Patent Application
20170234074
The invention relates to drill bits for milling plugs set downhole in oil and gas wells.
A number of different types of plugs are used in well completion and stimulation operations to block fluid flow within well bores. Examples include bridge plugs and so-called “frac plugs,” which are specially designed to isolate one or more zones of a well bore during multi-zone hydraulic fracturing operations. Once fracturing is complete, plugs are removed, often by lowering a drill bit on a string of jointed pipe or coiled tubing into the well bore to mill out the plug into small pieces for circulation to the surface with drilling fluid.
A typical plug has one or more packing elements that encircle the body of the tool to form a hydraulic seal between the body of the tool and the casing or well bore. The packing elements have a diameter small enough to lower into a well bore, but are expandable, once lowered, to engage and to create a seal between the plug and a wall of a casing, liner or open wellbore. The packing elements are typically made of an elastomer that is squeezed during the setting operation to expand them, though inflatable packing elements can also be used. During a setting operation the packing elements is squeezed, causing it to expand outwardly against the wall of the well bore. To prevent the plug from moving, elements called slips, which are located along the outer diameter of tool, are pushed outwardly to engage the wall of the well casing or liner during setting operation. The slips dig into the well casing to anchor the plug within the well bore.
Plugs will often be made of cast iron and other easily drillable materials so that they may be more easily drilled than if formed of steel. So-called “composite plugs” have been developed to make it easier to mill plugs. Most of the components in a composite plug are made of composite materials or plastic rather than metal. However, composite materials are not suitable for all elements of a plug. For example, slips must typically be made of metal or ceramics, and sometimes include tungsten carbide elements to enhance performance.
Different types of rock bits have been used to mill plugs. The most commonly used drill bit type is the roller cone bit. Roller cone bits have one to four rolling cutters with cutting elements that protrude from or are disposed on the surface of the cutters. Under the weight of a drill string, the cutting elements penetrate and gouge the plug. Each rolling cutter is in the form of a cone mounted for rotation on a journal that extends from a leg that is part of the body of the drill bit at an angle that is oblique to the central axis of the drill bit. Rotating the drill bit causes the cutters to roll along a surface of the object or material being drilled. The cutting elements are usually arranged on each cone in a rows around the cone, each row being concentric with, and forming a circle or ring around, the axis of rotation of the cone. Each of the cones will typically have two or more rows of cutting elements. The outermost row of cutting elements on a roller cone cutter, nearest the outer diameter of the drill bit, is sometimes called the “heel” row. The heel row is disposed on a heel portion of the roller cone, where the conical surface of the roller cone transitions to its base. The cutting elements on the heel row cut to the gage, or outer diameter, of the bit. The base of the roller cone typically flat, but may have a beveled surface adjacent to the heel that faces the side wall of the bore, on which can be mounted inserts that act as bearing surfaces against the side wall to keep the bit straight as it is turning, as well as maintain a gauged hole. In a bit with multiple roller cones, each cone will typically have a heel row and one or more inner rows.
A number of different types of cutting elements are used on cutters of roller cone drill bits. Generally, cutting elements used to mill plugs are either (a) milled or steel teeth and (b) cemented metal carbide inserts. Generally speaking, milled teeth are better at drilling softer material and metal carbide inserts are more durable and thus better for drilling harder material.
A milled or steel tooth is made of a steel and has a generally triangular shape. Milled teeth are usually milled from the same block of steel as the roller cone. A milled tooth may be “hardfaced” with material having greater wear resistance, such as tungsten carbide particles in a metal matrix welded to the tooth, to improve wear and make the teeth more durable. A reference to milled tooth is intended to reference either a conventional or a hard faced milled tooth unless otherwise stated. Milled teeth can be made relatively long and narrow. This sharp shape allows for more aggressive gouging and scraping actions to penetrate more rapidly softer materials with low compressive strengths.
A cemented metal carbide insert is comprised of metal carbide particles cemented together with a more ductile metal binder using a sintering process to form a composite of metal carbide grains, which are typically tungsten carbide but can be other metal carbides, embedded in and metallurgically bonded to the ductile metal matrix (also called a binder phase.) Such inserts are formed into shapes and polished very smooth to reduce sliding friction. The inserts may incorporate polycrystalline diamond and similar materials, such as a wear layer, to improve wear resistance. References throughout to “cemented metal carbide inserts” include those incorporating polycrystalline diamond, cubic boron nitride and materials of similarly high abrasions resistance. Furthermore, cemented metal carbide is one type of super hard, abrasion resistant materials. References to “insert” or an insert made of “super hard material” is intended to include inserts made of cemented metal carbide, such as tungsten carbide, but also materials of similar abrasion resistance, as well as those that have substantially better abrasion resistance.
An insert is pressed into a pocket into an aperture in the roller cone body. An interference fit between the insert and the pocket may be relied upon retain the inset in the pocket. The insert may, instead, be brazed into the pocket. The insert has cylindrical portion or base, part of which is inserted into the pocket formed in the cone, and a cutting tip portion. The cutting tip portion can be formed in one of many different shapes. Conventional shapes include chisel and hemispherical or conical.
Tungsten carbide inserts are more durable than hard faced milled teeth when milling slips made of metal or other hard materials. However, as compared to milled teeth bits, bits using tungsten carbide cutters are less efficient at milling softer materials such as elastomers and composites. Further, inserts are more likely to be lost when milling plugs due to junk damage, cone shell erosion, and problems with retaining the inserts in the pockets formed in the roller cone.
U.S. patent application no. 2015/0053422 describes a rotary cone drill bit for milling plugs that purports to drill relatively harder material of a slip disposed on an outer diameter of the plug by cutter inserts disposed on an outer diameter of the bit, while the relatively softer material of the plug body is effectively drilled out by milled teeth disposed radially inward of the cutter inserts.
In a representative example of roller cone drill bit embodying teachings of the invention, the rotary cone drill bit has at least one rotary cone cutter having disposed on it at least one row of cutting elements, arranged concentrically around its axis of rotation, comprised of at least one insert of super hard material, such as a cemented metal carbide, and at least one milled teeth made of steel or other metal.
In one embodiment, at least one row of cutting elements having both inserts and milled teeth as cutting elements is a heel row. Plug designs incorporate materials that are relatively softer than metal, such as elastomers and composites, throughout the length of the plug, including inside of the plug as well as along its outer diameter where slips are located. The slip sections of the plug typically make up only a small portion of the overall length of the plug. Using only inserts made of a super hard material, such as metal carbide, on the heel row of the roller cone drill does not provide optimal milling efficiency because the most efficient cutting elements are not being used while milling most of the length of the plug. Alternating metal carbide inserts and milled teeth on the outermost row of a rolling cone cutter substantially improves overall efficiency when milling the outer diameter of the plug along is entire length, without unduly compromising the durability of the roller cone.
In another embodiment, the row of cutting elements comprising both inserts and milled teeth is located on an inner portion of the roller cone. Although slips are housed on the outer diameter of a plug, they move about the bottom of the hole and come in contact with the inner cutting elements of the roller cone cutter once they have broken free from their housing. In addition, cast iron “kill plugs” do not have a through bore; the inner cutting elements, therefore, have constant contact with cast iron when milling kill plugs. Milled teeth on inner rows of cutting elements on a roller cone are therefore susceptible to damage. On the other hand, having only metal carbide inserts in the inner rows would not only result in less efficient milling, but also leave the bit vulnerable to losing inserts due to cone shell erosion, thermal expansion, and junk damage. Alternating metal carbide and milled teeth cutting elements on an inner row of a roller cone cutter provides milling efficiency with the added durability. Metal carbide inserts on the inner rows with the milled teeth reduce damage to milled teeth when metal parts of the plug, such as the slips, are encountered, and the milled teeth increase the efficiency of the bit when engaging softer, non-metal portions of the plug.
In the following description, like numbers refer to like elements.
The illustrated, representative roller cone drill bit 100 has three roller cones 104, 106, and 108. However, the subject matter described below, in its broadest sense, is not limited to drill bits having any particular number of roller cones, though certain aspects of the disclosed subject matter may have advantages when used on bits with two or more roller cones. Each roller cone is mounted for rotation on a leg extends from a leg that extends from body 102 of the bit. Each leg supports a bearing (not visible) or journal on which the roller cone rotates. Roller cone 104 is mounted to leg 110. Leg 112 supports roller cone 106. And leg 114 supports roller cone 108. The angle of the axis of rotation of each of the roller cones (and the axis for rotation of the bearings) to the central axis 103 of the drill bit, which is called the journal angle, is oblique to the central axis 103. The journal angle is typically between 30 and 40 degrees. The axis of rotation of each of the roller cones is also typically offset, meaning it does not intersect with the central axis 103 about which the bit rotates.
Each of the roller cones has disposed or formed on its exterior surface at least two rows of cutting elements. Each row may also be referred to as a “cutter” in the following description. Each cutter is formed by plurality of cutting elements arranged in a row to form a circle of cutting elements surrounding the axis of the roller cone. Generally speaking, the axis of the roller cone is normal to the plane defined by the ring formed by the row of cutting elements. Each of the rows of concentric cutting elements are indicated by dashed lines 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, and 130 in the figure. The dashed lines are intended only to indicate generally the location of the cutters on the roller cones formed by the rows.
In this example, each of the roller cones 104, 106 and 108 has one row of cutting elements located on or near the heel of the roller cone, which are designed by references numbers 118, 126, and 122, respectively. Depending on the particular type of rotary drill bit, this row might be referred to as a gage or heel row. These outers rows are located near the outmost diameter of the roller cone, next to the gage of the drill bit, where they are expected to encounter slips composite plugs during milling. The second row of cutting elements on each the respective roller cones is located interior of the heel row. The heel row of cutting elements establishes the outer diameter or gage of the cutting profile of the bit 100. In this example, there are three inner rows and a spear point. Middle row 124 is located on roller cone 104, middle row 120 is located on roller cone 106, and nose row 128 is located on the nose of roller cone 108. Roller cone 106 has extending from its nose a spear point 130. In this particularly representative example of a roller cone drill bit, the inner rows occupy different positions within the bit's cutting profile. In other words, unlike the heel rows, each inner row, where it engages the plug is located at a different radial distance from the centerline or central axis 103 of the bit. The spear point 130 is the innermost row. The next most inner row is row 128, then row 124, and finally row 120.
In the representative example illustrated in
One or more inner rows may also be comprised of mixed generic types of cutting elements, particularly milled teeth and inserts made of super hard material. In the illustrated bit example, middle rows 124 and 126 are comprised of alternating milled teeth 132 and cemented carbide inserts 134, but not the spear point 130 or the inner row 128. Inner row 128, the nose row, is comprised only of one type of cutting element, which, in this example, is a milled tooth. The spear point 130 is formed from steel.
In each of the rows of cutting elements shown in
However, for a particular row of mixed cutting elements in an alternating pattern on a particular cone, it can be advantageous for cutting elements of a first type be made taller than the cutting elements of the other type, thus having a greater cutting depth or exposure. In the alternative embodiments of
In the embodiment of
Turning back to
Each cutter that is formed from mixed cutting elements types—particularly, milled teeth and cemented metal carbide inserts in these examples—has a pattern of cutting elements in a row around the roller cone, with at least one repetition, that comprises one or more cutting elements of a first type followed by one or more cutting elements of a second type of cutting elements. Each of the rows of mixed cutting element types shown
In the illustrated embodiment of
The foregoing description is of exemplary and preferred embodiments. The invention, as defined by the appended claims, is not limited to the described embodiments. Alterations and modifications to the disclosed embodiments may be made without departing from the invention. The meaning of the terms used in this specification are, unless expressly stated otherwise, intended to have ordinary and customary meaning and are not intended to be limited to the details of the illustrated or described structures or embodiments.
