The present application is a U.S. National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/US2014/060435 filed Oct. 14, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The present disclosure relates generally to well casing operations and, more particularly, to a device for separating debris from mud in an auto-filling casing system.
Hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, are commonly obtained from subterranean formations that may be located onshore or offshore. The development of subterranean operations and the processes involved in removing hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation typically involve a number of different steps such as, for example, drilling a wellbore at a desired well site, treating the wellbore to optimize production of hydrocarbons, and performing the necessary steps to produce and process the hydrocarbons from the subterranean formation.
When drilling a wellbore to the desired depth, a drill bit cuts into the subterranean formation, releasing cuttings of the formation into the wellbore. After drilling the wellbore to a desired depth, the cuttings left in the wellbore typically settle at the bottom of the wellbore. In vertically oriented wellbores, these cuttings fall to the bottom of the hole. However, in horizontally oriented or deviated wellbores, a portion of the cuttings cannot be removed and thus the cuttings can accumulate along the low side of the wellbore over long distances.
After drilling a wellbore that intersects a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation, it is common practice to set a string of pipe, known as casing, in the well to isolate the various formations penetrated by the well from the wellbore. The casing may be run into the wellbore and cemented in place. In conventional cementing operations, a cement composition is displaced down the inner diameter of the casing until it exits the bottom of the casing into the annular space between the outer diameter of the casing and the wellbore. It is then pumped up the annulus until a desired portion of the annulus is filled.
Certain casing string systems allow for auto-fill while running the casing into the wellbore. Auto-fill enables mud from the wellbore to flow into the casing string through the “shoe” at the bottom of the casing string and up through the casing as the casing is lowered into the wellbore. As the casing string is run to depth in deviated wells, cuttings and debris along the low side of the wellbore can enter the casing shoe track. If the casing string is equipped with an auto-filling float collar, these cuttings can be swept into the main casing string. Unfortunately, accumulation of debris above the float collar can negatively affect cementing operations by preventing a plug from sealing properly on the float collar. Cuttings can also become lodged in the float valve and cause clogging and loss of auto-fill. This clogging may prevent the casing string from auto-filling, causing the casing string to act as a plunger forcing mud into the formation, which could prematurely fracture the formation. This clogging could also cause the float valves to not function properly, which could disable the primary function of the equipment. Some existing casing string systems include filters to prevent this debris from reaching the main casing string while running the casing. However, existing systems with the filters can become clogged and cannot be flushed out once clogged.
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail herein. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation specific decisions must be made to achieve developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system related and business related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure. Furthermore, in no way should the following examples be read to limit, or define, the scope of the disclosure.
Certain embodiments according to the present disclosure may be directed to systems and methods for running a string of casing to depth while maintaining auto-fill operations and preventing formation cuttings and downhole debris from entering the main string of casing. To that end, presently disclosed embodiments include a casing system that includes a series of stationary impellers in tandem with a series of baffles or baskets to separate the heavy debris and drill cuttings from the mud of the wellbore. As the auto-filling casing string is lowered into the wellbore, mud and cuttings/debris present in the wellbore may be swept up into the casing system. The impellers may generate a vortex of the mud and debris flowing past the impeller blades, and the centrifugal force of the vortex may sweep the cuttings and other heavy debris toward the annular baffles along the outer edge of the casing system. The baffles may catch the cuttings/debris, keeping them from entering the main string of casing above a float collar of the casing system. This allows the mud to constantly flow through the main casing string via auto-fill without the debris and cuttings getting stuck in the float collar. The disclosed casing system may enable an operator to flush the collected cuttings/debris from the baffles as needed to keep the casing system from packing off or becoming clogged.
Referring to
Prior to the casing system 10 being lowered into the wellbore 14 as shown, the wellbore 14 may have been drilled to a certain depth via a drill string having a drill bit attached thereto. This previous drilling operation may have generated cuttings 24 or other debris from the drill bit cutting into the formation 16 to create the wellbore 14. As illustrated, these cuttings 24 may be distributed in a layer across a lower wall 26 of the deviated section 22 of the wellbore 14 as the casing string 12 is being run into the well.
The casing system 10 may include a debris separator device 28 that is used to separate the cuttings 24 from the mud flowing through the casing system 10 as the casing string 12 is run to depth. The debris separator device 28 may be run in with the casing string 12, at the bottom of the casing system as shown. For example, the debris separator device 28 may make up the bottom forty feet of the casing system 10 being lowered into the wellbore 14.
In disclosed embodiments, the casing system 10 may facilitate auto-fill operations while the casing system 10 is being lowered. The auto-fill operations enable downhole fluid (e.g., mud) to flow into the casing system 10 and up through the casing string 12 as the casing string 12 is being lowered. This may allow the casing system 10 to be run in to the wellbore 14 without a surface-mounted hydraulic pump being used to circulate fluid through the wellbore 14. Instead, as the casing system 10 is pushed downward through the wellbore 14, the mud may enter the casing system 10 via a float shoe 30 of the casing system 10, as shown by arrow 32. This flow of mud into the casing system 10 is created as a result of running the casing system 10 into the wellbore 14 filled with mud and cuttings 24. The mud may continue to flow through the debris separator device 28, through a float collar 34, and into the casing string 12.
Later, when performing a cementing operation, the casing system 10 may push cement downward through the casing string 12, float collar 34, debris separator device 28, and float shoe 30, and into an annulus 36 between the casing system 10 and the wellbore 14. The cement may push the mud back out of the casing string 12. The float collar 34 may include check valves designed to facilitate a one-way flow of fluid and cement through the float collar 34 during the cementing operation. When operating as desired, the check valves close to prevent cement from creeping or flowing back up the casing string 12. This may allow the cement to set up in the annulus 36, thereby completing the cementing job. When the cementing job is completed, the debris separator device 28 and the float shoe 30 may be filled with cement along with the annulus. From this point, the well may be completed or another drilling tool may be lowered and used to drill out the end of the casing system 10.
The debris separator device 28 may be used to capture and control the amount of cuttings 24 that flow into the casing system 10 with the mud as the casing system 10 is lowered. For example, the debris separator device 28 may keep the cuttings 24 from interfering with operation of the float collar 34. Specifically, if the cuttings 24 were to interfere with the check valve of the flow collar 34, the check valve might fail to close after cement is run into the wellbore 14, thereby compromising the ability of the cement to flow into and properly set in the bottom of the casing system 10. To prevent this from happening, the debris separator device 28 may include one or more impellers and baffles that are used to capture and periodically flush out cuttings 24 that enter the casing system 10 before the cuttings 24 reach the float collar 34.
In addition, the debris separator device 28 may capture and maintain the cuttings 24 in designated pockets (baffles) of the debris separator device 28 while leaving a flow path open through the center. This may prevent the cuttings 24 from bridging at the float collar 34. The term “bridging” refers to a large amount of cuttings 24 that might gather uphole of the check valve in the float collar 34 and act as a barrier that filters larger solids out of the cement mixture during the cementing process. In effect, this bridging may filter the cement so that a more watery cement substance than desired is output into the annulus 36 of the wellbore 14. As described in detail below, the disclosed debris separator device 28 may include baffles that capture and retain the cuttings 24 about an annular portion of the device, in order to prevent the occurrence of such bridging.
While
Having now described the context in which the debris separator device 28 may be used, a more detailed description of the debris separator device 28 will be provided.
The debris separator device 28 may also include a baffle 54 designed to catch these heavy particles that are thrown to the outside of the mud vortex via the impeller 50. Specifically, the baffle 54 may feature an annular cup shape that forms an outer circumferential pocket 56 within the debris separator device 28 to capture cuttings from the vortex of mud generated by the impeller 50. In some embodiments, the baffle 54 may also include a reduced diameter nozzle 58 that forms a wall of the annular pocket 56 and directs surface-pumped fluid through the center of the debris separator device 28 to draw the cuttings out of the outer circumferential pocket 56 when desired. The reduced diameter nozzle 58 may enable clean mud to pass through the center of the baffle 54 toward the float collar and main casing string described above.
As illustrated, the debris separator device 28 may include several such baffles 54 disposed periodically along the length of the debris separator device 28. In some embodiments, the baffles 54 and impellers 50 may be positioned along the length of the debris separator device 28 in an alternating fashion, although other arrangements may be used in other embodiments. As illustrated, one or more of the baffles 54 may be disposed adjacent a corresponding impeller 50 such that, as the casing string 12 is lowered into the wellbore, the mud enters the section of the casing string 12 (in a direction indicated by arrow 60) and moves across the impeller 50 toward the baffle 54. This may allow the impeller 50 to force the mud into a vortex prior to the mud reaching the baffle 54.
In the illustrated embodiment, the debris separator device 28 may include one or more impellers 50 and one or more baffles 54 disposed in a lower section of the casing string 12 of
As shown in
As illustrated in
In other embodiments, the impeller 50 and the baffle 54 may be components that are attachable to one another to form the debris separator device 28 shown in
In still other embodiments, the debris separator device 28 may include a long, pre-made up string of impellers and baffles that is inserted ahead of the float shoe 30 in the casing system 10. The impellers and baffles may be separate parts that are stacked in series to form the impeller/baffle string that is later inserted into the casing system 10. In other embodiments, the impellers and baffles may be combined into one single part and several of these parts may then be stacked in series.
Having now described the general structure and methods of manufacturing the disclosed debris separator device 28, a more detailed description of the functions performed by the debris separator device 28 will be provided. To that end,
At times throughout use of the debris separator device 28, the pockets 56 may become filled entirely with the cuttings and other particulate separated from the mud flow through the device. At such times, it may be desirable to flush the debris from the debris separator device 28, while still keeping the debris from entering the main casing string. To that end, the debris separator device 28 may be designed to facilitate such flushing of the debris from the pockets 56.
To begin, fluid may be circulated from the surface of the wellbore through the casing string, through the debris separator device 28, and out into the annulus surrounding the casing system. This fluid may include mud that is hydraulically pumped down the casing system from the surface. Once the fluid is circulated from the surface to the debris separator device 28 (shown by arrow 130), the impellers 50 in the debris separator device 28 may again facilitate rotation of the fluid flow. However, in this operation the baffles 54 are oriented in an opposite direction of the fluid flow, such that the fluid does not become trapped in the pockets 56. Instead, the fluid may flow at high rates through the center of the baffles 54 via the nozzles 58, creating a low pressure zone at the center of the debris separator device 28. These high flow rates may induce a vacuum through the center of the baffles 54 that removes the heavy particles from the baffle pockets 56, allowing the shoe track of the casing string to be flushed. That is, the fluid flow circulated from the surface may generate a vacuum pressure to draw the cuttings out of the baffle 54 and to expel the flow of mud and cuttings from the debris separator device 28 and into the wellbore.
By enabling flushing of the baffle pockets 56, the debris separator device 28 may not be susceptible to undesirable pack-off of the filter elements. That is, if the pockets 56 become full of cuttings or other material, then these materials can be swept out of the casing system before the casing system proceeds further downhole. In this manner, the debris separator device 28 may not become so full of debris that the debris prevents the mud from flowing through the debris separator device 28 and into the main casing string 12. Thus, the disclosed debris separator device 28 may maintain auto-filling operations of the casing system while filtering out the undesirable debris from the mud flow. Existing filter systems do not facilitate this selective flushing of the filters while running the casing and, therefore, are susceptible to losing auto-fill functionality. The ability to flush the presently disclosed debris separator device 28 may enable a relatively more flexible system for removing debris and cuttings from an auto-fill flow of mud through a casing string.
Although the design of the debris separator device 28 may enable flushing if the device becomes full of debris, it may be desirable for the debris separator device 28 to be designed such that it does not reach the point where it is full of debris. To that end, the debris separator device 28 may be formed from a large enough number of baffles 54 and impellers 50 that would ensure that enough storage volume is present within the many pockets 56 of the baffles 54 to collect all the cuttings that are likely to be drawn into the device. This may reduce the likelihood of cuttings being swept above the debris separator device 28 and on through the float collar to the main casing string. However, if debris does fill all the available pockets 56 and begin to flow through the debris separator device 28, the device 28 may simply be flushed via the circulation of fluid from the surface to clear the pockets 56. After flushing the debris separator device 28, the casing string may be further run into the wellbore.
In some embodiments of the debris separator device, one or more of the baffles 54 may include small perforations 150 formed therein, as illustrated in
Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the following claims.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2014/060435 | 10/14/2014 | WO | 00 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO2016/060648 | 4/21/2016 | WO | A |
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International Preliminary Report on Patentability issued in related Application No. PCT/US2014/060435, dated Apr. 27, 2017 (11 pages). |
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