This invention is directed to a local drug delivery implant. More specifically, the invention is related to a spiral or coil drug delivery construct.
Various devices and methods have been proposed for local application of a therapeutic agent or drug such as stents, vascular paving, and particle delivery. Stents are metallic or polymeric implantable structures that have been modified for local delivery of a drug. A polymer dissolved in a solvent including a drug can be applied to the stent. The solvent is removed, leaving behind a polymer coated stent capable of delivering a drug. A disadvantage of using a stent includes the trauma caused to the lumen, such as a blood vessel, during implantation of the stent. Radial pressure applied by the stent can lead to inflammation and tissue damage, which can cause the onset of restenosis or amplify the degree of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Hyper-proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells caused by the application of radial pressure by a stent can mitigate the effects of local therapeutic substance application.
For some applications such as vulnerable plaque, radial pressure applied by a stent can cause more sever damage than just inducement of restenosis. Unlike occlusive plaques that impede blood flow, vulnerable plaque develops within the arterial walls. Vulnerable plaque can exist without the symptomatic characteristic of a substantially narrow arterial lumen. The intrinsic histological features that may characterize a vulnerable plaque include increased lipid content, increased macrophage, foam cell and T lymphocyte content, and reduced collagen and smooth muscle cell content. This fibroatheroma type of vulnerable plaque is often referred to as “soft” collagen, whose reduced concentration combined with macrophage derived enzyme degradations cause the fibrous cap of these lesions to rupture under unpredictable circumstances. When ruptured, the lipid core contents, thought to include tissue factor, contact the arterial bloodstream, causing a blood clot to form that can completely block the artery resulting in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This type of atherosclerosis is coined “vulnerable” because of unpredictable tendency of the plaque to rupture. It is thought that hemodynamic and cardiac forces, which yield to circumferential stress, shear stress, and flexation stress, may cause disruption of fibroatheroma type of vulnerable plaque. These forces may arise as the result of simple movements, such as getting out of bed in the morning, in vivo forces related to blood flow and the beating of the heart, as well as radial force applied by a stent. Accordingly, it is desirable to treat conditions such as vulnerable plaque with adequate source of drug delivery without the drawbacks associated with a stent.
Vascular paving can be performed by loading a monomer, pre-polymer or polymer in a balloon catheter, and then applying the composition directly to the inside of a tissue lumen within a zone occluded by the catheter balloon. The application can be through pores of the balloon, for example. The process is followed by curing or polymerizing the applied composition. The tissue surface may be an internal or external surface, and can include the interior of a tissue lumen or hollow space whether naturally occurring or occurring as a result of surgery, percutaneous techniques, trauma or disease. The polymeric material can be reconfigured to form a coating or “paving” layer in intimate and conforming contact with the surface. The resulting paving layer optionally can have a sealing function. The coating preferably has a thickness on the tissue surface on the order of 0.001-1.0 mm; however, coatings having a thickness outside that range may be used as well. By appropriate selection of the material employed and of the configuration of the paving material, the process can be tailored to satisfy a wide variety of biological or clinical situations. Drawbacks associated with vascular paving include the downstream flow and waste of the paving material prior to the curing of the composition and difficult and cumbersome procedural steps for the surgeon including the necessity to occlude the vessel in which the procedure is performed and the curing or polymerization of the polymer to achieve conformal coating about the location where its benefit is most desired. In sum, vascular paving has been considered a difficult procedure which can certainly out weight its benefits.
Particle drug delivery includes release of particles having a drug at the treatment site. If the particles are delivered so as to be embedded within the treatment site, they can cause sever trauma to the vessel, which would present the same issues as a stent as described above. If the particles are simply delivered without being embedded within the lumen, the therapeutic effect of the particles can depend on their size. Too small of particles can simply wash away with blood flow, resulting in negligible therapeutic treatment at the desired site. Moreover, other areas of the body not in need of treatment will be exposed to the drug, which in effect would be equivalent to systemic delivery of the drug. If the particles are too large, they form an embolus, causing cell damage or death.
It is desirable to address and treat vascular conditions, such as vulnerable plaque, a disease that is often seen in diabetics, with a use of a device that does not provide the above described drawbacks. It is also desirable to have a device which provides a sustained delivery of therapeutic agents to long or extended portions of coronary vessels or to a multitude of focal manifestations of a disease site. The use of the implantable device of the present invention, as can be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art, is certainly not limited to coronary vessels as it can have a multitude of applications in a variety of biological lumens and cavities.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an implantable medical device is provided for the treatment of various disorders including vascular disorders. The implant comprises a helical construct including a set of spiral coils for local in vivo application of a therapeutic substance in a biological lumen. The construct is intended to conform against the lumen or cavity wall but to apply minimum force or pressure against the wall. In some embodiments, minimum force is defined as less force as applied by any commonly used balloon expandable or self-expandable stent or a stent-graft. In some embodiments, the construct is not intended to maintain patency of the vessel, but only to provide a means for delivery of a drug. In some embodiment, the helical construct is configured to apply less than 0.75 Bar of pressure to the biological lumen. In some embodiments, the construct can have a coil pitch from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm. The coil pitch can be constant or variable along the length of the device. In some embodiments, a proximal or distal segment of the helical construct can have a coil pitch that is different than a middle segment of the construct. In some embodiments, the helical construct has a coil contact angle of 0 to 80 degrees against the biological lumen. In some embodiments, it can be between 10 to 70 degrees.
In some embodiments, the helical construct includes a first set and a second set of spiral coils such that the first set of spiral coils has a counter helical configuration or direction to the second set of spiral coils (i.e., opposing “helicity”). The first set of spiral coils can be connected to the second set of spiral coils by a V-shaped or U-shaped connector. They can also be connected by a polymeric connector. The connector can be biodegradable.
The helical construct can be made from a polymeric material, a metallic material or a combination of polymers and/or metals. The helical construct can be biodegradable. The therapeutic substance can be mixed, embedded, or blended in the body of the construct or can be coated on the construct.
In accordance with another aspect, a method of treating a disorder, such as a vascular disorder, is provided. The method comprises inserting or implanting the helical construct at a target location within a patient such as a mammalian or human subject. The disorder can be vulnerable plaque or restenosis. The device can be used in any body cavity, lumen or blood vessel, including the urethra, peripheral blood vessels, lower or upper gastric intestinal structures and the like.
Individual coils 12 can have a coil contact angle Φ with a lumen wall in a range from 0 degrees (coils being perpendicular to the lumen wall) to 80 degrees (coils being almost parallel to the lumen wall). In some embodiments, the contact angle can be 10 degrees to 70 degrees; 20 degrees to 60 degrees; and 30 degrees to 50 degrees. It should be noted that axis x is normal to the issue wall and axis y is along the coil, as best illustrated by
In one embodiment, as illustrated by
The helical construct 10 can be made from a biodegradable polymer, biostable polymer, a metallic material or a combination of such material. Biostable refers to polymers that are not biodegradable. The terms biodegradable, bioabsorbable, and bioerodable are used interchangeably and refer to materials that are capable of being completely degraded and/or eroded when exposed to bodily fluids such as blood and can be gradually resorbed, absorbed and/or eliminated by the body. The processes of breaking down and absorption of the polymer can be caused by, for example, hydrolysis and metabolic processes. The construct 10 can also be made from biodegradable metals (e.g., magnesium, iron, tungsten, or ferrous oxide), alone or in combination with other metals and polymers. In one embodiment, the construct 10 can be a combination of biodegradable metal(s) with biodegradable polymer(s). The metal can form the core with a polymer shell enclosing the core. The metal and the polymer can be blended or layered as well. The metal can be distributed in particle form in the polymer.
The construct 10 can be made from a soft, flexible filament including monofilaments or braided string filaments. The construct 10 can be a continuous wire or a wire having connections. The construct 10 can be an extruded polymer tube. In some embodiment, the construct 10 can be fabricated as a polymer matrix loaded, embedded or blended with a drug or therapeutic agent. The construct 10 may have drug-loaded micro- or nano-particles embedded within the body of the construct 10 or coated on the construct 10. The particles may include metallic material such as alkaline earth metals (magnesium) or transition metals (gold) having a coating of the drug with or without a polymeric material. In some embodiments the particles may be fullerenes including a drug, with or without metallic or polymeric components. In some embodiments, the particles can be ceramic or bioglass. The particles can be micelles (e.g., polymer micelles), liposomes, polyliposomes, polymerosomes, or membrane vesicles with a membrane that includes a polymerosomes, as is well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the micro- or nano-particles are spherical or quasi-spherical formed of a polymer encapsulating the drug. When the device is in contact with body fluids, the polymer can swell and/or hydrolyze, thus releasing the drug.
The construct 10 may include a coating on its surface of a pure drug, such a heparin, or a drug with a polymeric carrier.
Representative examples of polymers that may be used to fabricate the construct 10 include, but are not limited to, poly(hydroxyvalerate), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), polyorthoester, polyanhydride, poly(glycolic acid), poly(glycolide), poly(L-lactic acid), poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide); poly(D,L-lactide), poly(caprolactone), poly(trimethylene carbonate), polyethylene amide, polyethylene acrylate, poly(glycolic acid-co-trimethylene carbonate), co-poly(ether-esters) (e.g. PEO/PLA), polyphosphazenes, biomolecules (such as fibrin, fibrinogen, cellulose, starch, collagen and hyaluronic acid), polyurethanes, silicones, polyesters, polyolefins, polyisobutylene and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, acrylic polymers and copolymers other than polyacrylates, vinyl halide polymers and copolymers (such as polyvinyl chloride), polyvinyl ethers (such as polyvinyl methyl ether), polyvinylidene halides (such as polyvinylidene chloride), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl ketones, polyvinyl aromatics (such as polystyrene), polyvinyl esters (such as polyvinyl acetate), acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, ABS resins, polyamides (such as Nylon 66 and polycaprolactam), polycarbonates, polyoxymethylenes, polyimides, polyethers, polyurethanes, rayon, rayon-triacetate, cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellulose nitrate, cellulose propionate, cellulose ethers, and carboxymethyl cellulose.
The drug or therapeutic agent includes agents that have anti-proliferative or anti-inflammatory properties or can have other properties such as antineoplastic, antiplatelet, anti-coagulant, anti-fibrin, antithrombogenic, antimitotic, antibiotic, antiallergic, antifibrotic, and antioxidant. The agents can be cystostatic agents, agents that promote the healing of the endothelium such as NO releasing or generating agents, agents that attract endothelial progenitor cells, agents that promote the attachment, migration or proliferation of endothelial cells (e.g., natriuretic peptides such as CNP, ANP or BNP peptide or an RGD or cRGD peptide), while impeding smooth muscle cell proliferation. Examples of suitable therapeutic and prophylactic agents include synthetic inorganic and organic compounds, proteins and peptides, polysaccharides and other sugars, lipids, and DNA and RNA nucleic acid sequences having therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic activities. Some other examples of the bioactive agent include antibodies, receptor ligands, enzymes, adhesion peptides, blood clotting factors, inhibitors or clot dissolving agents such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, antigens for immunization, hormones and growth factors, oligonucleotides such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA (siRNA), small hairpin RNA (shRNA), aptamers, ribozymes and retroviral vectors for use in gene therapy. Examples of anti-proliferative agents include rapamycin and its functional or structural derivatives, 40-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl-rapamycin (everolimus), and its functional or structural derivatives, paclitaxel and its functional and structural derivatives. Examples of rapamycin derivatives include 40-epi-(N1-tetrazolyl)-rapamycin (ABT-578), 40-O-(3-hydroxy)propyl-rapamycin, 40-O-[2-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy]ethyl-rapamycin, and 40-O-tetrazole-rapamycin. Examples of paclitaxel derivatives include docetaxel. Examples of antineoplastics and/or antimitotics include methotrexate, azathioprine, vincristine, vinblastine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (e.g. Adriamycin® from Pharmacia & Upjohn, Peapack N.J.), and mitomycin (e.g. Mutamycin® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.). Examples of such antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antifibrin, and antithrombins include sodium heparin, low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, hirudin, argatroban, forskolin, vapiprost, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogues, dextran, D-phe-pro-arg-chloromethylketone (synthetic antithrombin), dipyridamole, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antagonist antibody, recombinant hirudin, thrombin inhibitors such as Angiomax (Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), colchicine, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonists, fish oil (omega 3-fatty acid), histamine antagonists, lovastatin (an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a cholesterol lowering drug, brand name Mevacor® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.), monoclonal antibodies (such as those specific for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptors), nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin inhibitors, suramin, serotonin blockers, steroids, thioprotease inhibitors, triazolopyrimidine (a PDGF antagonist), nitric oxide or nitric oxide donors, super oxide dismutases, super oxide dismutase mimetic, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO), estradiol, anticancer agents, dietary supplements such as various vitamins, and a combination thereof. Examples of anti-inflammatory agents including steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents include tacrolimus, dexamethasone, clobetasol, mometasone, or combinations thereof. Examples of cytostatic substances include angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril (e.g. Capoten® and Capozide® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), cilazapril or lisinopril (e.g. Prinivil® and Prinzide® from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.). An example of an antiallergic agent is permirolast potassium. Other therapeutic substances or agents which may be appropriate include alpha-interferon, pimecrolimus, imatinib mesylate, midostaurin, bioactive RGD, SIKVAV peptides, elevating agents such as cANP or cGMP peptides, and genetically engineered endothelial cells. The foregoing substances can also be used in the form of prodrugs or co-drugs thereof. The foregoing substances also include metabolites thereof and/or prodrugs of the metabolites. The foregoing substances are listed by way of example and are not meant to be limiting. Other active agents which are currently available or that may be developed in the future are equally applicable.
Construct 10 can further include or be made from a biobeneficial material. The biobeneficial material can be a polymeric material or non-polymeric material. The biobeneficial material is preferably non-toxic, non-antigenic and non-immunogenic. A biobeneficial material is one which enhances the biocompatibility of the device by being non-fouling, hemocompatible, actively non-thrombogenic, or anti-inflammatory, all without depending on the release of a pharmaceutically active agent. Representative biobeneficial materials include, but are not limited to, polyethers such as poly(ethylene glycol), copoly(ether-esters) (e.g. PEO/PLA), polyalkylene oxides such as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(ether ester), polyalkylene oxalates, polyphosphazenes, phosphoryl choline, choline, poly(aspirin), polymers and co-polymers of hydroxyl bearing monomers such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), hydroxypropylmethacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate (PEGA), PEG methacrylate, 2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine (MPC) and n-vinyl pyrrolidone (VP), carboxylic acid bearing monomers such as methacrylic acid (MA), acrylic acid (AA), alkoxymethacrylate, alkoxyacrylate, and 3-trimethylsilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSPMA), poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene)-PEG (SIS-PEG), polystyrene-PEG, polyisobutylene-PEG, polycaprolactone-PEG (PCL-PEG), PLA-PEG, poly(methyl methacrylate)-PEG (PMMA-PEG), polydimethylsiloxane-co-PEG (PDMS-PEG), poly(vinylidene fluoride)-PEG (PVDF-PEG), PLURONIC™ surfactants (polypropylene oxide-co-polyethylene glycol), poly(tetramethylene glycol), hydroxy functional poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), biomolecules such as fibrin, fibrinogen, cellulose, starch, collagen, dextran, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, fragments and derivatives of hyaluronic acid, heparin, fragments and derivatives of heparin, glycosamino glycan (GAG), GAG derivatives, polysaccharide, elastin, chitosan, alginate, silicones, PolyActive™, and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the construct 10 may be made from or to include shape memory polymers or metals. Most polymers exhibit some shape memory when deformed and stored at a temperature below Tg. The best shape memory polymers have light cross-linking or crystalline domains that serve to fix the locations of the polymeric chains. After a polymer is deformed and kept at a temperature below Tg, the polymer chains are in a non-equilibrium extended conformation. Upon heating above Tg, the polymer chains have sufficient mobility to return to their desired lower-energy “coiled” conformation. The cross-links or crystalline domains serve to prevent the migration of portions of the polymer chains, and thus the gross structure is forced to return to its original shape. Representative examples of a shape memory polymers include, but are not limited to, copolymers of poly(caprolactone) and poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate). A representative example of a shape memory metal includes Nitinol.
The construct 10 may also include a binder or a plasticizer for changing the properties of the device. Plasticizers can be added, for example, to reduce crystallinity, lower the glass-transition temperature (Tg), or reduce the intermolecular forces between polymers. The mechanical properties that are modified include, but are not limited to, Young's modulus, impact resistance (toughness), tensile strength, and tear strength. Impact resistance, or “toughness,” is a measure of energy absorbed during fracture of a polymer sample of standard dimensions and geometry when subjected to very rapid impact loading.
Examples of plasticizing agents include, but are not limited to, low molecular weight polymers (such as single-block polymers, multi-block copolymers, and other copolymers such as graft copolymers), oligomers (such as ethyl-terminated oligomers of lactic acid), small organic molecules, hydrogen bond forming organic compounds with and without hydroxyl groups, polyols (such as low molecular weight polyols having aliphatic hydroxyls), alkanols (such as butanols, pentanols and hexanols), sugar alcohols and anhydrides of sugar alcohols, polyethers (such as poly(alkylene glycols)), esters (such as citrates, phthalates, sebacates and adipates), polyesters, aliphatic acids, proteins (such as animal proteins and vegetable proteins), oils (such as, for example, the vegetable oils and animal oils), silicones, acetylated monoglycerides, amides, acetamides, sulfoxides, sulfones, pyrrolidones oxa acids, diglycolic acids, and any analogs, derivatives, copolymers and combinations of the foregoing.
The construct 10 of the present invention may be delivered with a viscous solution containing a biologically benign matrix and therapeutics for regional therapy of the target vessel. Examples include, but are not limited to, hyaluronic acid or carboxymethyl cellulose, or PVP, suspended with PEA nano-particles containing everolimus. This type of solution may act as a lubricant for smooth delivery of the device and may also start biological therapy at the start of deployment. The viscous solution may be placed on the devices, generally within the sheath or on the outside of the sheath. The solution can also be applied or injected by the catheter. Application of compositions with catheters is well known in the art.
In some embodiments, the viscous solution, as mentioned above, may contain an ampiphilic, surface active molecule to plasticize the device for both mechanical properties and therapeutic release modulation. Examples include PLURONIC and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-lauryl methacrylate (MPC-co-LMA). The plasticizer can suppress the Tg to make the polymer or polymeric matrix pliable and flexible. The viscous solution of this embodiment may be applied to devices made from shape memory polymers discussed previously. The addition of the viscous solution to the delivery system may allow for increased conformation of the device to the vessel wall and an increase in biological therapy associated with the treatment needed at the site of deployment. In some embodiment, the viscous solution should have a viscosity of not less than 5 centipoise at room temperature. In some embodiments, the viscosity is not less than 10 centipoise at room temperature.
The construct 10 of the present invention can be preferably used for the treatment of vascular conditions such as restenosis and vulnerable plaque. In some embodiment, the construct 12 is used for regional therapy which requires sustained delivery of drug or therapeutic agents to long portions of coronary vessels, or alternatively to a multitude of focal manifestations of a diseased condition.
Constructs or scaffoldings having other geometrical shapes can also be included within the scope of the present invention. For example, the construct can be made from a series of joined V or U shaped struts or elements that are rolled into a cylindrical configuration around the axis orthogonal to the plane of the Vs or Us. Tightly wound in this configuration, the construct can be delivered to the target site where it is deployed through unwinding. Additionally, THE scaffolding or construct can be made including hollow bodies such that a hydrogel and/or drug can be included in the hollow body.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. For example, absorptive material such as dyes can be doped into the construct 10 for allowing heat or UV modification of the mechanical properties of the construct 10. Accordingly, the claims are to encompass all such changes and modifications.
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