Patent Application
20060134175
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to pharmaceutical delivery systems, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of use thereof and methods of manufacture thereof for treatment of disease regulated by tyrosine kinase in the ocular region of a patient. More particularly, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical delivery systems, pharmaceutical compositions, methods of use thereof and methods of manufacture thereof for delivering VEGF receptor inhibitors to the ocular region of a patient.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
For many years it has been known that treatment of eye disease with a pharmaceutical agent presented challenges because the eye has natural membrane barriers that prevent passage of the pharmaceutical agent into the ocular region. These barriers include the blood-retinal barrier, the cornea, etc. Consequently, systemic treatment of tissue in the eye often requires the level of pharmaceutical agents in the blood plasma to be relatively higher than the therapeutic levels of the pharmaceutical agent in the tissues of the eye to achieve an efficacious result. Application of a pharmaceutical agent topically to the eye also requires passing the pharmaceutical agent through the membrane barriers of the eye such as the cornea. Pharmaceutical agents can be administered to the tissue inside the eye of a patient by a bolus injection. Patients generally dislike the use of bolus injections because of its invasive nature.
Pharmaceutical delivery devices and compositions (i.e. pharmaceutical delivery systems) are currently under development to deliver pharmaceutical agents to the eye of a patient. While placement of a pharmaceutical delivery system is possibly more invasive than a bolus injection, patients expect a pharmaceutical delivery system to deliver the medicament for a longer period of time reducing the requirement for multiple repeated injections into the eye of the patient. Nonetheless, extended release pharmaceutical delivery systems are new, and few medicines can be delivered to the interior portion of the eye by techniques other than a bolus injection.
Examples of extended release pharmaceutical delivery systems are found in US 2002/0086051A1 (Viscasillas); US 2002/0106395A1 (Brubaker); US 2002/0110591A1 (Brubaker et al.); US 2002/0110592A1 (Brubaker et al.); US 2002/0110635A1 (Brubaker et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,475 (Smith et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,019 (Ashton et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,598 (Chen et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,386 (Ashton et al.); U.S. 6,217,895 (Guo et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,972 (Guo et al.); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/403,421 (Drug Delivery Device, filed Mar. 28, 2003) (Mosack et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,313 (Wong et al); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/610,063 (Drug Delivery Device, filed Jun. 30, 2003) (Mosack) all of, which are incorporated by reference. Publications cited throughout this disclosure are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
Additionally, US Patent Application Publication 2003/0095995 discloses a formulation for controlled release of drugs by combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. A biodegradable matrix, including polylactate-polyglycolate, is mixed with one or more pharmaceutical agents including corticosteroids and a release modifier. The biodegradable polymer matrix is injected into the eye of a patient and delivers the pharmaceutical agent to the surrounding tissue.
It has been known for some time that tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be used potentially to treat eye disease. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,980,929 and 5,919,813 and WO Publication No. 2000/67,738 discloses the use of genistein as a protein tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitor in the treatment of retinal ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, ocular inflammation, age-related macular degeneration and other ocular disorders. Each of these patents discuss administration by injection in addition to other systemic forms of administration.
Various synthetic small organic molecules that are biologically active and generally known in the art as “fused pyrrolocarbazoles” have been prepared. Examples of such patents include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,475,110, 5,591,855, 5,594,009, 5,616,724 and 5,705,511. The fused pyrrolocarbazoles were disclosed to be used in a variety of ways, including inhibition of protein kinase C (“PKC”), inhibition of trk tyrosine kinase activity and inhibition of the cellular pathways involved in the inflammation process.
Certain selected fused pyrrolocarbazoles are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,500 to have activity for inhibition of VEGFR2 as a potential therapeutic for treatment of ocular disease such as retinopathy (including diabetic retinopathy), edema (including macular edema) and ocular inflammation.
U.S. Application Publication No. U.S. 2004/0167091 discloses a biodegradable pharmaceutical delivery system for delivery of anti-VEGF therapy that combines an agent that inhibits the development of neovascularization and particularly an oligonucleotide, with a biodegradable matrix material selected from the group consisting of lactide polymers, lactide/glycolide copolymers, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers.
Nonetheless, there is still a need for a drug-delivery system that can be inserted into the eye to deliver a pharmaceutical agent including a tyrosine kinase pathway inhibitor. The present invention addresses these and other needs.
The present invention is a pharmaceutical delivery system comprising a fused pyrrolocarbazole and a drug-eluting polymer matrix configured to be inserted into the eye of the patient. It has been discovered that the delivery of a fused pyrrolocarbazole with a pharmaceutical delivery system according to one embodiment of the present invention provides sustained prolonged exposure to levels of dosing while avoiding repeated exposure to higher initial concentrations found after a bolus injection. The pharmaceutical delivery system of one or more embodiments of the present invention controls the amount of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the patient's eye and potentially reduces or eliminates side effects that may result from a bolus injection. In another embodiment, there is a method for treating angiogenic disorders in the eye of a patient, which comprises administering to a host in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical delivery system comprising a pharmaceutical delivery device according to one or more embodiments of the present invention and a therapeutically effective amount of a fused pyrrolocarbazole.
In one embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is selected from the group consisting of an indolocarbazole and an indenocarbazole and mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is a compound defined by the following formula and salts thereof and prodrugs thereof and mixtures of the compound, salt and prodrug thereof:
wherein:
R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently selected from —H, or alkyl of 1-8 carbons, preferably an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH, or —OR4 where R4 is an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, or the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed; and
R3 is —CH2OH; —CH2OR7; —(CH2)nSR5; —(CH2)nSOyR5; —CH2SR5; or alkyl of 1-8 carbons, preferably an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH, —OR5, —OR8, —CH2OR7, —SOyR6 or —SR6; and wherein
R5 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons or aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl;
R6 is H, alkyl of 1-4 carbons, aryl of 6-10 carbons, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, or heteroaryl;
R7 is H or alkyl of 1-4 carbons;
R8 is the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed;
n is an integer of 1-4; and
y is 1 or 2.
In still another embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is one or more compounds defined by Formula II and salts thereof and prodrugs thereof and mixtures of the compounds, salts and prodrugs thereof:
R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently selected from H, or alkyl of 1-8 carbons, substituted with —H, —OH or —OR4 where R4 is an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, aryl or the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed; and R3 is —CH2OH; —CH2OR7; —(CH2)nSR5; —(CH2)nSOmR5; —CH2SR5; or alkyl of 1-8 carbons substituted with —OH, —OR5, —OR8, —CH2OR7, —S(O)mR6 or —SR6; and wherein R5 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons or aryl; R6 is H, alkyl of 1-4 carbons or aryl of 6-10 carbons; R7 is H or alkyl of 1-4 carbons; R8 is the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is 1 or 2.
In one embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is defined according to Formula I or Formula II and R1 is an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH or —OR4 wherein R4 is the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed; R2 is H; and R3 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OR5, —OR8, —CH2OR7, —S(O)mR6 or —SR8; and wherein R5 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons or aryl; R6 is H, alkyl of 1-4 carbons or aryl of 6-10 carbons; R7 is H or alkyl of 1-4 carbons; and R8 is the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed.
In another embodiment, there is a fused pyrrolocarbazole as defined in Formula I or Formula II wherein R1 is —CH2CH2CH2OH or —CH2CH2CH2OCOCH2N(CH3)2; R2 is H; and R3 is —CH2OR7 wherein R7 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons.
In still another embodiment, there is a fused pyrrolocarbazole as defined in Formula I or Formula II consisting of compounds represented in Table I (listed below) and salts thereof and prodrugs thereof and mixtures of the salts and prodrugs thereof:
In another embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is of the following formula and salts thereof and prodrugs thereof and mixtures of the compound, salts and prodrugs thereof:
In still another embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is a compound of the following formula and salts thereof and prodrugs thereof and mixtures of the compound, salts and/or prodrugs thereof:
The present invention is a pharmaceutical delivery system comprising a fused pyrrolocarbazole and a pharmaceutical delivery device configured to be inserted into the eye of the patient. It has been discovered that the delivery of a fused pyrrolocarbazole with a pharmaceutical delivery system provides sustained prolonged exposure to levels of dosing while avoiding repeated exposure to higher initial concentrations found after a bolus injection. The pharmaceutical delivery system controls the amount of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the patient's eye and potentially reduces or eliminates side effects that may result from a bolus injection. In another embodiment, there is a method for treating angiogenic disorders in the eye of a patient, which comprises administering to a host in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical delivery system comprising a pharmaceutical delivery device and a therapeutically effective amount of a fused pyrrolocarbazole. Additionally in another embodiment, there is method for treating inflammatory disorders, for example edema, in the eye of a patient, which comprises administering to a host in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical delivery system comprising a pharmaceutical delivery device and a therapeutically effective amount of a fused pyrrolocarbazole.
Definitions
“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is defined as a salt formed by addition of an acid to a base containing organic molecule or a base to an acid containing organic molecule.
“Fused pyrrolocarbazole” is defined as a compound having a fused pyrrolocarbazole core structure as shown in the following Formula IV:
wherein at least one of A1, A2 or A3 is a nitrogen B is a structure that forms an aryl or heteroaryl ring systems with the carbon atoms to, which B is bonded. The designation * indicates the attachment point of an additional fused ring system.
The core structures provided herein are presented by way of the general guidance and are not to be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. For example, certain cores indicate the presence of certain atoms for illustrative purposes. It will be appreciated that such atoms may be bonded to additional groups, or may be further substituted without deviating from the spirit of the invention.
Thus, fused pyrrolocarbazole core structures include, but are not limited to, structures of formula V as follows:
As used herein, “indolocarbazole” is intended to indicate a compound of formula V, wherein at least one of A1, A2 and A3 is a nitrogen. B1 and F1 together with the adjacent carbons to, which they are attached independently form an aryl or heteroaryl ring. Q is nitrogen.
As used herein, “indenocarbazole” is intended to indicate a compound of formula V, wherein at least one of A1, A2 and A3 is a nitrogen. B1 and F1 together with the adjacent carbons to, which they are attached independently form an aryl or heteroaryl ring. Q is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom.
“Inflammation-mediated condition of the eye” is defined as any condition of the eye, which may benefit from treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent and is meant to include, but is not limited to, uveitis, macular edema, acute macular degeneration, retinal detachment, ocular tumors, fungal or viral infections, multifocal choroiditis, diabetic uveitis, proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), sympathetic opthalmia, Vogt Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome, histoplasmosis and uveal effusion.
“Angiogenesis-mediated condition of the eye” is defined as any condition of the eye that is caused by the pathway for growth of new blood vessels. Some angiogenesis-mediated condition of the eye includes but are not limited to ocular neovascularization including neovascularization of the cornea, iris, retina, as well as choroidal neovascularization associated with histoplasmosis, pathological myopia, age-related macular degeneration, angioid streaks, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, bacterial endocarditis, Best's disease, birdshot retinochoroidopathy, choroidal hemangioma, choroidal nevi, choroidal nonprofusion, choroidal osteomas, choroidal rupture, choroderemia, chronic retinal detachment, coloboma of the retina, drusen, endogenous Candida endophthalmitis, extrapapilary hamartoma of the retinal pigmented epithelium, fundus flavimaculatus, idiopathic macular hole, malignant melanoma, metallic intraocular foreign body, morning glory disc syndrome, multiple evanescent, white-dot syndrome, neovascularization at ora serrata, operating microscope burn, optic nerve head pits, photocoagulation, punctuate inner choroidopathy, radiation retinopathy, retinal cryoinjury, retinitis pigmentosa, retinochoroidal coloboma, rubella, sarcoidosis, serpiginous or geographic choroiditis, subretinal fluid drainage, tilted disc syndrome, Taxoplasma retinchoroiditis, tuberculosis or Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.
The terms, “inhibit” and “inhibition” are defined as a specified response of a designated material (e.g., enzymatic activity) is comparatively decreased in the presence of a fused pyrrolocarbazole of the present invention.
The term “contacting” is defined as directly or indirectly causing placement together of two items, such that the two items directly or indirectly come into a physical or chemical association with each other to affect a particular outcome.
As used herein, “prodrug” is intended to include any covalently bonded carrier, which releases the active parent pharmaceutical agent as a compound of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Since prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities of pharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc.) the compounds of the present invention may be delivered in prodrug form. Thus, the present invention contemplates prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention, compositions containing the same and methods of treating diseases and disorders with such prodrugs. Prodrugs of a compound of the present invention, for example Formula I, may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound. Accordingly, prodrugs include, for example, compounds of the present invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, or carboxy group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, or carboxylic acid, respectively. Examples include, but are not limited to, the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups; and alkyl, carbocyclic, aryl and alkylaryl esters such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, phenyl, benzyl and phenethyl esters and the like.
Certain abbreviations used to delineate the results below are defined as follows: “μg” denotes microgram, “mg” denotes milligram, “g” denotes gram, “μL” denotes microliter, “mL” denotes milliliter, “L” denotes liter, “nM” denotes nanomolar, “μM” denotes micromolar, “mM” denotes millimolar, “M” denotes molar and “nm” denotes nanometer.
“Microparticle suspension” is defined as a suspension in an aqueous solution of emulsified particles containing pharmaceutical agents. A minimum of about ½ of the particles has a particle size less than 200 microns.
“Drug eluting polymer matrix” is defined as a matrix of polymer material that is permeable to water and the pharmaceutical agent and, which releases the pharmaceutical agent from the permeable polymer material when placed in vivo.
Active Ingredients
One embodiment of the present invention is the fused pyrrolocarbazoles represented by Formula I:
wherein:
R1 and R2 are the same or different and are independently selected from —H, or alkyl of 1-8 carbons, preferably an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH, or —OR4 where R4 is an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, or the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed; and
R3 is —CH2OH; —CH2OR7; —(CH2)nSR5; —(CH2)nSOyR5; —CH 2SR5; or alkyl of 1-8 carbons, preferably an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH, —OR5, —OR8, —CH2OR7, —SOyR6 or —SR6. R5 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons or aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl. R6 is H, alkyl of 1-4 carbons, aryl of 6-10 carbons, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, or heteroaryl. R7 is H or alkyl of 1-4 carbons. R8 is the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed; n is an integer of 1-4; and y is 1 or 2.
In certain preferred embodiments, the compounds of Formula I are those of Formula II:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined for Formula I above.
In certain referred embodiments, R1 is an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH or —OR4 where R4 is an alkyl of 1-4 carbons (inclusive), aryl, preferably phenyl or naphthyl, or the residue of an amino acid after the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group is removed. R2 is H; and R3 is —CH2OH; —CH2OR7; —(CH2)nSR5; —(CH2)nS(O)yR5; —CH2SR5; or alkyl of 1-8 carbons, preferably an alkyl of 1-4 carbons, substituted with —OH, —OR5, —OR8, —CH2OR7, —S(O)yR6 or —SR6. R5, R6, R7 and R8 are as defined for Formula I above.
In certain other preferred embodiments, R1 is —CH2CH2CH2OH or —CH2CH2CH2—OCOCH2N(CH3)2, R2 is H and R3 is —CH2OR7; wherein R7 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons.
In certain even further preferred embodiments the fused pyrrolocarbazoles of Formula I and/or Formula II are those represented in Table I.
Particularly preferred compounds of Table 1 include compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 21 with compounds 2 and 21 being most preferred.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the fused pyrrolocarbazoles of the present invention also fall within the scope of the compounds as disclosed herein. Some examples of acid addition salts include the hydrochloride, sulfate and phosphate salts of a base containing organic molecule. Some examples of organic acid addition salt such as acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate and citrate salts of the base containing organic molecule. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts are alkali metal salts such as sodium salt and potassium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt, aluminum salt and zinc salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable ammonium salts are ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amine addition salts are salts with morpholine and piperidine. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid addition salts are salts with lysine, glycine and phenylalanine.
Therapeutic and Prophylactic Indications
In one embodiment, there is a pharmaceutical delivery system for treating inflammation-mediated condition of the eye, for example edema. The pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a pharmaceutical delivery system for inhibiting VEGFR kinase activity in the eye. The pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a pharmaceutical delivery system for treating angiogenesis disorders in the eye of a patient. The pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a method of treating inflammation-mediated condition of the eye (for example, edema). The method comprising administering to the eye of a patient a pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a method for inhibiting VEGFR kinase activity in the eye of a patient. The method comprises administering to the eye of a patient a pharmaceutical delivery system comprising, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a pharmaceutical delivery system for treating angiogenesis disorders in the eye of a patient. The method comprises administering to a patient a pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a pharmaceutical delivery system for treating retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration in the eye of a patient. The pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
In one embodiment, there is a pharmaceutical delivery system for treating retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration in the eye of a patient. The pharmaceutical delivery system comprises, a fused pyrrolocarbazole, an indenocarbazole, an indolocarbazole, a compound of Formula I, a compound of Formula II or a compound of Table I having a single or multiple crystalline morphology and a pharmaceutical delivery device according to any one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
The fused pyrrolocarbazoles of the present invention have important functional pharmacological activities, which find utility in a variety of settings, including both research and therapeutic arenas. For ease of presentation and in order not to limit the range of utilities for, which these compounds can be characterized, we generally describe the activities of the fused pyrrolocarbazoles in ocular tissue including inhibition of enzymatic activity such as the enzymatic kinase activity of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2; inhibition of disorders due to angiogenesis or neovascularization; and inhibition of inflammation-associated responses.
Synthesis
The present invention also provides a method for preparing the fused pyrrolocarbazoles of the present invention. The compounds of the present invention may be prepared in a number of ways well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, Compounds A and B were prepared according to the disclosure of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,475,110, 5,591,855, 5,594,009, 5,616,724, 5,705,511 and 6,630,500, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
It will be appreciated that the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms and may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Thus, all chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated. It is well known in the art how to prepare such optically active forms. For example, mixtures of stereoisomers may be separated by standard techniques including, but not limited to, resolution of racemic forms, normal, reverse-phase and chiral chromatography, preferential salt formation, recrystallization and the like, or by chiral synthesis either from active starting materials or by deliberate chiral synthesis of target centers.
As will be readily understood, functional groups present on the compounds of the present invention may contain protecting groups. For example, the amino acid side chain substituents of the compounds can be substituted with protecting groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl or tert-butoxycarbonyl groups. Protecting groups are known per se as chemical functional groups that can be selectively appended to and removed from functionalities, such as hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups. These groups are present in a chemical compound to render such functionality inert to chemical reaction conditions to, which the compound is exposed. Any of a variety of protecting groups may be employed with the present invention. Preferred protecting groups include the benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz; Z) group and the tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) group. Other preferred protecting groups according to the invention may be found in Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G. M., “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” 2d. Ed., Wiley & Sons, 1991.
Combination Therapies
The fused pyrrolocarbazole may be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, such as the individual compounds and therapeutic agent within one or more of the therapeutic classes selected from the group comprising anti-metabolites, anti-biotics, antibacterials, antifungal antibiotics, synthetic antifungals, steroids, anti-proliferative agents, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, thrombolytic agents, anti-neoplastic agents, non-steriodal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) and retinoids.
Additionally, the fused pyrrolocarbazoles of the present invention optionally can be used in combination with one or more anti-angiogenesis agents including but not limited to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of growth factors, inhibitors of Tie-2, inhibitors of angiopoetin.
Additionally, the fused pyrrolocarbazoles of the present invention can be used in combination with agents that promote survival of retinal cells including, but not limited to, neurons, glia and retinal pigment epithelium, such as neurotrophic factors, anti-apoptosis agents, and anti-caspase agents.
The fused pyrrolocarbazole or the fused pyrrolocarbazole and the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) are preferably from about 10 to 90% by weight of the pharmaceutical delivery system. More preferably, the fused pyrrolocarbazole or the fused pyrrolocarbazole and the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) are from about 50 to about 80% by weight of the pharmaceutical delivery system. In a preferred embodiment, the agent comprises about 50% by weight of the pharmaceutical delivery system. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the agent comprises about 70% by weight of the pharmaceutical delivery system.
Drug Eluting Polymer Matrix
In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical agent delivery system is a drug eluting polymer matrix comprising a non-biodegradable polymer and a fused pyrrolocarbazole. In another embodiment, the drug eluting polymer matrix is made from siloxane copolymer a fused pyrrolocarbazole. In one preferred embodiment, the drug eluting polymer matrix is made from a fluorinated side-chain siloxane copolymer polymerized with fused pyrrolocarbazole.
In one embodiment, the fluorinated side-chain siloxane copolymer is represented by Formula III below:
wherein the R10 groups may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of C1-7 alkyl and C6-10 aryl; the R11 group is a C1-7 alkylene; x is a natural number less than 26; p and q may be the same or different natural numbers less than 100 and z is a natural number less than 11.
In another embodiment, the one or more monomers are selected from the group consisting of methyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, glycerol methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, N-vinylpyrrolidione and hydroxybutyl methacrylate.
In still another embodiment, the R10 groups may be the same or different selected from the group consisting of C1-7 alkyl and C6-10 aryl; the R11 group is a C1-7 alkylene; x is a natural number less than 26; p and q may be the same or different natural numbers less than 100 and z is a natural number less than 11.
Fluorinated side-chain siloxane monomers of the present invention may be synthesized as represented in Scheme 1 below:
One or more fluorinated side-chain siloxane monomers of the present invention produced as described above may be combined with a fused pyrrolocarbazole and optionally one or more additional pharmaceutical agents and polymerized and/or copolymerized with other monomers. By controlling the concentration of the hydrophobic siloxane backbone, the polar —CF2—H tail and any comonomer(s), if used, a particular hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of characteristics or properties is achieved. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of characteristics may likewise be manipulated to achieve the desired rate of pharmaceutical agent release. The desired rate of pharmaceutical agent release may be determined based on the pharmaceutical agent to be delivered, the location of delivery, the purpose of delivery and/or the therapeutic requirements of the individual patient. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of characteristics dictates the solubility of the pharmaceutical agent and is a primary factor controlling the rate of pharmaceutical agent release. In some cases, the polar —CF2H tail may be used to hydrogen bond with pharmaceutical agents containing polar groups to decrease the rate of pharmaceutical agent release.
Monomers useful for copolymerization with the fluorinated side-chain siloxane monomers of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutical agents include for example but are not limited to methyl methacrylate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, methoxydiethoxyethyl methacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, glycerol methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, N-vinylpyrrolidione and hydroxybutyl methacrylate.
In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical delivery system is configured to maintain the concentration of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the vitreous that is a minimum of about 10 ng/ml. In still another embodiment, there is a method of treating a patient that includes maintaining the concentration of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the vitreous that is a minimum of about 10 ng/ml. Typically, the concentration of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the vitreous is a minimum of about 50 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 500 ng/ml or 1000 ng/ml and or a maximum of about 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 1mg/ml or 500 μg/ml.
In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical delivery system is configured to maintain the effective concentration of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the vitreous that is at least about 50 times greater than the concentration of the fused pyrrolocarbazole in the blood of the patient. Typically the effective concentration is at least about 100, about 200, about 500 or about 1000 times greater than the concentration of the same VEGF inhibitor in the blood ofthe patient.
In one embodiment, there is an effective concentration of fused pyrrolocarbazole in the vitreous that is maintained for a minimum of 6 weeks. Generally, the effective concentration of VEGF inhibitor is maintained in the vitreous of the patient for a period of a minimum of 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years or 3 years.
In another embodiment, the fused pyrrolocarbazole is released from the pharmaceutical delivery system at rate that is a minimum of about 5 ng per day and a maximum of about 1 mg per day. Typically, the anti-angiogenesis agent is released from the pharmaceutical delivery system at rate that is a minimum of about 10 ng per day, about 50 ng per day, about 100 ng per day or about 500 ng per day and/or a maximum of 1 μg, 100 μg per day, 500 μg per day or 1 mg per day.
Kits for the Administration of the Pharmaceutical Delivery System
In another aspect of the invention, kits for treating an inflammation-mediated condition of the eye (for example, edema) are provided, comprising: (a) one or more pharmaceutical delivery systems disclosed herein and (b) instructions for use.
In another aspect of the invention, kits for treating one or more angiogenic conditions of the eye that are identified herein that are provided, comprising: (a) one or more pharmaceutical delivery systems disclosed herein and (b) instructions for use.
Method of Administering Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems
The pharmaceutical delivery systems are typically inserted into the eye by a trocar following making an incision in the sclera sized to receive the trocar. The pharmaceutical delivery system may also be administered into the eye by injection via a needle. The method of placement may influence the pharmaceutical agent release kinetics. For example, implanting the device with a trocar may result in placement of the device deeper within the vitreous than placement by forceps, which may result in the biodegradable polymer matrix being closer to the edge of the vitreous. The location of the implanted device may influence the concentration gradients of pharmaceutical agent surrounding the device and thus influence the release rates (e.g., a device placed closer to the edge of the vitreous will result in a slower release rate). One example of a placement device is found in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2003/0135153, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications may be made to the embodiments and preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover all equivalent variations as fall within the scope of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No. 60/638,521 filed Dec. 22, 2004 and is incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60638521 | Dec 2004 | US |
