Patent Grant
7546102
The present invention relates to a dual band frequency synthesizer, and in particular to a new frequency plan for a Dual Band PLL (Phase Locked Loop) oscillator where the two possible output frequencies fhigh and flow differ by a factor of two (2), i.e., fhigh=2 flow.
The concept of dual band transmitters using single side band mixers to add or subtract two frequencies has been presented in the literature: B. Razavi, “A 900-MHz/1.8-GHz CMOS Transmitter for Dual-Band-Application”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 34, No. 5, May 1999, pp.573-579. Razavi uses two (2) PLLs: One PLL operating frequency is placed just between the two desired bands, the second PLL is operating at the missing offset frequency. A double quadrature mixer is used to add or subtract the two frequencies to get either band. A major drawback of this design is that a dual band synthesizer needs two (2) PLLs to get a center frequency and an offset frequency of the two sidebands. Hence the area for implementation, as well as current consumption and noise contributions of two PLLs have to be taken into account, which makes this dual band architecture less attractive.
The concept of using an oscillator which is operating at a certain fraction away from the wanted signal and an additional divider to obtain the offset frequency from the oscillator output is also known:
In HK 1009895. “Wide Band Zero IF Quadrature Demodulator Using a Intermediate Frequency and a Single Local Oscillator”, Jaffee James, an oscillator operating at a frequency below the input frequency is used to mix to an intermediate frequency. The full down conversion is done by a frequency obtained by means of an integer N divider. In the specific example they show, the divider divides by four (4) and therefore produces quadrature phases needed for the single side band mixers.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,782,249 A, “Quadrature Signal Generation in an Integrated Direct Conversion Radio Receiver”, Feldmann Arnold, an oscillator operates at ⅔ of the carrier frequency. An additional divider by two (2) is used to obtain the signal at ⅓ of the carrier frequency. These signals are added by means of mixers and filters.
The concepts in HK 1009895 and U.S Pat. No. 6,782,249 A generate only one frequency band, therefore these patents do not cover dual band architectures. In HK 1009895 the division factor is not specified, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,782,249 the factor is two.
A dual band architecture for the 2.5GHz and the 5GHz band using only one oscillator is presented in US 2004/0224644 A1, “Dual Band Transceiver Architecture for Wireless Communication”, Szu-Hsien Wu, Cbao-Sbiun Wang, Tzu-Yi Yang. In this publication, a frequency generator with an oscillator operating at 2.5GHz outputs two signals, at 3.75GHz and 1.25GHz, respectively. It is not explained how the frequency multiplication by a factor 1.5 is obtained. However, these two signals, at 3.75GHz and 1.25GHz are then added or subtracted to produce the desired frequency bands. However, since the oscillator is operating at the lower band frequency, the frequency plan is more complicated: First both frequency fractions, i.e., the center frequency at 3.75GHz and the frequency offset at 1.25GHz, have do be derived from the oscillator outputs by (not further described) multiplication circuits. These circuits multiply the oscillator output by a factor 1.5 or 0.5, respectively. Then these two frequencies are used in the standard way for dual band synthesizers, see e.g. reference to Razavi. Since the oscillator operates at the lower band frequency the solution is safe against oscillator pulling.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a dual band oscillator for a phase locked loop, which is simple in construction and which is safe against oscillator pulling.
This object is achieved by providing a dual band oscillator as described in the independent claim.
Other features which are considered to be characteristic for the invention are set forth in the dependent claims, which are incorporated here for reference.
The dual band frequency synthesizer according to the invention generates either a first output frequency fhigh or a second output frequency flow, where fhigh=2 flow, and comprises an oscillator circuit for generating at its output a frequency fVCO=(fhigh+flow)/2, a divide by three (3) circuit, coupled to the output of the oscillator circuit, for generating at its output an offset frequency fDB3=fVCO/3, and a double quadrature mixer circuit, coupled to the output of the oscillator circuit and to the output of the divide by three circuit, for generating either the first output frequency fhigh=fVCO+fDB3 or the second output frequency flow=fVCO−fDB3.
The frequency of the VCO in this architecture is far away from any other RF frequency (inclusive harmonics) in the System, hence the PLL is very robust with respect to pulling.
The presented concepts uses the same frequency fractions, i.e. fVCO and fDB3, as US 2004 0224644 A1, but derives the larger one, fVCO, directly from the oscillator and the lower one, fDB3, by a simple division by three (3). Hence the frequency generation is much simpler. In the architecture presented, the use of a quadrature divide by three (3) circuit is the essential ingredient: it allows to use the same VCO to get the center frequency and the offset frequency in quadrature phases which can be added and subtracted by means of single sideband mixers (double quadrature mixers). Hence this architecture has the benefits of dual band synthesizers, that avoid VCO pulling and achieve two bands of operation with one synthesizer, while using only one PLL.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a quadrature synthesizer is used, comprising a quadrature oscillator having quadrature outputs IVCO and QVCO, a quadrature divider having quadrature outputs IDB3 and QDB3, and double quadrature mixers having quadrature outputs IRF and QRF. The double mixer circuit comprises preferably a single side band mixer.
Either one of the two frequencies fhigh or flow can be selected by an output selector which selects the appropriate side band of the mixer.
A PLL operating at a frequency which is not an integer multiple of the transmitter frequency is the most robust solution with respect to pulling. The approach of a dual band synthesizer has the additional advantage of getting both desired frequency bands as the two sidebands of a double quadrature mixer. Hence the same architecture can be used for both frequencies.
The inventive concept relates to a dual band frequency synthesizer architecture to obtain two output frequencies fhigh and flow which differ by a factor of two, i.e., fhigh=2 flow.
In order to use the same PLL for both frequency bands, the oscillator circuit (VCO) 10 is designed for outputting the center frequency between the bands, i.e. fVCO=(fhigh+flow)/2. This output frequency, fVCO, is supplied to a divide by three (3) circuit 20, where it is divided by three, to obtain an offset frequency, fDB3=fVCO/3. This offset frequency, fDB3, is added to, respectively subtracted from the VCO output frequency, fVCO, by means of single side band mixers 30 (double quadrature mixer). Therefore it is necessary to have the oscillator signal fVCO and the divider signal fDB3 in four (4) equidistant phases (differential I and Q signal). This can be obtained by using a quadrature VCO and by using a quadrature divide by 3 circuit. The frequency plan is as follows:
The VCO output frequency, fVCO, of the VCO 10 is divided by three (3) by the quadrature divider 20, i.e. we get fDB3=fVCO/3. The double quadrature mixer 30 can now add or subtract the two frequencies to get
The two output frequencies fhigh and flow differ by a factor of two, i.e., fhigh=2 flow, and are derived from the same VCO frequency, fVCO=(fhigh+flow)/2.
The mixer circuit comprises a “MODE” input with which the output frequency can be selected to be either fhigh or flow.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2005 019 786 | Apr 2005 | DE | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3913020 | Van Anrooy | Oct 1975 | A |
| 5761615 | Jaffee | Jun 1998 | A |
| 6085075 | Van Bezooijen | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6282413 | Baltus | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6782249 | Feldman | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 20020164961 | Atkinson et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030072389 | Li et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20040224644 | Wu et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 101 42 249 | Apr 2003 | DE |
| WO03026126 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| 2005078916 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20060258299 A1 | Nov 2006 | US |
