A shaft 80 rotatably extending through the tubular member 73 has a drive gear 8 attached to its front end. The drive gear 8 is in mesh with the driven gear 9.

The tubular member 73 is formed with a flange 74 at its rear end. A sleeve 81 secured to the rear end of the shaft 80 has an arm 84 having attached thereto a handle 83 projecting rearward. The handle 83 has an operating rod 82 the front end of which extends through the arm 84 and fits in a cavity 75 formed in the flange 74, whereby the sleeve 81 and the shaft 80 are prevented from rotation. As seen in FIG. 8, the flange 74 is formed with a circular-arc guide groove 76 along the path of revolution of the operating rod 82. The rod 82 is movable axially thereof by suitable unillustrated means.

The handle 83, the drive gear 8, the driven gear 9, etc. provide the rotating means. More specifically, the operating rod 82 is retracted axially thereof to disengage its front end from the cavity 75 with the hand grasping the handle 83, the rod end is then fitted in the guide groove 76, and the rod 82 is moved within the specified range of revoltuion, whereby the shaft 80 can be rotated. The drive gear 8 rotates with the shaft 80 to rotate the driven gear 9, whereby the drill chucks 10 connected to the gear 9 are rotated.

The drive gear 8 and the driven gear 9 are in the ratio of 1:2 in the number of teeth, whereby the speed of rotation of the shaft 80 is reduced to one-half. This assures accurate rotation when the drill is ground.

The rotary grinder 5 is in the form of a disc and has a rotary shaft 50 which is supported by the forward end of a support arm 62 as shown in FIG. 6. The support arm 62 is rotatably supported by a pivot 61 attached to the apparatus body 6. A lock pin 63 attached to the base end of the support arm 62, and engaging bores 64a, 64b formed in the body 6 provide the posture changing means. The support arm 62 is rotatable about the pivot 61 to the solid-line position or the phantom-line position in FIG. 6 and can be locked in either one of these positions by the engagement of the pin 63 in one of the bores 64a, 64b, whereby the rotary grinder 5 can be held in two inclined postures, i.e. the solid-line position (first inclined position) and the phantom-line position (second inclined position). The rotary grinder 5 is driven about the rotary shaft 50 by unillustrated drive means.

The drill 1 is ground by the following method using the above apparatus. First, the chucks 10 are caused to hold the drill 1 as illustrated, the lock pin 63 is engaged in the bore 64a to hold the rotary grinder 5 in the first inclined position indicated in the solid line in FIG. 6, and the grinder 5 is rotated by the unillustrated drive means. The holding frame 7 is then advanced along the guide groove 60 to grind the flanks in the first step. In this first step, the grinder 5 has its shaft 50 positioned perpendicular to the axis of the drill as seen in FIG. 1, with the drill 1 held by the chucks 10 against rotation, and the outer periphery of the grinder 5 is brought into contact with the flank 23 of one of the cutting edges of the drill circumferentially of the drill 1 to grind the flank. The amount by which the drill is cut away by this grinding operation is regulated by the front end face 70a of the holding frame 7 coming into contact with the stopper 60a (see FIG. 7).

After one of the flanks 23 has been ground, the holding frame 7 is slightly retracted, the front end of the operating rod 82 is disengaged from the cavity 75 in the flange 74 by pulling the handle 83 axially thereof, the handle 83 is revolved about the shaft 80 one turn, and the front end of the rod 82 is engaged in the cavity 75 again. The revolution of the handle 83 rotates the shaft 80 and the drive gear 8 which are connected thereto, whereby the driven gear 9 and the drill 1 rotatable therewith are rotated through 180 degrees. The holding frame 7 is then advanced again to grind the other flank 23 in the same manner as above.

In the next second step, the land portions are ground. In this step, the lock pin 63 is removed from the bore 64a, the arm 62 is rotated about the pivot 61, and the pin 63 is engaged in the bore 64b, whereby the rotary grinder 5 is held in the second inclined position indicated in the phantom line in FIG. 6. The grinder 5 is then rotated. With reference to FIG. 2, the grinder 5 has its shaft 50 positioned perpendicular to the axis of the drill 1, and the outer periphery 51 of the grinder 5 is brought into contact with the land portion 24 of one of the cutting edge of the drill 1 circumferentially of the drill 1 to grind the land portion.

For the above grinding operation, the front end of the operating rod 82 is removed from the cavity 75 of the flange 74 by pulling the handle 83 axially thereof and is then fitted in one end of the guide groove 76. The rod 82 is then moved along the guide groove 76 to rotate the shaft 80 through the specified range determined by the groove 76. The drill 1 is therefore rotated through one-half of this range. During the rotation, the grinder 5 grinds the land portion 24, the recessed portion 4 and the cutting face 25.

More specifically stated with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the grinder 5 comes into contact with the land portion 24 in the state indicated by a line 5a. In this state, the drill 1 rotates counterclockwise in FIG. 3 and also advances, whereby the grinder 5 is brought into the state indicated by a line 5b to grind the recessed portion 4 with the outer periphery of the grinder 5. The grinder also grinds the cutting face 25 with its side surface 52.

While the recessed portion 4 and the cutting face 25 are being ground, the land portion 24 is ground only at the part thereof toward one end (toward the flute 3) away from a broken line 44 in FIG. 3, so that the amount by which the land portion is cut away is very small.

When the drill 1 is slightly advanced while being rotated by the angular range of the guide groove 76 through the movement of the handle 83, the land portion 24 and the recessed portion 4 are ground with the outer periphery 51 of the grinder 5, and the cutting face 25 with the side surface 52 thereof as described above. The land portion 24 is greatly curved at the position of the broken line 44, and the overall land portion 24 is in the form of a substantially conical peripheral surface with its vertex positioned at the tip center point 20 of the drill.

Since the central edge portions 21 are straight, the drill can be ground easily in this way. Another advantage of the straight central edge portions 21 is that the drill exhibits improved centripetal characteristics during drilling. If the cutting edges are curved spirally around the center shown in FIG. 3, the shape of the edges at the central portion shown in FIG. 1 will be horizontal, with the result that the drill is liable to deflect laterally (crawling phenomenon) during rotation, whereas when these edge portions are straight like the central edge portions 21, the central point (tip) 20 projects outward as seen in FIG. 1, and the locus of rotation of the central edge portions 21 is in the form of a cone (with a very large vertex angle). Consequently, the rotation of the drill entails no lateral deflection, permitting the drill to exhibit improved centripetal characteristics. This enables the drill to form precisely circular holes and smooth inner surfaces defining the bores obtained, hence high accuracy.

When the drill of the above construction is made of high-speed steel, the drill is usable for drilling operation at a feed speed 3 to 5 times as high as is the case with conventional high-speed steel drills which are generally in use.

The drill 1 is made rotatable through one-half the range of rotation of the handle 83 and is therefore accurately rotatable by the handle 83.

Further as seen in FIG. 9, the rotary grinder may have an outer periphery 53 in parallel to its rotary shaft 50. The grinder is then used for grinding with the shaft 50 inclined with respect to the axis of the drill 1. In this case, the cutting face of the central edge portion 21 is ground with the intersection of the side face and the outer periphery of the grinder. The grinder may have an inclined side surface so that the cutting face can be ground with this side surface.

When the drill 1 of the configuration described is used for drilling, the central edge portion 21 and the outer edge portion 22 produce a chip 11 as shown in FIG. 5(a). The chip portion produced by the outer edge portion 22 stretches along the cutting face 26 and is thereby curved into the form of a large cone having a relatively large wall thickness as seen in FIG. 5(b), whereas the chip portion 12 (hatched portion shown) extends from the cutting face 25 along the recess portion 4 to form a small cone of reduced thickness. Thus, the recessed portion 4 provides a space through which the chip portion 12 produced by the central edge portion 21 extends upward. This assures a satisfactory cutting operation.

If the chip portion produced by the central portion is not dischargeable in this way, chips will not be formed smoothly, with the result that the drill encounters increased resistance during cutting and exhibits poor cutting ability in its entirety. Further if increased cutting resistance is offered to the central portion, the central edge portion will be subjected to a great force. Accordingly when the cutting edge is made of cemented carbide, the central edge portion, which is lower in cutting speed than the outer edge portion, is prone to break. With the construction described above, however, the cutting resistance to the central edge portion 21 is small, so that the cutting edge can be made of cemented carbide.

The effect achieved by the presence of the recessed portion can be understood also from FIG. 4. In the absence of the recessed portion 4, the land portion 24 would extend along the phantom line 24a, greatly diminishing the cutting face of the central portion and also greatly decreasing the chip discharging space. In contrast, when the recessed portion 4 is formed, the portion surrounded by the cutting face 25, the recessed portion 4 and the phantom line 24a provides a space for producing chips. The sufficiently large cutting face 25 thus formed and the space available give improved cutting ability to the central portion of the drill 1.

After one of the land portions 24 has been ground, the drill 1 is rotated through 180 degrees by the same procedure as already described, and the other land portion is ground in the same manner as above.

As described above, the drill of the invention permits chips to be discharged smoothly from its central portion, is therefore excellent in cutting ability and is adapted to perform a powerful cutting operation since the central edge portion has high strength. Moreover, the drill exhibits excellent centripetal characteristics to form holes or bores with high accuracy. The drill can be ground accurately and easily by the method of the invention using the grinding apparatus of the invention which is simple in construction.

Claims

1. A grinding apparatus for grinding a drill having an axis, said drill being formed with a pair of symmetrically arranged cutting edges at one end of a shank, each of said cutting edges having a flank followed by a land, said cutting edges each having a central edge portion and an outer edge portion, said central edge portion extending from the axis of the drill, said central edge portion being formed with a central face substantially parallel to the axis of the drill, the grinding apparatus comprising:

drill support means for supporting said drill;

grinding wheel support means for rotatably supporting a grinding wheel;

said grinding wheel having a first grinding section for grinding said land and a second grinding section for grinding said central face; and

positioning means for changing the relative position between said grinding wheel support means and said drill support means such that in one relative position, said first grinding section of said grinding wheel grinds said land and in another relative position, said first grinding section of said grinding wheel grinds said land while said second grinding section of said grinding wheel simultaneously grinds said central face.

2. A grinding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said grinding wheel has spaced side walls having outer radial ends and an outer peripheral surface extending between said outer radial ends, at least a portion of said outer peripheral surface constituting said first grinding section, a portion of one of said side walls constituting said second grinding section.

3. A grinding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said second grinding section has a planar surface parallel to the axis of said drill when said positioning means is in said other relative position.

4. A grinding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said first and second grinding sections of said grinding wheel intersect one another at an obtuse angle when viewed in a diametrical cross section of said grinding wheel.

5. A grinding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said land has a first land portion and a second land portion, the second land portion of one cutting edge being juxtaposed to the other cutting edge, said first grinding section of said grinding wheel being operable to grind said second land portion while said second grinding section of said grinding wheel simultaneously grinds said central face while said positioning means is in said other relative position.

6. A grinding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said grinding wheel has an axis of rotation which is disposed perpendicular to said drill axis when said positioning means is in said one and said other relative positions.

7. A grinding apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said grinding wheel has an axis of rotation, said grinding wheel having spaced parallel side walls perpendicular to said axis of rotation, said side walls having outer radial ends, said grinding wheel having an outer peripheral surface extending between said outer radial ends of said side walls, said outer peripheral surface being disposed at an acute angle relative to said axis of rotation of the grinding wheel when viewed in diametrical cross section of said grinding wheel.

8. A grinding apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said outer peripheral surface is disposed at an obtuse angle relative to one of said side walls when viewed in diametrical cross section of said grinding wheel, at least a portion of said outer peripheral surface constituting said first grinding section, at least a portion of said one side wall constituting said second grinding section.

9. A grinding apparatus for grinding a drill having an axis, said drill being formed with a pair of symmetrically arranged cutting edges at one end of a shank, said cutting edges each having a central edge portion and an outer edge portion, said central edge portion extending from the axis of the drill, said central edge portion being formed with a central face substantially parallel to the axis of the drill, each of said cutting edges having a land, the grinding apparatus comprising:

drill support means for supporting said drill;

grinding wheel support means for rotatably supporting a grinding wheel; and

positioning means for changing the relative position between said grinding wheel support means and said drill support means such that in one relative position, said grinding wheel grinds said land and in another relative position said grinding wheel simultaneously grinds said land and said central face.

10. A grinding apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said grinding wheel has a first grinding section which grinds said land and a second grinding section which grinds said central face.

11. A grinding apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said first and second grinding sections of said grinding wheel intersect one another at an obtuse angle when viewed in a diametrical cross section of said grinding wheel.

12. A grinding apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said grinding wheel has an axis of rotation, said grinding wheel having spaced parallel side walls perpendicular to said axis of rotation, said side walls having outer radial ends, said grinding wheel having an outer peripheral surface extending between said outer radial ends of said side walls, said outer peripheral surface being disposed at an acute angle relative to said axis of rotation of the grinding wheel when viewed in diametrical cross section of said grinding wheel.

13. A grinding apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said outer peripheral surface is disposed at an obtuse angle relative to one of said side walls when viewed in diametrical cross section of said grinding wheel, at least a portion of said outer peripheral surface constituting said first grinding section, at least a portion of said one side wall constituting said second grinding section.