Patent Grant
10814130
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to systems, devices, and methods for stimulating nerves, and more specifically relate to system, devices, and methods for electrically stimulating peripheral nerve(s) to treat various disorders.
Electrical stimulation can be delivered transcutaneously via transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) systems to stimulate peripheral nerves, such as the median, radial, or ulnar nerves in the upper extremities, or the tibial, saphenous, or peroneal nerve in the lower extremities, or the vagus nerve in the ear or neck. Electrical stimulation of these nerves has been shown to provide therapeutic benefit across a variety of diseases, including but not limited to movement disorders (including but not limited to essential tremor, Parkinson's tremor, orthostatic tremor, and multiple sclerosis), urological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiac diseases. A number of conditions, such as tremors, can be treated through some form of transcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation.
Other disorders can also be treated through peripheral nerve neurostimulation. For example, stimulation of the sacral and/or tibial nerve has been shown to improve symptoms of overactive bladder and urinary incontinence, and stimulation of the vagus nerve has been shown to improve symptoms of hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias.
Some previously described transcutaneous stimulators describe using multiple electrodes, such as at least three electrodes, in order to stimulate multiple peripheral nerves, such as various combinations of the median, radial, and ulnar nerves in the arm. For example, each nerve can be stimulated with a dedicated electrode pair, which would require twice the number of electrodes compared to the number of nerves to be stimulated. For example, to stimulate both radial and median nerves would require 4 electrodes. Circumferential electrodes with a dedicated return electrode and individual electrodes placed over each nerve could also be used. For example, three circumferentially spaced electrodes can also be used to stimulate those two nerves, thereby reducing the number of electrodes by one, to three electrodes.
It would be desirable to further reduce the number of electrodes required to stimulate multiple nerves in order to reduce the size and cost of the stimulation surface or disposable.
Most commercially available devices that deliver electrical stimulation transcutaneously utilize a hydrogel electrode to provide a reliably comfortable stimulation to the wearer (or are a dry electrode with a conductive gel applied). Hydrogel electrodes have two beneficial properties that provide uniform current distribution across the surface of the electrode, which improves comfort of stimulation: (1) a water or gel based electrode surface allows for preferable conduction properties electrode, and (2) adhesion to the skin provides high skin conformance. This conformance and integrity of the contact can be important in some cases for comfortable electrical stimulation of sensory nerves below the skin surface. However, the sticky hydrogel electrode can potentially provide challenges in usability for the wearer, as the hydrogel material does not allow movement (e.g., adjustment of a body-worn device), can be challenging to remove and apply (e.g., can lose its adhesive properties), can easily and quickly become dirty or degrade, especially in real-world environments, and can cause skin irritation. Thus, hydrogel electrodes may not be desirable for repeated, all day wear. For these reasons, it can be advantageous in some embodiments to develop a dry skin interface between the electrode and skin known as a “dry electrode” to deliver electrical stimulation, particularly for body-worn stimulation devices intended for long-term, repeated wear. It can also be challenging to develop a dry electrode material, because loading agents that allow for conduction also tend to increase material stiffness, which reduces conformance and leads to discomfort at the skin interface. Furthermore, it can in at least some cases be very difficult to manufacture dry electrodes which provide uniform field at the skin electrode interface.
The present invention relates generally to systems, devices, and methods for stimulating nerves, and more specifically relate to system, devices, and methods for electrically stimulating peripheral nerve(s) to treat various disorders.
In some embodiments, a system for noninvasively stimulating at least two peripheral nerves of a patient is provided. The system can include a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode can be placed against the patient's skin proximate a first peripheral nerve and the second electrode can be placed against the patient's skin proximate a second peripheral nerve. The system further includes a stimulator configured to generate an electrical stimulation, the stimulator in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode. The system further includes a controller configured to control the generation of the electrical stimulation by the stimulator. The electrical stimulation can include a first stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and can have an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase where the first electrode serves as an excitatory electrode (e.g., as an anode) and the second electrode serves as a charge balance electrode (e.g., as a cathode). The system can include exactly the same number of electrodes as the number of nerves configured to be stimulated.
In some embodiments, the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform has the same amplitude and duration as the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and the second peripheral nerve simultaneously.
In some embodiments, the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform has a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and not stimulate the second peripheral nerve. The excitatory phase can have either a positive or negative-going charge with the charge balance phase have a corresponding opposite polarity.
In some embodiments, the system includes no more than two electrodes.
In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation generated by the controller further includes a second stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and includes an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. The polarity of the first electrode and the second electrode can be switched between the first stimulation waveform and the second stimulation waveform such that in the second stimulation waveform the first electrode serves as the charge balance electrode and the second electrode serves as excitatory electrode. The excitatory phase of the second stimulation waveform has a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the second stimulation waveform. The second stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the second peripheral nerve and not stimulate the first peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and second electrode are disposed on a wearable band.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrode are spaced farther apart than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first electrode and the second electrode flank the first nerve and the second nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrode are spaced apart less than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first nerve and the second nerve flank the first electrode and the second electrode.
In some embodiments, the amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform is about or at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform, or within a range incorporating any two of the aforementioned values.
In some embodiments, the amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform is less than about 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 times or less greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform.
In some embodiments, the first electrode is spaced apart from the second electrode based on the spacing between the first nerve and the second nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode is spaced apart from the second electrode based additionally on the depths of the first nerve and second nerve.
In some embodiments, the number of electrodes equals the number of nerves to be stimulated.
In some embodiments, the system further includes one or more additional electrodes. Each additional electrode is placed over a peripheral nerve, and the controller is configured to select one of the electrodes as the excitatory electrode and one of the other electrodes as the charge balance electrode. The selection of the excitatory electrode is based on the peripheral nerve to be stimulated.
In some embodiments, the selection of the charge balance electrode is based in part on the spacing between the excitatory electrode and the charge balance electrode.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrodes are dry electrodes including a conductive backing layer and a skin contact layer disposed on the conductive backing layer. The skin contact layer includes a polymer, plastic, or rubber material, and a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The skin contact layer has a skin facing surface that is not coated with a hydrogel or liquid.
In some embodiments, the conductive backing layer of the dry electrodes may include a metal foil. The metal foil may be disposed on a flexible polymer substrate. The conductive filler material may include a powder or fine particulate material. The conductive filler material may include metal, carbon, or a mixture thereof. The conductive layer can include a porous material treated with a conductive coating. The skin contact layer may have a Shore hardness between about 10 A to about 100 A. The skin contact layer may have a volume resistivity between about 1 ohm*cm and about 2000 ohm*cm. The measured resistance or conductance at a plurality of points across the skin facing surface of the skin contact layer may have a standard deviation of within about 50% of the average measured resistance or conductance. The skin contacting layer may comprise silicone. The conductive filler material may include silver coated glass bubbles or single wall carbon nanotubes, wherein the homogeneity of the conductive filler material is such that there is less than about a 5% difference in resistivity across the skin contact layer. The conductive filler material may include silver coated glass bubbles. The conductive filler material may include single wall carbon nanotubes. The loading of silver coated glass bubbles may be between about 3% and about 30% of the skin contact layer. The loading of single wall carbon nanotubes may be between about 1% and about 5%. The skin contact layer may have a Shore hardness between about 25 A to about 55 A. The skin contact layer may have a volume resistivity between about 50 ohm*cm and about 1000 ohm*cm.
In some embodiments, a system for noninvasively stimulating at least two peripheral nerves of a patient is provided. The system includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is configured to be placed against the patient's skin proximate a first peripheral nerve and the second electrode is configured to be placed against the patient's skin proximate a second peripheral nerve. The system further includes a stimulator configured to generate an electrical stimulation. The stimulator is in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode. The system further includes a controller configured to control the generation of the electrical stimulation by the stimulator. The electrical stimulation includes a first stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and comprises an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase where the first electrode serves as an excitatory electrode and the second electrode serves as a charge balance electrode. The excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform has a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and not stimulate the second peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the system may include no more than two electrodes. The electrical stimulation generated by the controller may further include a second stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and comprises a excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. The polarity of the first electrode and the second electrode may be switched between the first stimulation waveform and the second stimulation waveform such that in the second stimulation waveform the first electrode serves as the charge balance electrode and the second electrode serves as excitatory electrode. The excitatory phase of the second stimulation waveform may have a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the second stimulation waveform. The second stimulation waveform may be configured to stimulate the second peripheral nerve and not stimulate the first peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and second electrode may be disposed on a wearable band. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced farther apart than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first electrode and the second electrode flank the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced apart less than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first nerve and the second nerve flank the first electrode and the second electrode. The amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may be at least about 4 times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may be less than about 10 times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based on the spacing between the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based additionally on the depths of the first nerve and second nerve. The number of electrodes can equal the number of nerves to be stimulated. The system may further include one or more additional electrodes, wherein each additional electrode is placed over a peripheral nerve. The controller can be configured to select one of the electrodes as the excitatory electrode and one of the other electrodes as the charge balance electrode, wherein the selection of the excitatory electrode may be based on the peripheral nerve to be stimulated. The selection of the charge balance electrode may be based in part on the spacing between the excitatory electrode and the charge balance electrode.
In some embodiments, a method for noninvasively stimulating a plurality of peripheral nerves of a patient with exactly one electrode per each peripheral nerve stimulated is disclosed. The method includes positioning a first electrode against the patient's skin proximate a first peripheral nerve; positioning a second electrode against the patient's skin proximate a second peripheral nerve; and delivering a first electrical stimulation through the first electrode to stimulate the first peripheral nerve. The first electrical stimulation includes a first stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and comprises an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. During the first electrical stimulation, the first electrode serves as an excitatory electrode and the second electrode serves as a charge balance electrode. The excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform has a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and not stimulate the second peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the method further includes delivering a second electrical stimulation through the second electrode to stimulate the second peripheral nerve. The second electrical stimulation includes a second stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and includes an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. During the second electrical stimulation, the second electrode serves as an excitatory electrode and the first electrode serves as a charge balance electrode. The excitatory phase of the second stimulation waveform has a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the second stimulation waveform. The second stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the second peripheral nerve and not stimulate the first peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and second electrode may be disposed on a wearable band. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced farther apart than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first electrode and the second electrode flank the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced apart less than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first nerve and the second nerve flank the first electrode and the second electrode. The amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may be at least about 4 times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may be less than about 10 times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based on the spacing between the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based additionally on the depths of the first nerve and second nerve. The first nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the ulnar nerve, the radial nerve, and the median nerve. The second nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the ulnar nerve, the radial nerve, and the median nerve, wherein the second nerve is a different nerve from the first nerve. The first nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the pudendal nerve, pelvic nerve, tibial nerve, medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve, calcaneal nerve, and saphenous nerve. The second nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the pudendal nerve, pelvic nerve, tibial nerve, medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve, calcaneal nerve, and saphenous nerve, wherein the second nerve is a different nerve from the first nerve.
In some embodiments, a method for noninvasively stimulating a plurality of peripheral nerves of a patient with exactly one electrode per each peripheral nerve stimulated is provided. The method includes positioning a first electrode against the patient's skin proximate a first peripheral nerve; positioning a second electrode against the patient's skin proximate a second peripheral nerve; and delivering a first electrical stimulation through the first electrode to stimulate the first peripheral nerve. The first electrical stimulation includes a first stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and comprises an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. During the first electrical stimulation the first electrode serves as an excitatory electrode and the second electrode serves as a charge balance electrode. The first stimulation waveform is configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and the second peripheral nerve simultaneously.
In some embodiments, the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may have the same amplitude and duration as the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first electrode and second electrode may be disposed on a wearable band. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced farther apart than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first electrode and the second electrode flank the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced apart less than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first nerve and the second nerve flank the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based on the spacing between the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based additionally on the depths of the first nerve and second nerve. The first nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the ulnar nerve, the radial nerve, and the median nerve. The second nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the ulnar nerve, the radial nerve, and the median nerve, wherein the second nerve is a different nerve from the first nerve. The first nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the pudendal nerve, pelvic nerve, tibial nerve, medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve, calcaneal nerve, and saphenous nerve. The second nerve may be selected from the group consisting of the pudendal nerve, pelvic nerve, tibial nerve, medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve, calcaneal nerve, and saphenous nerve, wherein the second nerve is a different nerve from the first nerve.
In some embodiments, a system for noninvasively stimulating at least two peripheral nerves of a patient is provided. The system includes a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first electrode is configured to be placed against the patient's skin proximate a first peripheral nerve and the second electrode is configured to be placed against the patient's skin proximate a second peripheral nerve. The system further includes a stimulator configured to generate an electrical stimulation. The stimulator is in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode. The system further includes a controller configured to control the generation of the electrical stimulation by the stimulator. The electrical stimulation includes a first stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and comprises an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. The first electrode serves as an excitatory electrode and the second electrode serves as a charge balance electrode. The system comprises exactly the same number of electrodes as the number of nerves configured to be stimulated.
In some embodiments, the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may have the same amplitude and duration as the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first stimulation waveform may be configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and the second peripheral nerve simultaneously. The excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may have a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first stimulation waveform may be configured to stimulate the first peripheral nerve and not stimulate the second peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the electrical stimulation generated by the controller may further include a second stimulation waveform that is charge balanced and includes an excitatory phase and a charge balance phase. The polarity of the first electrode and the second electrode can be switched between the first stimulation waveform and the second stimulation waveform such that in the second stimulation waveform the first electrode serves as the charge balance electrode and the second electrode serves as excitatory electrode. The excitatory phase of the second stimulation waveform may have a greater amplitude and a shorter duration than the charge balance phase of the second stimulation waveform. The second stimulation waveform may be configured to stimulate the second peripheral nerve and not stimulate the first peripheral nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and second electrode may be disposed on a wearable band. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced farther apart than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first electrode and the second electrode flank the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode and the second electrode may be spaced apart less than the spacing of the first nerve and the second nerve such that when placed on skin, the first nerve and the second nerve flank the first electrode and the second electrode. The amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may be at least about 4 times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The amplitude of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform may be less than about 10 times greater than the amplitude of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based on the spacing between the first nerve and the second nerve. The first electrode may be spaced apart from the second electrode based additionally on the depths of the first nerve and second nerve.
In some embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrodes can be dry electrodes including a conductive backing layer and a skin contact layer disposed on the conductive backing layer. The skin contact layer may include a polymer, plastic, or rubber material, and a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The skin contact layer may have a skin facing surface that is not coated with a hydrogel or liquid. The conductive backing layer of the dry electrodes may include a metal foil. The metal foil may be disposed on a flexible polymer substrate. The conductive filler material may include a powder or fine particulate material. The conductive filler material may include metal, carbon, or a mixture thereof. The conductive layer may include a porous material treated with a conductive coating.
In some embodiments, the skin contact layer may have a Shore hardness between about 10 A to about 100 A. The skin contact layer may have a volume resistivity between about 1 ohm*cm and about 2000 ohm*cm. The measured resistance or conductance at a plurality of points across the skin facing surface of the skin contact layer may have a standard deviation of within about 50% of the average measured resistance or conductance. The skin contacting layer may include silicone. The conductive filler material may include silver coated glass bubbles or single wall carbon nanotubes. The homogeneity of the conductive filler material may be such that there is less than about a 5% difference in resistivity across the skin contact layer. The loading of silver coated glass bubbles may be between about 3% and about 30% of the skin contact layer. The loading of single wall carbon nanotubes may be between about 1% and about 5%. In some embodiments, the skin contact layer may have a Shore hardness between about 25 A to about 55 A. The skin contact layer may have a volume resistivity between about 50 ohm*cm and about 1000 ohm*cm.
In some embodiments, a dry electrode for transcutaneous electrical stimulation is provided. The dry electrode includes a conductive backing layer and a skin contact layer disposed on the conductive backing layer. The skin contact layer includes a polymer, plastic, or rubber material, and a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The skin contact layer has a skin facing surface that is not coated with a hydrogel or liquid.
In some embodiments, the conductive backing layer may include a metal foil. The metal foil may be disposed on a flexible polymer substrate. The conductive filler material may include a powder or fine particulate material. The conductive filler material may include metal, carbon, or a mixture thereof. The conductive layer may include a porous material treated with a conductive coating. The skin contact layer may have a Shore hardness between about 10 A to about 100 A. The skin contact layer may have a volume resistivity between about 1 ohm*cm and about 2000 ohm*cm. The measured resistance or conductance at a plurality of points across the skin facing surface of the skin contact layer may have a standard deviation of within about 50% of the average measured resistance or conductance. The skin contacting layer may include silicone.
In some embodiments, a wearable band for an electrical device that can be worn by a person is provided. The band includes a strap configured to be worn around a body part, at least two dry electrodes disposed on the strap, a flexible circuit disposed within the strap, and an electrical connect feature. The dry electrodes include a polymer, plastic, or rubber material, and a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The flexible circuit is in electrical communication with the at least two dry electrodes. The electrical connect feature is in electrical communication with the flex circuit and configured to electrically connect the flex circuit with the electrical device.
In some embodiments, the strap includes an elastic portion configured to apply tension or pressure to the at least two dry electrodes against the skin when the strap is tightened around the body part. The strap may include a hook and loop fastener. The electrical connect feature may be a tab that is an extension of the flex circuit. The electrical device may be an electrical nerve stimulation device. The electrical nerve stimulation device can be programmed to deliver electrical stimulation through the dry electrodes to treat tremor. The polymer, plastic, or rubber material may include silicone.
In some embodiments, a dry electrode for transcutaneous electrical stimulation is provided. The dry electrode includes a conductive backing layer and a skin contact layer disposed on the conductive backing layer. The skin contact layer includes a polymer, plastic, or rubber material, and a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The conductive filler material includes silver coated glass bubbles or single wall carbon nanotubes. The skin contact layer has a skin facing surface that is not coated with a hydrogel or liquid. The dry electrode has a bulk resistivity of between about 50 ohm-cm and about 1,000 ohm-cm. The skin contact layer has a Shore A durometer of between about 30 A and about 50 A. The homogeneity of the conductive filler material is such that there is less than about a 5% difference in resistivity across the skin contact layer.
In some embodiments, the skin contact layer may include silicone. The conductive filler material may include silver coated glass bubbles. The conductive filler material may include single wall carbon nanotubes. The loading of silver coated glass bubbles may be between about 3% and about 30% of the skin contact layer. The loading of single wall carbon nanotubes may be between about 1% and about 5%.
In some embodiments, a method of delivering transcutaneous electrical stimulation to a person is provided. The method includes providing a wearable device comprising at least 2 dry electrodes. The dry electrodes include a conductive backing layer and a skin contact layer. The skin contact layer includes a polymer, plastic, or rubber material and a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The skin contact layer further includes a conductive filler material dispersed substantially evenly throughout the polymer, plastic, or rubber material. The method further includes positioning the skin contact layer of the dry electrodes on desired locations on the skin, wherein the polymer, plastic, or rubber material is in direct contact with the skin, and activating the device. Activation of the device delivers electrical current through the dry electrodes to the desired locations on the skin. The desired locations may be adjacent one or more target nerves.
A better understanding of the features and advantages of some embodiments of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
One aspect of the invention, according to some embodiments, is a device and system that provides peripheral nerve stimulation, targeting individual nerves.
In some embodiments, the treatment device 10 is a wearable device including 1) an electronics box or housing 12 containing the stimulator or pulse generator 18, sensors 20, and other associated electronics, 2) a band 14 to hold all the components together and securely fasten the device around the wrist or other body part of an individual, and 3) a plurality of electrodes 16 (e.g., two electrodes, three electrodes, etc.) positioned on the inner surface of the band 14.
One aspect of the device, as schematically illustrated in
Mapping the nerves of a number of individuals with different wrist sizes was performed by selectively stimulating circumferential locations on the wrist and verifying where the user feels paresthesia in order to identify the median, radial, and ulnar nerve. The mapping showed variability in nerve location relative to wrist size, as well as high individual variability in physiology. Individual nerves can be targeted with electrodes positioned at the correct location, such as the positions shown in
In some embodiments, a stimulator with N electrodes (e.g., where N is an integer greater than 1, e.g., 2 or at least 2 electrodes) can be used to stimulate exactly N nerves (e.g., where N is an integer greater than 1, e.g., 2 or at least 2 electrodes) either simultaneously or in an alternating pattern to treat various disorders such as, for example, tremor, overactive bladder, hypertension, arrhythmias, and other conditions. For example, in some embodiments, two nerves, such as the median and radial nerves, can be stimulated using exactly two electrodes, rather than the three or more electrodes as described above and as described in International Application Number PCT/US2015/033809 (International Publication Number WO2015/187712) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/805,385 (U.S. Application Publication No. 2015/0321000), which are each incorporated by reference in their entireties. In other embodiments, exactly 3 nerves can be stimulated by exactly 3 electrodes, exactly 4 nerves can be stimulated by exactly 4 electrodes, etc. Reducing the number of electrodes to be the exactly the same as the number of nerves to be stimulated (e.g., two electrodes to stimulate two nerves) can reduce both manufacturing costs and electrode installation time while increasing the durability and/or robustness of the device, which in some embodiments may need to be utilized on a regular basis, such as daily. There can also be an improvement in comfort because there are only, e.g., two contact points instead of three for stimulating two distinct nerves. The reduced number of electrodes also could allow integration with other wearable devices (e.g., a smart watch display) by not requiring a third electrode under the watch face on the dorsal side of the wrist. Furthermore, in some embodiments, configurations with a lower number of electrodes required (e.g., exactly two electrodes corresponding to exactly two nerves) can employ unique stimulation patterns/waveforms that stimulate a first nerve but not a second nerve.
In some embodiments, the two electrodes, e.g., exactly and no more than two electrodes may be placed on a band that can be worn around a body part such as a wrist, ankle, arm, or leg, for example, in order to excite, for example, the median, radial, and/or ulnar nerves or the tibial, trigeminal, saphenous and/or fibular nerves, and/or other peripheral nerves. As shown in
In some embodiments, the spacing of the electrodes depends in part on the spacing between the nerves to be stimulated and/or the depth of the nerves beneath the skin because the spacing between the electrodes affects the depth the generated electrical field can reach. Generally, the further apart the electrodes (of opposite polarity) are placed, the deeper the electrical field will penetrate. The spacing may also be based on the circumference of the limb or body part and the positioning or location of the target nerves within the limb or body part. In some embodiments, the electrodes can be positioned on the same limb or body part of the subject to be treated, and in some cases spaced apart by a distance of within about 50 cm, 45 cm, 40 cm, 35 cm, 30 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm, 10 cm, 5 cm, 4 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm, or less.
There can be a balance between the width and spacing of the electrodes on the one hand and the circumference of the limb and spacing of the nerves being treated on the other hand. This has an effect on the sizing of the electrodes and band, and also on the number of band sizes to ensure coverage of the majority of the patient wrist sizes. If the electrodes are spaced too close together, the penetrations of the electrical fields are not as deep into the skin and may not reach the target nerves and/or may cause discomfort. If the electrodes are spaced too far apart, then a singular spacing of electrodes may not work for enough wrist sizes (will not appropriately position the electrodes on wrists of various sizes), which can yield too many different band sizes and electrode spacings for the product line. If the electrodes are too narrow, targeting the nerve will be quite difficult, but if the electrodes are too wide, then the electrodes cannot be spaced adequately for enough wrist circumferences, which will yield a lot of different sized products for the product line. For the wrist, electrode widths between about 10 mm-30 mm and electrode spacing between about 5 mm-20 mm can enable encompassing the vast majority of all individuals using approximately three band sizes, for example.
In some embodiments, the stimulation waveform is biphasic and charge balanced as shown in
In other embodiments, the excitatory and charge balance phases of the stimulation waveform can have different amplitudes and durations, yet still remain charge balanced or substantially charge balanced. For example, as shown in
In
In some embodiments, the amplitude (e.g., the mean, median, or maximum amplitude) of the excitatory phase of the first stimulation waveform is about or at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more times greater than the amplitude (e.g., the mean, median or maximum amplitude) of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform, or within a range incorporating any two of the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the pulse width can be between, for example, about 50 μs to about 1,000 μs. The stimulation amplitude can be, in some cases, between about 1-15 mA, or between about 1-10 mA, or between about 1-25 mA.
In some embodiments, the duration of the charge balance phase (either in total, or the duration of which the charge balance phase is at maximum amplitude or substantially at maximum amplitude) of the first stimulation waveform is about or at least about 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more times greater than the duration of the charge balance phase of the first stimulation waveform, or within a range incorporating any two of the aforementioned values.
In some embodiments, as described above, the same two electrodes can switch functions as the excitatory electrode and charge balance electrode between stimulation waveforms/pulses so that each nerve can be stimulated serially (but not necessarily at the same time). In some implementations, this may be accomplished by switching the polarities of the two electrodes and applying the same or similar stimulation waveform from the second electrode as the first electrode, as illustrated schematically in
Since the nerves can be independently stimulated, it allows for each nerve to be stimulated, in some embodiments at different times, as shown schematically in
Some stimulation schemes can be designed to dephase, override or obscure an abnormal neural network. For example, in some embodiments for stimulation to reduce hand tremor, as illustrated in
In some embodiments as shown in
A dry electrode for transcutaneous electrical stimulation and/or for electrical sensing can be used for many applications, including but not limited to peripheral nerve stimulation for treating tremor, osteoarthritis, overactive bladder, high blood pressure, dysrhythmias, pain, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Dry electrodes advantageously do not require any adhesive or layer of conductive moisture (such as a gel or spray) to achieve the skin contact sufficient for comfortable delivery of electrical stimulation. In contrast, wet electrodes utilize either integrated adhesives or conductive gels and moisture to achieve that contact and electrical connection. Some such examples are hydrogels, which can be adhesive or non-adhesive. The gels and moisture tend to dry out over time and the adhesives tend to only be effective for one use due to contamination from adhesion of dead skin cells, dirt, etc. As such, wet electrodes tend to be not reusable or only reusable for a short period of time, for example less than one day, even when stored optimally. Dry electrodes allow the electrode to be effectively used for relatively long periods of times, such as for about or at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 years, or more before the electrode needs to be replaced.
There are several challenges in developing a dry electrode in a body-worn device that provides comfortable transcutaneous stimulation. First, the electrode can in some cases have a bulk resistivity (e.g., the inverse of conductance) that is near the resistivity of skin, or resistivity high enough to allow for a uniform distribution of current through the electrode, as concentration of current, especially around electrode edges or imperfections in the electrode surface, can cause uncomfortable stimulation. Most dry electrode materials utilize a polymeric base material, such as silicone, loaded with a conductive filler material, such as carbon. Bulk resistivity depends on the amount of filler material loaded into the base polymer, and also the resistivity of the base polymer. In some implementations, optimal bulk resistivity for providing good conduction in a body-worn device may be between about 25 and about 2000 ohm·cm, between about 50 and about 1000 ohm·cm, or between about 100 and about 500 ohm·cm.
Second, the electrode can be configured to be compliant enough to provide conformance to the skin, especially around bony structures such as the radius and ulnar bones in the wrist. If the material is too stiff and cannot conform to the skin, areas of the electrode surface can lift from the skin, causing concentrations in current and uncomfortable stimulation. Compliance of the electrode depends on the base polymer material properties, the amount of conductive filler material loaded into the base polymer, and the thickness of the electrode. For example, more filler material tends to lead to a less compliant (or stiffer) electrode. Additionally, a thicker electrode will tend to be stiffer than a thinner electrode. In some implementations, a preferred durometer for providing good conformance to a dry electrode may have a Shore hardness between about 25 A and about 55 A, between about 30 A and about 50 A, or between about 35 A and about 45 A.
Third, the electrode can in some cases have uniform material properties across the surface of the electrode, which must be controlled during manufacturing. Drastic inhomogeneities in properties of the electrode surface, such as resistivity or surface finish, can also cause concentrations in current and lead to uncomfortable stimulation. In some implementations, an optimal measure of homogeneity for providing uniform current distribution may be less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or less difference in resistivity across the electrode surface. Uniform material properties of a dry electrode depend upon a uniform distribution of the conductive filler material in the base polymer and a uniform surface finish across the electrode, the latter of which is typically controlled by the surface finish of a mold. These three properties of the electrode affect each other, so designing a cost-efficient, manufacturable, and durable dry electrode material that provides comfortable transcutaneous stimulation requires optimizing these multiple parameters.
In some embodiments, as shown in
In some embodiments, the dry electrodes 100 need to maintain good skin contact across the surface of the skin contact layer 104 in order to deliver comfortable transcutaneous electrical stimulation at the appropriate current. As such, the materials that make up the dry electrodes 100 typically are more conformal materials that are loaded with conductive materials. Challenges also lie in the ability for the base layer 102 to maintain flexibility without deforming or fracturing. The strong, secure electrical connection between the base layer 102 and the conductive layer 104, which in some embodiments are two or more different materials, can also be important in some cases to prevent delamination, which can cause the conductance to greatly decrease.
In some embodiments, the skin contact layer 104 is disposed, layered or coated over the base layer 102 and may include any moldable polymer, rubber, or plastic, including but not limited to silicone, rubber, or thermoplastic urethane. The material could be loaded with one or more conductive fillers, including but not limited to metal, carbon (e.g., carbon nanotubes or carbon black), graphite, and metal coated particles (e.g., metal-coated, such as silver-coated glass microspheres or bubbles). In some embodiments, the conductive filler material may be a mixture of different filler materials with different conductivities. For example, in some embodiments, a first highly conductive material (e.g., a metallic material) may be mixed with a second material with lower conductivity with respect to the first conductive material, such as carbon black, in order to increase the conductivity of the second filler material. The second material may have better physical properties (e.g., reduced stiffness) than the first material. Mixing filler material may allow less filler material to be used, resulting in a more flexible skin contact layer 104.
In some embodiments, as shown in
In some embodiments as shown in
In some embodiments, a fibrous filler material may tend to increase the stiffness or durometer of the loaded material more than a powdered filler material. Also, more generally, as more filler is added and the concentration of filler increases, the loaded material tends to increase in stiffness. However, a low durometer, flexible material can be desirable in some embodiments to result in good conformance to the skin, which improves the physical comfortability of wearing the electrode 100. In addition, poor conformance to the skin can lead in some cases to the concentration of current through the electrode 100 to a smaller area still in contact with the skin, leading to the perception of pain if the resulting current density is too high. Therefore, in some embodiments where increased flexibility is desirable, a powdered filler material may be preferred and the amount of filler material can be limited or reduced in order to keep the durometer of the material within a desired limit. In some embodiments, the powder or particulate filler material can possess a diameter, length, width, and/or thickness that is less than about ⅓, ¼, ⅕, 1/10, 1/100, or less than the thickness of the skin contact layer 104. The amount or loading of filler material can affect both conduction and stiffness. The optimal loading amount will generally depend on the materials used for both the skin contact layer 104 and the conductive filler. In embodiments having a skin contact layer 104 comprising a silicone base polymer material, silver-coated glass bubbles having diameters of, for example, between about 10 μm and about 100 μm, between about 18 μm and about 50 μm, or approximately 18 μm, 25 μm, 35 μm, or 50 μm. can have a loading for example, of between about 1% and about 40%, between about 3% and about 25%, between about 5% and about 20%, or about 5%, about 10%, or about 20% (measured by weight or volume). In embodiments having a skin contact layer 104 comprising a silicone base polymer material, a preferred loading of conductive single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) may be, in some embodiments, about or less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less, or between about 1% and about 5% (measured by weight or volume). In some embodiments, incorporation of such materials can be unexpectedly advantageous when used as dry electrode materials. For example, glass bubbles can reduce weight of material, as the density is lower than most polymers (because bubbles are filled with air). Conductivity of the filler material can be controlled with the type of silver or silver alloy applied to the glass bubble. The spherical shape of the bubbles can advantageously allow for uniform or substantially uniform dispersion the in base polymer. SWCNTs have high conductivity (e.g., 106 to 107 S/m) and robust mechanical properties (combination of stiffness, strength, and tenacity) as a filler material within a polymer. Loading of SWCNTs can be more efficient (by weight or volume) than carbon black or carbon fibers as the structure of SWCNTs allow better transfer of their mechanical load to the polymer matrix. Conductivity of SWCNTs can be controlled during manufacturing by the chiral vector, C=(n, m), the parameter that indicates how the graphene sheet is rolled to form a carbon nanotube. Both materials can advantageously require less loading by volume to achieve required conductivity and changes in conductivity are less sensitive to deformation of the electrode material, for example due to applied pressure or forces during wear.
In some embodiments, any number of the following materials could be incorporated into a dry electrode: metals and metal alloys (e.g., stainless steel, titanium (e.g., 6AI-4V (Ti64) or cobalt chrome); graphite coated with pyrolytic carbon (e.g., pyrolytic carbon AXF-5Q POCO); a conductive ink/coating (e.g., silver or silver chloride printed ink); a self-wound transfer adhesive that can include an electrically conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive, e.g., ARcare 90366 from Adhesives Research, Glen Rock, Pa.); a double-sided, isotropically conductive pressure sensitive tape which conducts electricity through the thickness (the Z-axis) and the plane of the adhesive (X, Y planes)(e.g., XYZ-Axis Electrically Conductive Adhesive Transfer Tape 9719 from 3M, Maplewood, Minn.); a conductive fabric having multiple layers (e.g., screen printed breathable fabric electrode arrays); a textile electrode that includes silver-coated nylon (e.g., a conductive fabric that includes silvered polyamide and/or Spandex); silver-plated, aluminum-filled fluorosilicone; a thermoplastic elastomer with conductive particle filler (e.g., X TP-1494502 Natural from STAT-TECH, PolyOne Corp., Avon Lake, Ohio); silicone filled with nanoparticles (e.g., silver nanoparticles, such as LTE-75 from Leader Tech (Tampa, Fla.); thermoplastic polyolefin elastomer (TEO), and/or thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) alloy with carbon black (e.g., ESD C2800 B-45 A Black from RTP Co., Winona, Minn.); electrically conductive silicone (e.g., silver plated aluminum such as SSP-2368 from Specialty Silicone Products, Inc., Ballston Spa, N.Y.); silicone elastomers with silver fillers; conductive elastomers such as silicone with carbon black (e.g., NuSil EPM-2461P from NuSil Technology, Carpinteria, Calif.); and/or a hydrogel (e.g., Axelgaard AG735 from Axelgaard Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Fallbrook, Calif.).
The resistance of the skin contact layer 904 can increase proportionally with thickness; therefore minimizing thickness of the skin contact layer 904 can improve conductivity of the electrode 900. Higher resistance in the electrode 900 due to a thicker skin contact layer 904 could increase power required in the system to maintain the desired current. However, if the skin contact layer 904 is too thin, variations in the processing could cause significant inhomogeneity in the material properties and/or conductance at the skin contact layer 904. The skin contact layer 904 thickness can be, in some embodiments, between about 0.25 mm and about 5 mm, between about 0.5 mm and about 2 mm, between about 0.5 mm and about 1 mm, between about 1 mm and about 2 mm, between about 0.15 mm and about 10 mm, or ranges including any two of the aforementioned values or ranges there between.
Overall, the thickness of the electrode 900 can affect its flexibility and stiffness, with the stiffness increasing with increasing thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the skin contact layer 904 depends of the material properties (e.g., natural durometer) of the selected material, such as silicone, the choice of filler (e.g., for providing conductivity), and the desired durometer and desired resistivity or conductance of the conductive filler loaded skin contact layer 904. In some embodiments, the skin contact layer 904 of the electrode 900 can have a durometer between a shore hardness of about 10 A to 50 A, between about 10 A and about 30 A, between about 50 OO and about 50 A, between about 40 OO and about 70 A, or ranges including any two of the aforementioned values or ranges there between. In some implementations, these durometers can provide good conformance to the skin. As discussed above, the durometer can be controlled by various factors, including material selection, thickness of the layers, and the type and/or amount of the conductive filler added to the skin contact layer 904. Additionally, the surface tackiness of the electrode 900 could be modified to enhance or decrease gripping against the skin (i.e., friction or resistance to shear force). Enhanced gripping (as in the case of a fully smooth electrode) could aid in skin conformance and reduction of sliding, which would reduce the unpleasant changes in stimulation intensity experienced by a wearer. In some embodiments, the skin-contacting surface 904 of the dry electrode 900 is smooth and flat, and lacks any spikes, projections, bumps, microneedles, or similar features. However, other embodiments could have a curved, domed, or tapered shaped electrode surface that could help improve contact with the skin at the center of the electrode, where current is delivered, by applying more contact force and reducing likelihood of sliding. In some embodiments, the curved or domed electrode 1900 can have a backing material 1902 that is as or more compliant as the electrode material 1900, as illustrated in
Additionally, concentrated delivery of current to the skin due to edges of the electrode can in some cases cause pain or discomfort; a curved shape would also increase the radius of edges to reduce likelihood of current concentrations. However, other embodiments can include one or more of the aforementioned features. However, if too tacky, this could make the band of a wearable device difficult to slide over the appendage. In this case, more subtly texturing the surface and/or treating the skin contact layer 904 with a coating could provide a more moderate level of tackiness.
The thickness and patterning of the base layer 902 can also in some cases affect the ability of the electrode to mechanically bend and conform to different body parts, like the arm, wrist, hand, knee, ankle, or leg, for example. Continuous metal foils or films on thin polyimide substrates can be good candidates for producing flexible bands. Continuous metals can, in some embodiments, preferably be ductile enough to produce the bends needed for the particular appendage—for instance in a typical gold coated flex application, copper is coated with nickel and then passivated with gold. In some embodiments, because nickel tends to be brittle and crack, only a thin layer of nickel is desired. This flexibility could also be increased by patterning the backing material in a serpentine fashion along the direction of the bending. Additionally, other more ductile metals such as silver could be used for the conductive base layer backing 902.
The adhesion of the skin contact layer to the base layer can be important as delamination can cause the electrical current to be unable to pass to the wearer. Adhesion can be improved using mechanical elements, as shown in
In some embodiments, instead of overmolding directly onto the base layer, the skin contact layer can be adhered to the base layer using loaded glues (e.g., silver epoxies) or other conductive adhesives such as Z-axis tapes that allow conduction only in the z-direction across the thickness of the tape and not along the length or width of the tape (i.e., the direction perpendicular to the surface of adhesion). Provided the interface is thin enough, nonconductive adhesives can also be utilized in some embodiments.
To provide stimulation that is comfortable to the wearer, several features of the electrode can be desirable in some embodiments as discussed elsewhere herein. One electrode feature in some embodiments is to provide the electrode surface with a substantially uniform homogeneity of conductance, meaning that the current is transmitted evenly across the skin contact surface of the electrode. To validate whether the electrode surface has a substantial uniform homogeneity of conductance, the end-to-end resistance or conductance of the skin contact layer, or the entire electrode with the base layer added to the skin contact layer, can be measured at a plurality of points across the entire skin contact surface of the electrode. In some embodiments, the standard deviation of the measured resistivity or conductance at the plurality of points is less than about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 (on an absolute, like ohm-cm, or percentage basis) more or less than the average value or mean value of the measured resistivity or conductance. In some embodiments, verifying whether the current passing through the skin contact surface is uniform can be measured at a plurality of points across the entire skin contact surface of the electrode. In some embodiments, the standard deviation of the measured current at the plurality of points is less than about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 (on an absolute, like milliamps, or percentage basis) more or less than the average value or mean value of the measured current.
In some embodiments, the dry electrodes can be disposed in a band that applies pressure, such as radially inward pressure in some cases, in order to maintain good contact and a good electrical connection with the skin. Various embodiments of the band, such as a D-ring, or inflatable cuff, are all bands that when combined with thin dry electrodes can provide the skin conformance needed to provide good electrical contact. In some cases, the pressure required to provide effective electrical contact is around 10-40 mmHg, around 5-50 mmHg, around 15-300 mmHg, or ranges including any two of the aforementioned values or ranges there between.
In some embodiments, the conductive material forming the skin contact layer has a high volume resistivity that can be between about 1 ohm·cm and about 2000 ohm·cm, between about 20 ohm·cm and about 200 ohm·cm, between about 100 ohm·cm and about 1000 ohm·cm, between about 5 ohm·cm and about 100 ohm·cm, between about 1 ohm·cm and about 10,000 ohm·cm, or ranges including any two of the aforementioned values or ranges there between. These resistivity ranges can be comparable with current hydrogel electrodes. A lower volume resistivity can result in discomfort during stimulation, while a higher volume resistivity can result in power loss. Therefore, in some embodiments, a moderate volume resistivity may be optimal.
In some embodiments, the electrode can have a lower resistivity towards the center of the electrode and a higher resistivity toward the edges of the electrode to reduce the likelihood of concentration of current being delivered through the edges of the electrode (i.e., spreading the current across the surface of the electrode). Concentrated delivery of current to the skin due to edges of the electrode can cause pain or discomfort. Resistivity of the electrode can be controlled by varying the concentration of conductive filler material throughout the electrode 1200, as illustrated in
The shape of the electrode can also contribute to the ability to conform to the skin. If an electrode has edges and/or corners, such as in a square or rectangle shape, for instance, the edges and corners can deform and bend downward into the wearer's skin. This deformation can lead to uneven pressure at the skin contact layer, which can lead to localized concentration of current flow and discomfort.
In some embodiments, the band may have two or more tension settings that are adjustable by interacting with the band, such as through a control, e.g., a button or dial that adjusts band length to pre-selected settings or through a working range. The first tension setting could be at tension that applied enough pressure between the electrode and the wearer's skin for good conformance and comfortable stimulation during a specified stimulation session period. The second tension setting could be at a tension less than the first setting that secures the device to the wearer's limb, but not with enough pressure for good skin conformance, to allow for comfortable all day wear. The device could prevent stimulation at the second lower tension setting. Tension and pressure could be adjusted, for example, by changing the length of the band attached to the wearer's wrist or by inflating the band.
When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present.
Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.
Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”.
Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.
Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various features/elements (including steps), these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed below could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising” means various components can be co-jointly employed in the methods and articles (e.g., compositions and apparatuses including device and methods). For example, the term “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion of any stated elements or steps but not the exclusion of any other elements or steps.
As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical values given herein should also be understood to include about or approximately that value, unless the context indicates otherwise. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. It is also understood that when a value is disclosed that “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to the value” and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if the value “X” is disclosed the “less than or equal to X” as well as “greater than or equal to X” (e.g., where X is a numerical value) is also disclosed. It is also understood that the throughout the application, data is provided in a number of different formats, and that this data, represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any combination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point “10” and a particular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understood that greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
Although various illustrative embodiments are described above, any of a number of changes may be made to various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as described by the claims. For example, the order in which various described method steps are performed may often be changed in alternative embodiments, and in other alternative embodiments one or more method steps may be skipped altogether. Optional features of various device and system embodiments may be included in some embodiments and not in others. Therefore, the foregoing description is provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not be interpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is set forth in the claims.
The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. As mentioned, other embodiments may be utilized and derived there from, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventive concept, if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The methods disclosed herein include certain actions taken by a practitioner; however, they can also include any third-party instruction of those actions, either expressly or by implication. For example, actions such as “percutaneously stimulating an afferent peripheral nerve” includes “instructing the stimulation of an afferent peripheral nerve.”
This application claims the benefit as a continuation of PCT App. No. PCT/US2017/040920 filed on Jul. 6, 2017, which in turn claims the benefit as a nonprovisional application under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/360,265, filed on Jul. 8, 2016, and U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/432,519, filed on Dec. 9, 2016. Each of the foregoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. This application also incorporates by reference in their entireties International Application Number PCT/US2015/033809, filed Jun. 10, 2016; U.S. Pat. No. 9,452,287 issued on Sep. 27, 2016; International Application No. PCT/US2016/37080, filed Jun. 10, 2016; International Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/033809, filed Jun. 2, 2015; U.S. Application No. 62/173,894, filed Jun. 10, 2015; International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/045038 filed on Aug. 1, 2016; International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/053513 filed on Sep. 23, 2016; and International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/014431 filed on Jan. 20, 2017.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190134393 A1 | May 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62432519 | Dec 2016 | US | |
| 62360265 | Jul 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2017/040920 | Jul 2017 | US |
| Child | 16241846 | US |
