Patent Grant
8921257
1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of this invention relate to dual function catalyst compositions for the partial oxidation of alkanes and the simultaneous oxidation of incompletely oxidized carbon oxides and methods for making and using same.
More particularly, embodiments of this invention relate to dual function catalyst compositions for the partial oxidation of alkanes and the simultaneous oxidation of partially oxidized carbon oxides, where the catalyst compositions include at least one compound of the general formula (I):
MoVaNbbPtcMdZeOx (I)
where:
2. Description of the Related Art
Hydrocarbon conversion reactions are useful industrial processes to convert abundant components of a petroleum feedstock into other compounds having greater industrial utility. Examples of such reactions include the conversion of ethane to ethylene, the conversion of propane to propylene, the conversion of propylene to acrylic acid (AA), the conversion of isobutene to methacrylic acid, the conversion of hexenes to aromatics, or other similar reactions that convert a lower value feedstock into a higher value product. A specific example is the production of acrylic acid from hydrocarbon feedstocks.
Acrylic acid is an important industrial chemical. The global demand for acrylic acid in 2009 was close to 4 million tons per year. The major commercial process to produce acrylic acid is the two-stage oxidation of propylene. In the first stage, propylene is oxidized in the presence of oxygen and steam to acrolein. In the second stage, acrolein is oxidized in the presence of oxygen and steam to acrylic acid. Each stage operates at different optimum temperature and hydrocarbon concentration. Acrylic acid is an important material for the production of many useful products. Acrylic acid undergoes the typical reactions of carboxylic acids, for example esterification with alcohols. The esters and salts of acrylic acid are collectively known as acrylates (or propionates). The most common alkyl esters of acrylic acid are methyl-, butyl-, ethyl-, and 2-ethylhexyl-acrylate. Polymerization of the acids and acrylates results in the commercially important polyacids, polyacrylates and polyalkylacrylates.
Virtually all of the commercially produced acrylic acid is made from the oxidation of propylene. However, oxidation of propane to acrylic acid would be more economical, because propane is a cheaper feedstock than propylene.
Direct propane oxidation to acrylic acid has been investigated for more than two decades as an alternative to the current commercial propylene oxidation process to produce acrylic acid. See, e.g., M. Ai, Journal of Catalysis, 101, 389-395 (1986), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,933. So far, propane to acrylic acid has not been commercially realized despite the relative price advantage of the propane feedstock.
In the propane oxidation to acrylic acid, it is often advantageous to operate the process such that propane conversion is limited by the available oxygen. The oxygen concentration is controlled at low concentrations to ensure the feed mixture is below the flammability limit of the reaction mixture; however, limiting the available oxygen results in a limited conversion of propane. For the process to be economical, the unreacted propane must then be recovered and recycled. Also, propylene is produced as an intermediate and is recycled along with propane.
Some of the better performing catalysts for oxidizing propane to acrylic acid (AA) produce carbon monoxide (CO) as a significant byproduct, but the catalysts will not further oxidize CO to carbon dioxide (CO2). EP1930074A1 disclosed propane oxidation catalysts according to the formula (I):
MoVaTebNbcZdOx (I)
wherein a=0.0-0.50, b=0.0-0.45, c=0-0.5, d≦0.05, and x is a number depending on the relative amount and valence of the elements different from oxygen in formula (I), and Z is at least one element selected from Ru, Mn, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Rh, Pd, In, Sb, Ce, Pr, Nd, Te, Sm, Tb, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, and Bi, provided that at least two different metal species are contained in the catalyst composition, that is, one of a, b, c, and d are not zero.
For reasons of efficiency, high yields of product from starting hydrocarbon material is desirable. One way to improve yield is to recycle unreacted and partially reacted starting material back to the reactor. In propane oxidation to acrylic acid, the unreacted and partially reacted starting materials are propane and propylene. However, the effluent stream also contains the byproduct gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). With each pass, CO and CO2 accumulate in the recycle stream to the point at which they reach levels deleterious to the reaction. For this reason, it is important to remove CO and CO2 or otherwise prevent their accumulation in the recycle stream. There are standard processes to remove CO2 from the recycle stream, which are well characterized and relatively inexpensive. For example, CO2 can be scrubbed from the recycle stream by base washing. However, the removal of CO is somewhat more difficult and problematic, and as a result, more costly.
EP2179793 disclosed propane oxidation catalysts according the general formula (I):
MoVaXbQcZdOe (I)
wherein X is P, which may be replaced in part by Bi, for instance up to a molar ratio Bi/P of 1/1, Q is at least one of Nb, Ta and W (which includes the combined use of Nb and Ta, Nb and W, and Ta and W, as well as the use of all three elements), a=0.15-0.50, b=0.02-0.45, in particular 0.05-0.40, c=0.05-0.45, d s 0.05 and e is the molar number of oxygen binding to the metal atoms present in this mixed oxide which follows from the relative amount and valence of the metals elements, and Z is at least one element selected from Na, K, Si, Ru, Mn, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Rh, Pd, In, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, and Pb.
WO2006008177 disclosed metal oxide catalysts comprising the metal oxides of Mo, V, Te and Nb, and may optionally contain oxides of other metal elements, as long as these do not adversely affect the function of the resulting material as a catalyst in the oxidation reactions referred to herein. The calcined catalyst material to be leached in the method of the present invention is a material of the average general formula (I):
MoVaTebNbcZdOx (I)
wherein a=0.15-0.50, b=0.10-0.45, in particular 0.10-0.40, c 0.05-0.20, d 0.05 and x is a number depending on the relative amount and valence of the elements different from oxygen in formula (I), and Z is at least one element selected from Ru, Mn, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Rh, Pd, In, Sb, Ce, Pr, Nd, Te, Sm, Tb, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, and Bi.
As CO levels increase in the recycle stream, the recycle stream must be purged to reduce CO levels, but these results in concurrent loss of propane and propylene reducing process efficiency as raw material is lost.
The problem of the accumulation of CO in the recycle stream can be addressed in one of two ways. CO can be removed from recycle stream. As discussed previously, this way is costly and difficult. Alternatively, CO production can be suppressed, prevented or eliminated so that CO accumulation in the recycle stream is prevented, suppressed or eliminated in the first instance.
Thus, it would be beneficial for hydrocarbon conversion processes generally, and specifically for the conversion of propane to acrylic acid, to have a means to minimize or eliminate CO accumulation in the recycle stream. The present invention focuses on the second route to CO mitigation and is directed to the preparation of dual function catalysts that combine propane oxidation to acrylic acid functionality with a mild oxidation functionality to convert CO to CO2, which is more easily removed from the recycle stream. The catalyst of the present invention accomplishes this without detrimentally affecting the propane to acrylic acid functionality.
Catalysts
Embodiments of this invention provide metal oxide catalyst compositions for the partial oxidation of alkanes comprising oxides of Mo, V, Nb, a relatively small amount of Pt, within a specific range, optionally one or more metal oxides selected from the group consisting of Ag, Te and Sb, and optionally oxides of other metal elements, as long as these other metal oxides do not adversely affect the function of the resulting catalyst compositions in the partial oxidation of the alkanes, where the relatively small and specific amount of Pt is sufficient to render the catalyst compositions capable of simultaneously oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, with only a modest reduction in catalyst activity and selectivity. However, the small reduction in catalyst activity and selectivity is more than offset by the capability of the catalyst compositions of this invention to simultaneously partially oxide the alkanes and co-oxidize CO, reducing purging and the cost of CO destruction during purging. In certain embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 5 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 2.5 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 1.0 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 0.8 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 0.6 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 0.5 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 0.4 wt. %. In other embodiments, the amount of platinum in the catalyst is less than or equal to about 0.3 wt. %. Generally, the pre-catalyst compositions are calcined to form active catalyst compositions. In certain embodiments, the active catalysts may be leached to form leached catalyst compositions.
In certain embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention for the partial oxidation of alkanes include at least one compound of the general formula (I):
MoVaNbbPtcMdZeOx (I)
where:
In other embodiments, c is a number having a value between about 0.0001 and about 0.05. In other embodiments, c is a number having a value between about 0.0001 and about 0.03. In other embodiments, c is a number having a value between about 0.0001 and about 0.01. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between about 0.1 wt. % to about 4.5 wt. %. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between about 0.1 to about 1.2 wt. %. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between about 0.1 to about 0.6 wt. %. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between about 0.1 to about 0.3 wt. %.
In other embodiments, c is a number having a value between 0.0001 and 0.05. In other embodiments, c is a number having a value between 0.0001 and 0.03. In other embodiments, c is a number having a value between 0.0001 and 0.01. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between 0.1 wt. % to 4.5 wt. %. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between 0.1 to 1.2 wt. %. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between 0.1 to 0.6 wt. %. In other embodiments, the compound has platinum at a level between 0.1 to 0.3 wt. %.
In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention for the partial oxidation of alkanes include at least one compound of the general formula (II):
MoVaNbbPtcSbd1Ted2ZeOx (II)
where:
In certain embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention including at least one compound of the general formula (III):
MoVaNbbPtcSbd1Ted2ZeOx (III)
where:
In certain embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention including at least one compound of the general formula (IV):
MoVaNbbPtcSbd1Ted2ZeOx (IV)
where:
In certain embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention including at least one compound of the general formula (V):
MoVaNbbPtcSbd1Ted2ZeOx (V)
where:
In certain embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention including at least one compound of the general formula (VI):
MoVaNbbPtcSbd1Ted2ZeOx (VI)
where:
In certain embodiments, the catalyst compositions of this invention including at least one compound of the general formula (VII):
MoVaNbbPtcSbd1Ted2ZeOx (VII)
where:
It should be understood in the formulas (I-VII) that if the compounds have more than one M elements or more than one Z elements, then amount of each M element in the compound can vary within the specified range of d and each Z elements can vary within specified range of e. Thus, in the compounds of formulas II-VII, the values of d1 and d2 may independently range between the specified values and do not have to sum to d of the compounds of formula I.
Methods for Making
Embodiments of this invention provide methods for making a catalyst of this invention comprising the step of preparing a first mixture of Mo, V, Te, Sb and Pt in water added in order with stirring and heating. The resulting mixture is then stirred at an elevated temperature for a heating time and then cooled to cooled temperature. The methods also include preparing a second mixture including oxalic acid and Nb in water with stirring and heating to a second heating temperature and a second heating time. The second mixture is then cooled to a second cooling temperature. The second mixture is then added to the first mixture and spray dried to form a catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor is then air dried at a drying temperature for a drying time. The catalyst precursor is then decomposed at a decomposing temperature for a decomposing time. The decomposed catalyst precursor is then calcined at a calcining temperature for a calcining time to form an active catalyst. The active catalyst is then ground and sieved to a 18/35 mesh size.
Methods for Making
Embodiments of this invention provide methods for using a catalyst of this invention comprising the step of contacting an alkane with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst of this invention under alkane oxidation conditions in a reactor to produce a desired alkane oxidation product and to concurrently reduce a concentration of co-produced carbon monoxide (CO). The alkane oxidation product is then recovered. The methods of this invention also include recycling an effluent stream, where the catalyst reduces the amount of CO in the recycle stream. The methods also include minimizing purges due to the build up of CO reducing hydrocarbon loss and improving the overall performance of the method. In certain embodiments, the alkane is propane and the desired product is acrylic acid. In other embodiments, the alkane is isobutane and the product is methacrylic acid. In other embodiments, the alkane is n-butane and the product is 2-methyl-acrylic acid. In other embodiments, the alkane is 2-methylpentane and the product is 2-methyl-methacrylic acid. In other embodiments, the alkane is n-pentane and the product is 2-ethyl-acrylic acid.
The invention can be better understood with reference to the following detailed description together with the appended illustrative drawings in which like elements are numbered the same:
The inventors have found that a standard alkane partial oxidation catalyst can be rendered dual functional by the addition of an amount of an auxiliary metal sufficient to convert the standard propane partial oxidation catalyst into a dual function catalyst capable of simultaneously partially oxidizing an alkane to a desired product and co-oxidizing by-product partially oxidized carbon oxide into carbon dioxide, especially co-oxidizing carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. In the case of propane oxidation, the inventors have found that the dual function catalyst compositions of this invention efficiently convert propane to acrylic acid, while simultaneously converting by-product CO to CO2, thereby reducing the build up of CO in a recycle stream. After testing a number of auxiliary metals in a standard base catalyst composition, the inventors have found that the addition of a relatively small amount of platinum (Pt), within a specific range, to the base catalyst composition produces effective and efficient dual function catalyst compositions. While the addition of Pt at all levels tested, even relatively low or minor levels, resulted in a minor decrease in catalyst activity and selectivity, these decreases were more than offset by the catalysts ability to oxidize. The reduction in CO production via co-oxidation eliminates the need to remove CO from the recycle stream. In addition, the use of Pt levels that are higher than the levels described herein are disadvantageous in terms of both catalyst performance and catalyst cost.
The dual function catalyst compositions of this invention are capable of oxidizing propane to acrylic acid and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide under both propane limiting reaction conditions and oxygen limiting reaction conditions. The dual function catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 55%, have a conversion of propane of at least 20% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦1.00 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 55%, have a conversion of propane of at least 20% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.75 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 55%, have a conversion of propane of at least 20% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.50 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 55%, have a conversion of propane of at least 20% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.25 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 55%, have a conversion of propane of at least 20% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.15 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 55%, have a conversion of propane of at least 20% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.10 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 60%, have a conversion of propane of at least 25% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.50 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 65%, have a conversion of propane of at least 25% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.25 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 70%, have a conversion of propane of at least 25% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.20 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 70%, have a conversion of propane of at least 25% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.15 under propane limiting conditions. In other embodiments, the catalyst compositions have a selectivity to acrylic acid (AA) of at least 70%, have a conversion of propane of at least 25% and produce carbon oxides in a ratio of CO/CO2≦0.10 under propane limiting conditions.
Alkanes
Suitable alkanes for oxidation with the catalyst compositions of this invention include, without limitation, C3 to C5 alkanes. Exemplary non-limiting examples include, without limitation, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, iso-pentane, or mixtures thereof.
Metals Components
It should be understood that the starting materials provided herein are exemplary and not exhaustive. Suitable starting materials (metal sources) for Mo, V and Nb oxides are for instance those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,933 (col. 3, line 27 to 57) and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,710,207 (col. 8, lines 12 to 30), and include organic and inorganic salts and acids (normally oxyacids) of the desired metal elements. The salts are selected in a manner that after calcining only metal elements and oxygen remain in the calcined catalyst precursor, because all other constituents are volatile or rendered volatile by decomposition or oxidation. For this reason, the use of ammonium salts of the metal element (or the corresponding oxyacid), organic salts such as oxalates, alkoxides or acetylacetonates, organic metal complexes, metalorganic compounds or volatile inorganic salts such as nitrates are also suitable. Moreover, the selected salts and acids are generally soluble or at least dispersible in the selected solvent such as water. Suitable starting salts and acids include for instance ammonium para- or heptamolybdate, molybdenum oxalate, molybdophosphoric acid, telluric acid, bismuth nitrate, ammonium metavanadate, vanadium oxalate, vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4), ammonium niobium oxalate, ammonium para- or heptatungstate, tungsten oxalate, tungstophosphoric acid, and ammonium tantalum oxalate. For example, the catalyst may be prepared by forming a solution of the V source (e.g., an aqueous ammonium metavanadate solution) and a solution of the Te source (e.g., an aqueous solution of telluric acid) and adding them to a solution of the Mo source (e.g., an aqueous solution of ammonium heptamolybdate), optionally after heating the Mo solution, followed by the addition of the solution of a Nb source (e.g., an aqueous solution of ammonium niobium oxalate). Similarly, a suitable starting material for the optional Z element may be selected by a skilled person from those used in the art. Manganese (Mn) may for instance be added as manganese acetate and ruthenium (Ru) as polyacid, for instance Mo-containing (optionally also P-containing) polyacids such as H3PMo11RuO40.
Generally, the amounts of starting materials are adjusted as precisely as possible to produce a catalyst having nominally the amount of metals set forth in a particular catalyst formula as the precise starting material amounts appear to have a great impact on the activity of the target catalyst. The concentration (by mol) of each metal existing in the starting composition should not differ more than ±5% from the calculated composition for a given catalyst composition. In certain embodiments, the concentrations of starting metals should not differ by more than ±2%. In other embodiments, the concentrations of starting metals should not differ by more than ±1%. In other embodiments, the concentrations of starting metals should not differ by more than 0.5%. In other embodiments, the concentrations of starting metals should not differ by more than 0.1% by mol.
Non-Ionic (Neutral) Templating Agent
In certain preparation methods of the present invention, the non-ionic (neutral) templating agent may be present in the solution or slurry provided as a template for pore formation in the final catalyst compositions. The shape and size of the templating agent determine the shape and size of the pores present in the catalyst compositions of this invention.
Suitable templating agents including, without limitation, Lewis bases, i.e., compounds that possess a free electron pair present, for instance, in compounds having an ether bond, where a free electron pair is present at the respective oxygen atom. The templating agents used in the preparation of catalyst compositions of this invention are broadly classified into neutral templating agents (i.e., agents that do not dissociate into ions in water) and charged templating agents (i.e., agents carrying a charge before or after dissociation in water, such as salts, for instance CTAB). In certain embodiments of this invention, neutral templating agents are used in catalyst preparation.
Suitable neutral templating agents include, without limitation, compounds that do not carry a positive or negative charge or that do not dissociate in the solvent to species that carry a positive or negative charge. Exemplary non-limiting examples of neutral templating agents include oxygen-containing copolymers, such as poly(alkylene oxide) polymers, for instance poly(ethylene oxide), triblock copolymers of the poly(alkylene oxide) type, such as those of the ethylenoxide/propylenoxide/ethylenoxide type, or diblock copolymers of the poly(alkylene oxide) type, such as those of the ethylenoxide/butylenoxide-type. These polymers are available under the tradename Pluronic.
As discussed above, the size and shape of the templating agent determines the structure of the resulting mesoporous material and ultimately, influences the pore size distribution of the final catalyst compositions. Accordingly, the pore size may be tuned by adjusting the size of the templating agent. In the case of polyalkylene oxide templating agents pore size is influenced by the molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the polyalkylene oxide templating agents have a number average molecular weight of 1,100 to 15,000.
Other usable non-ionic templating agents are surfactant-based agents, such as primary amines, e.g., those of the formula CnH2n+1NH2, wherein n is an integer of 12 to 18 and CnH2n+1 represents a branched or, preferably, a linear alkyl group, or alcohols, such as primary alcohols, e.g. those of the formula CnH2n+1OH, wherein n is an integer of 12 to 18 and CnH2n+1 represents a branched or, preferably, a linear alkyl group.
The relative proportions of the templating agent and the metal precursors in the mixture provided is not specifically limited, generally ranges from 0.001 to 0.03 expressed as molar amount of templating agent/molar amount of metal precursors.
Solvents
In the catalyst composition preparation steps of this invention, the above-described metal precursors generally involve solutions or slurries of one or more metal starting material. The type of the solvent used in this regard is not particularly limited, as long as it can dissolve the metal precursors at least to some degree. If a pressure-resistant vessel is used, it is sufficient if the solvent used can dissolve the metal precursors at least to some degree under conditions in the pressure-resistant vessel. For example, a solvent may be used which does not dissolve the metal precursors under standard conditions (room temperature and 1 atm pressure), but which does dissolve the metal precursors at least to some degree in the pressure-resistant vessel at elevated pressures and/or temperatures.
Suitable solvents include, without limitation, water and/or one or more polar solvents, such as protic solvents, e.g., alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), or aprotic solvents, such as ketones (e.g., acetone) or ethers (e.g., dimethylether, diethylether, di-t-.butylether). In certain embodiments, the solvent comprises water or an aqueous solution. When water or an aqueous solution is used, the solution or slurry may be denoted as an “aqueous” solution or slurry.
Besides the metal precursors, the templating agent and the solvent, the solutions or slurries may contain various additives. Such additives may be used to tailor the pore size of the resulting catalyst compositions. For example, templating agents may be used to increase pore size. Other additives may include agents that complex metals or that increase metal starting material solubility. Suitable complexing or solubility enhancing additives may include citric acid, oxalic acid or EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid). Other additives including reducing agents, such as hydrazine or hydroxylamine may be used to control the oxidation state of the metal in the synthesis. Oxalic acid is a useful additive to adjust the oxidation state of tellurium, when the synthesis is performed in a pressure resistant vessel or during thermal treatment. Solids, which are not dissolved under the synthesis conditions in the pressure resistant vessel, may be added as diluents. Examples are particles of oxides like silica, SiC or carbon, such as activated carbon or nanostructured carbon, such as carbon nanotubes or nanofibres.
Catalyst 1 Preparation
Catalyst 1 was prepared having the nominal composition of Mo1V0.3Nb0.12Sb0.09Te0.09Ox, where x is a number need to balance the valencies of the catalyst composition.
Solution A was prepared as follows: 40.0 g of ammonium para molybdate were dissolved in 300 mL water with heating. 7.95 g of ammonium vanadate were added next and dissolved upon stirring for 30 minutes. 4.68 g of telluric acid dihydrate were added next and dissolved. 2.97 g of antimony (III) oxide were added next. The solution was heated at 90° C. for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to 35° C.
Solution B was prepared as follows: 20.6 g of oxalic acid dihydrate were dissolved in 150 mL of warm water with heating. 4.7 g of niobic acid were added and the solution was heated to a temperature between 95° C. and 100° C. for one hour. Solution B was then cooled to room temperature.
Solution B was added to Solution A. The resulting solution was spray dried to give a solid catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor was heated in air at 120° C. for 1 hr, then decomposed at 300° C. for 5 hrs. The catalyst precursor was then calcined in argon at 600° C. for 2 hrs. The resulting powder was ground, pressed, and sieved to 18/35 mesh to yield the active catalyst, Catalyst 1.
Catalysts 2-4 Preparation
Catalysts 2-4 include Ag, Ga and Pd, respectively, and were prepared to have a nominal compositions of Mo1V0.3NB0.12Sb0.09Te0.09MeOx, where x is a number need to balance the valencies of the catalyst composition, with the amount of M set forth below:
Solution A was prepared as follows: 40.0 g of ammonium para molybdate were dissolved in 300 mL water with heating. 7.95 g of ammonium vanadate were added and dissolved upon stirring for 30 minutes. 4.68 g of telluric acid dihydrate were added and dissolved. 2.97 g of antimony (III) oxide were added. Finally, the designated grams of M were added in each case as described in the table above. The Solution was heated at 90° C. for 1 hour then allowed to cool to 35° C.
Solution B was prepared as follows: 20.6 g Oxalic acid dihydrate were dissolved in 150 mL of warm water with heating. 4.7 g of niobic acid were added. The solution was covered and heated to a temperature between 95° C. and 100° C. for one hour. Solution B was cooled to room temperature.
Solution B was added to Solution A. The resulting solution was spray dried to give a solid catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor was heated in air at 120° C. for 1 hr, then decomposed at 300° C. for 5 hrs. The decomposed catalyst precursor was then calcined in argon at 600° C. for 2 hrs. The resulting powder was ground, pressed, and sieved to 18/35 mesh to yield the active catalysts, Catalysts 2-4.
Catalyst 5 Preparation
Catalyst 5 was prepared having the nominal composition of Mo1V0.3Nb0.12Sb0.09Te0.09Pt0.05Ox, where x is a number need to balance the valencies of the catalyst composition.
Solution A was prepared as follows: 40.0 g of ammonium para molybdate were dissolved in 270 mL water with heating. 7.95 g of ammonium vanadate were added next and dissolved upon stirring for 30 minutes. 4.68 g of telluric acid dihydrate were added next and dissolved. 2.97 g of antimony (III) oxide were added. 4.39 g of tetraamine platinum (II) nitrate were dissolved in 45 mL of water and then added to this solution. The solution was heated at 90° C. for 1 hour and then cooled to 35° C.
Solution B was prepared as follows: 20.6 g of oxalic acid dihydrate were dissolved in 150 mL of warm water with heating. 4.7 g of niobic acid were added and the solution was heated to a temperature between 95° C. and 100° C. for one hour. Solution B was cooled to room temperature.
Solution B was added to Solution A. The resulting solution was spray dried to give a solid catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor was heated in air at 120° C. for 1 hr, and then decomposed at 300° C. for 5 hrs. The catalyst precursor was then calcined in argon at 600° C. for 2 hrs. The resulting powder was ground, pressed, and sieved to 18/35 mesh to yield the active catalyst, Catalyst 5.
Catalysts 6-8 Preparation
Catalysts 6-8 include differing amount of Pt and were prepared to have a nominal compositions of Mo1V0.3Nb0.12Sb0.09Te0.09PtyOx,Mo1V0.3Nb0.12Sb0.09Te0.09Ox, where x is a number need to balance the valencies of the catalyst composition and y is the amount of Pt set forth below:
Solution A was prepared as follows: 40.0 g of ammonium para molybdate were dissolved in 270 mL water with heating. 7.95 g of ammonium vanadate were added and dissolved upon stirring for 30 minutes. 4.68 g of telluric acid dihydrate were added and dissolved. 2.97 g of antimony (III) oxide were added. Finally, y grams of tetraamine platinum (II) nitrate (as described in the table above) were dissolved in 45 mL water were added to this solution. The solution was heated at 90° C. for 1 hour then allowed to cool to 35° C.
Solution B was prepared as follows: 20.6 g of oxalic acid dihydrate were dissolved in 150 mL of warm water with heating. 4.7 g of niobic acid were added. The solution was covered and heated to a temperature between 95° C. and 100° C. for one hour. Solution B was cooled to room temperature.
Solution B was added to Solution A. The resulting solution was spray dried to give a solid catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor was heated in air at 120° C. for 1 hr, then decomposed at 300° C. for 5 hrs, then calcined in argon at 600° C. for 2 hrs. The resulting powder was ground, pressed, and sieved to 18/35 mesh, to yield the active catalysts, Catalysts 6-8.
Catalyst Testing
We tested the performance of the base catalyst MoV0.3Nb0.12Sb0.09Te0.09, Catalyst 1, for CO oxidation to CO2 under propane oxidation conditions with an O2 to propane ratio of 0.5, oxygen limiting conditions. The CO oxidation test was performed as indicated in Table 1 and the results are shown in
The data indicated that Catalyst 1 did not co-oxidize CO to CO2 under oxygen limiting propane oxidation conditions as shown graphically in
Catalyst Modification
We chose to modify Catalyst 1 by adding metals that we believed would produce catalyst compositions capable of the simultaneous partial alkane oxidation and co-oxidation of CO. The metals we tested were Ag, Ga, Pd and Pt. These metals were chosen for their oxidation characteristics. The compositions and the physical properties of modified catalyst, Catalyst 2-5, which included Ag, Ga, Pd and Pt, respectively, are given Table II.
Catalysts 2-5 were tested for propane oxidation under propane limiting reaction conditions, oxygen to propane ratio of 3 and under oxygen limiting reaction conditions, oxygen to propane ratio of 0.5. A summary of performance data for Catalysts 2-5 compared to the performance of Catalyst 1 are tabulated in Table III.
†propane/g cat-hr;
‡L gas/L cat-hr.
All propane oxidation experiments were performed using a constant catalyst volume of 0.5 CC. In all cases, the addition of the auxiliary metal slightly deceased catalyst activity, when compared to Catalyst 1 under both propane limiting and oxygen limiting reaction conditions as evidenced from the propane conversion data given in Table III. The addition of Ag and Pd, Catalyst 2 and Catalyst 4, lowered the catalyst activity the most, while Ga, Catalyst 3, affected the activity the least. Upon examination of the CO to CO2 ratios of the effluent stream for each of the modified catalysts as evidence in Table III, the Pt modified catalyst, Catalyst 5 stands out. Surprisingly, in the case of Catalyst 5, the CO to CO2 ratio ranged from 0.1 to 0.7, while the CO to CO2 ratio ranged from 2.2 to 3.5 for all of the other catalysts. Thus, Catalyst 5, the platinum modified catalyst, was determined to be a good candidate for simultaneously oxidation of CO to CO2 under propane oxidation conditions regardless of whether the conditions were propane or oxygen limited. The results were unexpected as all four auxiliary metals have oxidation characteristics that made them good candidates of the co-oxidation of CO under propane oxidation conditions, but only platinum showed this capability when added in low levels to the base catalyst, Catalyst 1.
Next, the Pt modified catalyst, Catalyst 5, was tested at 410° C. for CO oxidation under propane oxidation conditions given in Table I, the condition used to test the base catalyst, Catalyst 1, which had been tested at 380° C. The performance data of Catalyst 5 for CO co-oxidation under propane oxidation conditions of Table I are presented graphically in
Comparative Testing of Catalyst 1 and Catalyst 5
The performance of Catalyst 5 for CO co-oxidation was compared to that of the base catalyst, Catalyst 1. It is clear from
Complete catalyst performance of Catalyst 5 and Catalyst 1 were conducted under both oxygen limiting conditions and propane limiting conditions. The results of the complete catalyst performance testing of Catalyst 5 under oxygen limiting conditions and propane limiting conditions are shown graphically
Varying Platinum Concentration
Catalyst 5 contained approximately 4.5 wt. % platinum. We varied the amount of platinum in the catalyst to determine how platinum concentration affected CO to CO2 conversion under propane oxidation conditions. We prepared several platinum containing catalysts in which the platinum weight percentage (wt. %) was varied in a range between 4.5 wt. % and 0.3 wt. %. Catalysts were prepared as described above having: 1.2 wt. % platinum, Catalyst 6; 0.6 wt. % platinum, Catalyst 7; and 0.3 wt. % platinum, Catalyst 8. The physical properties of Catalyst 5-8 are tabulated in Table IV and compared to the physical properties of Catalyst 1.
The XRF data showed that the Te, Sb, Mo, Nb and V concentration were similar as are the PV values. The surface areas of ball milled Catalysts 5, 7 and 8 are approximately 11 m2/g, which is similar to that of Catalyst 1, while Catalyst 6 had a surface area of 13.9. The X-light size A does show marked differences of the platinum modified catalyst, Catalyst 5-8, compared to Catalyst 1.
The performance of the platinum modified catalysts, Catalyst 5-8, for propane oxidation was tested under two propane oxidation conditions: propane limiting conditions, an oxygen to propane ratio of 3:1 and oxygen limiting conditions, an oxygen to propane ratio of 0.5:1. The results of these tests are summarized in Table V and Table VI.
†propane/g cat-hr;
‡L gas/L cat-hr.
It is clear from the data set forth in Table V that large amounts of platinum (4.5 wt. %) has a slight adverse effect on the performance of the catalyst. However, platinum amounts smaller than 1 wt. % did not adversely affect catalyst performance relative to Catalyst 1. Additionally, catalysts having Pt levels greater than 4.5 wt. % are less advantageous both from a catalyst performance perspective and a catalyst cost perspective.
Under propane limiting condition test results given in Table VI, the CO/CO2 ratio in the effluent for Catalyst 8, which contains the least amount of platinum tested (0.3 wt. %), was about 0.47, while CO/CO2 ratio for the base catalyst, Catalyst 1, under the same conditions was 2.2. It can be concluded from the data presented in Table VI that propane oxidation catalysts with small amounts of platinum are effective in co-oxidizing CO to CO2 under propane limiting conditions, with little or no adverse affects on catalyst activity or selectivity. Thus, the dual function activity of platinum modified catalyst may be achieved at relatively low platinum concentrations, which affords a considerable cost benefit to the dual function catalyst of this invention.
Similarly, under oxygen limiting condition test results given in Table VI, the CO/CO2 ratio in the effluent for Catalyst 8 is 1.2, while the CO/CO2 ratio for the base catalyst, Catalyst 1, under the same conditions is 2.3. It can be concluded from the data presented in Table VI that catalysts having relatively small amounts of platinum are effective in co-oxidizing CO to CO2 even under oxygen limiting conditions.
The full performance of Catalyst 6 for propane oxidation under oxygen-limiting conditions and propane limiting conditions are also depicted graphically in
It is clear from these figures that performance of catalyst modified with small amounts of platinum (1 wt. % or less) is similar to that of Catalyst 1 as depicted graphically in
The ability of the platinum modified catalyst to co-oxidize CO was confirmed further by performing the CO oxidation test described in Table I for each of the platinum modified Catalyst 6, Catalyst 7, and Catalyst 8. The results of these CO oxidation tests are given in
All references cited herein are incorporated by reference. Although the invention has been disclosed with reference to its preferred embodiments, from reading this description those of skill in the art may appreciate changes and modification that may be made which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention as described above and claimed hereafter.
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| Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for International Application No. PCT/US2012/067422; International Filing Date: Nov. 30, 2012; 10 Pages. |
| International Search Report of the International Searching Authority for International Application No. PCT/US2012/067422; International Filing Date: Nov. 30, 2012; 5 Pages. |
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| 20130144085 A1 | Jun 2013 | US |
