Patent Application
20190267710
Wireless communication devices are increasingly popular and increasingly complex. For example, mobile telecommunication devices have progressed from simple phones, to smart phones with multiple communication capabilities (e.g., multiple cellular communication protocols, Wi-Fi, BLUETOOTH® and other short-range communication protocols), supercomputing processors, cameras, etc. Wireless communication devices have antennas to support cellular communication over a range of frequencies.
It is often desirable to have multiple communication technologies, e.g., to enable multiple communication protocols concurrently, and/or to provide different communication capabilities. For example, mobile communication devices may communicate using different frequencies.
Communicating with different frequencies, however, may be difficult unless the signals can be sufficiently isolated to provide quality communication with all the frequencies.
An example of a dual-band, millimeter-wave antenna system in a mobile device having a top surface, a bottom surface, and an edge surface, includes: a first antenna sub-system configured to radiate first energy in a first millimeter-wave frequency band and directed outwardly from the edge surface, and to radiate second energy in a second millimeter-wave frequency band, separate from the first millimeter-wave frequency band, and directed outwardly from the edge surface; and a second antenna sub-system configured to radiate third energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band and directed outwardly from the top surface, or the bottom surface, or a combination thereof, and to radiate fourth energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band and directed outwardly from the top surface, or the bottom surface, or a combination thereof.
Implementations of such a system may include one or more of the following features. The first antenna sub-system comprises broadband radiating elements each configured to radiate the first energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band and the second energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band. The broadband radiating elements are differential bowtie dipole radiators. The edge surface is a first edge surface, and the first antenna sub-system includes a first array of the differential bowtie dipole radiators disposed to radiate the first energy with a first main beam in a first direction and a second array of the differential bowtie dipole radiators disposed to radiate fifth energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band with a fifth main beam directed outwardly from a second edge surface of the mobile device and substantially perpendicular to the first main beam.
Also or alternatively, implementations of such a system may include one or more of the following features. The second antenna sub-system includes a first array of patch radiators configured to radiate the third energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band and a second array of patch radiators configured to radiate the fourth energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band. The first array of patch radiators is coupled to a first feed network and the second array of patch radiators is coupled to a second feed network that is separate from the first feed network. The first array of patch radiators includes first rectangular patch radiators having first patch edges with each of the first patch edges being either substantially parallel or substantially perpendicular to every other first patch edge, and the second array of patch radiators includes second rectangular patch radiators having second patch edges with each of the second patch edges being either substantially parallel or substantially perpendicular to every other second patch edge and each of the second patch edges being disposed at substantially a 45° angle relative to each of the first patch edges. Each patch radiator in the first array of patch radiators is coupled to a plurality of inputs to produce dual-polarization radiation. Adjacent patch radiators in the first array of patch radiators are coupled to the inputs to be excited with a substantially 180° phase offset with respect to each other. The first array of patch radiators includes a 2×2 array of patch radiators configured to have less than −7.5 dB return loss from 26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz and the second array of patch radiators includes a 2×2 array of patch radiators configured to have less than −10 dB return loss from 37 GHz to 40 GHz.
An example of a method of sending radio-frequency signals from a wireless mobile communication device includes: radiating first energy in a first millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from a side of the mobile device; radiating second energy in a second millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from the side of the mobile device; radiating third energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from a front of the mobile device, or from a back of the mobile device, or a combination thereof; and radiating fourth energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from the front of the mobile device, or from the back of the mobile device, or a combination thereof.
Implementations of such a method may include one or more of the following features. Both the first energy and the second energy are radiated from the same radiating elements. The third energy is radiated with polarization components that are at substantially 45° angles relative to polarization components of the fourth energy. The method further includes feeding adjacent patch radiators, in an array of patch radiators, substantially 180° out of phase relative to each other to radiate energy with the third energy.
An example antenna module includes: a first array of radiators configured to radiate a first millimeter-wave signal in a first direction; a second array of radiators configured to radiate a second millimeter-wave signal in a second direction, the second direction being substantially perpendicular to the first direction, at least a first subset of radiators in the second array of radiators being configured and disposed to radiate the second millimeter wave signal with a first polarization component; and a third array of radiators configured to radiate a third millimeter-wave signal in the second direction or a third direction, the third direction being substantially opposite the second direction, at least a second subset of radiators in the third array of radiators being configured and disposed to radiate the third millimeter wave signal with a second polarization component that is neither parallel to nor perpendicular to the first polarization component.
Implementations of such an antenna module may include one or more of the following features. The antenna module further includes a fourth array of radiators configured to radiate a fourth millimeter-wave signal in a fourth direction, the fourth direction being substantially perpendicular to the first direction and the second direction. The first array of radiators is configured to radiate energy in a first millimeter-wave frequency band, the second array of radiators is configured to radiate energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band, and the third array of radiators is configured to radiate energy in a second millimeter-wave frequency band separate from the first millimeter-wave frequency band. The first array of radiators is further configured to radiate energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band. The radiators in the at least a first subset of radiators are configured and disposed, and the radiators in the at least a second subset of radiators are configured and disposed, such that the first polarization component is oriented approximately 45° with respect to the second polarization component.
Also or alternatively, implementations of such an antenna module may include one or more of the following features. The first array of radiators includes an array of dipole radiators, the second array of radiators includes a first array of patch radiators, and the third array of radiators includes a second array of patch radiators. The first array of patch radiators includes a 2×2 array of patch radiators, and the second array of patch radiators includes a 2×2 array of patch radiators interspersed with the patch radiators in the first array of patch radiators. The first array of patch radiators includes a substantially linear array and wherein the second array of patch radiators includes a substantially linear array. The antenna module further includes a first feed network configured to feed adjacent patch radiators in the first array of patch radiators at a substantially 180° phase offset with respect to each other and a second feed network configured to feed adjacent patch radiators in the second array of patch radiators at a substantially 180° phase offset with respect to each other. Each patch radiator in the first array of patch radiators is coupled to first inputs to produce dual-polarization radiation, and each patch radiator in the second array of patch radiators is coupled to second inputs to produce dual-polarization radiation.
Also or alternatively, implementations of such an antenna module may include one or more of the following features. At least each of the radiators in the third array of radiators is configured and disposed to radiate the third-millimeter wave signal with the second polarization component and each of the radiators in the second array of radiators is configured and disposed to radiate the second millimeter-wave signal with the first polarization component.
An example wireless mobile communication device includes: a housing; a screen with a planar top surface; a processor; an intermediate-frequency circuit communicatively coupled to the processor; a front-end circuit communicatively coupled to the intermediate-frequency circuit; and an antenna system communicatively coupled to the front-end circuit and including: a first antenna sub-system configured to radiate energy in a first millimeter-wave frequency band with a first main beam directed substantially parallel to the top surface, and to radiate energy in a second millimeter-wave frequency band with a second main beam directed substantially parallel to the top surface; and a second antenna sub-system configured to radiate energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band with a third main beam directed substantially perpendicular to the top surface, and to radiate energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band with a fourth main beam directed substantially perpendicular to the top surface; where the screen, the processor, the intermediate-frequency circuit, the front-end circuit, and the antenna system are retained by the housing.
Implementations of such a device may include one or more of the following features. The housing is substantially rectangular, the antenna system is a first antenna system and is disposed in a first corner of the housing, and the device further includes a second antenna system disposed in a diagonally-opposite corner of the housing relative to the first antenna system. The first antenna system is configured to radiate energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band with the first main beam and with a fifth main beam directed substantially parallel to the top surface, the first main beam and the fifth main beam being substantially perpendicular to each other, and the second antenna system is configured to radiate energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band with a sixth main beam and a seventh main beam, the sixth main beam being substantially opposite in direction to the first main beam and the seventh main beam being substantially opposite in direction to the fifth main beam. The second antenna sub-system is configured to radiate the third main beam with polarization components that are at substantially 45° angles relative to polarization components of the fourth main beam. The second antenna sub-system includes: an array of patch radiators configured to radiate the third main beam; and a feed structure coupled to the array of patch radiators to feed adjacent patch radiators substantially 180° out of phase relative to each other.
Techniques are discussed herein for communicating in multiple millimeter-wave frequencies with a wireless communication device. For example, broadband dipole antennas may be provided for communicating across multiple frequency bands for edge-directed communications. The dipole antennas may, for example, be bow-tie dipole antennas. Multiple patch-antenna arrays are provided for perpendicularly-directed communications, with each array configured to operate at a different frequency band of the multiple frequency bands. Patches in one array may be oriented at 45° rotation relative to patches in the other array. Other configurations, however, may be used.
Items and/or techniques described herein may provide one or more of the following capabilities, as well as other capabilities not mentioned. Communication using different millimeter-wave frequency bands of a wireless communication device may be provided with good isolation between signals of the different frequency bands and with good antenna performance. Communication signals of multiple millimeter-wave frequency bands may be transmitted using edge radiators and perpendicular radiators to provide multidirectional, and possibly, omnidirectional communications. Communication bandwidth may be increased relative to single-band communications. Carrier aggregation ability may be enhanced, and as a result, system throughput increased. A dual-band antenna system may be provided with a small form factor. Other capabilities may be provided and not every implementation according to the disclosure must provide any, let alone all, of the capabilities discussed. Further, it may be possible for an effect noted above to be achieved by means other than that noted, and a noted item/technique may not necessarily yield the noted effect.
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The antenna systems 62, 64 may be formed as part of the PCB 56 in a variety of manners. For example, the antenna systems 62, 64 may be integral with a board, e.g., a dielectric board or a semiconducting board, of the PCB 56, being formed as integral components of the board. In this case, the dashed lines around the antenna systems indicate functional separation of the antenna systems 62, 64 (and the components thereof) from other portions of the PCB 56. Alternatively, one or more components of the antenna system 62 and/or the antenna system 64 may be formed integrally with the board of the PCB 56, and one or more other components may be formed separate from the board and mounted to the board of (or otherwise made part of) the PCB 56. Alternatively, both of the antenna systems 62, 64 may be formed separately from the board of the PCB 56, mounted to the board and coupled to the front-end circuits 102, 104, respectively. In some examples, one or more components of the antenna system 62 may be integrated with the front-end circuit 102, e.g., in a single module or on a single circuit board. Also or alternatively, one or more components of the antenna system 64 may be integrated with the front-end circuit 104, e.g., in a single module or on a single circuit board.
The antenna systems 62, 64 are configured similarly, here as dual-band, millimeter-wave antenna systems with multiple radiators to facilitate communication with other devices at various directions relative to the mobile device 12. The multiple radiators are configured to operate at different frequencies, e.g., different millimeter-wave frequency bands, such that the antenna systems 62, 64 are dual-band, millimeter-wave antenna systems. In the example of
In the example shown in
Also in the example of
In some embodiments, the antenna systems 62, 64 may be disposed over areas about 15 mm×15 mm of the PCB 56. This may provide sufficient electrical characteristics for communication without occupying a large area within the device 12.
The PCB 56 may comprise a multi-layer substrate 70 and may include the antenna systems 62, 64 integrally formed therein. For example, the antenna systems 62, 64 may comprise eight layers, 14 layers, or another quantity of layers. Alternatively, the antenna systems 62, 64 may comprise a multi-layer (e.g., 14-layer) FCBGA (Flip Chip Ball Grid Array) and may be mounted on a board of the PCB 56.
Referring also to
The array 90 is configured to radiate and receive energy at a first frequency band. For example, the array 90 is a 2×2 array of the patch radiators 71-74, with each of the patch radiators 71-74 being configured to radiate energy at the first frequency band, e.g., a lower millimeter-wave frequency band such as a band including 28 GHz, e.g., a frequency band from 26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz. For example, the array 90 may be configured to have less than −7.5 dB return loss from 26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz. Here, each of the patch radiators 71-74 is a rectangle, in this example a square, with each side having a length that determines a wavelength at which each of the patches 71-74 will radiate energy, with the length measuring substantially half of a lower-band radiating wavelength, e.g., between 40% of the lower-band radiating wavelength and half of the lower-band radiating wavelength. The lower-band radiating wavelength is the wavelength in the array 90, e.g., in a dielectric of the substrate 70, corresponding to a patch radiating frequency (here a lower-band radiating frequency) at which the patches 71-74 radiate energy. Alternatively, the patch radiators 71-74 may be rectangles with different lengths of sides and thus have two different patch radiating frequencies. In this example, the array 90 is arranged such that each of the center-to-center distances between the patch radiator 71 and the patch radiator 72 and the center-to-center distance between the patch radiator 73 and the patch radiator 74 is about 6.2 mm. Further, in this example, the array 90 is arranged such that each of the center-to-center distances between the patch radiator 71 and the patch radiator 73 and the center-to-center distance between the patch radiator 72 and the patch radiator 74 is about 6.2 mm.
The array 92 is configured to radiate and receive energy at a second frequency band, with the second frequency band being different from the first frequency band. For example, the array 92 is a 2×2 array of the patch radiators 76-79, with each of the patch radiators 76-79 being configured to radiate energy at the second frequency band, e.g., a higher millimeter-wave frequency band such as a band including 38 GHz, e.g., a frequency band from 37 GHz to 40 GHz. For example, the array 92 may be configured to have less than −10 dB return loss from 37 GHz to 40 GHz. Here, each of the patch radiators 76-79 is a rectangle, in this example a square, with each side having a length that determines a wavelength at which each of the patches 76-79 will radiate energy, with the length measuring substantially half of a higher-band radiating wavelength, e.g., between 40% of the higher-band radiating wavelength and half of the higher-band radiating wavelength. The higher-band radiating wavelength is the wavelength in the array 92, e.g., in a dielectric of the substrate 70, corresponding to a patch radiating frequency (here a higher-band radiating frequency) at which the patches 76-79 radiate energy. Alternatively, the patch radiators 76-79 may be rectangles with different lengths of sides and thus have two different patch radiating frequencies. In this example, the array 92 is arranged such that each of the center-to-center distances between the patch radiator 76 and the patch radiator 77 and the center-to-center distance between the patch radiator 78 and the patch radiator 79 is about 3.8 mm. Further, in this example, the array 92 is arranged such that each of the center-to-center distances between the patch radiator 76 and the patch radiator 78 and the center-to-center distance between the patch radiator 77 and the patch radiator 79 is about 3.8 mm.
The array 92 is oriented with a substantially 45° rotation (e.g., 45°±10°) relative to the array 90 and vice versa. Each of the patch radiators 76-79 is oriented with a 45° rotation relative to the patch radiators 71-74, i.e., edges of the patch radiators 76-79 are at substantially 45° angles relative to edges of the patch radiators 71-74 and vice versa. The relative orientations of the arrays 90, 92 and the fact that the patch radiators 71-74, 76-79 radiate polarized signals means that the polarization components (e.g., due to each of the ports 93-96) of the signals radiated by the arrays 90, 92 will be oriented at substantially 45° (e.g., 45°±10°) relative to each other and thus patch radiators 71-74 are less likely to cross-couple with the patch radiators 76-79, and vice versa, than if the arrays 90, 92 were oriented such that their polarized signals were aligned with each other instead of being askew relative to each other. With this configuration, patch edges of the patch radiators 71-74 are either substantially parallel (e.g., parallel ±10°) or substantially perpendicular (e.g., perpendicular ±10°) to every other patch edge of the patch radiators 71-74. Further patch edges of the patch radiators 76-79 are either substantially parallel (e.g., parallel ±10°) or substantially perpendicular (e.g., perpendicular ±10°) to every other patch edge of the patch radiators 76-79, and disposed at substantially a 45° angle (e.g., 45°±10°) relative to each of the edges of the patch radiators 71-74. In other embodiments, the patch radiators 71-74 of the array 90 may be rotated an amount other than 45° with respect to the patch radiators 76-79 of the array 92.
The array 90 is coupled to the processor 108 through one feed network and the array 92 is coupled to the processor 108 through a separate feed network. The feed networks may comprise separate paths in the IF circuit 106 and the front-end circuits 102, 104, separate connections between the processor 108 and the IF circuit 106, between the IF circuit 106 and the front-end circuits 102, 104, and between the front-end circuits 102, 104 and the antenna systems 62, 64, and separate feed lines (i.e., feed structures) in the antenna systems 62, 64 to the ports 93, 94 and to the ports 95, 96. In some embodiments, a subset of the separate paths and/or connections exist for each of the separate feed networks. For example, in some embodiments, separate paths and/or connections may be maintained from the antenna systems 62, 64 to the IF circuit 106, but may be combined at or nearer to the processor 108. The separate feed networks may facilitate carrier aggregation of signals received by the antenna systems 62, 64, e.g., by avoiding the use of a diplexer in each of the front-end circuits 102, 104.
Each of the patch radiators 71-74 is connected to two ports 93, 94 and each of the patch radiators 76-79 is connected to two ports 95, 96 to receive signals to be radiated and to convey received signals. The ports 93-96 are connected to respective sides of the patch radiators 71-74, 76-79 to produce dual-polarization radiation and to receive signals of corresponding polarizations. The ports 93-96 of the arrays 90, 92 are connected to the RF circuit 102 such that two different feeds from the RF circuit 102 are connected to the arrays 90, 92, with one feed connected to the array 90 and a different feed connected to the array 92. Further, the RF circuit 102 and/or circuitry between the RF circuit 102 and the antenna systems 62, 64 is configured to provide signals to be radiated to the ports 93-96 such that adjacent patch radiators in each of the arrays 90, 92 are driven with signals that are substantially 180° (e.g., 180°±10°) out of phase. For example, for the array 90, outbound signals at the ports 931, 932 have substantially the same phase while outbound signals at the ports 941, 942 are substantially 180° out of phase with respect to each other. Similarly, outbound signals at the ports 933, 934 have substantially the same phase while outbound signals at the ports 943, 944 are substantially 180° out of phase with respect to each other. Further, outbound signals at the ports 931, 933 are substantially 180° out of phase with respect to each other and outbound signals at the ports 932, 934 are substantially 180° out of phase with respect to each other. Further still, outbound signals at the ports 941, 943 have substantially the same phase and outbound signals at the ports 942, 944 have substantially the same phase. The array 92 is similarly driven, with the ports 95, 96 corresponding to the ports 93, 94 having respective outbound signals with substantially the same phase or being substantially 180° out of phase with respect to each other as discussed with respect to the array 90.
Each of the arrays 90, 92 is illustrated in
Each of the dipole radiators 81-84 is configured to radiate signals over both the lower millimeter-wave frequency band and the higher millimeter-wave frequency band. Here, the dipole radiators 81-84 are common-fed, differential bowtie dipole radiators. Each of the dipole radiators 81-84 is common fed in that signals from the lower millimeter-wave frequency band and signals from the higher millimeter-wave frequency band are sent to each of the dipole radiators 81-84 on a single transmission line and may be sent concurrently. Alternatively, signals from the different frequency bands may be sent to the dipole radiators 81-84 using separate transmission lines. Each of the dipole radiators 81-84 is a differential dipole radiator in that signals provided to a left-hand side 112 of the respective radiator are substantially 180° (e.g., 180°±10°) out of phase with respect to signals provided to a right-hand side 114 of the respective radiator. The dipole radiators 81-84 are disposed in two 1×2 arrays 120, 122 along respective sides of the ground plane 86 corresponding to edges of the PCB 56. The arrays 120, 122 are configured to radiate energy in multiple frequency bands with respective main beams, and with the main beam of each of the frequency bands from the array 120 being substantially perpendicular (e.g., 90°±10°) from the respective main beam from the array 122. In some embodiments, each of the arrays 120, 122 have a greater number of dipole radiators than illustrated in
The patch radiators 71-74, 76-79 and the dipole radiators 81-84 are configured to radiate energy efficiently and with good directionality. For example, experimental results yielded return loss for the patch radiators 71-74 of less than −7.5 dB over 26.5 GHz-29.5 GHz and return loss for the patch radiators 76-79 of less than −10.0 dB over 37 GHz-40 GHz. Further, experimental results yielded array gain for the patch radiators 71-74 of at least 10.5 dB over 26.5 GHz-29.5 GHz and array gain for the patch radiators 76-79 of at least 9.2 dB over 37 GHz-40 GHz. Further, experimental results yielded return loss for the dipole radiators 81-84 of less than −9.5 dB over 26.5 GHz-40 GHz.
The patch radiators 71-74 may have a feed network that is separate from a feed network for the patch radiators 76-79. Thus, the patch radiators 71-74 may be part of an RF chain that is separate from an RF chain including the patch radiators 76-79. Having separate feed chains may facilitate carrier aggregation of signals received by the patch radiators 71-74 and the patch radiators 76-79. For example, by using separate feed chains, a diplexer may not be needed that would be required if a single, dual-band radiator arrangement was used.
Referring to
At stage 152, the method 150 includes radiating first energy in a first millimeter-wave frequency band from a mobile device and directed outwardly from a side of the mobile device. For example, the dipole radiators 83-84 of the antenna sub-system 68 may radiate energy in the 28 GHz band, e.g., the main beam 133, directed through a side of the mobile device 12, e.g., substantially parallel to a plane of the PCB 56 and substantially parallel to a plane of the screen 53, e.g., a top surface of the mobile device 12.
At stage 154, the method 150 includes radiating second energy in a second millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from the side of the mobile device. For example, the dipole radiators 83-84 of the antenna sub-system 68 may radiate energy in the 38 GHz band, e.g., the main beam 134, directed through a side of the mobile device 12, e.g., substantially parallel to a plane of the PCB 56 and substantially parallel to a plane of the screen 53, e.g., a top surface of the mobile device 12. Thus, in this example, the same radiating elements, here the dipole radiators 83-84, radiate both the first energy and the second energy, for example, the main beams 133, 134.
At stage 156, the method 150 includes radiating third energy in the first millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from a front and/or a back of the mobile device. For example, the array 90 of the patch radiators 71-74 of the antenna sub-system 66 may radiate energy in the 28 GHz band, e.g., the main beam 131, directed through a top surface of the mobile device 12, e.g., substantially perpendicular to a plane of the PCB 56 and substantially perpendicular to a plane of the screen 53.
At stage 158, the method 150 includes radiating fourth energy in the second millimeter-wave frequency band from the mobile device and directed outwardly from the front and/or the back of the mobile device. For example, the array 92 of the patch radiators 76-79 of the antenna sub-system 66 may radiate energy in the 38 GHz band, e.g., the main beam 132, directed through a top surface of the mobile device 12, e.g., substantially perpendicular to a plane of the PCB 56 and substantially perpendicular to a plane of the screen 53. Stages 156 and 158 may include radiating the third energy, e.g., the main beam 131, with polarization components that are at substantially 45° angles relative to polarization components of the fourth energy, e.g., the main beam 132. Also or alternatively, stage 156 and/or stage 158 may include feeding adjacent patch radiators, in the array 90 and/or the array 92, substantially 180° out of phase relative to each other, e.g., as discussed above with respect to
The discussion above of examples of the method 150 focused on the dipole radiators 83-84 of the antenna sub-system 68. The discussion applies equally to the dipole radiators 81-82, and applies to both the antenna systems 62, 64, as well as other antenna systems that may be used (e.g., along a side of the mobile device 12 and not a corner, e.g., with only one set of dipole radiators used). Still other configurations may be used, and other methods of use implemented.
Other Considerations
Also, as used herein, “or” as used in a list of items prefaced by “at least one of” or prefaced by “one or more of” indicates a disjunctive list such that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C,” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C” means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C), or combinations with more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc.).
Substantial variations may be made in accordance with specific requirements. For example, customized hardware might also be used, and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.) executed by a processor, or both. Further, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output devices may be employed.
The systems and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of the configurations may be combined in a similar manner. Also, technology evolves and, thus, many of the elements are examples and do not limit the scope of the disclosure or claims.
Specific details are given in the description to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including implementations). However, configurations may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the configurations. This description provides example configurations only, and does not limit the scope, applicability, or configurations of the claims. Rather, the preceding description of the configurations provides a description for implementing described techniques. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure.
Having described several example configurations, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For example, the above elements may be components of a larger system, wherein other rules may take precedence over or otherwise modify the application of the invention. Also, a number of operations may be undertaken before, during, or after the above elements are considered. Accordingly, the above description does not bound the scope of the claims.
Further, more than one invention may be disclosed.
