Patent Grant
7451761
The present invention relates to the delivery of dry powder substances, such as dose-regulated pharmaceutical products, as inhalant aerosols.
Dry powder inhalers (DPI's) represent a promising alternative to pressurized pMDI (pressurized meted dose inhaler) devices for delivering drug aerosols without using CFC propellants. See generally, Crowder et al., 2001: an Odyssey in Inhaler Formulation and Design, Pharmaceutical Technology, pp. 99-113, July 2001; and Peart et al., New Developments in Dry Powder Inhaler Technology, American Pharmaceutical Review, Vol. 4, n.3, pp. 37-45 (2001). Typically, the DPIs are configured to deliver a powdered drug or drug mixture that includes an excipient and/or other ingredients. Conventionally, many DPIs have operated passively, relying on the inspiratory effort of the patient to dispense the drug provided by the powder. Unfortunately, this passive operation can lead to poor dosing uniformity because inspiratory capabilities can vary from patient to patient (and sometimes even use-to-use by the same patient, particularly if the patient is undergoing an asthmatic attack or respiratory-type ailment which tends to close the airway).
Generally described, known single and multiple dose dry powder DPI devices use: (a) individual pre-measured doses, such as capsules containing the drug, which can be inserted into the device prior to dispensing; or (b) bulk powder reservoirs which are configured to administer successive quantities of the drug to the patient via a dispensing chamber which dispenses the proper dose. See generally Prime et al., Review of Dry Powder Inhalers, 26 Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., pp. 51-58 (1997); and Hickey et al., A new millennium for inhaler technology, 21 Pharm. Tech., n. 6, pp. 116-125 (1997).
In operation, DPI devices strive to administer a uniform aerosol dispersion amount in a desired physical form (such as a particulate size) of the dry powder into a patient's airway and direct it to a desired deposit site(s). If the patient is unable to provide sufficient respiratory effort, the extent of drug penetration, especially to the lower portion of the airway, may be impeded. This may result in premature deposit of the powder in the patient's mouth or throat.
A number of obstacles can undesirably impact the performance of the DPI. For example, the small size of the inhalable particles in the dry powder drug mixture can subject them to forces of agglomeration and/or cohesion (i.e., certain types of dry powders are susceptible to agglomeration, which is typically caused by particles of the drug adhering together), which can result in poor flow and non-uniform dispersion. In addition, as noted above, many dry powder formulations employ larger excipient particles to promote flow properties of the drug. However, separation of the drug from the excipient, as well as the presence of agglomeration, can require additional inspiratory effort, which, again, can impact the stable dispersion of the powder within the air stream of the patient. Unstable dispersions may inhibit the drug from reaching its preferred deposit/destination site and can prematurely deposit undue amounts of the drug elsewhere.
Further, many dry powder inhalers can retain a significant amount of the drug within the device, which can be especially problematic over time. In addition, the hygroscopic nature of many of these dry powder drugs may also require that the device be cleansed (and dried) at periodic intervals.
Some inhalation devices have attempted to resolve problems attendant with conventional passive inhalers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,523 proposes a dry powder inhalation device which has a deagglomeration/aerosolization plunger rod or biased hammer and solenoid, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,264 proposes the use of a battery-powered solenoid buzzer to vibrate the capsule to effectuate the release of the powder contained therein. These devices propose to facilitate the release of the dry powder by the use of energy input independent of patient respiratory effort. U.S. Pat. No. 6,029,663 to Eisele et al. proposes a dry powder inhaler delivery system with a rotatable carrier disk having a blister shell sealed by a shear layer that uses an actuator that tears away the shear layer to release the powder drug contents. The device also proposes a hanging mouthpiece cover that is attached to a bottom portion of the inhaler. U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,502 to Piper proposes a powder inhaler using patient inspiratory efforts for generating a respirable aerosol and also includes a rotatable cartridge holding the depressed wells or blisters defining the medicament holding receptacles. A spring-loaded carriage compresses the blister against conduits with sharp edges that puncture the blister to release the medication that is then entrained in air drawn in from the air inlet conduit so that aerosolized medication is emitted from the aerosol outlet conduit. The contents of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference as if stated in full herein.
More recently, Hickey et al., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/434,009 and PCT Patent Publication No. WO 01/68169A1 and related U.S. National Stage patent application Ser. No. 10/204,609, have proposed a DPI system to actively facilitate the dispersion and release of dry powder drug formulations during inhalation using piezoelectric polymer film elements which may promote or increase the quantity of fine particle fraction particles dispersed or emitted from the device over conventional DPI systems. The contents of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
Notwithstanding the above, there remains a need for easily used, cost effective, and/or reliable dry powder inhalers.
Embodiments of the present invention provide dry powder inhaler configurations and related operational devices. The dry powder inhalers may be particularly suitable for use with active piezoelectric polymer-driven dispersion or delivery means. Particular embodiments of the present invention are directed to dry powder inhaler indexing systems and drug release mechanisms for blister packages, as well as methods for dispensing dry powder substances.
Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to dry powder inhalers with a multi-dose dry powder package for dispensing pharmaceutical grade formulations of inhalable dry powder. The inhalers include: (a) an inhaler housing; (b) a blister package held in the housing, the blister package comprising a plurality of spaced apart sealed blisters thereon, each blister having a projecting ceiling and a floor defining a blister channel therebetween, the blister channel comprising a dry powder therein; (c) a movable blade cartridge mounted in the housing configured to hold a blade at a forward portion thereof; and (d) an extendable mouthpiece attached to the movable blade cartridge. In operation, a user extends the mouthpiece outward and then retracts the mouthpiece inward to cause the blister package to advance thereby positioning a blister in a selected dispensing position in the inhaler, the retraction causing the blade cartridge to move the blade lengthwise across a blister ceiling held in the dispensing position in the inhaler to open the blister held in the dispensing position.
Other embodiments are directed to methods of dispensing dry powder from an inhaler. The methods include: (a) extending a mouthpiece of an inhaler outward to automatically index a blister on a blister package into a dispensing position; (b) vibrating the indexed blister; and (c) retracting the mouthpiece inward to open the indexed blister.
In some embodiments, the extending step can be carried out by manually pulling a mouthpiece of an inhaler outward and the retracting step can be carried out by manually pushing the mouthpiece inward. The vibrating step may be carried out before, after and/or during the retracting step.
In particular embodiments, the opening step comprises automatically advancing a cutting blade across a portion of a projecting ceiling of a blister in the inhaler responsive to the pushing step. The method may also include automatically indexing a blister on a blister package to a dispensing position responsive to the pulling step.
Other embodiments are directed toward blister packaging opening mechanisms adapted for use in an inhaler. The mechanisms include a translatable cutting cartridge having a cutting blade with an aperture formed in the cartridge and/or blade. In operation, the aperture defines a portion of an inspiratory exit flow path. The cutting cartridge is configured to mount to an inhaler and move forward in the inhaler to cause the cutting blade to slice across a projecting ceiling portion of an aligned blister that is sealing a blister channel, traveling generally lengthwise over the blister (typically, generally parallel to the primary surface of the frame member and the underlying blister channel), to open the blister for dispensing a dry powder medicament held therein.
Still other embodiments are directed toward blister packaging opening mechanisms for use in an inhaler that include a translatable cutting cartridge having a plow cutting cartridge. The cutting cartridge is configured to mount to an inhaler and move in the inhaler across a blister (in a substantially lengthwise direction) to cause the cutting blade to substantially concurrently open and fold portions of a projecting ceiling of an aligned blister to open the blister for dispensing a dry powder medicament held therein.
In particular embodiments, the cutting cartridge has a body with a chamber positioned rearward of the cutting blade that, in operation, defines a portion of an inspiratory exit flow path.
Other embodiments are directed to methods for opening a sealed blister on a blister package. The methods include advancing a plow mechanism across a sealed blister to open a projecting ceiling layer thereof to automatically lift and fold a loose edge portion of the opened ceiling layer.
In particular embodiments, the methods can also include slicing the sealed blister open and then using the plow mechanism to lift and fold the loose edge portion. In some embodiments, the plow mechanism comprises a slicing blade positioned at a bottom forwardmost portion thereof, and the slicing step is carried out automatically in response to the advancing step.
Yet other embodiments are directed toward blister package indexing mechanisms adapted for use in an inhaler. The mechanisms include: (a) a blister package having a plurality of spaced apart sealed blisters thereon; (b) a rotating gear having circumferentially spaced apart gear teeth, the gear mounted to the blister package so that the blister package rotates with the gear; and (c) a pawl configured, in operation, to controllably engage at least one gear tooth to urge the gear to rotate in a desired direction to serially index a respective blister on the package to a dispensing position in an inhaler.
It is noted that aspects of the invention may be embodied as hardware, software or combinations of same, i.e., devices and/or computer program products. These and other objects and/or aspects of the present invention are explained in detail in the specification set forth below.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying figures, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. In the figures, certain layers, components or features may be exaggerated for clarity, and broken lines illustrate optional features or operations unless specified otherwise. In addition, the sequence of operations (or steps) is not limited to the order presented in the claims unless specifically indicated otherwise. Where used, the terms “attached”, “connected”, “contacting”, and the like, can mean either directly or indirectly, unless stated otherwise.
In the description of the present invention that follows, certain terms are employed to refer to the positional relationship of certain structures relative to other structures. As used herein, the term “front” or “forward” and derivatives thereof refer to the general or primary direction that the dry powder travels as it is dispensed to a patient from a dry powder inhaler; this term is intended to be synonymous with the term “downstream,” which is often used in manufacturing or material flow environments to indicate that certain material traveling or being acted upon is farther along in that process than other material. Conversely, the terms “rearward” and “upstream” and derivatives thereof refer to the directions opposite, respectively, the forward and downstream directions.
It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the inhaler in the figures is inverted (turned over), elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors (such as, but not limited to, vertical, horizontal, above, upper, lower, below and the like) used herein interpreted accordingly.
The term “blister” means a sealable dry powder receptacle that can hold a (typically meted) quantity of a dry powder product. The term “blister package” describes a device that holds a plurality of sealed blisters and may be also known as a drug containment system (“DCS”). The blisters may be configured with an elongated channel or cavity with a projecting ceiling as will be described further below, or configured in other suitable geometries. The term “blade” refers to an instrument (typically comprising a sharp knife or razor-like edge) that can slice, puncture, tear or otherwise open, cut, or part a target portion of a sealed blister (typically the ceiling). The terms “plow” and “plow-like” describe a three-dimensional member such as a blade and/or cartridge that, in operation (similar to a snow plow or “cow catcher”), advances across a target portion of an aligned blister and separates (i.e., pushes) target blister material apart while substantially concurrently advancing so that at least one loose end portion of the separated blister material, folds over underlying blister (typically ceiling) material to thereby clear the ceiling material and provide a sufficiently wide open space over the blister that is free of covering material. The term “pawl” refers to a component (such as an arm member) that is configured to engage a gear, ratchet or other mechanism, in at least one predetermined direction, to cause the gear, ratchet or other mechanism to rotate or travel in the desired direction.
The devices and methods of the present invention may be particularly suitable to dispense dry powder substances to in vivo subjects, including animal and, typically, human subjects. The dry powder substance may include one or more active pharmaceutical constituents as well as biocompatible additives that form the desired formulation or blend. As used herein, the term “dry powder” is used interchangeably with “dry powder formulation” and means the dry powder can comprise one or a plurality of constituents or ingredients with one or a plurality of (average) particulate size ranges. The term “low-density” dry powder means dry powders having a density of about 0.8 g/cm3 or less. In particular embodiments, the low-density powder may have a density of about 0.5 g/cm3 or less. The dry powder may be a dry powder with cohesive or agglomeration tendencies.
In any event, individual dispensable quantities of dry powder formulations can be a single ingredient or a plurality of ingredients, whether active or inactive. The inactive ingredients can include additives added to enhance flowability or to facilitate aeorolization delivery to the desired systemic target. The dry powder drug formulations can include active particulate sizes that vary. The device may be particularly suitable for dry powder formulations having particulates which are in the range of between about 0.5-50 μm, typically in the range of between about 0.5 μm -20.0 μm, and more typically in the range of between about 0.5 μm -8.0 μm. The dry powder formulation can also include flow-enhancing ingredients, which typically have particulate sizes that may be larger than the active ingredient particulate sizes. In certain embodiments, the flow-enhancing ingredients can include excipients having particulate sizes on the order of about 50-100 μm. Examples of excipients include lactose and trehalose. Other types of excipients can also be employed, such as, but not limited to, sugars which are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) as cryoprotectants (e.g., mannitol) or as solubility enhancers (e.g., cyclodextrine) or other generally recognized as safe (“GRAS”) excipients.
Examples of diseases, conditions or disorders that may be treated with embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited to, asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), viral or bacterial infections, influenza, allergies, and other respiratory ailments as well as diabetes and other related insulin resistance disorders. The dry powder inhalant administration may be used to deliver locally acting agents such as antimicrobials, protease inhibitors, and nucleic acids/oligionucleotides as well as systemic agents such as peptides like leuprolide and proteins such as insulin. For example, inhaler-based delivery of antimicrobial agents such as antitubercular compounds, proteins such as insulin for diabetes therapy or other insulin-resistance related disorders, peptides such as leuprolide acetate for treatment of prostate cancer and/or endometriosis and nucleic acids or ogligonucleotides for cystic fibrosis gene therapy may be performed. See e.g. Wolff et al., Generation of Aerosolized Drugs, J. Aerosol. Med. pp. 89-106 (1994). See also U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20010053761, entitled Method for Administering ASPB28-Human Insulin and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20010007853, entitled Method for Administering Monomeric Insulin Analogs, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
Typical dose amounts of the unitized dry powder mixture dispersed in the inhaler will vary depending on the patient size, the systemic target, and the particular drug. Conventional exemplary dry powder dose amount for an average adult is about 10-30 mg and for an average adolescent pediatric subject is from about 5-10 mg. A typical dose concentration may be between about 1-2%. Exemplary dry powder drugs include, but are not limited to, albuterol, fluticasone, beclamethasone, cromolyn, terbutaline, fenoterol, β-agonists (including long-acting β-agonists), salmeterol, formoterol, cortico-steroids and glucocorticoids. In certain embodiments, the administered bolus or dose can be formulated with an increase in concentration (an increased percentage of active constituents) over conventional blends. Further, the dry powder formulations may be configured as a smaller administrable dose compared to the conventional 10-25 mg doses. For example, each administrable dry powder dose may be on the order of less than about 60-70% of that of conventional doses. In certain particular embodiments, using the active dispersal systems provided by certain embodiments of the DPI configurations of the instant invention, the adult dose may be reduced to under about 15 mg, such as between about 10 μg-10 mg, and more typically between about 50 μg-10 mg. The active constituent(s) concentration may be between about 5-10%. In other embodiments, active constituent concentrations can be in the range of between about 10-20%, 20-25%, or even larger. In particular embodiments, such as for nasal inhalation, target dose amounts may be between about 12-100 μg.
In certain particular embodiments, during dose dispensing, the dry powder in a particular dose receptacle may be formulated as an active pharmaceutical constituent(s) substantially without additives (such as excipients). As used herein, “substantially without additives” means that the dry powder is in a substantially pure active formulation with only minimal amounts of other non-biopharmacological active ingredients. The term “minimal amounts” means that the non-active ingredients may be present, but are present in greatly reduced amounts, relative to the active ingredient(s), such that they comprise less than about 10%, and preferably less than about 5%, of the dispensed dry powder formulation, and, in certain embodiments, the non-active ingredients are present in only trace amounts.
In certain embodiments, the active elements are integral to/included as part of the disposable drug package, unlike many conventional active dispersion systems, so cleansing of the active mechanism portion of the inhaler may not be required.
Referring to
A selected electrical signal can be automatically transmitted to the blister to cause the vibration (block 111). The at least one blister positioned at the dispensing location can be opened (block 115). The vibration can be carried out after the blister is opened to facilitate or carry out the dispersion and before (such as to position or prime the powder in the blister) and/or during the opening of the blister.
The dry powder (typically a medicament) can be released from the opened blister to a user upon inspiration (block 120). The blister can be opened by automatically advancing a blade to open a projecting ceiling or covering on the blister in response to the retraction (pushing motion) (block 116). The retraction can be automatically or manually carried out. The blade can be configured to automatically advance toward an aligned blister to part and fold the covering (which can contain foil) forming the ceiling of the at least one blister (block 117). An alert can be generated (audible and/or visual) when the medicament is properly inspired or released from the blister to the user (block 121).
In certain embodiments, the blister package can be a disk having a substantially rigid frame with apertures that allow the blister projections to extend therethrough. The disk can be attached to the blister package so that as the frame rotates, the blister package rotates to advance a respective blister into the registered position (block 127). In other embodiments, the disk can include a spacer layer that defines at least a portion of a sidewall(s) of the blister channel that rotates to advance the blister (see, e.g.,
In certain embodiments, the blade can be substantially planar with an aperture formed therein. The aperture can be sized and configured to correspond to the perimeter shape of the blisters. In operation, the aperture can form a portion of an exit inspiratory flow path through which the dry powder of the blister flows to the user (block 131). In some embodiments, the opening member (i.e., blade cartridge) can have a three-dimensional forward edge portion that opens and at least partially folds the ceiling over on itself as the blade advances (block 133).
As shown in
The gear and blister package 15b and/or frame 20 can be configured to rotate in concert (movement of the gear causes movement of the blister package 15 to controllably rotate a blister 15b into a dispensing position. The inhaler 10 also includes a mouthpiece 60 which may be configured to retract and extend in concert with the cutting cartridge 50 as indicated in
In other embodiments, the mouthpiece 60 may be statically mounted to the inhaler body 10h and/or so that the cutting cartridge 50 moved independently thereof (not shown).
Still referring to
As shown in
In certain embodiments, as shown in
As shown in
In certain embodiments, the inhaler 10 can be configured with an elongated body that can have a thin profile when viewed from the side with substantially planar top and bottom surfaces. See, e.g.,
In operation, as shown for example with reference to
The blister frame 20 can, in particular embodiments, include the gear 25 thereon. The gear 25 may be integrally mounted to or formed on the blister frame 20 or may be releaseably mounted thereto. The gear 25 can include a bore 25a that can receive a pin or other mounting member to attach the gear 25 and frame 20 to the inhaler 10. As shown in
In the embodiment shown in
As shown in
In certain embodiments, visible indicia and/or audible alerts can be used to warn a user that he/she is approaching the last of the filled blister inhalant doses on the blister package 15 and/or to indicate that the dose was properly (and/or improperly) inhaled or released from the inhaler device 10. For example, certain dry powder dose sizes are formulated so that it can be difficult for a user to know whether they have inhaled the medicament (typically the dose is aerosolized and enters the body with little or no taste and/or tactile feel for confirmation). Thus, a sensor can be positioned in the exit flow path and configured to be in communication with a digital signal processor or microcontroller, each held in or on the inhaler 10. In operation, the sensor is configured to detect a selected parameter, such as a difference in weight, a density in the exiting aerosol formulation, and the like, to confirm that the dose was released. The sensor (or another sensor) may also be configured to detect flow rate or inspiratory effort of the user to assess whether to acknowledge that the dose was properly released/inspired. For example, a “green” light can be activated notifying a user that the dose was properly released or an audio acknowledgement (such as by transmitting a prerecorded message or a predetermined tone) can notify the user that the dose was properly released. Similarly, an visual and/or audio warning or alert can be generated when a dose was not properly released so that a user can determined whether to re-inspire the dose or activate a different blister.
In addition, the blister package 15 can include color-enhanced markings for the last few (such as the last 5) doses. The color-enhanced markings may change from darker (orange to salmon or red) or to completely different colors as the last dose or last few doses approach. Alternatively (or additionally), the multi-dose disposable package 15 may be configured with audible alert features that activate a digital signal processor or micro-controller (not shown) housed in the elongated body 10 to generate a stored audible warning (such as “warning, refill needed, only five doses remain) when a desired number of doses have been administered.
In addition, in certain embodiments, the inhaler 10 can include a dose alert with a timer/clock which monitors the time of the last dose taken and/or provides an audible tactile and/or visual alert to remind a user when a next planned dose is approaching. For example, if a medicament is prescribed to be taken every 8 hours, the inhaler 10 can be pre-programmed with this dose plan or configured to accept a user's input to define same. Upon dispensing, the inhaler 10 can automatically store in memory the time of the dispensing. The timer can then track when the next dose is due. The inhaler 10 can be configured to store the time and date of each dose dispensed so that a clinician can review the therapeutic activity and/or response based on adherence to a treatment plan. The inhaler 10 can include a computer download port (such as an RS232) that can provide this data to a clinician at an office visit and/or remotely such as over a global computer network. The inhaler 10 may also include input regarding a patient's body condition with a time/date stamp (that may be automatically computer generated by the inhaler) that records other information of interest, including blood sugar/glucose measurements, a patient's notation of feeling low blood sugar, low energy, nausea, dizziness, wheezing, respiratory ability, or other reaction or condition. Thus dosing, a time in relation to a patient's feeling, condition, activity level and the like can be correlated with the time a medicament is delivered, for analysis. This information may allow a clinician to ascertain side effects, efficacy and/or a patient's adherence to a planned treatment, without requiring that a patient take notes or write in a diary. The inhaler 10 may also be configured to integrate certain testing devices to perform and then automatically record certain test results (i.e., analysis of a body analyte such as blood).
Referring now to
Referring again to
In certain embodiments, the blade 50b may be configured with a limited stroke so that the forwardmost portion 50f of the blade 50b stops (in the inward position), before it reaches the innermost portion of the blister 15i (the portion facing the gear). In other embodiments, the blade 50b is configured so that the forward edge portion 50f travels beyond the innermost portion of the blister 15i, typically so that the innermost portion of the blade aperture 50a aligns with the underlying innermost portion of the frame aperture 20a.
In certain embodiments, the cutting edge 50c of the blade 50b′ can be configured to travel across the blister 15b at a height that is proximate the base of the projecting blister ceiling 15p above the frame 20. In particular embodiments, the lower primary surface of the cutting edge 50c may rest or slide on the upper primary surface of the frame 20 as the cutting cartridge 50 advances and slices or cuts and parts the blister 15b.
As shown in
Referring again to
As described above, in operation, the cutting cartridge 50 advances in a generally lengthwise direction across the indexed blister 15 to slice and/or separate the ceiling material 15c thereon, then lifts the loose edge of the separated ceiling material and folds it over.
As shown by the inner channel represented in broken line in
The plow 51 can be formed by the joined forward portions of the cutting edge 50c and the two upper components 52, 53 of the blade 50b′. However, in other embodiments, the plow 51 may be otherwise formed, such as formed integrally with the body of the cartridge 50. As shown in
As discussed above, the blister package 15 can be configured so that the floor comprises a piezoelectric material, which can be electrically activated to vibrate the blister channel 15ch to facilitate aerosolization upon inspiration. The vibration can be initiated prior, during and/or after the blister 15b is opened. In certain embodiments, the vibration can occur before (for priming), during and after the blister 15b is opened. Air can be introduced into the open blister via port 52p to help excite the dry powder in the blister 15b as discussed above. In particular embodiments, the floor of the blister 15 can include a piezoelectric polymer material configured with a downwardly projecting channel (i.e., projecting in the opposite direction as the ceiling 15c). As will be described further below, the piezoelectric polymer material can be deposited, coated, sprayed, inked, foiled, or otherwise layered with a metallic conductive material at selected regions of the package 15 and along at least a portion of each of the elongated channels 15ch to define a vibrating or flexing active region when activated by an excitation voltage. The ceiling 15c may comprise a material that has sufficient rigidity to retain the projecting shape as discussed above. The ceiling 15c may comprise foil material, polymer material, or combinations of same.
In some embodiments, as schematically shown in
The inhalers 10 include signal-generating circuitry therein in communication with the channels 15ch. The signal generating circuitry may be programmed with a plurality of predetermined different input signals, or if the inhaler dispenses only a single dry powder, the signal generator may be programmed with a single signal. Appropriate powder-specific signals can be determined experimentally and/or computationally at an OEM or evaluation site and input into the inhalers (via hardware and/or software components including programmable processors). For additional description of signals and operations to determine same, see co-pending and co-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/434,009, 10/606,678, 10/607,389, and 10/606,676: the contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties as if recited in full herein.
In some embodiments, a signal of combined frequencies can be generated to provide a non-linear signal to improve fluidic flow performance. Selected frequencies can be superimposed to generate a single superposition signal (that may also include weighted amplitudes for certain of the selected frequencies or adjustments of relative amplitudes according to the observed frequency distribution). Thus, the vibratory signal can be a derived non-linear oscillatory or vibratory energy signal used to dispense a particular dry powder. In certain embodiments, the output signal used to activate the piezoelectric blister channel may be include a plurality (typically at least three) superpositioned modulating frequencies and a selected carrier frequency. The modulating frequencies can be in the range noted herein (typically between about 10-500 Hz), and, in certain embodiments may include at least three, and typically about four, superpositioned modulating frequencies in the range of between about 10-100 Hz, and more typically, four superpositioned modulating frequencies in the range of between about 10-15 Hz.
In certain embodiments, the piezoelectric polymer material, which is included in the blister packages 15 of embodiments of the invention, is formed from a piezoelectrically active material such as PVDF (known as KYNAR piezo film or polyvinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers or polyvinylidene difluoride and its copolymers (such as PVDF with its copolymer trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFe)).
In particular embodiments, the piezoelectric polymer material comprises a layer of a thin PVDF film. As used herein, the term “thin film” means that the piezoelectric polymer layer is configured as a structurally flexible or pliable layer that can be sized to be about 10-200 μm thick. In certain embodiments, the piezoelectric polymer layer can be sized to be less than about 100 μm thick, and more typically, about 20-60 μm thick.
As noted above, selected regions of the piezoelectric polymer material can be coated or layered with a conductive material to form a desired conductive pattern. The conductive regions (at least portions of the blister regions) of the package 15 define the active regions and can be individually or selectively activated during operation. Laminates of PVDF and another material capable of being formed into and holding a desired blister shape and/or powder channel may be particularly suitable for forming the active blister configurations. Suitable laminates include thin film layers of PVDF united to thin layers of one or more of aluminum, PVC and nylon films. The PVDF may form the bottom, top, or an intermediate layer of the laminated material structure. For intermediate layer configurations, vias and/or edge connections can be used to apply the electric signal to the blister piezoelectric material.
The metal trace patterns can be provided by applying a conductive pattern onto one or more of the outer faces of the piezoelectric substrate layer. For depositing or forming the metal, any metal depositing or layering technique can be employed such as electron beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, painting, spraying, dipping, or sputtering a conductive material or metallic paint and the like or material over the selected surfaces of the piezoelectric substrate (preferably a PVDF layer as noted above). Of course, alternative metallic circuits, foils, surfaces, or techniques can also be employed, such as attaching a conductive mylar layer or flex circuit over the desired portion of the outer surface of the piezoelectric substrate layer. If flex circuits are used, they may be configured or attached to the piezoelectric substrate layer so as to be substantially transparent to the structure of the sensor array to reduce any potential dampening interference with the substrate layer.
Typically, upper and lower surface metal trace patterns are formed on opposing sides of a piezoelectric polymer material layer but do not connect or contact each other. For example, conductive paint or ink (such as silver or gold) can be applied onto the major surfaces of the package about the elongated channels and associated metal traces such that it does not extend over the perimeter edge portions of the piezoelectric substrate layer, thereby keeping the metal trace patterns on the top and bottom surfaces separated with the piezoelectric substrate layer therebetween. This configuration forms the electrical excitation path when connected to a control system to provide the input/excitation signal for creating the electrical field that activates the deformation of the piezoelectric substrate layer during operation.
As such, the electrical path for each elongated channel 15ch extends via the respective upper and lower transmission lines to the electrical terminations operably connected to the controller. The excitation circuit (signal generating circuitry) configuration can be such that the upper trace operates with a positive polarity while the lower trace has a negative polarity or ground, or vice versa (thereby providing the electric field/voltage differential to excite the piezoelectric substrate in the region of the selected channel 15). Of course, the polarities can also be rapidly reversed during application of the excitation signal (such as + to −, or + to −) depending on the type of excitation signal used, thereby flexing the piezoelectric material in the region of the receptacle portion. For a more complete discussion of the active excitation path or configuration, see U.S. application Ser. No. 10/204,609 (incorporated by reference hereinabove).
Generally describing some embodiments, in operation, the dry powder inhalers of the present invention have integrated, active energy piezoelectric polymer substrate multi-dose drug packages that generate patient-assisted dispersal systems. The inhalers can be used for nasal and/or oral (mouth) respiratory delivery. The inhalable dry powder doses can be packaged in a multi-dose dry powder drug package that includes a piezoelectric polymer substrate (such as PVDF) that flexes to deform rapidly and provide mechanical oscillation in an individually selectable signal path on the package. The signal path directs the signal to the region of the drug receptacle or well to cause the well to oscillate in cooperation with a user's inspiratory effort, and, thus, actively direct the dry powder out of the well and up into the exit flow path. The airflow rate and/or volume of a patient may be measured in situ dynamically during administration and the DPI can include a control system that provides adjustable energy output to the active piezoelectric polymer substrate dispersal element responsive to a user's inspiratory capabilities. In addition, the DPI control system may be a multi-purpose system that can administer a plurality of different types of dry powder substances, or formulations, such as different drugs. As such, the control system may be configured to adjust the energy delivered to the piezoelectric polymer substrate based on the type of substance and/or the flowability of the dry powder substance or drug being administered. The energy may be adjusted in situ based on considering both the user's inspiratory effort and the type of substance being administered. As a result, the powder can be actively dispersed into the exit flow path using a suitable DCS (drug containment system) of the inhaler during the user's inspiratory activity without using pressurized propellants such as CFC's.
In addition, the piezoelectric polymer material may be configured as two piezoelectric polymer film layers separated by an intermediately positioned pliable core, all of which are concurrently deformable to flex by the application of voltage thereacross.
As shown in
While the present invention is illustrated, for example, with reference to the powder signal generator module 450 being an application program in
The I/O data port can be used to transfer information between the data processing system 405 and the inhaler dispensing system 420 or another computer system or a network (e.g., the Internet) or to other devices controlled by the processor. These components may be conventional components such as those used in many conventional data processing systems which may be configured in accordance with the present invention to operate as described herein.
While the present invention is illustrated, for example, with reference to particular divisions of programs, functions and memories, the present invention should not be construed as limited to such logical divisions. Thus, the present invention should not be construed as limited to the configuration of
The flowcharts and block diagrams of certain of the figures herein illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of dry powder-specific dispensing and/or vibratory energy excitation means according to the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flow charts or block diagrams represents a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
In certain embodiments, the powder specific vibration energy signals are non-linear and the inhaler can include computer program code that automatically selectively adjusts the output of the vibration energy signal based on the identified dry powder being dispensed. The vibration energy output signals for the dry powders being dispensed can be based on data obtained from a fractal mass flow analysis or other suitable analysis of the dry powder being administered to the user. The inhaler may be particularly suited to dispense low-density dry powder.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses, where used, are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/514,671, filed Oct. 27, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
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