Patent Application
20170076598
Within the field of computing, many scenarios involve a vehicle traveling on a causeway featuring at least two lanes of travel, such as an automobile traveling on a road with at least two lanes, or a watercraft traveling in a waterway with at least two lanes. In these scenarios, a device may provide a variety of location-based information to assist with navigation, such as a map, a depiction of an automatically or manually designated navigation route, and areas of obstacles such as traffic congestion. In particular, a navigation device may advise a driver of the vehicle as to lane suggestions; e.g., a navigation device may indicate to the driver that a route involves an exit from a rightmost lane of the causeway, and may suggest that the driver occupy the right rightmost lane in order to follow the route.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key factors or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
While the presentation of regional (including navigation) information including suggestions for lane selection may be advantageous, such advantages are often limited in both the evaluation and the presentation of lane suggestions. As a first example, while pre-programmed lane suggestions may be helpful (e.g., a routing database may indicate that a route between two points involves an exit from the rightmost lane), but additional suggestions may be identified based on the evaluation of travel conditions in each lane (e.g., current traffic congestion in each lane, or the presence of an obstacle such as a collision in a particular lane), and the comparison of the travel conditions of the respective lanes of the causeway. As a second example, the device that is configured to detect the lane currently occupied by the vehicle may also indicate to the driver whether another lane is more advantageous than the current lane (e.g., that the lane to the left of the vehicle is less congested than the current lane). Such detection and comparison may enable a selective presentation of lane change suggestions (e.g., not suggesting a lane to the driver if the current lane is optimal), and/or the presentation more contextually relevant lane change suggestions (e.g., rather than depicting or speaking “the second lane,” which may be confusing in a multi-lane causeway, a device may advise the driver to “move two lanes to the left”), as well as refraining from presenting unhelpful lane suggestions (e.g., advising the driver that a particular lane is optimal when the driver is already occupying the lane, thus disadvantageously distracting the attention of the driver and possibly confusing the navigation).
In view of these and other advantages, the present disclosure provides a variety of techniques for selecting and presenting lane change suggestions. In an embodiment, a device may facilitate a driver of a vehicle operating on a causeway having at least two lanes by detecting, among the lanes of the causeway, a current lane that is occupied by the vehicle; for respective lanes, identifying a travel condition; identifying an advantageous lane of the causeway having a travel condition presenting an advantage over the travel condition of the current lane; and presenting to the driver a suggestion to transfer the vehicle to the advantageous lane. These and other variations of the techniques herein may enable the presentation of lane change suggestions, in a manner that is contextually related to the current lane of the user, in accordance with the techniques presented herein.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the following description and annexed drawings set forth certain illustrative aspects and implementations. These are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which one or more aspects may be employed. Other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the annexed drawings.
The claimed subject matter is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. It may be evident, however, that the claimed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the claimed subject matter.
In the field of vehicle computing, many types of devices and services may be provided that facilitate the driver of a vehicle, such as mapping, navigation, routing, and travel condition advisories. The computations of the devices may result in various types of suggestions that may facilitate the driver of the vehicle, and the presentation of such suggestions to the driver (e.g., as visual text, graphical icons, maps, photographic images, three-dimensional renderings, audio cues, spoken text, and/or haptic feedback) to signal the suggestions to the driver.
While the notifications 112 presented in the example scenarios presented in
Instead, in each of the example scenarios of
The techniques presented herein may provide a variety of technical effects in the scenarios provided herein.
As a first such example, the techniques provided herein may enable a determination of the status of a causeway 102, such as traffic conditions of various lanes of a road, based upon a collection of information about the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 from respective vehicles 108 traveling on the causeway 102. That is, while general traffic information about the causeway 102 may be derived from more generalized metrics such as the reported speeds of vehicles 108, such metrics may not provide a fully detailed account of the conditions of the respective lanes 104 of the causeway 102. For example, a discrepancy arising in a particular lane 104 of the causeway 102 as compared with the other lanes 104 of the causeway 102 may indicate the presence of an obstruction, such as traffic, a vehicular accident, or a pothole, which may otherwise be difficult to differentiate from a generalized traffic condition such as volume-induced congestion. Such indications may enable a determination of whether to advise the driver to transfer to a different lane 104, to maintain the present lane 104, or to detour to a different causeway 102 altogether.
As a second such example, the techniques provided herein may enable a more detailed evaluation of the conditions of the causeway, and therefore may provide more accurate determination of routing factors, such as an estimated travel duration and an estimated time of arrival. For example, if traffic congestion is detected along the route of the user, an estimated travel duration reported to the user may be updated to reflect a projected delay. The duration of the projected delay may be estimated based in part on whether the traffic congestion is confined to one of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 and may therefore be avoidable, or whether the traffic congestion applies to all lanes 104 of the causeway 102. Additionally, the determination of the conditions of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 may assist a navigation device with a determination of whether or not to re-route the user 102 through a different causeway 102 that may enable an avoidance of a travel delay affecting the current causeway 102 of the user. Moreover, such indications may enable a determination of the urgency of presenting the suggestion. For example, construction arising six miles ahead in the driver's lane of a road may prompt no suggestion, or a more generalized suggestion, such as a change of route; construction arising in the driver's lane on the road three miles ahead may prompt a suggestion to change lanes sometime in the next several minutes; and construction arising within the next mile may prompt an urgent recommendation to change lanes 104.
As a third such example, the techniques provided herein may enable more detailed notification of the lane change suggestion to the user 102. Such information may be presented to the user 102 in a timely manner (e.g., choosing an ideal moment to advise the user 102 to select a different lane 112), and/or may be based upon current or typical conditions for the respective lanes 104 of the causeway 102. For example, a user may be operating a vehicle 108 in a left lane 104 of the causeway 102, and may be embarking upon a route that involves a right turn from the right lane 104 two miles ahead. Based on the evaluation of the conditions of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102, a navigation device may decide whether to advise the user to switch to the right lane 104 as soon as possible (e.g., because traffic is developing in the left lane 104), or to remain in the left lane 104 until the turn is imminent (e.g., because traffic is developing in the right lane 104). In this manner, the navigation device may advise the user in the navigation of the vehicle 108 in a manner that is informed by the current conditions of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 in accordance with the techniques presented herein.
A fourth embodiment of the techniques presented herein involves a computer-readable medium comprising processor-executable instructions configured to apply the techniques presented herein. Such computer-readable media may include, e.g., computer-readable storage media involving a tangible device, such as a memory semiconductor (e.g., a semiconductor utilizing static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) technologies), a platter of a hard disk drive, a flash memory device, or a magnetic or optical disc (such as a CD-R, DVD-R, or floppy disc), encoding a set of computer-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a device, cause the device to implement the techniques presented herein. Such computer-readable media may also include (as a class of technologies that are distinct from computer-readable storage media) various types of communications media, such as a signal that may be propagated through various physical phenomena (e.g., an electromagnetic signal, a sound wave signal, or an optical signal) and in various wired scenarios (e.g., via an Ethernet or fiber optic cable) and/or wireless scenarios (e.g., a wireless local area network (WLAN) such as WiFi, a personal area network (PAN) such as Bluetooth, or a cellular or radio network), and which encodes a set of computer-readable instructions that, when executed by a processor of a device, cause the device to implement the techniques presented herein.
An example computer-readable medium that may be devised in these ways is illustrated in
The techniques discussed herein may be devised with variations in many aspects, and some variations may present additional advantages and/or reduce disadvantages with respect to other variations of these and other techniques. Moreover, some variations may be implemented in combination, and some combinations may feature additional advantages and/or reduced disadvantages through synergistic cooperation. The variations may be incorporated in various embodiments (e.g., the example method 300 of
E1. Scenarios
A first aspect that may vary among embodiments of these techniques relates to the scenarios wherein such techniques may be utilized.
As a first variation of this first aspect, the techniques presented herein may be used with many types of vehicles 106, including automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, buses, watercraft, aircraft, and spacecraft. Additionally, the techniques presented herein may be used to evaluate many types of multi-lane causeways 102, including walking and biking paths, roads, highways, railways, waterways, and airspaces. Such vehicles may be controlled by one or more humans, may be autonomous, or may involve a combination thereof, such as an autonomous automobile that can also be controlled by a human.
As a second variation of this first aspect, the techniques presented herein may be used to evaluate many types of advantages 206 in choosing an advantageous lane 416 over a current lane 414, such as a lane compliance with a route of the vehicle 106 (e.g., a lane 104 that the vehicle 106 is to occupy to fulfill a route); a fuel economy promoting advantage; a cost economy promoting advantage (e.g., toll avoidance); a travel time consistency promoting advantage (e.g., a lane 104 providing a more consistent and/or predictable travel time); an emissions reducing advantage; a travel time reducing advantage; a driving safety promoting advantage; a vehicle proximity reducing advantage (e.g., a less crowded lane 104); a traffic congestion avoiding advantage; a construction zone avoiding advantage; a causeway hazard avoiding advantage; and a smooth driving experience promoting advantage (e.g., a lane 104 that provides a more consistent and/or comfortable driving route).
As a third variation of this first aspect, the techniques presented herein may be implemented in a variety of architectures. As a first example, the techniques presented herein may be implemented in a device 202 aboard a vehicle 106; by a first device 202 aboard a first vehicle 106 in communication with a second device 202 aboard a second vehicle 106 (e.g., interoperating devices 202 that enable a collective determination of the advantageous lane 208 of the causeway 102); by a first device 202 aboard a vehicle 106 in communication with a second device 202 that is transiently or permanently stationary on or near the causeway 102; and/or by a first device 202 aboard a vehicle 106 in communication with a remote device 202 that is accessible over a wireless communication protocol, such as a radio, cellular, or WiFi communications network. As one such example, the comparison 420 and determination of an advantageous lane 416 of the causeway 102 may be determined by a device 202 on behalf of a vehicle 106 storing the device 202; by a device 202 aboard a first vehicle 106 on behalf of a second vehicle 106; and/or by a remote device 202, such as a server providing a lane change suggestions service.
E2. Current Lane Detection
A second aspect that may vary among embodiments of these techniques relates to the manner of detecting the current lane 414 of the vehicle 106. Many such techniques may be utilized for current lane detection, and some devices 202 may combine multiple techniques for added accuracy and/or verification.
As further illustrated in the example scenario 800 of
As further illustrated in the example scenario 800 of
E3. Travel Condition Communication
A third aspect that may vary among embodiments of these techniques involves the manner of transmitting travel conditions 418 of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 to a travel service for evaluation, which may enable the travel service to notify the devices 202 on board various vehicles 104 of developments in the travel conditions 418 of the causeway 102.
E4. Travel Condition Evaluation and Advantageous Lane Selection
A fourth aspect that may vary among embodiments of these techniques involves the evaluation of travel conditions 418 of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102, and the selection of an advantageous lane 208 among the lanes 104 of the causeway 102.
As a first variation of this fourth aspect, many types of travel conditions 418 may be evaluated to arrive at the determination of the advantageous lane 416, including past, current, and/or predicted traffic congestion 110; causeway surface evaluation; past, current, and/or predicted weather conditions; the preferences of the driver 108; and/or details of the vehicle 106 (e.g., cargo weight).
As a second variation of this fourth aspect, many techniques may be utilized to detect the travel conditions 418 of respective lanes 104 of the causeway 102. As a first such example, the travel conditions of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 may be evaluated within a distance threshold of a location of the vehicle 106 (e.g., for one mile of the causeway 102 ahead of the vehicle 106, and/or for one mile of a current route of the vehicle 106).
As a third variation of this fourth aspect, a device 202 aboard a vehicle 106 may receive, from a causeway descriptor service, a current lane condition of the current lane 414, and a second lane condition of the advantageous lane 416 (e.g., an accumulation of water and/or ice in each lane 104 of a road), and may determine the advantageous lane 416 by comparing the current lane condition and the second lane condition.
As a fourth variation of this fourth aspect, a device 202 aboard a vehicle 106 may evaluate a first image of the current lane 414 to detect a current lane available vehicle capacity of the current lane 414 (e.g., counting the number of vehicles 106 occupying the current lane 414 ahead of the vehicle 106); evaluate a second image of a second lane 104 to detect a second lane available vehicle capacity of the second lane 104; and, upon determining that the second lane available vehicle capacity is higher than the current lane available vehicle capacity (e.g., that the second lane 104 has fewer vehicles 106 than the current lane 414), identify the second lane as the advantageous lane 416.
As a fifth variation of this fourth aspect, a device 202 aboard a vehicle 106 may detect a first vehicle speed of at least one vehicle 106 in the current lane 414; detect a second vehicle speed of at least one vehicle 106 in a second lane 104; and, upon determining that the second vehicle speed is higher than the current lane vehicle speed, identifying the second lane 104 as the advantageous lane 416.
As a sixth variation of this fourth aspect, a device 202 having a camera 812 may evaluate an image 814 of the current lane 414 to detect an obstruction affecting the current lane 414, and evaluate an image of the advantageous lane 416 to detect an avoidance of the obstruction by the advantageous lane 416 (e.g., using machine vision techniques to detect an obstruction of the causeway 102, as well as a lane 104 providing a path around the obstruction).
As a seventh variation of this fourth aspect, a server 702 may determine the travel conditions 418 through the evaluation of information aggregated from a variety of vehicles 106. For example, the server 702 may receive, from at least one vehicle 106 operating on the causeway 102, at least one driving input involving at least one lane 104 of the causeway 102 (e.g., detecting that drivers 108 in a particular lane 104 are frequently braking or swerving), and may identify the travel condition 418 of the respective lanes 104 based on the driving inputs for the vehicles 106 operating in the lane 104.
As an eighth variation of this fourth aspect, the comparison 420 may be performed in view of many aspects of the travel conditions 418. As a first such example, respective travel conditions 418 may be associated with a weight indicating its significance in the comparison 420 (e.g., an improvement in driving safety may be considered more advantageous than a reduction in travel time duration). As a second such example, the preferences of respective drivers 108 may be considered in the comparison 420, such as the comparative significance and value of fuel economy and travel time to the driver 108, in identifying an advantageous lane 416 among the lanes 104 of the causeway 102.
As a ninth variation of this fourth aspect, a device 202 aboard a vehicle 106 may also notify the driver 108 of the advantage 206 conferred by the advantageous lane 416 as part of the lane change suggestion 208, and/or may provide alternative lane change suggestions 208 respectively presenting an advantage 206 (e.g., a first advantageous lane 416 providing a fuel economy advantage 206, and a second advantageous lane 416 providing a travel time reducing advantage 206).
As a tenth variation of this fourth aspect, some lanes 104 of a causeway 102 may only be utilized under certain conditions. As a first such example, respective lanes 104 may have an occupancy minimum (e.g., a high occupancy vehicle (“HOV”) lane that may only be utilized legally by vehicles 104 having at least a minimum number of passengers). A device 202 may determine a current occupancy of the vehicle 106 (e.g., by detecting and evaluating symbols painted on the lanes 104 of the causeway 102, and/or signs positioned near the causeway 102), and may select a lane 104 as an advantageous lane 416 only if the current occupancy of the vehicle satisfies the occupancy minimum of the lane 104. As a second such example, a toll lane may be usable only in exchange for paying a toll (e.g., signing up to an automated toll-paying service), and a device 202 may select the lane 104 as an advantageous lane 416 only if the toll may be paid by the vehicle 106 and/or the driver 108. These and other techniques may be utilized to evaluate the travel conditions 418 of the lanes 104 of the causeway 102 and to select the advantageous lane 416 in accordance with the techniques presented herein.
E4. Presenting Lane Change Suggestions
A fifth aspect that may vary among embodiments of the techniques presented herein relates to the manner of presenting lane change suggestions 208 to a driver 108 of a vehicle 106.
As a first variation of this fifth aspect, the lane change suggestion 208 may be presented to the driver 108 through various communications modalities, such as a visual text message; a visual symbol presented on a display; a map or photographic image; an audio cue, such as a spoken message; or through haptic feedback.
As a third variation of this fifth aspect, in some scenarios, the advantageous lane 416 may comprise the current lane 414 that is currently occupied by the vehicle 106, and the lane change suggestion 208. As a first such example, in such circumstances, the device 202 may refrain from presenting the lane change suggestion 208 (e.g., not presenting any notification to the driver 108 when the current lane 414 is the advantageous lane 416). As a second such example, in such circumstances, upon detecting an intent of the driver 108 to transfer to a second lane 104 of the causeway 102, a device 202 may present to the driver 108 a lane change suggestion 208 comprising a suggestion to maintain the current lane 414 instead of transitioning to the second lane.
As a fourth variation of this fifth aspect, a device 202 may identify the advantageous lane 416 in various ways. As a first such example, the device 202 may describe the advantageous lane 416 relative to the current lane 414 (e.g., “move one lane to the right”), or relative to the causeway 102 (e.g., “move to the rightmost lane”). As a second such example, a device 202 may present to the driver 108 an explanation of the advantage 206 of the advantageous lane 416 compared with the current lane 414 (e.g., “move one lane to the right to avoid an accident in this lane”).
Although not required, embodiments are described in the general context of “computer readable instructions” being executed by one or more computing devices. Computer readable instructions may be distributed via computer readable media (discussed below). Computer readable instructions may be implemented as program modules, such as functions, objects, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), data structures, and the like, that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the computer readable instructions may be combined or distributed as desired in various environments.
In other embodiments, device 1402 may include additional features and/or functionality. For example, device 1402 may also include additional storage (e.g., removable and/or non-removable) including, but not limited to, magnetic storage, optical storage, and the like. Such additional storage is illustrated in
The term “computer readable media” as used herein includes computer storage media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions or other data. Memory 1408 and storage 1410 are examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by device 1402. Any such computer storage media may be part of device 1402.
Device 1402 may also include communication connection(s) 1416 that allows device 1402 to communicate with other devices. Communication connection(s) 1416 may include, but is not limited to, a modem, a Network Interface Card (NIC), an integrated network interface, a radio frequency transmitter/receiver, an infrared port, a USB connection, or other interfaces for connecting computing device 1402 to other computing devices. Communication connection(s) 1416 may include a wired connection or a wireless connection. Communication connection(s) 1416 may transmit and/or receive communication media.
The term “computer readable media” may include communication media. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions or other data in a “modulated data signal” such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may include a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal.
Device 1402 may include input device(s) 1414 such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, infrared cameras, video input devices, and/or any other input device. Output device(s) 1412 such as one or more displays, speakers, printers, and/or any other output device may also be included in device 1402. Input device(s) 1414 and output device(s) 1412 may be connected to device 1402 via a wired connection, wireless connection, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, an input device or an output device from another computing device may be used as input device(s) 1414 or output device(s) 1412 for computing device 1402.
Components of computing device 1402 may be connected by various interconnects, such as a bus. Such interconnects may include a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), such as PCI Express, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), firewire (IEEE 1394), an optical bus structure, and the like. In another embodiment, components of computing device 1402 may be interconnected by a network. For example, memory 1408 may be comprised of multiple physical memory units located in different physical locations interconnected by a network.
Those skilled in the art will realize that storage devices utilized to store computer readable instructions may be distributed across a network. For example, a computing device 1420 accessible via network 1418 may store computer readable instructions to implement one or more embodiments provided herein. Computing device 1402 may access computing device 1420 and download a part or all of the computer readable instructions for execution. Alternatively, computing device 1402 may download pieces of the computer readable instructions, as needed, or some instructions may be executed at computing device 1402 and some at computing device 1420.
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system”, “interface”, and the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a controller and the controller can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
Furthermore, the claimed subject matter may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the claimed subject matter.
Various operations of embodiments are provided herein. In one embodiment, one or more of the operations described may constitute computer readable instructions stored on one or more computer readable media, which if executed by a computing device, will cause the computing device to perform the operations described. The order in which some or all of the operations are described should not be construed as to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. Alternative ordering will be appreciated by one skilled in the art having the benefit of this description. Further, it will be understood that not all operations are necessarily present in each embodiment provided herein.
Moreover, the word “example” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “example” is not necessarily to be construed as advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word example is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims may generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form.
Also, although the disclosure has been shown and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art based upon a reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. The disclosure includes all such modifications and alterations and is limited only by the scope of the following claims. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (e.g., elements, resources, etc.), the terms used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated example implementations of the disclosure. In addition, while a particular feature of the disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application No. 61/946,962, filed on Mar. 3, 2014, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference as if fully rewritten herein.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US15/18383 | 3/3/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61946962 | Mar 2014 | US |
